161 lines
19 KiB
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161 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="81307536DC25059999F09A6237E12E53" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFFBAFFE49BFDFF09FD11B91B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hesperiinae Latreille 1809" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="FFBC919BE39F6436D0F5404478DF4AFD">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A66203D8496B697A642C2F6AB5D3F21F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BD69D307BC12525DD8DDAD0918840F2B">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="86C4F4BBB8BEDC191248BB3586B4C232">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B1C75F832C8656B139DEAEFF1F6E4F4B" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="9A96B4AF99ADB6CB7069946F7D678D19">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4BB5D1EA943190CDCBDAF17839BD1DFF">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E93FBEFEC266282CA3077E0E7D298909" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="7A17B95CB6A0F24F29D0EBA1C7519AA5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="830C6A6403097FFEBDA88E7691B8857D">
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<mods:date id="E6D0E64CA0FF1102BF12C553A2BA6563">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9F00126B343A6496FF60E9012D657583">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9AC8BDAEFC1ACFE5CC1868F7028CDAD6">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="7402EAF92B0D0417CCC56EB6A11C8BD3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0385994AFFBAFFE49BFDFF09FD11B91B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044016" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199911003" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7044016" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFBAFFE49BFDFF09FD11B91B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFFBAFFE49BFDFF09FD11B91B" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFBAFFE49BFDFF09FDC8BAF2" box="[151,541,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFBAFFE49BFDFF09FDC8BAF2" blockId="4.[151,541,152,178]" box="[151,541,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FFBAFFE49BFDFF09FDC8BAF2" box="[151,541,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49BFDFF09FDC8BAF2" ID-CoL="93MWY" authority="Latreille, 1809" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[151,541,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49BFDFF09FDC8BAF2" bold="true" box="[151,541,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">HESPERIINAE Latreille, 1809</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFBAFFE49BFDFF4FFD11B91B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFBAFFE49BFDFF4FFAE2BBEB" blockId="4.[151,1437,222,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The subfamily was introduced in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49978FF4FFCF8BAB7" author="Cock & Congdon" box="[530,813,222,247]" firstAuthor="Cock" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref41673" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2012) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini. Zootaxa, 3438, 1 - 42" type="journal article" year="2012">Cock & Congdon (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49850FF4EFC1ABAB7" author="Evans" box="[826,975,222,247]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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grouped the African species into several more or less well defined genera groups, but recognised that the classification of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49F2AFE93FB11BB5B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1088,1220,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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is not satisfactory.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49BFDFEB6FEA3BB7F" author="Warren" box="[151,374,294,319]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Warren" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="467 - 523" refId="ref46409" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34, 467 - 523. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2008.00463. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
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Warren
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49B84FEB6FECBBB7F" box="[238,286,294,319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
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. (2009)
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</bibRefCitation>
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made significant progress towards a new classification of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49F4CFEB7FB78BB7F" box="[1062,1197,294,319]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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, using morphological and molecular data, but made relatively little progress with the African
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE498D2FEDBFB95BB23" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[952,1088,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49F21FEDBFB3ABB23" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1925" box="[1099,1263,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteropterinae">Heteropterinae</taxonomicName>
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was confirmed as a separate subfamily, and the tribes
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49930FEFFFD3EBBC7" box="[602,747,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aeromachini">Aeromachini</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49842FEFFFCAEBBC7" baseAuthorityName="Cock & Congdon" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[808,891,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
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absorbed a few species (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49FBBFEFFFF06BBEB" author="Cock & Congdon" firstAuthor="Cock" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref41673" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2012) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini. Zootaxa, 3438, 1 - 42" type="journal article" year="2012">Cock & Congdon 2012</bibRefCitation>
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), but the remainder, representing the great majority, were left
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49817FE02FBC3BBEB" box="[893,1046,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">incertae sedis</emphasis>
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—of uncertain placement.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFBAFFE49BADFE26FC63B8C3" blockId="4.[151,1437,222,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49BADFE26FEB5BB8F" author="Evans" box="[199,352,438,463]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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divided the African
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE4993FFE27FD0FBB8F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[597,730,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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into five genera groups: the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49F5AFE26FB45BB8E" box="[1072,1168,439,462]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49F5AFE26FB45BB8E" box="[1072,1168,439,462]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ampittia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49E73FE27FA49BB8F" box="[1305,1436,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49E73FE27FA49BB8F" box="[1305,1436,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49A71FE4BFEBABBB3" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1885" box="[283,367,474,499]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49A71FE4BFEBABBB3" box="[283,367,474,499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Acleros</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE4996BFE4BFD88BBB3" authorityName="Saalmuller" authorityYear="1884" box="[513,605,474,499]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE4996BFE4BFD88BBB3" box="[513,605,474,499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ploetzia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, and the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49849FE4AFC56BBB2" box="[803,899,475,498]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49849FE4AFC56BBB2" box="[803,899,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gegenes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group. The first and last of these were also recognised in the Euro-Asia-Australian fauna (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE499CCFE6FFCE5B857" author="Evans" box="[678,816,510,535]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref42204" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, 502 pp, 53 plates." type="book" year="1949">Evans 1949</bibRefCitation>
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), although the first was referred to as the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49E62FE6EFA49B856" authorityName="C.Felder & R.Felder" authorityYear="1860" box="[1288,1436,511,534]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49E62FE6EFA49B856" box="[1288,1436,511,534]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Astictopterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group. Part of the
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49A0EFDB2FE10B87A" box="[356,453,547,570]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49A0EFDB2FE10B87A" box="[356,453,547,570]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ampittia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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group is included in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE499D9FDB3FC90B87B" box="[691,837,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Aeromachini">Aeromachini</taxonomicName>
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and part of the
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49892FDB2FB8CB87A" box="[1016,1113,547,570]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49892FDB2FB8CB87A" box="[1016,1113,547,570]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gegenes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group is included in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49E22FDB3FA49B87B" baseAuthorityName="Cock & Congdon" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1352,1436,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49BF4FDD7FEA1B81F" author="Warren" box="[158,372,582,607]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Warren" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="467 - 523" refId="ref46409" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34, 467 - 523. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2008.00463. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Warren
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49B93FDD6FEFFB81F" box="[249,298,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49AEAFDD7FD5EB81F" author="Cock & Congdon" box="[384,651,582,607]" firstAuthor="Cock" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref41673" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2012) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini. Zootaxa, 3438, 1 - 42" type="journal article" year="2012">Cock & Congdon 2012</bibRefCitation>
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||
). We have found that all Evans’ African genera groups apart from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49BFDFDFBFF26B8C3" authorityName="Saalmuller" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,243,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49BFDFDFBFF26B8C3" box="[151,243,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ploetzia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group include species whose caterpillars feed on dicotyledons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFBAFFE49BADFD1FFD11B91B" blockId="4.[151,1437,222,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The arrangement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFBAFFE49AC5FD1FFDE0B8E7" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[431,565,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFBAFFE49954FD1EFD0FB8E7" box="[574,730,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
used in this study is to group the genera by their food plants. This is not to suggest that this represents a realistic classification, but where there are similarities that would not be anticipated based on the existing genera groups, they should be evident. In this part, we cover the diverse species whose caterpillars feed on dicotyledons (a term which doesn’t fit current phylogenetic understanding, but is sufficiently precise for our purpose). We follow the generic sequence in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFBAFFE49883FC8EFB56B977" author="Evans" box="[1001,1155,798,823]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and indicate the genera group of origin of each of the genera treated here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |