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<mods:title id="532AFFE6EED749ADDED030019EFDF922">Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C593E3FC43E7BAFB8158FA" ID-CoL="624Q2" ID-ENA="233275" authority="COMPARATIVE" authorityName="COMPARATIVE" box="[896,1049,1728,1749]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="131" pageNumber="658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">MYSMENIDAE</taxonomicName>
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY
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<paragraph id="8B959C6110C593E3FCF9E787FB64593D" blockId="131.[826,1441,1789,1903]" box="[826,1276,1789,1811]" pageId="131" pageNumber="658">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C593E3FCF9E787FB64593D" box="[826,1276,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="658">Male palp (refer to characters 151–261)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C593E6FCF9E666FE7258DB" blockId="131.[826,1441,1789,1903]" lastBlockId="134.[144,758,1728,1780]" lastPageId="134" lastPageNumber="661" pageId="131" pageNumber="658">
The diversity and sclerite homologies of mysmenid male palps are only superficially understood. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C593E3FAD3E640FA39597F" box="[1296,1441,1850,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="131" pageNumber="658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
have been recognized and even diagnosed by the generalized shape of the cymbium, described as ‘apically twisted and with lobes’ (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FE1AE71EFD6B5856" author="Platnick NI &amp; Shadab M" box="[473,755,1636,1658]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref65595" refString="Platnick NI, Shadab M. 1978. A review of the spider genus Mysmenopsis (Araneae, Mysmenidae). American Museum Novitates 2661: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1978">Platnick &amp; Shadab, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FF53E7F9FEAF58B7" author="Brignoli P" box="[144,311,1667,1689]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="727 - 738" refId="ref61128" refString="Brignoli P. 1980. On few Mysmenidae from the Oriental and Australian regions (Araneae). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 87: 727 - 738." type="journal article" year="1980">Brignoli, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FE85E7F9FD8C58B7" author="Coddington J" box="[326,532,1667,1689]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref61510" refString="Coddington J. 1990. Ontogeny and homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders and their relatives, with comments on phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 496: 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1990">Coddington, 1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FDE0E7F9FD6A58B7" author="Wunderlich J" box="[547,754,1666,1689]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="543 - 551" refId="ref67183" refString="Wunderlich J. 1995. Drei bisher unbekannte Arten und Gattungen der Familie Anapidae (s. l.) aus Sud-Afrika, Brasilien und Malaysia (Arachnida: Araneae). Beitrage zur Araneologie 4: 543 - 551." type="journal article" year="1995">Wunderlich, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FF53E7DBFE1A5899" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" box="[144,386,1697,1719]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310C293E4FEC3E7D8FEA95899" box="[256,305,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="659">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FE53E7DBFDB05898" author="Schutt K" box="[400,552,1697,1719]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Despite the fact that several relatively modern descriptions of mysmenids have included detailed illustrations of genitalic morphology (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FEE1E787FE34593C" author="Kraus O" box="[290,428,1789,1811]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="387 - 399" refId="ref63937" refString="Kraus O. 1967. Zur Spinnenfauna Deutschlands, II. Mysmena jobi n. sp, eine Symphytognathide in Mitteleuropa (Arachnida: Araneae: Symphytognathidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 48: 387 - 399." type="journal article" year="1967">Kraus, 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FE74E787FDDD593C" author="Thaler K" box="[439,581,1789,1811]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="283 - 291" refId="ref66608" refString="Thaler K. 1975. Trogloneta granulum Simon, eine weitere Reliktart der Nordostalpen (Arachnida, Aranei, ' Symphytognathidae'). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 82: 283 - 291." type="journal article" year="1975">Thaler, 1975</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FD92E787FD11593C" author="Thaler K" box="[593,649,1789,1811]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="429 - 433" refId="ref66641" refString="Thaler K. 1995. Mysmeniola spinifera n. gen. n. sp., eine merkwurdige Kleinspinne aus Venezuela (Arachnida, Araneae: Mysmenidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 68: 429 - 433." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FD57E787FF51591E" author="Saaristo M" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="99 - 126" refId="ref66012" refString="Saaristo M. 1978. Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from the Seychelle islands, with notes on taxonomy. Annales Zoologici Fennici 15: 99 - 126." type="journal article" year="1978">Saaristo, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FF17E666FE46591E" author="Baert L &amp; Maelfait J-P" box="[212,478,1819,1841]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="102 - 108" refId="ref60521" refString="Baert L, Maelfait J-P. 1983. Spiders of the Galapagos Islands. I. Mysmenidae (Araneae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 6: 102 - 108." type="journal article" year="1983">Baert &amp; Maelfait, 1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FE29E666FDE7591E" author="Baert L" box="[490,639,1820,1841]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="225 - 244" refId="ref60314" refString="Baert L. 1984 a. Spiders (Araneae) from Papua New Guinea. IV. Ochyroceratidae, Telemidae, Hadrotarsidae and Mysmenidae. Indo-Malayan Zoology 2: 225 - 244." type="journal article" year="1984">Baert, 1984a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FD48E666FD5C591E" author="Baert L" box="[651,708,1820,1841]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="5 - 18" refId="ref60493" refString="Baert L. 1990. Mysmenidae (Araneae) from Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Entomologie 60: 5 - 18." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FD13E661FE915960" author="Lin Y &amp; Li S" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="487 - 520" refId="ref64264" refString="Lin Y, Li S. 2008. Mysmenid spiders of China (Araneae: Mysmenidae). Annales Zoologici (Warszawa) 58: 487 - 520." type="journal article" year="2008">Lin &amp; Li, 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FED6E640FE45597F" author="Miller JA &amp; Griswold CE &amp; Yin C" box="[277,477,1850,1872]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="9 - 195" refId="ref64993" refString="Miller JA, Griswold CE, Yin C. 2009. The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae: Araneoidea): systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers. ZooKeys 11: 9 - 195." type="journal article" year="2009">
Miller 
<emphasis id="B95E407310C293E4FEA3E641FE085960" box="[352,400,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="659">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
), most mysmenid species remain poorly described. The details of the palp morphology are also insufficiently studied, especially in terms of explicit hypotheses of homology. For example, it has been suggested that a tegular conductor, median apophysis, and paracymbium are absent (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FAC0E7DBFCC558FA" author="Coddington J" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref61510" refString="Coddington J. 1990. Ontogeny and homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders and their relatives, with comments on phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 496: 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1990">Coddington, 1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FCAAE7BAFBD358FA" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" box="[873,1099,1728,1750]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310C293E4FC11E7BAFB9858FA" box="[978,1024,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="659">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FB94E7BAFA8358F9" author="Miller JA &amp; Griswold CE &amp; Yin C" box="[1111,1307,1728,1750]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="9 - 195" refId="ref64993" refString="Miller JA, Griswold CE, Yin C. 2009. The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae: Araneoidea): systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers. ZooKeys 11: 9 - 195." type="journal article" year="2009">
Miller 
<emphasis id="B95E407310C293E4FB62E7BAFB5658FA" box="[1185,1230,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="659">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
); however, a paracymbium had previously been identified in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C293E4FCE5E787FBC7593C" authority="(Kraus, 1967)" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[806,1119,1789,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Mysmenidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C293E4FC04E787FBCE593C" author="Kraus O" box="[967,1110,1789,1811]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659" pagination="387 - 399" refId="ref63937" refString="Kraus O. 1967. Zur Spinnenfauna Deutschlands, II. Mysmena jobi n. sp, eine Symphytognathide in Mitteleuropa (Arachnida: Araneae: Symphytognathidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 48: 387 - 399." type="journal article" year="1967">Kraus, 1967</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The mysmenid male palp appears highly complex and morphologically variable, and in most species it is greatly translucent, so that the cymbium, conductor, and other sclerites are difficult to distinguish and to delineate precisely under light microscopy. In summary, mysmenid male palps have distinct cymbial structures, including a paracymbium, and can also have a tegular conductor. A median apophysis or any other tegular sclerites are lacking, however. As in the details of the different respiratory organs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C393E5FBA8E7BAFB6758F9" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1131,1279,1728,1750]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="133" pageNumber="660" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, the diversity of palpal structures is great within the family, although each particular arrangement seems characteristic at the genus or sometimes subfamily level (this is simply a consequence of how taxonomists have circumscribed higher taxa in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C393E5FB5BE623FAA05940" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1176,1336,1881,1903]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="133" pageNumber="660" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
). In the sections below, we address the large diversity of mysmenid palpal morphology.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B95E407310C293E4FF53E4C3FE895BE3" bold="true" box="[144,273,1465,1484]" pageId="132" pageNumber="659">Figure 115.</emphasis>
SYMP-002-MAD (
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), from Mahajanga, Madagascar: A–C, male prosoma; D–G, female. A, C, lateral views; B, frontal view. D, mouthparts, ventral view; E, same, detail of cheliceral fangs and teeth. F, pedicel and epigynal areas; G, same, detail of epigynal area.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910C393E5FF67E761FF4158A9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331777" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331777/files/figure.png" pageId="133" pageNumber="660" startId="133.[164,243,1563,1582]" targetBox="[164,1445,195,1532]" targetPageId="133">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C393E5FF67E761FF4158A9" blockId="133.[164,1442,1563,1670]" pageId="133" pageNumber="660">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C393E5FF67E761FEBD5801" bold="true" box="[164,293,1563,1582]" pageId="133" pageNumber="660">Figure 116.</emphasis>
SYMP-002-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C393E5FE33E761FD5E5801" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[496,710,1563,1582]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="133" pageNumber="660" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
), from Mahajanga, Madagascar, left legs. A, C, E, female; B, D, F, male. A, femur, patella and tibia I, prolateral view; B, patella and tibia II, retrolateral view; C, femur, patella and tibia I, retrolateral view; D, detail of tibia II clasping spine, from panel B; E, leg I, tarsal organ; F, patella and tibia IV, retrolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B959C6110C093E6FF53E761FB9158A9" blockId="134.[144,1422,1563,1670]" pageId="134" pageNumber="661">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C093E6FF53E761FE975801" bold="true" box="[144,271,1563,1582]" pageId="134" pageNumber="661">Figure 117.</emphasis>
SYMP-006-AUST (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C093E6FE1FE761FD365801" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[476,686,1563,1582]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="134" pageNumber="661" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
), from Queensland, Australia: A, B, F, female; C–E, G, male. A, pedicel and epigynal areas; B, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. C, left palp, dorsal view; D, same, ventral-apical view; E, same, detail of embolus and conductor. F, ventral abdomen and anterior spinnerets, note absence of colulus and posterior spiracle; G, left posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C093E6FF53E666FE69591D" blockId="134.[144,759,1820,1903]" box="[144,497,1820,1842]" pageId="134" pageNumber="661">Palpal femur, patella and tibia</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C093E7FF53E640FCEF5940" blockId="134.[144,759,1820,1903]" lastBlockId="135.[826,1441,1697,1903]" lastPageId="135" lastPageNumber="662" pageId="134" pageNumber="661">
Mysmenids lack any modifications on the palpal femur and patella. Conversely, and across symphytognathoids, varying shapes of the male palpal tibia can be found. A distally broad tibia (i.e. wider distally, usually more than two times its basal width) may be symplesiomorphic for symphytognathoids, as it also occurs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C093E6FC58E640FBBB597F" authorityName=", Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[923,1059,1850,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="134" pageNumber="661" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiidae</taxonomicName>
. Distally broad tibiae occur in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C093E6FCE5E623FC6B5940" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[806,1011,1881,1903]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="134" pageNumber="661" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C093E6FC3DE623FB135940" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[1022,1163,1881,1903]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="134" pageNumber="661" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Synaphridae</taxonomicName>
, and most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C093E6FAC1E623FA155940" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1282,1421,1881,1903]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="134" pageNumber="661" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FF6FE7DBFE885899" box="[172,272,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FEE7E7DBFEC05899" box="[292,344,1697,1718]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="20.[144,223,1363,1382]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-202@20.[144,1425,196,1334]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 17. Microdipoena elsae (Mysmenidae), male right palp, inverted images: A, prolateral view; B, ventral view; C, retrolateral view; D, retroventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371423" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371423/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">17D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FEAEE7DBFE385899" box="[365,416,1697,1718]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="33.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-97@33.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 28. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina; male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B–G, left palp. B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, retrolateral–ventral view; F, detail of embolus tip, ventral view; G, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331673/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">28A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FE77E7DBFE705899" box="[436,488,1697,1718]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">30E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FE3FE7DBFDB75899" box="[508,559,1697,1718]" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="48.[144,223,1491,1510]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetId="figure-124@48.[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 32. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); male palp. A–C, E–H, left palp; D, right palp, subtly expanded, inverted. A, D retrolateral view; B, ventral–prolateral view; C, detail of proximal palp, retrolateral view; E, detail of tibia and prolateral basal expansion, ventral view; F, same, close up; G, detail of tip of palp, ventral view; H, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371433/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">32E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FD80E7DBFDEE5899" box="[579,630,1697,1718]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="55.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@55.[228,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Figure 38. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; prosoma: A, B, male; C–H, female; A–C, lateral view; D, carapace, frontal view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, mouthparts, ventral view; G, right palp, detail of palpal tip; H, distal promargin of right chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371441/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">38A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FD48E7DBFD265899" box="[651,702,1697,1718]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">42A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FD11E7DBFC9D5899" box="[722,773,1697,1718]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="64.[144,221,1188,1207]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-244@64.[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 47. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male. A–E, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and cymbial conductors; D, same, ventral–retrolateral view; E, same, prolateral view. F, digested abdomen, tracheal system, dorsal view; G, same, detail of posterior tracheal system. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331683/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">47B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FF67E7BAFF4E58F9" box="[164,214,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">63C</figureCitation>
). Within symphytognathoids, a flat tibia (i.e. flattened from the base, and usually with irregular, not circular, distal section outline) is synapomorphic for the clade comprising 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FE1EE666FD54591D" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[477,716,1820,1842]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
plus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FF67E640FE94597F" box="[164,268,1850,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FED9E640FEE05960" box="[282,376,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 91" captionStartId="108.[144,223,1856,1875]" captionTargetBox="[196,1372,194,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-0@108.[196,1372,194,1826]" captionTargetPageId="108" captionText="Figure 91. Minanapis palena (Anapidae), prosoma: A–D, G, female; E, F, H, male. A, C, E, lateral view; B, F, lateral– frontal view; D, ventral view; G, detail of lateral prosoma; H, ocular area, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371515/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Figs 91F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FE41E640FE48597F" box="[386,464,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 95" captionStartId="112.[144,222,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[209,1358,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@112.[209,1358,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="112" captionText="Figure 95. Taphiassa punctata (Anapidae), male. A–D, left palp; A, ventral–retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, detail of palpal patella and tibia. E, right leg IV, claws, retrolateral view. F–I, right leg I; F, claws, distal view; G, same, prolateral view; H, metatarsus, dorsal view; I, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371521/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">95C, D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FE18E640FD8E597F" box="[475,534,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 102" captionStartId="119.[164,242,1321,1340]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-241@119.[164,1444,195,1291]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="Figure 102. Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), male left palp: A, ventral view; B, dorsal–proximal view; C, detail of dorsal tibia and patella; D, detail of apical palp, ventral view; E, same, prolateral view; F, same, retrolateral–distal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371531/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">102C</figureCitation>
). Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FDB9E640FC9F597F" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[634,775,1850,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, broad male palpal tibiae are widespread, occurring in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FC9FE7DBFC4C5899" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[860,980,1697,1718]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C193E7FC9FE7DBFC4C5899" box="[860,980,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FC25E7DBFB845899" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[998,1052,1697,1718]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C193E7FC25E7DBFB845899" box="[998,1052,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and all 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FB4EE7DBFABA5898" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[1165,1314,1697,1719]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, a cylindrical tibia (distal width similar to or less than two times proximal width) is synapomorphic for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FCF9E784FC3F593C" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[826,935,1790,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C193E7FCF9E784FC3F593C" box="[826,935,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and convergently present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FB36E787FAE8593D" authorityName="Bertkau" authorityYear="1889" box="[1269,1392,1789,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Comaroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C193E7FB36E787FAE8593D" box="[1269,1392,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Comaroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FCF9E666FC5C591E" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[826,964,1820,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Tasmanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C193E7FCF9E666FC5C591E" box="[826,964,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Tasmanapis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FC17E661FBA3591E" box="[980,1083,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Figs 10A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FB84E666FBE0591E" box="[1095,1144,1820,1841]" captionStart="Figure 81" captionStartId="98.[144,225,1555,1574]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,194,1525]" captionTargetId="figure-116@98.[144,1425,194,1525]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="Figure 81. Comaroma simoni (Anapidae), male left palp: A, retrolateral view; B, ventral view; C, ventral–distal view; D, prolateral view; E, distal view; F, bulb, detail from panel B. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371504/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">81D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FB47E666FB55591D" box="[1156,1229,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 98" captionStartId="115.[164,243,1084,1103]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,196,1055]" captionTargetId="figure-337@115.[164,1444,196,1055]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="Figure 98. Tasmanapis strahan (Anapidae). A, female; B–E, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, anterior view; B–D, left palp; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal-proximal view; D, distal view; E, right palp, retrolateral view (image not inverted). See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371525/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">98B,C</figureCitation>
). A globose tibia is a synapomorphy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FBE5E641FB25597F" box="[1062,1213,1851,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C193E7FBE5E641FB25597F" box="[1062,1213,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FB12E640FAC45960" box="[1233,1372,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="72.[144,223,1507,1526]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-122@72.[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Figure 55. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), male left palp. A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, tibia, detail from figure A, prolateral view; E, same, detail from figure C, retrolateral view; F, distal view; G, embolus and tip of cymbium, detail from figure A, prolateral view; H, detail of tibial hollow area, ventral view; I, same, detail of spur. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371471/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Figs 55A, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FAAEE640FA05597F" box="[1389,1437,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">58A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C193E7FCF9E623FCF35940" box="[826,875,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">60A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910C193E7FF67E762FD325849" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331783" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331783/files/figure.png" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" startId="135.[164,243,1560,1579]" targetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" targetPageId="135">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C193E7FF67E762FD325849" blockId="135.[164,1442,1560,1639]" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C193E7FF67E762FEBD5804" bold="true" box="[164,293,1560,1579]" pageId="135" pageNumber="662">Figure 118.</emphasis>
SYMP-006-AUST (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C193E7FE34E763FD555803" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[503,717,1561,1580]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="662" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
), from Queensland, Australia, prosoma: A, C, female; B, D–F, male. A, B, lateral view; C, mouthparts, ventral view; D, same, lateral view, detail from panel B; E, detail of cheliceral fangs and teeth; F, sternum and labium, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910CE93E8FF53E78FFB85594F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371553" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371553/files/figure.png" pageId="136" pageNumber="663" startId="136.[144,223,1781,1800]" targetBox="[201,1366,194,1752]" targetPageId="136">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110CE93E8FF53E78FFB85594F" blockId="136.[144,1422,1781,1889]" pageId="136" pageNumber="663">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CE93E8FF53E78FFE8A5927" bold="true" box="[144,274,1781,1800]" pageId="136" pageNumber="663">Figure 119.</emphasis>
SYMP-006-AUST (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CE93E8FE2BE78FFD585927" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[488,704,1781,1800]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="663" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
), from Queensland, Australia, left legs. A–G, female; H–J, male. A, leg I, retrolateral; B, femur I, prolateral; C, metatarsus IV, retrolateral; D, leg I, tarsal organ and metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal; E, tibia IV, retrolateral; F, metatarsus I, detail of trichobothrial base, dorsal; G, tarsus IV, retrolateral; H, tibia II, retrolateral view; I, same, detail of clasping spine; J, same, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910CF93E9FF67E76CFBCC584C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371555" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371555/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664" startId="137.[164,243,1558,1577]" targetBox="[164,1445,194,1528]" targetPageId="137">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110CF93E9FF67E76CFBCC584C" blockId="137.[164,1441,1558,1636]" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CF93E9FF67E76CFEBE5806" bold="true" box="[164,294,1558,1577]" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Figure 120.</emphasis>
SYMP-007-AUST (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CF93E9FE3AE76CFD575806" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[505,719,1558,1577]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
), from Queensland, Australia, female. A, ocular area, frontal view; B, mouthparts, ventral view; C, spinning field, details to absence of colulus; D, mouthparts, detail of cheliceral fangs and teeth; E, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; F, same, detail of vulva.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110CF93EEFF7FE7D8FD6E5940" blockId="137.[164,779,1697,1903]" lastBlockId="142.[144,759,1758,1903]" lastPageId="142" lastPageNumber="669" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">
Most mysmenid palpal tibiae are small, shorter than cymbium, as in other symphytognathoids (
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FD5CE7BAFC9E58FA" box="[671,774,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Figs 10A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FF67E7A4FF4B58DC" box="[164,211,1758,1779]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">27B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FF22E7A4FE8B58DC" box="[225,275,1758,1779]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">30D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FEDCE7A4FEE958DB" box="[287,369,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="64.[144,221,1188,1207]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-244@64.[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 47. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male. A–E, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and cymbial conductors; D, same, ventral–retrolateral view; E, same, prolateral view. F, digested abdomen, tracheal system, dorsal view; G, same, detail of posterior tracheal system. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331683/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">47A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FEBDE7A4FE5758DC" box="[382,463,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">63B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FE1EE7A4FD9658DC" box="[477,526,1758,1779]" captionStart="Figure 71" captionStartId="88.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-0@88.[144,1424,195,1693]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="Figure 71. Acrobleps hygrophilus (Anapidae), male left palp: A, ventral view; B, ventral–prolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolaterodorsal view; E, dorsal view; F, retrolateral view; G, detail of tibial structures, detail from panel D; H, detail of patellar apophyses, retrolateral view, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331707/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">71D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FDDFE7A4FDC158DB" box="[540,601,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 106" captionStartId="123.[164,243,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-128@123.[164,1445,194,1509]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="Figure 106. Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), male paralectotype, right palp, inverted: A, apical view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, prolateral view; E, retrolateral–dorsal view; F, detail of palpal tibia and tip of conductor; G, detail of dorsal–apical view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371539/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">106C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FDA4E7A4FD3B58DB" box="[615,675,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 110" captionStartId="127.[164,242,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-65@127.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="127" captionText="Figure 110. Synaphris saphrynis (Synaphridae), male paratype. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral–apical view; B, apical view; C, retrolateral view; D, dorsal–proximal view; E, prolateral–proximal view. F, digested abdomen, detail of posterior respiratory atrium and tracheae; G, epiandrous spigots. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331767/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">110E</figureCitation>
). A large tibia is synapomorphic for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CF93E9FE21E787FD02593C" box="[482,666,1789,1811]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FD6FE787FC9E593D" box="[684,774,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[164,243,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-354@1.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, D, E, ventral view; B, C, dorsal view; C, D, detail of tip of palp; E, detail of cymbial process. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331627" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331627/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FF67E666FF5E591E" box="[164,198,1820,1841]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FF16E661FEBF591D" box="[213,295,1819,1842]" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="72.[144,223,1507,1526]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-122@72.[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Figure 55. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), male left palp. A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, tibia, detail from figure A, prolateral view; E, same, detail from figure C, retrolateral view; F, distal view; G, embolus and tip of cymbium, detail from figure A, prolateral view; H, detail of tibial hollow area, ventral view; I, same, detail of spur. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371471/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">55A, C</figureCitation>
). In addition, no distinct tibial processes occur in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CF93E9FECEE640FE39597F" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[269,417,1850,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, except for a prolateral extension in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CF93E9FF39E623FE1B5941" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1995" box="[250,387,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmeniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CF93E9FF39E623FE1B5941" box="[250,387,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Mysmeniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FE50E623FD9D5941" box="[403,517,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Fig. 134D</figureCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010CF93E9FDB0E623FC9F5940" author="Thaler K" box="[627,775,1881,1903]" pageId="137" pageNumber="664" pagination="429 - 433" refId="ref66641" refString="Thaler K. 1995. Mysmeniola spinifera n. gen. n. sp., eine merkwurdige Kleinspinne aus Venezuela (Arachnida, Araneae: Mysmenidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 68: 429 - 433." type="journal article" year="1995">Thaler, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: figs 5, 7) and an apical ventral (sometimes ventroretrolateral) excavation usually bearing spurs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CF93E9FCF9E7A5FC5158DB" box="[826,969,1759,1780]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CF93E9FCF9E7A5FC5158DB" box="[826,969,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FC14E7A4FBA158DB" box="[983,1081,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="70.[144,223,1755,1774]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-0@70.[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Figure 53. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A–F, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, bulb and cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial hollow area; F, bulb and cymbium, retrolateral–ventral view. G, abdomen, pedicel area; H, posterior spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331691/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Figs 53A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FB80E7A4FBE958DB" box="[1091,1137,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">58A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FBB8E7A4FB3258DB" box="[1147,1194,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">60A</figureCitation>
). Mysmenopsines have modified setae distally on the tibiae, such as spurs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CF93E9FCF9E666FC54591E" box="[826,972,1820,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CF93E9FCF9E666FC54591E" box="[826,972,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as mentioned above, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FB00E661FABE591E" box="[1219,1318,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="70.[144,223,1755,1774]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-0@70.[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Figure 53. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A–F, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, bulb and cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial hollow area; F, bulb and cymbium, retrolateral–ventral view. G, abdomen, pedicel area; H, posterior spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331691/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Figs 53E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FAF1E661FAFB591E" box="[1330,1379,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="72.[144,223,1507,1526]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-122@72.[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Figure 55. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), male left palp. A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, tibia, detail from figure A, prolateral view; E, same, detail from figure C, retrolateral view; F, distal view; G, embolus and tip of cymbium, detail from figure A, prolateral view; H, detail of tibial hollow area, ventral view; I, same, detail of spur. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371471/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">55H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FAADE661FA05591E" box="[1390,1437,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">58E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FCF9E640FCF2597F" box="[826,874,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">60B</figureCitation>
), or spine-like, strong setae in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CF93E9FB1AE640FA975960" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[1241,1295,1850,1871]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="664" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CF93E9FB1AE640FA975960" box="[1241,1295,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FAE3E640FA04597F" box="[1312,1436,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[164,243,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-354@1.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, D, E, ventral view; B, C, dorsal view; C, D, detail of tip of palp; E, detail of cymbial process. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331627" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331627/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410CF93E9FCF9E623FC195941" box="[826,897,1881,1902]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="664">4A, E</figureCitation>
). Mysmenid tibial rim setae are longer than remaining tibial setae, and are arranged distally in one or two rows (
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFE9DE787FE20593D" box="[350,440,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">Figs 4E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFE04E787FE6F593D" box="[455,503,1789,1810]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">10D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFDC5E787FDAE593D" box="[518,566,1789,1810]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">18A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFD87E787FDEC593D" box="[580,628,1789,1810]" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="48.[144,223,1491,1510]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetId="figure-124@48.[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 32. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); male palp. A–C, E–H, left palp; D, right palp, subtly expanded, inverted. A, D retrolateral view; B, ventral–prolateral view; C, detail of proximal palp, retrolateral view; E, detail of tibia and prolateral basal expansion, ventral view; F, same, close up; G, detail of tip of palp, ventral view; H, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371433/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">32E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFD40E787FD2C593C" box="[643,692,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">36D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFD01E787FD6A593D" box="[706,754,1789,1810]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">42B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFF53E661FF27591E" box="[144,191,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@62.[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 45. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A–C, male right palp, inverted; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view. D, E, male left palp, expanded; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, same, detail of embolus and pars pendula; F, female posterior spinnerets; G–I, male left leg I, prolateral view; G, femur and patella; H, metatarsus; I, tarsus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371455/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">45C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFF0FE661FF64591E" box="[204,252,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="70.[144,223,1755,1774]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-0@70.[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Figure 53. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A–F, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, bulb and cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial hollow area; F, bulb and cymbium, retrolateral–ventral view. G, abdomen, pedicel area; H, posterior spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331691/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">53B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFECAE661FEA1591E" box="[265,313,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="72.[144,223,1507,1526]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-122@72.[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Figure 55. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), male left palp. A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, tibia, detail from figure A, prolateral view; E, same, detail from figure C, retrolateral view; F, distal view; G, embolus and tip of cymbium, detail from figure A, prolateral view; H, detail of tibial hollow area, ventral view; I, same, detail of spur. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371471/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">55C</figureCitation>
), except in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C893EEFE7CE666FDAF591E" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[447,567,1820,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="669" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C893EEFE7CE666FDAF591E" box="[447,567,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a few other mysmenids where the setae are equally short and dispersed in an irregular conformation (
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFD87E623FD335940" box="[580,683,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">Figs 63C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFD7AE623FD735940" box="[697,747,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="83.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@83.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Figure 66. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, prosoma, lateral view. B–E, left palp; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–dorsal view; E, embolus. F, anterior lateral spinnerets; G, mouthparts, lateral view; H, labium, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371491/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">66A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910CC93EAFF53E781FE3D5949" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371559" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371559/files/figure.png" pageId="138" pageNumber="665" startId="138.[144,223,1787,1806]" targetBox="[221,1347,194,1757]" targetPageId="138">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110CC93EAFF53E781FE3D5949" blockId="138.[144,1421,1787,1894]" pageId="138" pageNumber="665">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CC93EAFF53E781FE8A5921" bold="true" box="[144,274,1787,1806]" pageId="138" pageNumber="665">Figure 121.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CC93EAFEDEE781FD605921" box="[285,760,1787,1806]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Symphytognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="138" pageNumber="665" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CC93EAFEDEE781FD935922" box="[285,523,1787,1806]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="665">Symphytognatha picta</emphasis>
(Symphytognathidae)
</taxonomicName>
, from Western Australia, Australia, male prosoma: A, frontal view; B, lateral–frontal view; C, ventral view; D, chelicerae, ventral view, detail from panel A; E, detail anterior prosoma, lateral view; F, carapace lateral depression, detail from panel B; G, labium–sternum junction, detail from panel C; H, maxillae, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910CD93EBFF67E781FCA45949" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371561" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371561/files/figure.png" pageId="139" pageNumber="666" startId="139.[164,243,1787,1806]" targetBox="[241,1367,194,1757]" targetPageId="139">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110CD93EBFF67E781FCA45949" blockId="139.[164,1441,1787,1894]" pageId="139" pageNumber="666">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CD93EBFF67E781FEBE5921" bold="true" box="[164,294,1787,1806]" pageId="139" pageNumber="666">Figure 122.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CD93EBFEF2E781FC955921" box="[305,781,1787,1806]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Symphytognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="139" pageNumber="666" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CD93EBFEF2E781FD875922" box="[305,543,1787,1806]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="666">Symphytognatha picta</emphasis>
(Symphytognathidae)
</taxonomicName>
, from Western Australia, Australia, male: A, cheliceral fangs and teeth, frontal view; B, same, lateral view; C, left palp, retrolateral–ventral view; D, same, retrolateral view; E, posterior median spinnerets; F, right posterior lateral spinneret; G, left leg I, claws, prolateral view; H, left leg IV, claws, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910CA93ECFF53E781FCE95949" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331789/files/figure.png" pageId="140" pageNumber="667" startId="140.[144,223,1787,1806]" targetBox="[221,1347,194,1757]" targetPageId="140">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110CA93ECFF53E781FCE95949" blockId="140.[144,1422,1787,1894]" pageId="140" pageNumber="667">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CA93ECFF53E781FE8A5921" bold="true" box="[144,274,1787,1806]" pageId="140" pageNumber="667">Figure 123.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CA93ECFEDEE781FC935921" box="[285,779,1787,1806]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="140" pageNumber="667" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemmosum">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CA93ECFEDEE781FDB45922" box="[285,556,1787,1806]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="667">Theridiosoma gemmosum</emphasis>
(Theridiosomatidae)
</taxonomicName>
, female: A, digested abdomen, detail of anterior respiratory system and vulva; B, mouthparts, ventral–frontal view; C, same, detail of cheliceral fang and teeth; D, labium, ventral view; E, posterior median spinnerets; F, right posterior lateral spinneret; G, left leg I, claws, prolateral view; H, left leg IV, claws, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910CB93EDFF67E7BAFA145921" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371563" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371563/files/figure.png" pageId="141" pageNumber="668" startId="141.[164,241,1728,1747]" targetBox="[164,1445,193,1698]" targetPageId="141">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110CB93EDFF67E7BAFA145921" blockId="141.[164,1442,1728,1806]" pageId="141" pageNumber="668">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CB93EDFF67E7BAFEBB58FC" bold="true" box="[164,291,1728,1747]" pageId="141" pageNumber="668">Figure 124.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210CB93EDFEEEE7BAFC9258FC" box="[301,778,1728,1747]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Coddingtonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="141" pageNumber="668" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euryopoides">
<emphasis id="B95E407310CB93EDFEEEE7BAFDAE58FC" box="[301,566,1728,1747]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="668">Coddingtonia euryopoides</emphasis>
(Theridiosomatidae)
</taxonomicName>
from Chiang Mai, Thailand. A, female digested abdomen, vulva, anterior view. B–F, male right palp, images not inverted; B, ventral view; C, detail of paracymbium; F, palp, retrolateral view; D, palp, dorsal view; E, detail of median apophysis, from panel B. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910C893EEFF53E764FED958A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331795" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331795/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669" startId="142.[144,223,1566,1585]" targetBox="[144,1424,196,1534]" targetPageId="142">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C893EEFF53E764FED958A6" blockId="142.[144,1422,1566,1673]" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C893EEFF53E764FE8A581E" bold="true" box="[144,274,1566,1585]" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">Figure 125.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C893EEFEDEE764FC90581E" box="[285,776,1566,1585]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Coddingtonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="669" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euryopoides">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C893EEFEDEE764FDB5581E" box="[285,557,1566,1585]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">Coddingtonia euryopoides</emphasis>
(Theridiosomatidae)
</taxonomicName>
from Chiang Mai, Thailand; female: A, sternum and labium, ventral view; B, mouthparts, detail of maxillary setae; C, right posterior median spinneret; D, right anterior lateral spinneret; E, palpal tibia, dorsal view; F, left metatarsus I, prolateral view; G, leg I, tarsal organ. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C893EEFCE5E7A4FB1F58DB" blockId="142.[806,1422,1758,1903]" box="[806,1159,1758,1780]" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">Cymbium: general morphology</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C893EEFCE5E787FBC0593C" blockId="142.[806,1422,1758,1903]" box="[806,1112,1789,1811]" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">
(see 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C893EEFC98E787FC2F593C" box="[859,951,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 126" captionStartId="143.[164,243,853,872]" captionTargetBox="[389,1216,197,821]" captionTargetId="figure-287@143.[387,1220,195,823]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="Figure 126. Schematic drawings showing cymbial structures on the male palp of Mysmenidae. Left cymbium is depict- ed: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331797/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">Fig. 126</figureCitation>
for reference)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C893EFFCE5E661FC615B8B" blockId="142.[806,1422,1758,1903]" lastBlockId="143.[826,1442,963,1903]" lastPageId="143" lastPageNumber="670" pageId="142" pageNumber="669">
The size of the cymbium and bulb (relative to the size of the carapace, in lateral view) varies across mysmenid taxa. Although small male palps are common in adult spiders, medium-sized palps are widespread within symphytognathoids, including mysmenids (i.e. the cymbium-bulb complex is about half the size of the carapace; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFF20E787FEDB593D" box="[227,323,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Figs 27F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFE8DE787FEE5593C" box="[334,381,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="83.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@83.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Figure 66. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, prosoma, lateral view. B–E, left palp; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–dorsal view; E, embolus. F, anterior lateral spinnerets; G, mouthparts, lateral view; H, labium, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371491/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">66A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFE4BE787FE5D593C" box="[392,453,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">141K</figureCitation>
). The cymbium bulb becomes secondarily small (about one-fifth the size of the carapace) in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFED5E641FE62597F" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[278,506,1851,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFED5E641FE62597F" box="[278,506,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and mysmenopsines, however (
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFED3E623FEF05941" box="[272,360,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[229,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[229,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae): A, D–F, female; B, C, G, H, male. A, B, carapace, lateral view; C, carapace, ventral view; D, same, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, detail of female palpal tibia; F, detail of mouthparts; G, abdomen, ventral view; H, same detail of pedicel area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331631" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331631/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFEB7E623FE285941" box="[372,432,1881,1902]" captionStart="Figure 140" captionStartId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@156.[189,1380,194,1693]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">140E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFE7FE623FE625940" box="[444,506,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">141D</figureCitation>
). A very large cymbium-bulb complex (i.e. as large as the prosoma) has evolved independently in some distal clades within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFACDE29BFA395DD9" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[1294,1441,993,1014]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFACDE29BFA395DD9" box="[1294,1441,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFCB6E57BFC705A39" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[885,1000,1025,1046]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFCB6E57BFC705A39" box="[885,1000,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFBBEE57BFA395A3A" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1149,1441,1024,1046]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucoplagiata">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFBBEE57BFA395A3A" box="[1149,1441,1024,1046]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Mysmena leucoplagiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFC81E565FC2A5A1B" box="[834,946,1055,1077]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="23.[164,242,1627,1646]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-82@23.[164,1445,194,1597]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 19. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae). A, B, D–F, male; C, female. A, prosoma, frontal view; B, C, same, lateral view; D, same, ventral view, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, mouthparts, detail of tip of left chelicera; F, posterior median spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371425/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Figs 19B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFC07E565FB9E5A1A" box="[964,1030,1055,1077]" captionStart="Figure 142" captionStartId="158.[144,223,1704,1723]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@158.[194,1372,193,1674]" captionTargetPageId="158" captionText="Figure 142. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmeninae and Trogloneta. A, B, Microdipoena nyungwe; A, male, lateral view; B, female, ventral view. C, Trogloneta granulum, female, ventral view. D, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, female, lateral view, inverted. E, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) mootae, female holotype, dorsal view. F, Mysmena (= Calomyspoena) santacruzi, female paratype, dorsal view. G–I, Mysmena (= Itapua) tembei; G, male holotype, lateral view, inverted; H, male holotype, frontal view; I, female paratype, frontal view. J–L, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, male paratype; J, lateral view; K, dorsal view; L, ventral view. M, N, Mysmeniola spinifera, male holotype; M, lateral view; N, ventral view. O, Brasilionata arborense, male holotype, dorsal view, abdomen detached. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371585/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">142A</figureCitation>
), in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFB86E565FAB55A1A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[1093,1325,1055,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
, and the synaphrid genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFC3CE547FBC15A7D" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1023,1113,1085,1106]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" genus="Cepheia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFC3CE547FBC15A7D" box="[1023,1113,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Cepheia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Superficially, there appears to be a tendency towards an increase in palpal size, which suggests a correlation with the reduction of body size in symphytognathoids; however, most symphytognathoids are equally minute in body size, regardless of their familial placement or size of the palp. For example, most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFB8FE58FFAAE5B24" box="[1100,1334,1269,1291]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFB8FE58FFB7A5B25" box="[1100,1250,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Microdipoena</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(and also theridiosomatids) with huge palps are as small as any other mysmenine or even larger than members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFCF9E42AFB8F5B49" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[826,1047,1360,1382]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
, which possess medium-sized palps. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFCF9E415FC375BAB" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1880" box="[826,943,1391,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFCF9E415FC375BAB" box="[826,943,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Taphiassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a small micropholcommatine anapid, also has small palps.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910C993EFFF67E22FFC665DAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331797" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331797/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" startId="143.[164,243,853,872]" targetBox="[389,1216,197,821]" targetPageId="143">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C993EFFF67E22FFC665DAA" blockId="143.[164,1441,853,902]" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFF67E22FFEBE5D47" bold="true" box="[164,294,853,872]" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Figure 126.</emphasis>
Schematic drawings showing cymbial structures on the male palp of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFBD1E22FFB025D47" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1042,1178,853,872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
. Left cymbium is depicted: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C993EFFC90E4D6FB1D5855" blockId="143.[826,1442,963,1903]" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">
The cymbium in most mysmenids is uniquely oriented ventrally or prolatero-ventrally in the palp (
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFC81E493FC5B5BD0" box="[834,963,1513,1535]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="55.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@55.[228,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Figure 38. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; prosoma: A, B, male; C–H, female; A–C, lateral view; D, carapace, frontal view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, mouthparts, ventral view; G, right palp, detail of palpal tip; H, distal promargin of right chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371441/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Figs 38A,B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFC10E490FB9B5BD0" box="[979,1027,1514,1535]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">42B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFBD1E493FBDC5BD0" box="[1042,1092,1513,1535]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="83.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@83.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Figure 66. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, prosoma, lateral view. B–E, left palp; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–dorsal view; E, embolus. F, anterior lateral spinnerets; G, mouthparts, lateral view; H, labium, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371491/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">66A</figureCitation>
). The cymbium evolved independently to a prolateral position in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFAC3E773FA015831" box="[1280,1433,1545,1566]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFAC3E773FA015831" box="[1280,1433,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFCF9E75DFC5F5813" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1995" box="[826,967,1575,1596]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmeniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFCF9E75DFC5F5813" box="[826,967,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Mysmeniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the mysmenine MYSM-023-MAD (
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFC81E73FFC3C5874" box="[834,932,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="67.[164,243,1739,1758]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-0@67.[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 50. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, B, prosoma, lateral view; C, left chelicera, retromarginal view. D–H, right leg I, prolateral view; D, tarsus– metatarsus junction, prolateral–dorsal view; E, F, tarsus; G, tibia; H, metatarsus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331687/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Fig. 50B</figureCitation>
), or to a retrolateral–dorsal position in some 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210C993EFFCF9E71EFB9C5855" box="[826,1028,1636,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFCF9E71EFC325856" box="[826,938,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Maymena</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410C993EFFBD5E71EFBE15855" box="[1046,1145,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="18.[144,223,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-0@18.[189,1380,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 15. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), prosoma: A, C, F, G, female; B, D, E, H, I, male. A, B, lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, carapace, frontal view; E, prosoma, posterior view; F, ocular area, detail from panel C; G–I, mouthparts, detail of cheliceral fang and teeth; G, distal promargin of left chelicera; H, distal promargin of right chelicera; I, distal right chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371419/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910C993EFFF67E48EFDAB586D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371565" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371565/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" startId="143.[164,240,1524,1543]" targetBox="[169,775,964,1491]" targetPageId="143">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C993EFFF67E48EFDAB586D" blockId="143.[164,779,1524,1602]" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFF67E48EFEB95827" bold="true" box="[164,289,1524,1544]" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">Figure 127.</emphasis>
Schematic drawing of the trajectory of the spermatic duct on male left palp, in prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110C993F7FC90E7F9FE1E5813" blockId="143.[826,1442,963,1903]" lastBlockId="151.[164,779,1360,1902]" lastPageId="151" lastPageNumber="678" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">
In some symphytognathoids the cymbium is sometimes modified relative to the typical cymbium of most araneoids, which is scoop-shaped and round to oval in dorsal view (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010C993EFFBD1E7A4FB6F58DC" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" box="[1042,1271,1758,1780]" pageId="143" pageNumber="670" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310C993EFFBBFE7A5FB3258DC" box="[1148,1194,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="670">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 16A, 18F). This is especially so in mysmenids. Without taking into account any other cymbial structures (such as cymbial conductors, apophyses, paracymbia, expansions, etc.; see comments below), an oval cymbium is plesiomorphic in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D193F7FF06E42AFECE5B49" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[197,342,1360,1382]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FEABE42AFE575B4A" box="[360,463,1360,1382]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Figs 10A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FE1DE42AFD965B49" box="[478,526,1360,1382]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="17.[164,243,1036,1055]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,196,1004]" captionTargetId="figure-351@17.[164,1444,196,1006]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 14. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae): A, B, D, male left palp; C, E, female. A, dorsal view; B, same, prolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; C, epigynum, ventral view; D, same as B, dorsal view; E, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371417/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">14A</figureCitation>
), and it has independently evolved in MYSM-005-ARG (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D193F7FDEFE415FD0C5BAB" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[556,660,1391,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D193F7FDEFE415FD0C5BAB" box="[556,660,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FD62E414FC985BAA" box="[673,768,1390,1413]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="33.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-97@33.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 28. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina; male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B–G, left palp. B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, retrolateral–ventral view; F, detail of embolus tip, ventral view; G, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331673/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Fig. 28B</figureCitation>
). A cymbium as long as wide occurs in mysmenopsines and independently in a clade comprising most mysmenines (
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FEF8E4B0FE085BF0" box="[315,400,1482,1504]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[164,243,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-354@1.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, D, E, ventral view; B, C, dorsal view; C, D, detail of tip of palp; E, detail of cymbial process. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331627" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331627/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FE58E4B0FE245BF0" box="[411,444,1482,1503]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">4C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FE04E4B0FE695BF0" box="[455,497,1482,1503]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1669,1688]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-0@27.[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331661/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">22F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FE3FE4B0FDB45BF0" box="[508,556,1482,1503]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">30D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FDF5E4B0FDFC5BF0" box="[566,612,1482,1503]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,196,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-314@58.[144,1424,196,1084]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 41. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp. A, prolateral–ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, prolateral view; E, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371447/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">41B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FDACE4B0FD055BCF" box="[623,669,1482,1504]" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="72.[144,223,1507,1526]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-122@72.[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Figure 55. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), male left palp. A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, tibia, detail from figure A, prolateral view; E, same, detail from figure C, retrolateral view; F, distal view; G, embolus and tip of cymbium, detail from figure A, prolateral view; H, detail of tibial hollow area, ventral view; I, same, detail of spur. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371471/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">55B</figureCitation>
), whereas a distinctly flat and tapering cymbium is unique to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D193F7FF11E77DFECE5833" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[210,342,1543,1564]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D193F7FF11E77DFECE5833" box="[210,342,1543,1564]" italics="true" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FEB5E77DFE7B5832" box="[374,483,1543,1565]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Fig. 63C</figureCitation>
; convergent in some symphytognathids).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D693F0FF53E782FE0F594C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="144" pageNumber="671" startId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" targetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" targetPageId="144">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D693F0FF53E782FE0F594C" blockId="144.[144,1422,1784,1891]" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D693F0FF53E782FE8A5924" bold="true" box="[144,274,1784,1803]" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">Figure 128.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D693F0FEDEE782FE3A5924" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[285,418,1784,1803]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="144" pageNumber="671" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
female genitalia, cleared: A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D693F0FD23E782FC185924" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[736,896,1784,1803]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="144" pageNumber="671" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okuncana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D693F0FD23E782FC185924" box="[736,896,1784,1803]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">Isela okuncana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D693F0FBFAE783FB655924" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[1081,1277,1785,1803]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="144" pageNumber="671" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D693F0FBFAE783FB655924" box="[1081,1277,1785,1803]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; C, 
<emphasis id="B95E407310D693F0FF6EE66FFE9A5907" box="[173,258,1813,1832]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">Kilifina-</emphasis>
MYSM-002-KENYA (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D693F0FE1DE66FFDAA5907" box="[478,562,1813,1832]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="144" pageNumber="671" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D693F0FE1DE66FFD975907" box="[478,527,1813,1832]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">Isela</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D693F0FC7FE66CFBE95907" baseAuthorityName="Barrows" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[956,1137,1813,1832]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="144" pageNumber="671" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambita">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D693F0FC7FE66CFBE95907" box="[956,1137,1813,1832]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">Maymena ambita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; E, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D693F0FAEAE66CFF21596A" authorityName="Platnick" authorityYear="1993" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="144" pageNumber="671" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rica">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D693F0FAEAE66CFF21596A" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">Maymena rica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D693F0FEADE649FDC85969" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1922" box="[366,592,1843,1862]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="144" pageNumber="671" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulum">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D693F0FEADE649FDC85969" box="[366,592,1843,1862]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">Trogloneta granulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; G, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D693F0FCD5E649FBB45969" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1978" box="[790,1068,1843,1862]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="144" pageNumber="671" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dipluramigo">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D693F0FCD5E649FBB45969" box="[790,1068,1843,1862]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="671">Mysmenopsis dipluramigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D793F1FF67E7B9FDC85947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" startId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" targetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" targetPageId="145">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D793F1FF67E7B9FDC85947" blockId="145.[164,1441,1731,1896]" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FF67E7B9FEBE58F9" bold="true" box="[164,294,1731,1750]" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Figure 129.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FEF2E7B9FE2E58F9" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[305,438,1731,1750]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
female genitalia, cleared: A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FD3AE7B9FC4658F9" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[761,990,1731,1750]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttata">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FD3AE7B9FC4658F9" box="[761,990,1731,1750]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Microdipoena guttata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FB66E7B9FA0358F9" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1989" box="[1189,1435,1731,1750]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyungwe">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FB66E7B9FA0358F9" box="[1189,1435,1731,1750]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Microdipoena nyungwe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FDD5E79BFDE258DC" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[534,634,1761,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FDD5E79BFDE258DC" box="[534,634,1761,1779]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FF05E787FE0B593F" authorityName="Saaristo" authorityYear="1978" box="[198,403,1789,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elsae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FF05E787FE0B593F" box="[198,403,1789,1808]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Microdipoena elsae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral copulatory duct; E, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FD17E787FCFB593F" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[724,867,1789,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FD17E787FCFB593F" box="[724,867,1789,1808]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FC4AE787FB9E593F" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[905,1030,1789,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FC4AE787FB9E593F" box="[905,1030,1789,1808]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Mysmenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FBDBE784FB1A593F" baseAuthorityName="Marples" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1048,1154,1790,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samoensis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FBDBE784FB1A593F" box="[1048,1154,1790,1808]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">samoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, syntype, ventral view; F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FF67E661FEAB5901" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[164,307,1819,1838]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FF67E661FEAB5901" box="[164,307,1819,1838]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FE94E661FE4C5901" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[343,468,1819,1838]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FE94E661FE4C5901" box="[343,468,1819,1838]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Mysmenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FE27E661FD935901" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[484,523,1819,1838]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jobi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FE27E661FD935901" box="[484,523,1819,1838]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">jobi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, ventral view; G, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FCF8E661FC075902" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[827,927,1819,1837]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FCF8E661FC075902" box="[827,927,1819,1837]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-MYSM-015-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FBAFE661FB485902" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1132,1232,1819,1837]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D793F1FBAFE661FB485902" box="[1132,1232,1819,1837]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="672">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D793F1FD18E642FCFF5964" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[731,871,1848,1867]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="145" pageNumber="672" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D493F2FF53E79AFB835947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" startId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" targetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" targetPageId="146">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D493F2FF53E79AFB835947" blockId="146.[144,1422,1760,1896]" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FF53E79AFE8858DC" bold="true" box="[144,272,1760,1779]" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">Figure 130.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FED8E79AFE0758DC" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[283,415,1760,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
female genitalia, cleared. A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FD0CE79BFCAA58DC" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[719,818,1761,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FD0CE79BFCAA58DC" box="[719,818,1761,1779]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FC97E79AFC4D58DC" authorityName="Gertsch &amp; Davis" authorityYear="1936" box="[852,981,1760,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calodipoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FC97E79AFC4D58DC" box="[852,981,1760,1779]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">Calodipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FC27E79BFBCF58DC" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1988" box="[996,1111,1761,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calodipoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarautensis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FC27E79BFBCF58DC" box="[996,1111,1761,1779]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">tarautensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FEB0E784FE4F593F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[371,471,1790,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FEB0E784FE4F593F" box="[371,471,1790,1808]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FE38E787FDE6593F" authorityName="Gertsch &amp; Davis" authorityYear="1936" box="[507,638,1789,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calodipoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FE38E787FDE6593F" box="[507,638,1789,1808]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">Calodipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FD4DE787FD6A593F" authorityName="Gertsch &amp; Davis" authorityYear="1936" box="[654,754,1789,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calodipoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incredula">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FD4DE787FD6A593F" box="[654,754,1789,1808]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">incredula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FC6BE784FB10593F" authorityName="Lopardo &amp; Michalik" authorityYear="2013" box="[936,1160,1789,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leichhardti">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FC6BE784FB10593F" box="[936,1160,1789,1808]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">Mysmena leichhardti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FDF0E661FD2E5901" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[563,694,1819,1838]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FB79E661FA1F5902" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[1210,1415,1819,1837]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FB79E661FA1F5902" box="[1210,1415,1819,1837]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">Mysmena tasmaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FE3BE643FDC35964" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[504,603,1849,1867]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D493F2FE3BE643FDC35964" box="[504,603,1849,1867]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="673">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D493F2FB39E642FA1B5964" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[1274,1411,1848,1867]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="146" pageNumber="673" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D593F3FF67E7B9FB745947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" startId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" targetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" targetPageId="147">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D593F3FF67E7B9FB745947" blockId="147.[164,1442,1731,1897]" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FF67E7B9FEBD58F9" bold="true" box="[164,293,1731,1750]" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Figure 131.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FEF3E7B9FE2C58F9" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[304,436,1731,1750]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FC1FE7B9FB3E58FA" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1978" box="[988,1190,1731,1749]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penai">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FC1FE7B9FB3E58FA" box="[988,1190,1731,1749]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Mysmenopsis penai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FEA8E79BFD1958DC" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1978" box="[363,641,1760,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dipluramigo">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FEA8E79BFD1958DC" box="[363,641,1760,1779]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Mysmenopsis dipluramigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, retrolateral view; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FCB5E79BFBEF58DC" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[886,1143,1760,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cidrelicola">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FCB5E79BFBEF58DC" box="[886,1143,1760,1779]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Mysmenopsis cidrelicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, 
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FD9CE787FD2F593F" box="[607,695,1789,1808]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Kilifina-</emphasis>
MYSM-002-KENYA (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FC55E787FC75593E" box="[918,1005,1789,1809]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FC55E787FC50593F" box="[918,968,1789,1808]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Isela</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FEAEE661FDC95901" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1922" box="[365,593,1819,1838]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulum">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FEAEE661FDC95901" box="[365,593,1819,1838]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Trogloneta granulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FCD4E661FB985902" authorityName="Brescovit &amp; Lopardo" authorityYear="2008" box="[791,1024,1819,1838]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cantareira">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FCD4E661FB985902" box="[791,1024,1819,1838]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Trogloneta cantareira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; G, 
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FB08E661FABB5901" box="[1227,1315,1819,1838]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Kilifina-</emphasis>
MYSM-002- KENYA (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FEC4E642FEC65964" box="[263,350,1848,1867]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FEC4E642FEA15964" box="[263,313,1848,1867]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Isela</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FC1EE642FBE55964" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[989,1149,1848,1867]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okuncana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FC1EE642FBE55964" box="[989,1149,1848,1867]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Isela okuncana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; I, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FAF9E643FF765947" baseAuthorityName="Barrows" baseAuthorityYear="1940" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambita">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FAF9E643FF765947" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Maymena ambita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; J, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D593F3FE6DE62CFDE95947" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[430,625,1878,1896]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="147" pageNumber="674" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D593F3FE6DE62CFDE95947" box="[430,625,1878,1896]" italics="true" pageId="147" pageNumber="674">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D293F4FF53E71CFE0F58C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" startId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" targetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" targetPageId="148">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D293F4FF53E71CFE0F58C1" blockId="148.[144,1422,1638,1774]" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FF53E71CFE885856" bold="true" box="[144,272,1638,1657]" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">Figure 132.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FED8E71CFE075856" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[283,415,1638,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
male left palp, cleared: A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FD74E71CFCE55856" authorityName="Saaristo" authorityYear="1978" box="[695,893,1638,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elsae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FD74E71CFCE55856" box="[695,893,1638,1657]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">Microdipoena elsae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FE4FE7F9FDED58B9" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[396,629,1667,1686]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttata">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FE4FE7F9FDED58B9" box="[396,629,1667,1686]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">Microdipoena guttata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FF6FE7DAFEAD589C" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[172,309,1696,1715]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FF6FE7DAFEAD589C" box="[172,309,1696,1715]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FE95E7DAFE56589C" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[342,462,1696,1715]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FE95E7DAFE56589C" box="[342,462,1696,1715]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">Mysmenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FE1FE7DAFDBF589C" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[476,551,1696,1715]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="illectrix">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FE1FE7DAFDBF589C" box="[476,551,1696,1715]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">illectrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, type, prolateral view; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FCEDE7DAFC2F589C" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[814,951,1696,1715]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FCEDE7DAFC2F589C" box="[814,951,1696,1715]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FC1BE7DAFBC8589C" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[984,1104,1696,1715]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FC1BE7DAFBC8589C" box="[984,1104,1696,1715]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">Mysmenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FB9DE7DBFB5B589C" baseAuthorityName="Marples" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1118,1219,1697,1715]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samoensis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FB9DE7DBFB5B589C" box="[1118,1219,1697,1715]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">samoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FDD8E7C4FD3258FE" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[539,682,1726,1745]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FDD8E7C4FD3258FE" box="[539,682,1726,1745]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FD0CE7C4FCD458FE" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[719,844,1726,1745]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FD0CE7C4FCD458FE" box="[719,844,1726,1745]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">Mysmenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D293F4FC9DE7C4FC1D58FE" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[862,901,1726,1745]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="148" pageNumber="675" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jobi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D293F4FC9DE7C4FC1D58FE" box="[862,901,1726,1745]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="675">jobi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D393F5FF67E7E7FECD594F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" startId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" targetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" targetPageId="149">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D393F5FF67E7E7FECD594F" blockId="149.[164,1442,1693,1888]" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FF67E7E7FEBC589E" bold="true" box="[164,292,1693,1713]" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Figure 133.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FEECE7E4FE2A589E" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[303,434,1694,1713]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FB52E7E4FB6B589F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1169,1267,1694,1712]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FB52E7E4FB6B589F" box="[1169,1267,1694,1712]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FF68E7A3FE9758C4" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[171,271,1753,1771]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FF68E7A3FE9758C4" box="[171,271,1753,1771]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FC73E7A3FB8C58C4" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[944,1044,1753,1771]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FC73E7A3FB8C58C4" box="[944,1044,1753,1771]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FBFBE7A2FB4758C4" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1982" box="[1080,1247,1752,1771]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Kekenboschiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FBFBE7A2FB4758C4" box="[1080,1247,1752,1771]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Kekenboschiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FB33E7A3FAB558C4" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1984" box="[1264,1325,1753,1771]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Kekenboschiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="awari">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FB33E7A3FAB558C4" box="[1264,1325,1753,1771]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">awari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FD3AE78CFCC65927" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[761,862,1782,1800]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FD3AE78CFCC65927" box="[761,862,1782,1800]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FC47E78FFBB55927" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1982" box="[900,1069,1781,1800]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Kekenboschiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FC47E78FFBB55927" box="[900,1069,1781,1800]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Kekenboschiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FB83E78FFB315927" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1982" box="[1088,1193,1781,1800]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Kekenboschiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marijkeae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FB83E78FFB315927" box="[1088,1193,1781,1800]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">marijkeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FE32E669FD715909" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1995" box="[497,745,1811,1830]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Brasilionata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arborense">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FE32E669FD715909" box="[497,745,1811,1830]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Brasilionata arborense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FAFFE669FA39590A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1340,1441,1811,1829]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FAFFE669FA39590A" box="[1340,1441,1811,1829]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FF7CE64BFEB6596C" authorityName="Marples" authorityYear="1955" box="[191,302,1841,1859]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Tamasesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FF7CE64BFEB6596C" box="[191,302,1841,1859]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">Tamasesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D393F5FEFDE64AFE0A596C" authorityName="Marples" authorityYear="1955" box="[318,402,1840,1859]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Tamasesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="676" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotunda">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D393F5FEFDE64AFE0A596C" box="[318,402,1840,1859]" italics="true" pageId="149" pageNumber="676">rotunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D093F6FF53E7B2FAC05941" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="150" pageNumber="677" startId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" targetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" targetPageId="150">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D093F6FF53E7B2FAC05941" blockId="150.[144,1422,1736,1902]" pageId="150" pageNumber="677">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D093F6FF53E7B2FE8A58F4" bold="true" box="[144,274,1736,1755]" pageId="150" pageNumber="677">Figure 134.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D093F6FEDEE7B2FE3A58F4" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[285,418,1736,1755]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D093F6FC23E7B3FB4158F4" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[992,1241,1736,1755]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucoplagiata">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D093F6FC23E7B3FB4158F4" box="[992,1241,1736,1755]" italics="true" pageId="150" pageNumber="677">Mysmena leucoplagiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D093F6FE11E79CFD2B58D7" authorityName="Lopardo &amp; Michalik" authorityYear="2013" box="[466,691,1765,1784]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leichhardti">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D093F6FE11E79CFD2B58D7" box="[466,691,1765,1784]" italics="true" pageId="150" pageNumber="677">Mysmena leichhardti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D093F6FAEAE79CFF64593A" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D093F6FAEAE79CFF64593A" italics="true" pageId="150" pageNumber="677">Mysmena tasmaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D093F6FCD0E679FC6F5939" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1995" box="[787,1015,1795,1814]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmeniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifera">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D093F6FCD0E679FC6F5939" box="[787,1015,1795,1814]" italics="true" pageId="150" pageNumber="677">Mysmeniola spinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D093F6FE0DE65AFDCC591C" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[462,596,1824,1843]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D093F6FB3FE65AFA1A591C" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[1276,1410,1824,1843]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D093F6FB8FE647FB4A597F" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[1100,1234,1853,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="677" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D193F7FF67E516FC1E5A95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371575/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" startId="151.[164,243,1132,1151]" targetBox="[167,1441,203,1097]" targetPageId="151">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D193F7FF67E516FC1E5A95" blockId="151.[164,1441,1132,1210]" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D193F7FF67E516FEBE5A50" bold="true" box="[164,294,1132,1151]" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Figure 135.</emphasis>
Cleared genitalia: A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D193F7FDD3E516FC2F5A50" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[528,951,1132,1151]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Iardinis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mussardi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D193F7FDD3E516FD565A50" box="[528,718,1132,1151]" italics="true" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Iardinis mussardi</emphasis>
(Symphytognathidae)
</taxonomicName>
male holotype, right palp, inverted, prolateral view; B, same, retrolateral view, same scale as in panel A; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D193F7FCE4E5F3FC6C5AB3" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[807,1012,1161,1180]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Phricotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stelliger">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D193F7FCE4E5F3FC6C5AB3" box="[807,1012,1161,1180]" italics="true" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Phricotelus stelliger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(symphytognathoid) female type, cleared epigynum, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D193F7FF7FE73FFD8F5941" blockId="151.[164,779,1360,1902]" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">
The cymbium of mysmenids is greatly modified when compared with other symphytognathoids. There seems to be a pattern of shared modifications, such as grooves, processes, and modified setae, which can be recognized in the cymbium (
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FE74E7C5FD8F58FA" box="[439,535,1727,1749]" captionStart="Figure 126" captionStartId="143.[164,243,853,872]" captionTargetBox="[389,1216,197,821]" captionTargetId="figure-287@143.[387,1220,195,823]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="Figure 126. Schematic drawings showing cymbial structures on the male palp of Mysmenidae. Left cymbium is depict- ed: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331797/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Fig. 126</figureCitation>
). 
<collectingRegion id="49EE528310D193F7FDEEE7C5FDCF58FB" box="[557,599,1727,1748]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Not</collectingRegion>
all mysmenids have all the cymbial structures that we describe. Furthermore, different combinations of these features usually vary among (and are distinctive of) each genus. A summary of these cymbial features is presented below (refer to 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FE6FE622FD935941" box="[428,523,1880,1902]" captionStart="Figure 126" captionStartId="143.[164,243,853,872]" captionTargetBox="[389,1216,197,821]" captionTargetId="figure-287@143.[387,1220,195,823]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="Figure 126. Schematic drawings showing cymbial structures on the male palp of Mysmenidae. Left cymbium is depict- ed: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331797/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Fig. 126</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D193F7FCF9E42AFBE45BCF" blockId="151.[826,1442,1360,1902]" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D193F7FCF9E42AFC1C5BAB" italics="true" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Primary and secondary cymbial conductors (CyC1 and CyC2):</emphasis>
Up to two apical grooves, which seemingly interact with the distal portion of the embolus, can occur in mysmenid cymbia. Both structures are here considered cymbial conductors.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D193F9FC90E493FD495898" blockId="151.[826,1442,1360,1902]" lastBlockId="153.[164,779,1544,1903]" lastPageId="153" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">
The ‘primary cymbial conductor’ (CyC1) is located internally (i.e. closer to the bulb; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FB6CE77DFA9F5832" box="[1199,1287,1543,1565]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Figs 4G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FAD0E772FAFA5832" box="[1299,1378,1544,1565]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">10C, G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FAADE772FCEC5814" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="17.[164,243,1036,1055]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,196,1004]" captionTargetId="figure-351@17.[164,1444,196,1006]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 14. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae): A, B, D, male left palp; C, E, female. A, dorsal view; B, same, prolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; C, epigynum, ventral view; D, same as B, dorsal view; E, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371417/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">14A, B, D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FC40E75CFC2B5814" box="[899,947,1574,1595]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1669,1688]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-0@27.[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331661/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">22C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FC01E75CFC6B5814" box="[962,1011,1574,1595]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">27A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FBC1E75CFBB65814" box="[1026,1070,1574,1595]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">30F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FBFEE75CFBF55814" box="[1085,1133,1574,1595]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1073,1092]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-317@60.[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 43. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp, details. A, B, embolus– conductor interaction; C, distal palp, distal–prolateral view; D, dorsal cymbial tip; E, ventral–prolateral cymbial tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371451/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">43C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FBBFE75CFB345814" box="[1148,1196,1574,1595]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="64.[144,221,1188,1207]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-244@64.[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 47. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male. A–E, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and cymbial conductors; D, same, ventral–retrolateral view; E, same, prolateral view. F, digested abdomen, tracheal system, dorsal view; G, same, detail of posterior tracheal system. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331683/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">47C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FB78E75CFA975813" box="[1211,1295,1574,1596]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">63B, C</figureCitation>
), and it can bear the cymbial fold (CyF, see below). This internal conductor is a synapomorphy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D193F7FB15E719FAE95856" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1238,1393,1635,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, although it is secondarily absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D193F7FB3CE7F8FA3958B8" box="[1279,1441,1666,1687]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D193F7FB3CE7F8FA3958B8" box="[1279,1441,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FC81E7DAFC355899" box="[834,941,1696,1718]" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="70.[144,223,1755,1774]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-0@70.[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Figure 53. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A–F, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, bulb and cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial hollow area; F, bulb and cymbium, retrolateral–ventral view. G, abdomen, pedicel area; H, posterior spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331691/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Figs 53D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FC7DE7DAFC695899" box="[958,1009,1696,1718]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">60D</figureCitation>
). Usually, the CyC1 is pointed apically, which is the plesiomorphic condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D193F7FCF9E7A7FC5358DC" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[826,971,1757,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FC1FE7A7FBAF58DC" box="[988,1079,1757,1779]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Figs 4G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FB86E7A4FBE858DC" box="[1093,1136,1758,1779]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">30F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FBBDE7A4FB3558DC" box="[1150,1197,1758,1779]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="57.[164,242,1534,1553]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetId="figure-130@57.[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 40. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp, details. A, ventral-distal view; B, prolateral view; C, same, close up; D, ventral view; E, retrolateral view; F, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371445/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">40B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FB78E7A4FB7258DC" box="[1211,1258,1758,1779]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1073,1092]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-317@60.[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 43. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp, details. A, B, embolus– conductor interaction; C, distal palp, distal–prolateral view; D, dorsal cymbial tip; E, ventral–prolateral cymbial tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371451/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">43C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FB3BE7A4FAB058DB" box="[1272,1320,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="64.[144,221,1188,1207]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-244@64.[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 47. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male. A–E, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and cymbial conductors; D, same, ventral–retrolateral view; E, same, prolateral view. F, digested abdomen, tracheal system, dorsal view; G, same, detail of posterior tracheal system. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331683/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">47C</figureCitation>
); however, the CyC1 evolved independently into different shapes. A ‘half-circle’ shaped conductor is characteristic of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D193F7FCF9E643FC215961" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[826,953,1849,1870]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="678" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D193F7FCF9E643FC215961" box="[826,953,1849,1870]" italics="true" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410D193F7FC0DE643FB1A5960" box="[974,1154,1849,1871]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="678">Fig. 63B, C, F</figureCitation>
). A CyC1 consisting of prolateral, retrolateral, and apical projections occurs in the clade comprising 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FE6CE772FDDE5832" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[431,582,1544,1565]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FE6CE772FDDE5832" box="[431,582,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FDBCE772FC9C5832" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1995" box="[639,772,1544,1565]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmeniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FDBCE772FC9C5832" box="[639,772,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Mysmeniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, independently occurring in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FE15E75DFDD85813" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[470,576,1575,1596]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FE15E75DFDD85813" box="[470,576,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FDA7E75DFC9B5813" authorityName="Baert &amp; Maelfait" authorityYear="1983" box="[612,771,1575,1596]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calomyspoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FDA7E75DFC9B5813" box="[612,771,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Calomyspoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FF67E73CFE8F5874" authorityName="Baert &amp; Maelfait" authorityYear="1983" box="[164,279,1606,1627]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calomyspoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santacruzi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FF67E73CFE8F5874" box="[164,279,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">santacruzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FEE5E73FFE1E5874" box="[294,390,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
). A spiral cymbial conductor occurs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FF01E71EFEC35856" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[194,347,1636,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FF01E71EFEC35856" box="[194,347,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26DFD0810DF93F9FEA2E71FFE1C5856" box="[353,388,1636,1658]" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FEA2E71FFEE55855" box="[353,381,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">s.s</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FE57E71EFE6E5855" box="[404,502,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1669,1688]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-0@27.[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331661/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Fig. 22C</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FDEAE71FFD0F5855" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[553,663,1637,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FDEAE71FFD0F5855" box="[553,663,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the characteristic CyC1 comprises a particular apical cymbium that is bent over the ventral side (
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FDFFE7DBFD5C5898" box="[572,708,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Fig. 10D, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910DE93F8FF53E672FB5D5979" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371577" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371577/files/figure.png" pageId="152" pageNumber="679" startId="152.[144,223,1800,1819]" targetBox="[147,1417,200,1767]" targetPageId="152">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110DE93F8FF53E672FB5D5979" blockId="152.[144,1422,1800,1878]" pageId="152" pageNumber="679">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DE93F8FF53E672FE8A5934" bold="true" box="[144,274,1800,1819]" pageId="152" pageNumber="679">Figure 136.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DE93F8FEDEE672FE195934" box="[285,385,1800,1819]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="152" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
female genitalia, cleared. A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DE93F8FD01E672FC345934" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[706,940,1800,1819]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Acrobleps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="152" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hygrophilus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DE93F8FD01E672FC345934" box="[706,940,1800,1819]" italics="true" pageId="152" pageNumber="679">Acrobleps hygrophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DE93F8FBB0E672FAA55934" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1979" box="[1139,1341,1800,1819]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapisona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="152" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kethleyi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DE93F8FBB0E672FAA55934" box="[1139,1341,1800,1819]" italics="true" pageId="152" pageNumber="679">Anapisona kethleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DE93F8FF2BE65CFE5B5917" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[232,451,1829,1849]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Crassanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="152" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DE93F8FF2BE65CFE5B5917" box="[232,451,1829,1849]" italics="true" pageId="152" pageNumber="679">Crassanapis chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view, arrow to broken inserted embolus; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DE93F8FC13E65CFB105917" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[976,1160,1829,1848]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Minanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="152" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palena">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DE93F8FC13E65CFB105917" box="[976,1160,1829,1848]" italics="true" pageId="152" pageNumber="679">Minanapis palena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; E, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DE93F8FAF1E65FFF5E597A" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Elanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="152" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aisen">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DE93F8FAF1E65FFF5E597A" italics="true" pageId="152" pageNumber="679">Elanapis aisen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DE93F8FEB9E639FDCE5979" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[378,598,1859,1878]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Tasmanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="152" pageNumber="679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strahan">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DE93F8FEB9E639FDCE5979" box="[378,598,1859,1878]" italics="true" pageId="152" pageNumber="679">Tasmanapis strahan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910DF93F9FF67E411FC365BF9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331815/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" startId="153.[164,243,1387,1406]" targetBox="[168,1438,195,1351]" targetPageId="153">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110DF93F9FF67E411FC365BF9" blockId="153.[164,1441,1387,1495]" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FF67E411FEBE5B50" bold="true" box="[164,294,1387,1407]" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Figure 137.</emphasis>
Female genitalia, cleared: A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FDA8E416FC5B5B50" box="[619,963,1388,1407]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" genus="Cepheia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiseta">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FDA8E416FCBD5B50" box="[619,805,1388,1407]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Cepheia longiseta</emphasis>
(Synaphridae)
</taxonomicName>
paralectotype, ventral view; B, same, dorsal view, same scale as in panel A; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FDFDE4F3FC3E5BB3" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[574,934,1417,1436]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FDFDE4F3FC875BB3" box="[574,799,1417,1436]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Taphiassa punctata</emphasis>
(Anapidae)
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FBBEE4F3FEE25B96" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Coddingtonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="euryopoides">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FBBEE4F3FA385BB3" box="[1149,1440,1417,1436]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Coddingtonia euryopoides</emphasis>
(Theridiosomatidae)
</taxonomicName>
, from Chiang Mai, Thailand, ventral view; E, SYMP-006-AUST (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FBE9E4DCFA985B96" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[1066,1280,1446,1465]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
), from Queensland Australia, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110DF93F9FF7FE7BAFC2958B6" blockId="153.[164,779,1544,1903]" lastBlockId="153.[826,1441,1544,1689]" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">
The ‘secondary cymbial conductor’ (CyC2) is external, located on the edge or dorsally on the cymbium (e.g. 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FF1DE787FEDA593D" box="[222,322,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Figs 30F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FE93E787FE18593D" box="[336,384,1789,1810]" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="47.[164,243,1483,1502]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,194,1451]" captionTargetId="figure-129@47.[164,1444,194,1453]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figure 31. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; A–D, male left palp; E–G, female. A, detail of proximal palp, prolateral basal expansion and paracymbium, retroventral view; B, detail of dorsal–retrolateral tip of cymbium; C, same, prolateral view; D, same, retrolateral view; E, cheliceral bases, frontal view; F, abdomen, lateral view; G, abdomen, lateral view, detail of scapus and spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371431/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">31C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FE4CE787FE58593C" box="[399,448,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1073,1092]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-317@60.[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 43. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp, details. A, B, embolus– conductor interaction; C, distal palp, distal–prolateral view; D, dorsal cymbial tip; E, ventral–prolateral cymbial tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371451/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">43C</figureCitation>
). This external conductor is plesiomorphically absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FDC7E661FD1A591F" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[516,642,1819,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FDC7E661FD1A591F" box="[516,642,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FD54E666FF67597F" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FD54E666FF67597F" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FE5DE641FD14597F" box="[414,652,1850,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FE5DE641FDAC597F" box="[414,564,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FD5FE640FD67597F" box="[668,767,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Fig. 63C</figureCitation>
). Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FF35E623FE1B5940" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[246,387,1881,1903]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, the CyC2 has evolved convergently in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FC94E773FC5B5831" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[855,963,1545,1566]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FC94E773FC5B5831" box="[855,963,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(excluding 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FB83E773FB235831" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[1088,1211,1545,1566]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FB83E773FB235831" box="[1088,1211,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">M. mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FB13E772FA9B5832" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[1232,1283,1544,1565]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FB13E772FA9B5832" box="[1232,1283,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FAD2E773FCEF5813" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1978" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penai">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FAD2E773FCEF5813" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Mysmenopsis penai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FC74E75DFBDE5812" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[951,1094,1575,1597]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FB95E75DFB285813" box="[1110,1200,1575,1597]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Figs 4G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FB78E75DFB735813" box="[1211,1259,1575,1596]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">10G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FB34E75DFABE5813" box="[1271,1318,1575,1596]" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="47.[164,243,1483,1502]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,194,1451]" captionTargetId="figure-129@47.[164,1444,194,1453]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figure 31. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; A–D, male left palp; E–G, female. A, detail of proximal palp, prolateral basal expansion and paracymbium, retroventral view; B, detail of dorsal–retrolateral tip of cymbium; C, same, prolateral view; D, same, retrolateral view; E, cheliceral bases, frontal view; F, abdomen, lateral view; G, abdomen, lateral view, detail of scapus and spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371431/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">31C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FAF1E75DFAF95813" box="[1330,1377,1575,1596]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="57.[164,242,1534,1553]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetId="figure-130@57.[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 40. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp, details. A, ventral-distal view; B, prolateral view; C, same, close up; D, ventral view; E, retrolateral view; F, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371445/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">40A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FAAEE75DFA055813" box="[1389,1437,1575,1596]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,196,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-314@58.[144,1424,196,1084]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 41. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp. A, prolateral–ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, prolateral view; E, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371447/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">41D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FCF9E73FFCF25875" box="[826,874,1605,1626]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1073,1092]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-317@60.[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 43. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp, details. A, B, embolus– conductor interaction; C, distal palp, distal–prolateral view; D, dorsal cymbial tip; E, ventral–prolateral cymbial tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371451/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">43C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FCB5E73FFC305874" box="[886,936,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">60D</figureCitation>
). The CyC2 has been secondarily lost in the clade comprising 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DF93F9FBC7E71EFB075856" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[1028,1183,1636,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FBC7E71EFB075856" box="[1028,1183,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and MYSM-019-MAD (
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FC81E7F8FC3D58B6" box="[834,933,1666,1689]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1669,1688]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-0@27.[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331661/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Fig. 22F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110DF93C2FCF9E7BAFD5E5940" blockId="153.[826,1442,1728,1903]" lastBlockId="162.[144,759,1728,1903]" lastPageId="162" lastPageNumber="689" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DF93F9FCF9E7BAFB8958FA" box="[826,1041,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Cymbial fold (CyF):</emphasis>
The external cuticle of the cymbium is usually hirsute, the internal one is glabrous. Although the external cuticle can also cover the internal side of the cymbium, both cuticles are delimited by a well-defined border (e.g. 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FB46E640FB74597F" box="[1157,1260,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 86" captionStartId="103.[164,242,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,195,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@103.[214,1392,195,1757]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="Figure 86. Crassanapis chilensis (Anapidae), male: A, prosoma, frontal–lateral view; B, labrum, lateral view; C, booklung cover; D, abdominal cuticle; E, carapace lateral depression. F, H, right palp, inverted; G, I, left palp. F, ventral view; G, ventral–proximal view; H, detail of patella and median apophysis; I, detail of median apophysis, conductor, and tip of embolus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331733/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">Figs 86G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410DF93F9FB34E640FAAD597F" box="[1271,1333,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 102" captionStartId="119.[164,242,1321,1340]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-241@119.[164,1444,195,1291]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="Figure 102. Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), male left palp: A, ventral view; B, dorsal–proximal view; C, detail of dorsal tibia and patella; D, detail of apical palp, ventral view; E, same, prolateral view; F, same, retrolateral–distal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371531/files/figure.png" pageId="153" pageNumber="680">102D</figureCitation>
). In some mysmenids the delimitation or border between external and internal cuticles (or cymbial areas) is rather clear, often corresponding to the outline of the cymbium; however, the internal cuticle on the tip of the cymbium bears setae (and can also bear the tarsal organ), and it frequently appears flattened against the outer cuticle. The internal cuticle can also be modified into a primary cymbial conductor. This suggests that the inner cymbium, at least apically, might be composed of part of the external cuticle. This condition is here referred to as a ‘fold’, and it is different from a twisted tip of the cymbium, where the same external cuticle is bent inwards, i.e. ventrally (compare with 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E493C2FD4FE7A4FD6A58DC" box="[652,754,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Figs 10G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E493C2FF53E787FF5C593C" box="[144,196,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="17.[164,243,1036,1055]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,196,1004]" captionTargetId="figure-351@17.[164,1444,196,1006]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 14. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae): A, B, D, male left palp; C, E, female. A, dorsal view; B, same, prolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; C, epigynum, ventral view; D, same as B, dorsal view; E, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371417/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">14B</figureCitation>
). The ‘cymbial fold’ is a synapomorphy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FF53E666FEB8591D" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[144,288,1820,1842]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410E493C2FEECE666FE12591E" box="[303,394,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Figs 4G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E493C2FE55E666FE5C591D" box="[406,452,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">18E</figureCitation>
), secondarily and independently lost in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FEF9E641FD89597F" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[314,529,1851,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FEF9E641FD89597F" box="[314,529,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FDE0E641FD22597F" box="[547,698,1851,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FDE0E641FD22597F" box="[547,698,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FF53E623FEB35941" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[144,299,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FF53E623FEB35941" box="[144,299,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FE90E623FE435941" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[339,475,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FE90E623FE435941" box="[339,475,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Mysmenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FE2EE623FDDC5941" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[493,580,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="illectrix">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FE2EE623FDDC5941" box="[493,580,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">illectrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410E493C2FD96E623FD225940" box="[597,698,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Fig. 60D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910DC93FAFF53E672FCE0595C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371579" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371579" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371579/files/figure.png" pageId="154" pageNumber="681" startId="154.[144,223,1800,1819]" targetBox="[167,1397,195,1766]" targetPageId="154">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110DC93FAFF53E672FCE0595C" blockId="154.[144,1422,1800,1907]" pageId="154" pageNumber="681">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DC93FAFF53E672FE8A5934" bold="true" box="[144,274,1800,1819]" pageId="154" pageNumber="681">Figure 138.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DC93FAFEDEE672FE195934" box="[285,385,1800,1819]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="154" pageNumber="681" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
male left palp, cleared. A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DC93FAFD64E672FC135934" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[679,907,1800,1819]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Crassanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="154" pageNumber="681" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DC93FAFD64E672FC135934" box="[679,907,1800,1819]" italics="true" pageId="154" pageNumber="681">Crassanapis chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; B, same, ventral view, same scale as in panel A; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DC93FAFE8EE65FFE725917" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[333,490,1829,1848]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Elanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="154" pageNumber="681" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aisen">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DC93FAFE8EE65FFE725917" box="[333,490,1829,1848]" italics="true" pageId="154" pageNumber="681">Elanapis aisen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DC93FAFD6CE65CFCEA5917" authorityName="Bertkau" authorityYear="1889" box="[687,882,1830,1849]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Comaroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="154" pageNumber="681" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simoni">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DC93FAFD6CE65CFCEA5917" box="[687,882,1830,1849]" italics="true" pageId="154" pageNumber="681">Comaroma simoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view, same scale as in panel D; F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DC93FAFE43E639FDF45979" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[384,620,1859,1878]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Minanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="154" pageNumber="681" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casablanca">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DC93FAFE43E639FDF45979" box="[384,620,1859,1878]" italics="true" pageId="154" pageNumber="681">Minanapis casablanca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, retrolateral view; G, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DC93FAFC9BE639FBB85979" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1979" box="[856,1056,1859,1878]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapisona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="154" pageNumber="681" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kethleyi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DC93FAFC9BE639FBB85979" box="[856,1056,1859,1878]" italics="true" pageId="154" pageNumber="681">Anapisona kethleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, retrolateral view; H, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DC93FAFACEE639FF7A595C" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Tasmanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="154" pageNumber="681" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strahan">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DC93FAFACEE639FF7A595C" italics="true" pageId="154" pageNumber="681">Tasmanapis strahan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910DD93FBFF67E781FE185949" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371581" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371581/files/figure.png" pageId="155" pageNumber="682" startId="155.[164,241,1787,1806]" targetBox="[187,1432,195,1757]" targetPageId="155">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110DD93FBFF67E781FE185949" blockId="155.[164,1442,1787,1894]" pageId="155" pageNumber="682">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DD93FBFF67E781FEBB5921" bold="true" box="[164,291,1787,1806]" pageId="155" pageNumber="682">Figure 139.</emphasis>
Male left palp, cleared.A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DD93FBFDF3E781FC185921" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1986" box="[560,896,1787,1806]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Teutoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cekalovici">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DD93FBFDF3E781FC915921" box="[560,777,1787,1806]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="682">Teutoniella cekalovici</emphasis>
(Anapidae)
</taxonomicName>
, retrolateral view; B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DD93FBFB95E781FA065921" box="[1110,1438,1787,1806]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" genus="Cepheia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiseta">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DD93FBFB95E781FA905921" box="[1110,1288,1787,1806]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="682">Cepheia longiseta</emphasis>
(Synaphridae)
</taxonomicName>
, paralectotype, retrolateral view; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DD93FBFDE2E662FC645904" box="[545,1020,1816,1835]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Symphytognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DD93FBFDE2E662FC965904" box="[545,782,1816,1835]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="682">Symphytognatha picta</emphasis>
(Symphytognathidae)
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DD93FBFB7EE662FE815967" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1986" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Teutoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cekalovici">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DD93FBFB7EE662FA395904" box="[1213,1441,1816,1835]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="682">Teutoniella cekalovici</emphasis>
(Anapidae)
</taxonomicName>
, prolateral view, same scale as A; E, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DD93FBFD5CE64FFC745967" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[671,1004,1845,1864]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DD93FBFD5CE64FFCE85967" box="[671,880,1845,1864]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="682">Taphiassa punctata</emphasis>
(Anapidae)
</taxonomicName>
, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910DA93FCFF53E7C1FAC9594E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" startId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" targetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" targetPageId="156">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110DA93FCFF53E7C1FAC9594E" blockId="156.[144,1421,1723,1889]" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFF53E7C1FE8A58E1" bold="true" box="[144,274,1723,1742]" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Figure 140.</emphasis>
Composite images of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFDC3E7C1FD1D58E1" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[512,645,1723,1742]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFD26E7C1FC1658E1" box="[741,910,1723,1742]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFC05E7C6FBB558E1" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[966,1069,1724,1742]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFC05E7C6FBB558E1" box="[966,1069,1724,1742]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFBB5E7C1FA8D58E1" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[1142,1301,1723,1742]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okuncana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFBB5E7C1FA8D58E1" box="[1142,1301,1723,1742]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Isela okuncana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, 
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFC9CE7A2FC2F58C4" box="[863,951,1752,1771]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Kilifina-</emphasis>
MYSM-002-KENYA (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFB5BE7A2FB6B58C4" box="[1176,1267,1752,1771]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFB5BE7A2FB5258C4" box="[1176,1226,1752,1771]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Isela</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFC3DE78CFA8A5927" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1978" box="[1022,1298,1781,1800]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dipluramigo">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFC3DE78CFA8A5927" box="[1022,1298,1781,1800]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Mysmenopsis dipluramigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFDE9E669FC8B5909" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[554,787,1811,1830]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFDE9E669FC8B5909" box="[554,787,1811,1830]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Mysmenopsis palpalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female, ventral view. J, K, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFB89E669FAD25909" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1098,1354,1811,1830]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cidrelicola">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFB89E669FAD25909" box="[1098,1354,1811,1830]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Mysmenopsis cidrelicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFD7EE64BFC16596C" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1978" box="[701,910,1841,1859]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penai">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFD7EE64BFC16596C" box="[701,910,1841,1859]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Mysmenopsis penai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female, dorsal view. M–O, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DA93FCFB0AE64BFA1F596C" baseAuthorityName="Barrows" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1225,1415,1840,1859]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambita">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DA93FCFB0AE64BFA1F596C" box="[1225,1415,1840,1859]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="683">Maymena ambita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910DB93FDFF67E7D1FE065941" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" startId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" targetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" targetPageId="157">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110DB93FDFF67E7D1FE065941" blockId="157.[164,1442,1707,1902]" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFF67E7D1FEBD5891" bold="true" box="[164,293,1707,1726]" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Figure 141.</emphasis>
Composite images of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFDCCE7D1FD0B5891" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[527,659,1707,1726]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFD32E7D6FCCF5891" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[753,855,1708,1726]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFD32E7D6FCCF5891" box="[753,855,1708,1726]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFC4FE7D1FB8C5891" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[908,1044,1707,1726]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
. A, B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFB9AE7D6FB765891" authorityName="Platnick" authorityYear="1993" box="[1113,1262,1708,1726]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rica">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFB9AE7D6FB765891" box="[1113,1262,1708,1726]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Maymena rica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFDF1E7B3FD6E58F4" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[562,758,1737,1755]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFDF1E7B3FD6E58F4" box="[562,758,1737,1755]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFE3CE79CFD2158D7" box="[511,697,1765,1784]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFE3CE79CFDFD58D7" box="[511,613,1766,1784]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Maymena</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, female, abdomen ventral; G, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFC36E79CFB3458D7" baseAuthorityName="Barrows" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1013,1196,1765,1784]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambita">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFC36E79CFB3458D7" box="[1013,1196,1765,1784]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Maymena ambita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; H, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFB19E79CFA0458D7" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[1242,1436,1766,1784]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFB19E79CFA0458D7" box="[1242,1436,1766,1784]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; I, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFF7CE679FEC3593A" authorityName="Platnick" authorityYear="1993" box="[191,347,1795,1813]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rica">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFF7CE679FEC3593A" box="[191,347,1795,1813]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Maymena rica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female allotype. J–L, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFDA2E679FD6B5939" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[609,755,1795,1814]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFDA2E679FD6B5939" box="[609,755,1795,1814]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFCD9E679FC045939" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1986" box="[794,924,1795,1814]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Anjouanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFCD9E679FC045939" box="[794,924,1795,1814]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Anjouanella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFC6CE679FBBC593A" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1986" box="[943,1060,1795,1813]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Anjouanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFC6CE679FBBC593A" box="[943,1060,1795,1813]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">comorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFC41E65AFBD3591C" authorityName="Saaristo" authorityYear="1978" box="[898,1099,1824,1843]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elsae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFC41E65AFBD3591C" box="[898,1099,1824,1843]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Microdipoena elsae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFDE7E647FD2B597F" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[548,691,1853,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFDE7E647FD2B597F" box="[548,691,1853,1872]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFD14E647FCCC597F" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[727,852,1853,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFD14E647FCCC597F" box="[727,852,1853,1872]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">Mysmenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210DB93FDFCA7E647FC2C597F" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[868,948,1853,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="684" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="illectrix">
<emphasis id="B95E407310DB93FDFCA7E647FC2C597F" box="[868,948,1853,1872]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="684">illectrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D893FEFF53E7D2FAEF5944" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371585" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371585/files/figure.png" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" startId="158.[144,223,1704,1723]" targetBox="[194,1372,193,1673]" targetPageId="158">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D893FEFF53E7D2FAEF5944" blockId="158.[144,1422,1704,1899]" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFF53E7D2FE8A5894" bold="true" box="[144,274,1704,1723]" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Figure 142.</emphasis>
Composite images of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFDC5E7D2FD135894" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[518,651,1704,1723]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFD2CE7D2FCED5894" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[751,885,1704,1723]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFC72E7D2FBBA5894" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[945,1058,1704,1723]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFC72E7D2FBBA5894" box="[945,1058,1704,1723]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFBB1E7D2FAF05894" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1989" box="[1138,1384,1704,1723]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyungwe">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFBB1E7D2FAF05894" box="[1138,1384,1704,1723]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Microdipoena nyungwe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; A, male, lateral view; B, female, ventral view. C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFD47E7BCFCFD58F6" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1922" box="[644,869,1734,1753]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulum">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFD47E7BCFCFD58F6" box="[644,869,1734,1753]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Trogloneta granulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female, ventral view. D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFBB8E7BCFB4758F7" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1147,1247,1734,1752]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFBB8E7BCFB4758F7" box="[1147,1247,1734,1752]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFAC0E7BCFA1E58F6" authorityName="Gertsch &amp; Davis" authorityYear="1936" box="[1283,1414,1734,1753]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calodipoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFAC0E7BCFA1E58F6" box="[1283,1414,1734,1753]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Calodipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFF53E799FF6C58D9" authorityName="Gertsch &amp; Davis" authorityYear="1936" box="[144,244,1763,1782]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calodipoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incredula">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFF53E799FF6C58D9" box="[144,244,1763,1782]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">incredula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female, lateral view, inverted. E, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFDA7E799FD5058DA" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[612,712,1763,1781]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFDA7E799FD5058DA" box="[612,712,1763,1781]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFD28E799FCF658D9" authorityName="Gertsch &amp; Davis" authorityYear="1936" box="[747,878,1763,1782]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calodipoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFD28E799FCF658D9" box="[747,878,1763,1782]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Calodipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFCBEE799FC5F58DA" authorityName="Lopardo &amp; Hormiga" authorityYear="2015" baseAuthorityName="Lopardo &amp; Hormiga" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[893,967,1763,1781]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calodipoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mootae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFCBEE799FC5F58DA" box="[893,967,1763,1781]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">mootae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female holotype, dorsal view. F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFAEAE799FA1558DA" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1321,1421,1763,1781]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFAEAE799FA1558DA" box="[1321,1421,1763,1781]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFF68E67AFEDA593C" authorityName="Baert &amp; Maelfait" authorityYear="1983" box="[171,322,1792,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calomyspoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFF68E67AFEDA593C" box="[171,322,1792,1811]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Calomyspoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFE90E67BFE59593C" authorityName="Baert &amp; Maelfait" authorityYear="1983" box="[339,449,1793,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Calomyspoena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santacruzi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFE90E67BFE59593C" box="[339,449,1793,1811]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">santacruzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female paratype, dorsal view. G–I, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFC8EE67BFC29593C" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[845,945,1793,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFC8EE67BFC29593C" box="[845,945,1793,1811]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFC15E67BFB84593C" box="[982,1052,1793,1811]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Itapua</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFBEEE67AFBE9593C" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1984" box="[1069,1137,1792,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Itapua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tembei">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFBEEE67AFBE9593C" box="[1069,1137,1792,1811]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">tembei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; G, male holotype, lateral view, inverted; H, male holotype, frontal view; I, female paratype, frontal view. J–L, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFBCCE664FBEB591F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1039,1139,1822,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFBCCE664FBEB591F" box="[1039,1139,1822,1840]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFB56E667FAA3591F" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1982" box="[1173,1339,1821,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Kekenboschiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFB56E667FAA3591F" box="[1173,1339,1821,1840]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Kekenboschiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFA89E664FA1F591F" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1984" box="[1354,1415,1822,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Kekenboschiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="awari">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFA89E664FA1F591F" box="[1354,1415,1822,1840]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">awari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male paratype; J, lateral view; K, dorsal view; L, ventral view. M, N, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFC4AE641FBF65961" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1995" box="[905,1134,1851,1870]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmeniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifera">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFC4AE641FBF65961" box="[905,1134,1851,1870]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Mysmeniola spinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male holotype; M, lateral view; N, ventral view. O, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D893FEFE67E622FD0D5944" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1995" box="[420,661,1880,1899]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Brasilionata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="685" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arborense">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D893FEFE67E622FD0D5944" box="[420,661,1880,1899]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="685">Brasilionata arborense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male holotype, dorsal view, abdomen detached. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910D993FFFF67E7B2FD275941" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371587" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371587/files/figure.png" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" startId="159.[164,243,1736,1755]" targetBox="[202,1406,194,1706]" targetPageId="159">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110D993FFFF67E7B2FD275941" blockId="159.[164,1442,1736,1902]" pageId="159" pageNumber="686">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D993FFFF67E7B2FEBE58F4" bold="true" box="[164,294,1736,1755]" pageId="159" pageNumber="686">Figure 143.</emphasis>
Composite images of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D993FFFDD8E7B2FD3958F4" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[539,673,1736,1755]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
species. A–C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D993FFFC81E7B3FB8458F4" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[834,1052,1737,1755]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D993FFFC81E7B3FB8458F4" box="[834,1052,1737,1755]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="686">Mysmena tasmaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, MYSM-019-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D993FFFCF5E79FFC5858D7" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[822,960,1765,1784]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
); D, female, lateral view; E, female, ventral view; F, male, lateral view. G–I, MYSM-005-ARG (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D993FFFD0FE679FCA8593A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[716,816,1795,1813]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D993FFFD0FE679FCA8593A" box="[716,816,1795,1813]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="686">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), female; G, lateral view; H, dorsal view; I, ventral view. J–L, MYSM-007-MEX (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D993FFFE63E65BFD9C591C" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[416,516,1825,1843]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D993FFFE63E65BFD9C591C" box="[416,516,1825,1843]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="686">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); J, female, lateral view; K, female, dorsal view; L, male, ventral view. M, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D993FFFAF5E65BFA02591C" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1334,1434,1825,1843]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D993FFFAF5E65BFA02591C" box="[1334,1434,1825,1843]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="686">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- MYSM-015-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D993FFFE9EE644FE23597F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[349,443,1854,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D993FFFE9EE644FE23597F" box="[349,443,1854,1872]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="686">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), female, lateral view. N, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D993FFFD7BE644FC10597F" authorityName="Lopardo &amp; Michalik" authorityYear="2013" box="[696,904,1853,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leichhardti">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D993FFFD7BE644FC10597F" box="[696,904,1853,1872]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="686">Mysmena leichhardti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female, lateral view. O, MYSM-028-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210D993FFFAF5E644FA0C597F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1334,1428,1854,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="159" pageNumber="686" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310D993FFFAF5E644FA0C597F" box="[1334,1428,1854,1872]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="686">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), female prosoma, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E693C0FF53E493FC8758A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371589" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371589/files/figure.png" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" startId="160.[144,223,1513,1532]" targetBox="[144,1424,194,1483]" targetPageId="160">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E693C0FF53E493FC8758A1" blockId="160.[144,1422,1513,1678]" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E693C0FF53E493FE8A5BD3" bold="true" box="[144,274,1513,1532]" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">Figure 144.</emphasis>
Composite images of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FE3CE493FD1C5BD3" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[511,644,1513,1532]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
species and outgroups. A, MYSM-023-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FBA6E493FB765BD3" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[1125,1262,1513,1532]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FB39E493FA1A5BD3" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1274,1410,1513,1532]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
), male, lateral view. B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FEAEE77CFD265836" authority="(Araneoidea)" baseAuthorityName="Araneoidea" box="[365,702,1542,1561]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Phricotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stelliger">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E693C0FEAEE77CFDAC5836" box="[365,564,1542,1561]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">Phricotelus stelliger</emphasis>
(Araneoidea)
</taxonomicName>
, female, type, lateral view. C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FC33E77CFA125836" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[1008,1418,1542,1561]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Iardinis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mussardi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E693C0FC33E77CFB305836" box="[1008,1192,1542,1561]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">Iardinis mussardi</emphasis>
(Symphytognathidae)
</taxonomicName>
, male holotype, dorsal view. D–F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FDC1E75EFC185819" box="[514,896,1571,1590]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Leucauge" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venusta">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E693C0FDC1E75EFD595819" box="[514,705,1572,1590]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">Leucauge venusta</emphasis>
(Tetragnathidae)
</taxonomicName>
; D, male, lateral view; E, female, lateral view; F, female, dorsal view. G–J, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FE7EE73AFCA2587C" baseAuthorityName="Clerck" baseAuthorityYear="1757" box="[445,826,1600,1619]" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Linyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E693C0FE7EE73AFD3A587C" box="[445,674,1600,1619]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">Linyphia triangularis</emphasis>
(Linyphiidae)
</taxonomicName>
; G, male, lateral view; H, male, ventral view; I, female, dorsal view; J, female, lateral view. K, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FDE4E724FCA4585E" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[551,828,1630,1649]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Elanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aisen">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E693C0FDE4E724FD59585F" box="[551,705,1630,1649]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">Elanapis aisen</emphasis>
(Anapidae)
</taxonomicName>
, male, ventral view; L, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FBF0E724FB0E585F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1075,1174,1630,1648]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E693C0FBF0E724FB0E585F" box="[1075,1174,1630,1648]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FB7BE724FABD585F" authorityName="Marples" authorityYear="1955" box="[1208,1317,1630,1648]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Tamasesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E693C0FB7BE724FABD585F" box="[1208,1317,1630,1648]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">Tamasesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E693C0FAF7E724FA1F585E" authorityName="Marples" authorityYear="1955" box="[1332,1415,1630,1649]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Tamasesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="687" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotunda">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E693C0FAF7E724FA1F585E" box="[1332,1415,1630,1649]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="687">rotunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C, K, 0.5 mm; D–J, 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E793C1FF67E7A1FC33594C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371593" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371593/files/figure.png" pageId="161" pageNumber="688" startId="161.[164,243,1755,1774]" targetBox="[196,1412,193,1719]" targetPageId="161">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E793C1FF67E7A1FC33594C" blockId="161.[164,1442,1755,1891]" pageId="161" pageNumber="688">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E793C1FF67E7A1FEBE58C1" bold="true" box="[164,294,1755,1774]" pageId="161" pageNumber="688">Figure 145.</emphasis>
Composite images of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E793C1FDD1E7A1FDEE58C1" box="[530,630,1755,1774]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="688" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
species. A–D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E793C1FCD3E7A1FC4058C1" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1979" box="[784,984,1755,1774]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapisona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="688" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kethleyi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E793C1FCD3E7A1FC4058C1" box="[784,984,1755,1774]" italics="true" pageId="161" pageNumber="688">Anapisona kethleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male prosoma, frontal–lateral view; D, male prosoma, lateral view. E, F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E793C1FBC1E783FB455924" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[1026,1245,1784,1803]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Tasmanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="688" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strahan">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E793C1FBC1E783FB455924" box="[1026,1245,1784,1803]" italics="true" pageId="161" pageNumber="688">Tasmanapis strahan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; E, female, lateral view; F, male, lateral view. G–I, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E793C1FE2CE66CFD335907" authorityName="Bertkau" authorityYear="1889" box="[495,683,1814,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Comaroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="688" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simoni">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E793C1FE2CE66CFD335907" box="[495,683,1814,1833]" italics="true" pageId="161" pageNumber="688">Comaroma simoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female; G, lateral view; H, dorsal view; I, ventral view. J–L, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E793C1FAE7E66CFF665969" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Crassanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="688" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E793C1FAE7E66CFF665969" italics="true" pageId="161" pageNumber="688">Crassanapis chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; J, female, lateral view; K, male, lateral view; L, male, ventral view. M–O, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E793C1FBD9E649FB405969" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[1050,1240,1843,1862]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Minanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="688" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palena">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E793C1FBD9E649FB405969" box="[1050,1240,1843,1862]" italics="true" pageId="161" pageNumber="688">Minanapis palena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; M, female, lateral view; N, female, dorsal view; O, male, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E493C2FF53E491FBEB58BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331823" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331823/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" startId="162.[144,222,1515,1534]" targetBox="[144,1424,195,1486]" targetPageId="162">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E493C2FF53E491FBEB58BE" blockId="162.[144,1422,1515,1681]" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FF53E491FE885BD1" bold="true" box="[144,272,1515,1534]" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Figure 146.</emphasis>
Composite images of other symphytognathoid species. A, B, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FC4AE491FB495BD1" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[905,1233,1515,1534]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FC4AE491FBCF5BD1" box="[905,1111,1515,1534]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Taphiassa punctata</emphasis>
(Anapidae)
</taxonomicName>
; A, female, lateral view; B, male, lateral view. C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FE13E773FCB45833" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1986" box="[464,812,1545,1564]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Teutoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cekalovici">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FE13E773FD285833" box="[464,688,1545,1564]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Teutoniella cekalovici</emphasis>
(Anapidae)
</taxonomicName>
, male, dorsal view. D, E, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FBF5E773FA115833" box="[1078,1417,1545,1564]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" genus="Cepheia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiseta">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FBF5E773FB745833" box="[1078,1260,1545,1564]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Cepheia longiseta</emphasis>
(Synaphridae)
</taxonomicName>
, female paralectotype; D, lateral view; E, dorsal view. F, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FD27E75CFBC55816" box="[740,1117,1574,1593]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" genus="Synaphris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saphrynis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FD27E75CFC275816" box="[740,959,1574,1593]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Synaphris saphrynis</emphasis>
(Synaphridae)
</taxonomicName>
, male holotype, lateral view. G, 
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FF6CE73EFF705879" box="[175,232,1604,1622]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Patu-</emphasis>
SYP-001-DR (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FEB8E739FDC95879" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[379,593,1603,1622]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
), female, lateral view. H, I, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FCB4E739FAD75879" box="[887,1359,1603,1622]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Symphytognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FCB4E739FBFB5879" box="[887,1123,1603,1622]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Symphytognatha picta</emphasis>
(Symphytognathidae)
</taxonomicName>
, male prosoma; H, frontal view; I, ventral view. J, SYMP-006-AUST (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FCFBE71AFB96585C" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[824,1038,1632,1651]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
), female, lateral view. K, L, SYMP- 007-AUST (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FECEE704FE7B58BE" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[269,483,1662,1681]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
), female; K, lateral view; L, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E493C3FCFCE7BAFE035877" blockId="162.[806,1421,1728,1903]" lastBlockId="163.[164,779,1541,1624]" lastPageId="163" lastPageNumber="690" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">
On the cymbial fold cuticle, a distinct row of setae can be present, usually associated with the primary cymbial conductor (CyFs). Fold setae arise independently in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FC57E661FC52591F" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[916,970,1819,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FC57E661FC52591F" box="[916,970,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the clade comprising 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FB0EE661FAC3591F" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1995" box="[1229,1371,1819,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Brasilionata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FB0EE661FAC3591F" box="[1229,1371,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Brasilionata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FCE5E640FC595960" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[806,961,1850,1871]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FCE5E640FC595960" box="[806,961,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in a large clade within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E493C2FAE2E641FA15597F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1313,1421,1851,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="689" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E493C2FAE2E641FA15597F" box="[1313,1421,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410E493C2FCEDE623FC115941" box="[814,905,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">Figs 4G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E493C2FC5AE623FC515940" box="[921,969,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1073,1092]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-317@60.[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 43. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp, details. A, B, embolus– conductor interaction; C, distal palp, distal–prolateral view; D, dorsal cymbial tip; E, ventral–prolateral cymbial tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371451/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="689">43E</figureCitation>
). The row setae can be similar to the surrounding setae at the tip of the cymbium (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FD62E77FFC9F5835" box="[673,775,1541,1563]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="57.[164,242,1534,1553]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetId="figure-130@57.[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 40. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp, details. A, ventral-distal view; B, prolateral view; C, same, close up; D, ventral view; E, retrolateral view; F, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371445/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Figs 40D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FF67E75EFF4C5815" box="[164,212,1572,1594]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1073,1092]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-317@60.[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 43. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp, details. A, B, embolus– conductor interaction; C, distal palp, distal–prolateral view; D, dorsal cymbial tip; E, ventral–prolateral cymbial tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371451/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">43E</figureCitation>
), or can be distinctly minute (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FDF2E75EFD155816" box="[561,653,1572,1594]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Figs 4G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FD59E75EFD525816" box="[666,714,1572,1593]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="20.[144,223,1363,1382]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-202@20.[144,1425,196,1334]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 17. Microdipoena elsae (Mysmenidae), male right palp, inverted images: A, prolateral view; B, ventral view; C, retrolateral view; D, retroventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371423" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371423/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">17A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FD14E75EFC9E5816" box="[727,774,1572,1593]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">18E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FF67E738FF4C5878" box="[164,212,1602,1623]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1669,1688]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-0@27.[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331661/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">22C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FF21E738FEDB5877" box="[226,323,1602,1624]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">132A, D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FE92E738FE175877" box="[337,399,1602,1624]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">134A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E593C3FF67E43EFBAF5BBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331827/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" startId="163.[164,243,1348,1367]" targetBox="[164,1444,195,1318]" targetPageId="163">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E593C3FF67E43EFBAF5BBE" blockId="163.[164,1442,1348,1426]" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FF67E43EFEBE5B78" bold="true" box="[164,294,1348,1367]" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Figure 147.</emphasis>
Webs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E593C3FE4CE43EFD8F5B78" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[399,535,1348,1367]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
: A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E593C3FD80E43EFC845B79" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[579,796,1348,1366]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FD80E43EFC845B79" box="[579,796,1348,1366]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Mysmena tasmaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, B, MYSM-005-ARG (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E593C3FBCDE43EFBEA5B79" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1038,1138,1348,1366]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FBCDE43EFBEA5B79" box="[1038,1138,1348,1366]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), from Misiones, Argentina, female with egg sac; C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E593C3FE66E41BFDB25B5B" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[421,554,1377,1396]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
from Chiapas, Mexico, detail of centre of web, external threads removed to expose the hub; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E593C3FEE4E405FE2A5BBD" box="[295,434,1407,1426]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FEE4E405FE165BBE" box="[295,398,1407,1425]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Maymena</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from Misiones, Argentina; E, same, detail of centre of web.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E593C3FF67E7F9FE995941" blockId="163.[164,779,1667,1903]" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FF67E7F9FE5D58B7" box="[164,453,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Cymbial tarsal organ (to):</emphasis>
In most spiders, and basally in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E593C3FF07E7DBFEC05898" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[196,344,1697,1719]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, the tarsal organ is located externally on the cymbium (e.g. 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FE79E7BAFDAD58FA" box="[442,565,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Figs 10I, J</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FD81E7BAFDEB58FA" box="[578,627,1728,1749]" captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-358@61.[164,1445,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 44. Mysmena-MYSM-018-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Mahajanga, Madagascar: A, female epigynal area and scapus, ventral–posterior view; B–D, male left palp; B, prolateral view; C, detail of embolus and pars pendula, retrolateral– ventral view; D, cymbial distal tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371453" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371453/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">44D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FD43E7BAFD2858F9" box="[640,688,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">58C</figureCitation>
). An internal tarsal organ, located within the cymbial fold, optimizes as independently synapomorphic in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E593C3FD57E787FC9C593D" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[660,772,1789,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FD57E787FC9C593D" box="[660,772,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E593C3FF67E661FF78591F" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[164,224,1819,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FF67E661FF78591F" box="[164,224,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FEC4E666FE1E591E" box="[263,390,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Mysmena-</emphasis>
MYSM-015-MAD (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E593C3FD40E666FD60591E" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[643,760,1820,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="163" pageNumber="690" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FD40E666FD60591E" box="[643,760,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the mysmenine MYSM-020-MAD (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FD98E640FD345960" box="[603,684,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Figs 4I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FD7BE640FC9F5960" box="[696,775,1850,1871]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="57.[164,242,1534,1553]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetId="figure-130@57.[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 40. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp, details. A, ventral-distal view; B, prolateral view; C, same, close up; D, ventral view; E, retrolateral view; F, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371445/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">40B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FF67E623FF6D5941" box="[164,245,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">63B, F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E593C3FCF9E77FFC135943" blockId="163.[826,1441,1541,1900]" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E593C3FCF9E77FFBDA5835" box="[826,1090,1541,1563]" italics="true" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Cymbial groove (CyG):</emphasis>
A diagonal groove of varying depth can occur dorsally on the cymbium of some mysmenids (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FC05E738FBB95877" box="[966,1057,1602,1624]" captionStart="Figure 126" captionStartId="143.[164,243,853,872]" captionTargetBox="[389,1216,197,821]" captionTargetId="figure-287@143.[387,1220,195,823]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="Figure 126. Schematic drawings showing cymbial structures on the male palp of Mysmenidae. Left cymbium is depict- ed: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331797/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Fig. 126</figureCitation>
). The cymbial groove can be either a shallow and wide irregular depression (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FAC2E71BFAFC5858" box="[1281,1380,1633,1655]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Figs 36E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FAACE71BFCD458BA" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1097,1116]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-323@68.[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 51. Mysmena tasmaniae (Mysmenidae). A–C male left palp; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral–dorsal view; C, expanded palp, distal–ventral view. D, female digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371465/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">51A, B</figureCitation>
) or a narrow and deep furrow (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FB7CE705FABF58BA" box="[1215,1319,1663,1685]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Figs 18E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FAF7E7FAFAF858BA" box="[1332,1376,1664,1685]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1669,1688]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-0@27.[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331661/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">22F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FAAEE7FAFA0458BA" box="[1389,1436,1664,1685]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="33.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-97@33.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 28. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina; male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B–G, left palp. B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, retrolateral–ventral view; F, detail of embolus tip, ventral view; G, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331673/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">28B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FCF9E7E4FC14589C" box="[826,908,1694,1715]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">30B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FC58E7E4FC53589B" box="[923,971,1694,1716]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@62.[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 45. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A–C, male right palp, inverted; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view. D, E, male left palp, expanded; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, same, detail of embolus and pars pendula; F, female posterior spinnerets; G–I, male left leg I, prolateral view; G, femur and patella; H, metatarsus; I, tarsus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371455/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">45A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FC19E7E4FB81589B" box="[986,1049,1694,1716]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">134D</figureCitation>
). Besides the depth and width of this groove, its position and length appear to be correlated: apical grooves are always shorter than medial or basal grooves (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FC3DE780FBFB593F" box="[1022,1123,1786,1808]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Figs 36E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FBACE780FB38593F" box="[1135,1184,1786,1808]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@62.[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 45. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A–C, male right palp, inverted; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view. D, E, male left palp, expanded; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, same, detail of embolus and pars pendula; F, female posterior spinnerets; G–I, male left leg I, prolateral view; G, femur and patella; H, metatarsus; I, tarsus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371455/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">45A</figureCitation>
). The latter are longer, extending sometimes into the prolateral basal expansion of the cymbium (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FBF6E64DFB055963" box="[1077,1181,1847,1869]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">Figs 18E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FB69E64DFB4E5963" box="[1194,1238,1847,1868]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1669,1688]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-0@27.[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331661/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">22F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FB21E64DFA895963" box="[1250,1297,1847,1868]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="33.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-97@33.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 28. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina; male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B–G, left palp. B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, retrolateral–ventral view; F, detail of embolus tip, ventral view; G, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331673/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">28B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E593C3FADCE64DFAE85963" box="[1311,1392,1847,1868]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="163" pageNumber="690">30A, C</figureCitation>
; see below).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E293C4FF53E4B9FCE3583E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331829" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331829/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" startId="164.[144,223,1475,1494]" targetBox="[144,1425,195,1445]" targetPageId="164">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E293C4FF53E4B9FCE3583E" blockId="164.[144,1422,1475,1553]" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E293C4FF53E4B9FE8A5BF9" bold="true" box="[144,274,1475,1494]" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Figure 148.</emphasis>
Symphytognathoids webs. A, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FD90E4BEFC315BF9" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[595,937,1475,1494]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Tasmanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strahan">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E293C4FD90E4BEFCB55BF9" box="[595,813,1475,1494]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Tasmanapis strahan</emphasis>
(Anapidae)
</taxonomicName>
, spider not collected; B, C, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FB09E4B9FA165BF9" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[1226,1422,1475,1494]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
from Mexico; D, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FE8EE49BFD395BDB" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1979" box="[333,673,1505,1524]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Anapisona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kethleyi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E293C4FE8EE49BFD855BDB" box="[333,541,1505,1524]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Anapisona kethleyi</emphasis>
(Anapidae)
</taxonomicName>
, male; E, potential web and egg sac of a 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FB43E49BFEEC583E" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Symphytognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E293C4FB43E49BFAAE5BDB" box="[1152,1334,1505,1524]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Symphytognatha</emphasis>
species (Symphytognathidae)
</taxonomicName>
, from Tasmania, Australia, spider not collected.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E293C4FF53E718FD195943" blockId="164.[144,759,1634,1901]" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E293C4FF53E718FD6F58B9" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">
Cymbial process (CyP) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E293C4FE6FE718FDA45858" author="Kraus O" box="[428,572,1634,1655]" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" pagination="387 - 399" refId="ref63937" refString="Kraus O. 1967. Zur Spinnenfauna Deutschlands, II. Mysmena jobi n. sp, eine Symphytognathide in Mitteleuropa (Arachnida: Araneae: Symphytognathidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 48: 387 - 399." type="journal article" year="1967">Kraus, 1967</bibRefCitation>
: ‘Kegeldorn des paracymbium’; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E293C4FEF9E7FBFDA158B9" author="Baert L &amp; Maelfait J-P" box="[314,569,1665,1686]" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" pagination="102 - 108" refId="ref60521" refString="Baert L, Maelfait J-P. 1983. Spiders of the Galapagos Islands. I. Mysmenidae (Araneae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 6: 102 - 108." type="journal article" year="1983">Baert &amp; Maelfait, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: ‘cymbial thorn’):
</emphasis>
In most mysmenids there is a process, often pointed, on the dorsal surface of the cymbium. The process is located often apically, retrolateral to the cymbial tip (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FF54E781FE8E593F" box="[151,278,1787,1809]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[164,243,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-354@1.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, D, E, ventral view; B, C, dorsal view; C, D, detail of tip of palp; E, detail of cymbial process. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331627" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331627/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Figs 1A, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FEE5E781FEDF593F" box="[294,327,1787,1808]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">4C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FE9BE781FE1C593F" box="[344,388,1787,1808]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="57.[164,242,1534,1553]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetId="figure-130@57.[164,1445,195,1504]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 40. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp, details. A, ventral-distal view; B, prolateral view; C, same, close up; D, ventral view; E, retrolateral view; F, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371445/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">40F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FE50E781FE5B593E" box="[403,451,1787,1809]" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1097,1116]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-323@68.[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 51. Mysmena tasmaniae (Mysmenidae). A–C male left palp; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral–dorsal view; C, expanded palp, distal–ventral view. D, female digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371465/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">51A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FE10E781FD9A593E" box="[467,514,1787,1809]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">63C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FDD1E781FDC9593F" box="[530,593,1787,1808]" captionStart="Figure 133" captionStartId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" captionTargetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-0@149.[221,1386,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="149" captionText="Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">133G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FDA2E781FD5F593F" box="[609,711,1787,1808]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">134G, H</figureCitation>
), or basally and prolaterally, at the end of the cymbial groove (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FF54E642FF675961" box="[151,255,1848,1870]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@62.[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 45. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A–C, male right palp, inverted; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view. D, E, male left palp, expanded; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, same, detail of embolus and pars pendula; F, female posterior spinnerets; G–I, male left leg I, prolateral view; G, femur and patella; H, metatarsus; I, tarsus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371455/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Figs 45A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FECFE642FEF45961" box="[268,364,1848,1870]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">132D, E</figureCitation>
), or it can be located apically, but prolateral to the cymbial tip (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FE2EE62DFDEC5943" box="[493,628,1879,1901]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1073,1092]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-317@60.[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 43. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp, details. A, B, embolus– conductor interaction; C, distal palp, distal–prolateral view; D, dorsal cymbial tip; E, ventral–prolateral cymbial tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371451/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Fig. 43C, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E293C5FCE5E718FED95BAA" blockId="164.[806,1422,1634,1901]" lastBlockId="165.[164,779,1299,1903]" lastPageId="165" lastPageNumber="692" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E293C4FCE5E718FB8D5858" box="[806,1045,1634,1655]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Paracymbium (PC):</emphasis>
As in most araneoids (except 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FCE5E7FAFC3358B9" authorityName=", Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[806,939,1664,1686]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiidae</taxonomicName>
), a retrolateral paracymbium is present in all symphytognathoid families, except for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FADCE7E5FA15589A" box="[1311,1421,1695,1717]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FCEDE7C4FC1758FC" box="[814,911,1726,1748]" captionStart="Figure 71" captionStartId="88.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-0@88.[144,1424,195,1693]" captionTargetPageId="88" captionText="Figure 71. Acrobleps hygrophilus (Anapidae), male left palp: A, ventral view; B, ventral–prolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolaterodorsal view; E, dorsal view; F, retrolateral view; G, detail of tibial structures, detail from panel D; H, detail of patellar apophyses, retrolateral view, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331707/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Figs 71F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FC58E7C4FC5358FB" box="[923,971,1726,1748]" captionStart="Figure 92" captionStartId="109.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,196,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-94@109.[164,1445,196,1531]" captionTargetPageId="109" captionText="Figure 92. Minanapis palena (Anapidae): A–E, male left palp; A, retrolateral–ventral view; B, prolateral view; C, conductor and distal embolus, detail from panel A; D, same, detail from panel B; E, detail of tip of embolus. F, female digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system, and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371517/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">92A</figureCitation>
). Although the loss of the paracymbium is synapomorphic for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FBF3E7A6FB3B58DD" box="[1072,1187,1756,1778]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
, it has secondarily evolved in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FC5EE781FB8F593F" authorityName="Bertkau" authorityYear="1889" box="[925,1047,1787,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Comaroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E293C4FC5EE781FB8F593F" box="[925,1047,1787,1808]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Comaroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FBE5E781FB1D593E" box="[1062,1157,1787,1809]" captionStart="Figure 81" captionStartId="98.[144,225,1555,1574]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,194,1525]" captionTargetId="figure-116@98.[144,1425,194,1525]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="Figure 81. Comaroma simoni (Anapidae), male left palp: A, retrolateral view; B, ventral view; C, ventral–distal view; D, prolateral view; E, distal view; F, bulb, detail from panel B. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371504/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Fig. 81B</figureCitation>
). Almost all mysmenids have a paracymbium; within this data set, it is secondarily absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FBC6E643FB335961" authorityName="Platnick" authorityYear="1993" box="[1029,1195,1849,1870]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rica">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E293C4FBC6E643FB335961" box="[1029,1195,1849,1870]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Maymena rica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E293C4FB29E642FAB85962" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[1258,1312,1848,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="164" pageNumber="691" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E293C4FB29E642FAB85962" box="[1258,1312,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410E293C4FAF1E642FCA25943" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="164" pageNumber="691">Fig. 4D, E</figureCitation>
). Although in recent studies the paracymbium was considered to be absent in mysmenids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FD8AE469FC9F5B06" author="Coddington J" box="[585,775,1299,1321]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref61510" refString="Coddington J. 1990. Ontogeny and homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders and their relatives, with comments on phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 496: 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1990">Coddington, 1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FF67E448FE0C5B68" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" box="[164,404,1330,1352]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FED0E449FEDC5B68" box="[275,324,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FE61E448FDEA5B67" author="Miller JA &amp; Griswold CE &amp; Yin C" box="[418,626,1330,1352]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="9 - 195" refId="ref64993" refString="Miller JA, Griswold CE, Yin C. 2009. The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae: Araneoidea): systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers. ZooKeys 11: 9 - 195." type="journal article" year="2009">
Miller 
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FE33E449FDB95B68" box="[496,545,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
), it had been previously reported as present by some authors (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FF67E40AFEAD5BAA" author="Kraus O" box="[164,309,1391,1413]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="387 - 399" refId="ref63937" refString="Kraus O. 1967. Zur Spinnenfauna Deutschlands, II. Mysmena jobi n. sp, eine Symphytognathide in Mitteleuropa (Arachnida: Araneae: Symphytognathidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 48: 387 - 399." type="journal article" year="1967">Kraus, 1967</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E393C5FF67E5F6FE625AF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331831/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" startId="165.[164,242,1164,1183]" targetBox="[164,1444,196,1133]" targetPageId="165">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E393C5FF67E5F6FE625AF5" blockId="165.[164,1442,1164,1242]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FF67E5F6FEBD5AB0" bold="true" box="[164,293,1164,1183]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Figure 149.</emphasis>
Webs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E393C5FE4AE5F6FDC35AB0" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[393,603,1164,1183]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
from Tasmania, Australia: A, SYMP-006-AUST, female with egg sacs; B, same, detail of edge of web where egg sacs are attached, note female spider close to one of the egg sacs; C, SYMP-007-AUST, female?; D, same, detail of hub.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E393C5FF7FE4F4FAB95BD0" blockId="165.[164,779,1299,1903]" lastBlockId="165.[826,1442,1299,1535]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">
Our phylogenetic hypothesis suggests that the mysmenid paracymbium evolved from a basal hookshaped paracymbium into a characteristic shape and position (e.g. as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E393C5FEBCE490FDF25BD0" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[383,618,1514,1535]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FEBCE490FDF25BD0" box="[383,618,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Mysmena tasmaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FDB9E493FD455BD0" box="[634,733,1513,1535]" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1097,1116]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-323@68.[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 51. Mysmena tasmaniae (Mysmenidae). A–C male left palp; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral–dorsal view; C, expanded palp, distal–ventral view. D, female digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371465/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Fig. 51B</figureCitation>
). In mysmenids the paracymbium is flat and rounded, with a uniform transition to the cymbium, and it is located medially, not basally (i.e. as a medial flat extension of cymbial edge; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FEAAE71EFE485856" box="[361,464,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Figs 18B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FE1DE71EFD885856" box="[478,528,1636,1657]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1669,1688]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-0@27.[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331661/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">22G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FDDEE71EFDD55856" box="[541,589,1636,1657]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">27B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FD98E71EFD125856" box="[603,650,1636,1657]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">30E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FD5AE71EFD505856" box="[665,712,1636,1657]" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="48.[144,223,1491,1510]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetId="figure-124@48.[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 32. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); male palp. A–C, E–H, left palp; D, right palp, subtly expanded, inverted. A, D retrolateral view; B, ventral–prolateral view; C, detail of proximal palp, retrolateral view; E, detail of tibia and prolateral basal expansion, ventral view; F, same, close up; G, detail of tip of palp, ventral view; H, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371433/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">32A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FD15E71EFC9E5855" box="[726,774,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">36A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FF67E7F8FF4B58B7" box="[164,211,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@62.[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 45. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A–C, male right palp, inverted; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view. D, E, male left palp, expanded; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, same, detail of embolus and pars pendula; F, female posterior spinnerets; G–I, male left leg I, prolateral view; G, femur and patella; H, metatarsus; I, tarsus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371455/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">45B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FF20E7F8FE8B58B7" box="[227,275,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">63A</figureCitation>
). A flat, rounded paracymbium evolved independently as synapomorphic for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E393C5FD82E7DBFD4D5898" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[577,725,1697,1719]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, but also in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E393C5FEC6E7BAFE7B58FA" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[261,483,1728,1749]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Iardinis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mussardi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FEC6E7BAFE7B58FA" box="[261,483,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Iardinis mussardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E393C5FD8DE7BAFD5158FA" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[590,713,1728,1749]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" genus="Synaphris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FD8DE7BAFD5158FA" box="[590,713,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Synaphris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The paracymbium becomes secondarily basal in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E393C5FD57E7A4FC9358DC" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[660,779,1758,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FD57E7A4FC9358DC" box="[660,779,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FF68E787FE90593C" box="[171,264,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Fig. 63A</figureCitation>
), and secondarily hook-shaped in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E393C5FDB5E784FC9C593C" box="[630,772,1790,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FDB5E784FC9C593C" box="[630,772,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where it is a thick (i.e. not flat), short distinct process, usually as long as wide (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FE1FE640FDD0597F" box="[476,584,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="70.[144,223,1755,1774]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-0@70.[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Figure 53. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A–F, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, bulb and cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial hollow area; F, bulb and cymbium, retrolateral–ventral view. G, abdomen, pedicel area; H, posterior spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331691/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Figs 53D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FD9AE640FD15597F" box="[601,653,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">60D</figureCitation>
). Furthermore, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E393C5FEC7E623FE0A5941" box="[260,402,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FEC7E623FE0A5941" box="[260,402,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the paracymbium is bent inwards and is seemingly interacting with a tegular groove located dorsally on the bulb (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FB40E448FB7D5B67" box="[1155,1253,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 53" captionStartId="70.[144,223,1755,1774]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-0@70.[144,1425,193,1724]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Figure 53. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A–F, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, bulb and cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial hollow area; F, bulb and cymbium, retrolateral–ventral view. G, abdomen, pedicel area; H, posterior spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331691/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Figs 53F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FB32E448FA845B67" box="[1265,1308,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="72.[144,223,1507,1526]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-122@72.[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Figure 55. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), male left palp. A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, tibia, detail from figure A, prolateral view; E, same, detail from figure C, retrolateral view; F, distal view; G, embolus and tip of cymbium, detail from figure A, prolateral view; H, detail of tibial hollow area, ventral view; I, same, detail of spur. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371471/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">55F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FAEBE448FAC05B67" box="[1320,1368,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">58D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E393C5FAA7E448FA0E5B67" box="[1380,1430,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">60D</figureCitation>
). The interaction is here considered tentative. The dorsal tegular groove does not appear to have a ‘conductor’ function related to the embolus, and the paracymbium– bulb interaction as a locking mechanism is not evident, as in the case of theridiids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FBB6E4B1FB745BCE" author="Levi H" box="[1141,1260,1483,1505]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref64124" refString="Levi H. 1961. Evolutionary trends in the development of palpal sclerites in the spider family theridiidae. Journal of Morphology 108: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1961">Levi, 1961</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FB3AE4B1FA045BCF" author="Saaristo M" box="[1273,1436,1483,1505]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="99 - 126" refId="ref66012" refString="Saaristo M. 1978. Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from the Seychelle islands, with notes on taxonomy. Annales Zoologici Fennici 15: 99 - 126." type="journal article" year="1978">Saaristo, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FCF9E490FC655BD0" author="Agnarsson I" box="[826,1021,1514,1535]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="447 - 626" refId="ref60143" refString="Agnarsson I. 2004. Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 447 - 626." type="journal article" year="2004">Agnarsson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
; and references therein).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E393C6FCF9E75DFA9A5940" blockId="165.[826,1441,1575,1903]" lastBlockId="166.[806,1421,1789,1903]" lastPageId="166" lastPageNumber="693" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FCF9E75DFBEC5813" box="[826,1140,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">Prolateral basal expansion:</emphasis>
This prolonged cuticle on the prolateral basal edge of the cymbium was originally observed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E393C5FBD7E71EFB775855" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[1044,1263,1636,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
, and has been termed the ‘prolateral basal paracymbium’ by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FA96E7F8FC1D5898" author="Schutt K" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt (2003)</bibRefCitation>
. The term ‘paracymbium’, however, has been proposed and long used for the classical araneoid retrolateral process on the cymbium (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FAE8E7A4FCEB593D" author="Comstock JH" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref61571" refString="Comstock JH. 1910. The palpi of male spiders. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 3: 161 - 185." type="journal article" year="1910">Comstock, 1910</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FC43E787FBC2593C" author="Coddington J" box="[896,1114,1789,1811]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="319 - 363" refId="ref61430" refString="Coddington J. 1986 b. The monophyletic origin of the orb web. In: Shear WA, ed. Spider webs, behavior and evolution. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 319 - 363." type="book chapter" year="1986">Coddington, 1986b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FBA4E787FB38593D" author="Coddington J" box="[1127,1184,1789,1810]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref61510" refString="Coddington J. 1990. Ontogeny and homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders and their relatives, with comments on phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 496: 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E393C5FB6EE787FA04593D" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" box="[1197,1436,1789,1811]" pageId="165" pageNumber="692" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310E393C5FADFE787FAD5593D" box="[1308,1357,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="692">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
; and references therein). Here, this prolateral structure is simply referred to as ‘prolateral basal expansion’. Furthermore, both the paracymbium and the prolateral basal expansion can co-occur in the palp of some species. Such conjunction refutes the homology statement among the two structures. The prolonged cuticle of the basal expansion surrounds the bulb ventrally in varying degrees and occurs in theridiosomatids and most mysmenids (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E093C6FB31E661FAD4591E" box="[1266,1356,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">Figs 4B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E093C6FA9AE666FA11591E" box="[1369,1417,1820,1841]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">27A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E093C6FCE5E640FCEC5960" box="[806,884,1850,1871]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">30B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E093C6FC43E640FC36597F" box="[896,942,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">36C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E093C6FC79E640FC715960" box="[954,1001,1850,1871]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="64.[144,221,1188,1207]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-244@64.[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 47. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male. A–E, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and cymbial conductors; D, same, ventral–retrolateral view; E, same, prolateral view. F, digested abdomen, tracheal system, dorsal view; G, same, detail of posterior tracheal system. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331683/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">47B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E093C6FC36E640FBBD597F" box="[1013,1061,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="83.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@83.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Figure 66. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, prosoma, lateral view. B–E, left palp; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–dorsal view; E, embolus. F, anterior lateral spinnerets; G, mouthparts, lateral view; H, labium, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371491/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">66D</figureCitation>
), but is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E093C6FB2DE641FAC3597F" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[1262,1371,1851,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E093C6FB2DE641FAC3597F" box="[1262,1371,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and most mysmenopsines (
<figureCitation id="131180E410E093C6FBEEE623FB2F5941" box="[1069,1207,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">Figs 10B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410E093C6FB06E623FB6E5940" box="[1221,1270,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="72.[144,223,1507,1526]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-122@72.[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Figure 55. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), male left palp. A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, tibia, detail from figure A, prolateral view; E, same, detail from figure C, retrolateral view; F, distal view; G, embolus and tip of cymbium, detail from figure A, prolateral view; H, detail of tibial hollow area, ventral view; I, same, detail of spur. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371471/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">55A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E093C6FF53E21DFCD15DC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371595" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371595" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371595/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" startId="166.[144,223,871,890]" targetBox="[225,1339,199,838]" targetPageId="166">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E093C6FF53E21DFCD15DC0" blockId="166.[144,1421,871,1008]" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E093C6FF53E21DFE8A5D55" bold="true" box="[144,274,871,890]" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">Figure 150.</emphasis>
A, summary of the original phylogenetic hypothesis for Orbiculariae, showing the position of Araneoidea, ‘symphytognathoids’, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E093C6FE60E2FFFDB05DB7" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[419,552,901,920]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E093C6FDB3E2FFFCDD5DB7" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" box="[624,837,901,920]" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310E093C6FD16E2FFFC9B5DB7" box="[725,771,901,920]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
). Only family names are shown, not actual representatives. B, summary of the current phylogenetic hypothesis for Orbiculariae, showing the position of Araneoidea, ‘symphytognathoids’, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E093C6FEB5E2C5FE665DFD" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[374,510,959,978]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Synaphridae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E093C6FDFEE2C5FD5A5DFD" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[573,706,959,978]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E093C6FCCDE2C5FBBD5DFD" author="Lopardo L &amp; Hormiga G" box="[782,1061,959,978]" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref64592" refString="Lopardo L, Hormiga G. 2008. Phylogenetic placement of the Tasmanian spider Acrobleps hygrophilus (Araneae, Anapidae) with comments on the evolution of the capture web in Araneoidea. Cladistics 24: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Lopardo &amp; Hormiga 2008</bibRefCitation>
; as modified from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E093C6FB31E2C5FF5D5DDF" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310E093C6FA99E2BAFA1F5DFD" box="[1370,1415,959,978]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
). Only family names are shown, not actual representatives.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E093C6FF53E719FC4A58E1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331833" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331833/files/figure.png" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" startId="166.[144,220,1635,1654]" targetBox="[225,1341,1046,1601]" targetPageId="166">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E093C6FF53E719FC4A58E1" blockId="166.[144,1421,1635,1742]" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E093C6FF53E719FE955859" bold="true" box="[144,269,1635,1654]" pageId="166" pageNumber="693">Figure 151.</emphasis>
A, summary of the original phylogenetic hypothesis for ‘symphytognathoids’, showing the position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E093C6FACEE719FA155859" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1293,1421,1635,1654]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E093C6FF12E7FAFECD58BC" author="Schutt K" box="[209,341,1664,1683]" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Only family names are shown, not actual representatives. B, summary of the current phylogenetic hypothesis for ‘symphytognathoids’, showing the position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E093C6FCDFE7E4FC39589E" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[796,929,1694,1713]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E093C6FC2DE7E4FA9D589E" author="Lopardo L &amp; Hormiga G" box="[1006,1285,1694,1713]" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref64592" refString="Lopardo L, Hormiga G. 2008. Phylogenetic placement of the Tasmanian spider Acrobleps hygrophilus (Araneae, Anapidae) with comments on the evolution of the capture web in Araneoidea. Cladistics 24: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2008">Lopardo &amp; Hormiga 2008</bibRefCitation>
; as modified from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010E093C6FF09E7C1FED658E1" author="Schutt K" box="[202,334,1723,1742]" pageId="166" pageNumber="693" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Only family names are shown, not actual representatives.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E193C7FF67E247FB4E5D7F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331835" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331835" box="[164,1238,829,848]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331835/files/figure.png" pageId="167" pageNumber="694" startId="167.[164,243,829,848]" targetBox="[392,1214,201,792]" targetPageId="167">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E193C7FF67E247FB4E5D7F" blockId="167.[164,1238,829,848]" box="[164,1238,829,848]" pageId="167" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E193C7FF67E247FEBE5D7F" bold="true" box="[164,294,829,848]" pageId="167" pageNumber="694">Figure 152.</emphasis>
Chart representing the proportion of each of the thirteen characters sets (see Table 4).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E193C7FF67E798FD6F5945" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371597/files/figure.png" pageId="167" pageNumber="694" startId="167.[164,243,1762,1781]" targetBox="[164,1444,944,1732]" targetPageId="167">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E193C7FF67E798FD6F5945" blockId="167.[164,1442,1762,1898]" pageId="167" pageNumber="694">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E193C7FF67E798FEBE58DA" bold="true" box="[164,294,1762,1781]" pageId="167" pageNumber="694">Figure 153.</emphasis>
Strict consensus of the three most-parsimonious trees (MPTs) that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. See tree statistics in Table 6. Unambiguous character optimizations are shown for every branch in the tree. Numbers below each node indicate node numbers. Empty and filled boxes represent homoplasious and nonhomoplasious transformations, respectively. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E193C7FADAE640FA065962" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1305,1438,1850,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="167" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E193C7FF35E62DFE535945" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[246,459,1879,1898]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="167" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E193C7FDE8E62DFD6A5945" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[555,754,1879,1898]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="167" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910EE93C8FF53E722FE095844" box="[144,401,1624,1643]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="695" startId="168.[144,223,1624,1643]" targetBox="[144,1424,179,1595]" targetPageId="168">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EE93C8FF53E722FE095844" blockId="168.[144,401,1624,1643]" box="[144,401,1624,1643]" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EE93C8FF53E722FE8A5844" bold="true" box="[144,274,1624,1643]" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Figure 153.</emphasis>
Continued.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EE93C8FF53E7C6FDA858FE" blockId="168.[144,759,1724,1899]" box="[144,560,1724,1745]" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EE93C8FF53E7C6FDA858FE" box="[144,560,1724,1745]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Mysmenid bulb: general morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EE93C8FF53E7A1FE125944" blockId="168.[144,759,1724,1899]" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">
The median apophysis is absent in all mysmenids. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EE93C8FF53E780FE915920" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[144,265,1786,1807]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="168" pageNumber="695" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EE93C8FF53E780FE915920" box="[144,265,1786,1807]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and independently in the clade comprising 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EE93C8FF03E662FEC95902" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1995" box="[192,337,1816,1837]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Brasilionata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="168" pageNumber="695" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EE93C8FF03E662FEC95902" box="[192,337,1816,1837]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Brasilionata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EE93C8FEA0E662FE765902" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1995" box="[355,494,1816,1837]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmeniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="168" pageNumber="695" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EE93C8FEA0E662FE765902" box="[355,494,1816,1837]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Mysmeniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EE93C8FDFBE662FD4D5902" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[568,725,1816,1837]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="168" pageNumber="695" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EE93C8FDFBE662FD4D5902" box="[568,725,1816,1837]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a tegular groove housing the embolus can occur (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FD53E64DFD6B5963" box="[656,755,1847,1869]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Figs 27A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FF53E62FFF275944" box="[144,191,1877,1899]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">63E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FF0EE62FFF655944" box="[205,253,1877,1899]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="83.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@83.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Figure 66. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, prosoma, lateral view. B–E, left palp; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–dorsal view; E, embolus. F, anterior lateral spinnerets; G, mouthparts, lateral view; H, labium, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371491/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">66C</figureCitation>
; see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EE93C9FCE5E7C6FE2A58F9" blockId="168.[806,1421,1724,1899]" lastBlockId="169.[164,779,1452,1903]" lastPageId="169" lastPageNumber="696" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EE93C8FCE5E7C6FC0A58FE" box="[806,914,1724,1745]" italics="true" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Embolus:</emphasis>
The general shape of the embolus varies greatly within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EE93C8FC1BE7A1FBF458DE" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[984,1132,1755,1777]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="168" pageNumber="695" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, and no general pattern can be proposed. The embolus of mysmenids can be thin (or filiform) and coiled (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FBAEE662FB4C5902" box="[1133,1236,1816,1838]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="64.[144,221,1188,1207]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-244@64.[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 47. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male. A–E, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and cymbial conductors; D, same, ventral–retrolateral view; E, same, prolateral view. F, digested abdomen, tracheal system, dorsal view; G, same, detail of posterior tracheal system. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331683/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Figs 47B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FB22E662FAB85901" box="[1249,1312,1816,1838]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">134G</figureCitation>
), or thick (and flattened) and either coiled (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FB73E64DFA955963" box="[1200,1293,1847,1869]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Figs 4H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FAD8E64DFAD35963" box="[1307,1355,1847,1868]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">27A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FA9AE64DFA105962" box="[1369,1416,1847,1869]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">36B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FCE5E62CFCFE5944" box="[806,870,1878,1899]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">131H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FCB5E62CFC645944" box="[886,1020,1878,1899]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">132B, D, E</figureCitation>
), or straight (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FB66E62FFA945944" box="[1189,1292,1877,1899]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">Figs 10E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FADFE62CFAD65944" box="[1308,1358,1878,1899]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="33.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-97@33.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 28. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina; male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B–G, left palp. B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, retrolateral–ventral view; F, detail of embolus tip, ventral view; G, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331673/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">28D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EE93C8FA9EE62FFA115944" box="[1373,1417,1877,1899]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="168" pageNumber="695">60F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FF67E4D6FF615BED" box="[164,249,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">63B, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FEC9E4D7FED15BEC" box="[266,329,1453,1475]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">131A</figureCitation>
). Thick and straight emboli occur in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FF67E4B1FE8F5BCF" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[164,279,1483,1504]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FF67E4B1FE8F5BCF" box="[164,279,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FEE6E4B6FE095BCE" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[293,401,1484,1505]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FEE6E4B6FE095BCE" box="[293,401,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FE13E4B6FDF95BCE" box="[464,609,1484,1505]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FE13E4B6FDF95BCE" box="[464,609,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas thick and coiled emboli occur in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FE00E490FDCD5BD0" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[451,597,1514,1535]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FE00E490FDCD5BD0" box="[451,597,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FDA0E490FD0D5BD0" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[611,661,1514,1535]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FDA0E490FD0D5BD0" box="[611,661,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and some 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FF67E773FEEA5831" box="[164,370,1544,1566]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FF67E773FE885831" box="[164,272,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Mysmena</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
An apical switch in the coiling direction of the embolus is characteristic of the clade comprising 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FEC2E73FFE0A5875" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1995" box="[257,402,1605,1626]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Brasilionata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FEC2E73FFE0A5875" box="[257,402,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Brasilionata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FE16E73FFDEB5875" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[469,627,1605,1626]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FE16E73FFDEB5875" box="[469,627,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[secondarily absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FEDDE71EFE235856" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[286,443,1636,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FEDDE71EFE235856" box="[286,443,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FE26E71EFDE85856" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1986" box="[485,624,1636,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Anjouanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FE26E71EFDE85856" box="[485,624,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Anjouanella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FD46E71FFC9B5855" authorityName="Baert" authorityYear="1986" box="[645,771,1637,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Anjouanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FD46E71FFC9B5855" box="[645,771,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">comorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FF6FE7F8FEA958B7" box="[172,305,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figs 18C, F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FEFCE7F9FEF658B7" box="[319,366,1667,1688]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">27C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FEBFE7F9FE4158B6" box="[380,473,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">132A–F</figureCitation>
). In addition, the embolus surface can be smooth (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FE7CE7DBFDB15899" box="[447,553,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figs 10H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FDFAE7DBFDFD5899" box="[569,613,1697,1718]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">18F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FDB6E7DBFD3C5899" box="[629,676,1697,1718]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">27C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FD77E7DBFD785898" box="[692,736,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">60F</figureCitation>
) or ridged (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FF3DE7BAFEFE58FA" box="[254,358,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="33.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-97@33.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 28. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina; male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B–G, left palp. B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, retrolateral–ventral view; F, detail of embolus tip, ventral view; G, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331673/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figs 28C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FEB7E7BAFE3E58F9" box="[372,422,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="48.[144,223,1491,1510]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetId="figure-124@48.[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 32. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); male palp. A–C, E–H, left palp; D, right palp, subtly expanded, inverted. A, D retrolateral view; B, ventral–prolateral view; C, detail of proximal palp, retrolateral view; E, detail of tibia and prolateral basal expansion, ventral view; F, same, close up; G, detail of tip of palp, ventral view; H, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371433/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">32G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910EF93C9FF67E5CDFC7B5B56" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371599" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371599/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" startId="169.[164,243,1207,1226]" targetBox="[168,1441,198,1174]" targetPageId="169">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EF93C9FF67E5CDFC7B5B56" blockId="169.[164,1442,1207,1401]" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FF67E5CDFEBE5AE5" bold="true" box="[164,294,1207,1226]" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figure 154.</emphasis>
Strict consensus of the three most-parsimonious trees (MPTs) that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. See tree statistics in Table 6. Numbers before and after the slash above each node indicate absolute Bremer support (BS) and relative BS (RFD) values, respectively. Numbers before and after the slash below each node indicate absolute symmetric frequencies (SFq) and frequency differences (GC), respectively. Filled spaces on Navajo rugs indicate groups recovered by the sensitivity scheme performed under different implied weighting concavities (see reference rug beside tree, and also see text for an explanation). Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FF3FE41CFE1C5B56" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[252,388,1382,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FE21E41CFD2F5B56" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[482,695,1382,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FCDBE41CFC475B56" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[792,991,1382,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EF93C9FF7FE7A4FBB85812" blockId="169.[164,779,1452,1903]" lastBlockId="169.[826,1441,1452,1903]" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">
As in most symphytognathoids, the embolus of mysmenids is often long (i.e. much longer than the bulb, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FF67E661FF66591E" box="[164,254,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FEC8E666FEA3591E" box="[267,315,1820,1841]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">10E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FE8AE666FEE1591E" box="[329,377,1820,1841]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">27A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FE45E661FE2E591E" box="[390,438,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">63E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FE07E666FD99591D" box="[452,513,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">132E</figureCitation>
), usually tapering apically without further modifications (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FDF8E640FD0C5960" box="[571,660,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[164,243,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-354@1.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, D, E, ventral view; B, C, dorsal view; C, D, detail of tip of palp; E, detail of cymbial process. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331627" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331627/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FD62E640FD57597F" box="[673,719,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">36B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FD18E640FC9F597F" box="[731,775,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">60F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FF67E623FF4C5940" box="[164,212,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">63B</figureCitation>
). Short emboli occur in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FE3BE623FD175941" box="[504,655,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FE3BE623FD175941" box="[504,655,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FD61E623FC9E5940" box="[674,774,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figs 60F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FCF9E4D6FC045BED" box="[826,924,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">131A–C</figureCitation>
) and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FBD5E4D6FABC5BEE" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1922" box="[1046,1316,1452,1473]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulum">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FBD5E4D6FABC5BEE" box="[1046,1316,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Trogloneta granulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In some 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FCF9E4B6FC3C5BCE" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[826,932,1484,1505]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FCF9E4B6FC3C5BCE" box="[826,932,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FC72E4B1FBB95BCF" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[945,1057,1483,1504]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FC72E4B1FBB95BCF" box="[945,1057,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and a few other mysmenids, distal modifications of the embolus can occur, such as a distal apophysis (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FC7FE772FBBE5832" box="[956,1062,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figs 10H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FBF7E772FBF85831" box="[1076,1120,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">18F</figureCitation>
) or a distal irregular membrane (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FC4DE75DFB8B5812" box="[910,1043,1575,1597]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Fig. 27A, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EF93D5FC90E73FFEB05F9E" blockId="169.[826,1441,1452,1903]" lastBlockId="181.[164,779,198,434]" lastPageId="181" lastPageNumber="708" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">
The embolic base can be simple, or it can be lobed and bearing an apophysis, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FB0CE71EFAF15856" box="[1231,1385,1636,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FB0CE71EFAF15856" box="[1231,1385,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FCF9E7F8FC2658B8" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[826,958,1666,1687]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EF93C9FCF9E7F8FC2658B8" box="[826,958,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FC17E7F8FBD058B7" box="[980,1096,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 55" captionStartId="72.[144,223,1507,1526]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetId="figure-122@72.[144,1424,195,1478]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Figure 55. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), male left palp. A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral view; D, tibia, detail from figure A, prolateral view; E, same, detail from figure C, retrolateral view; F, distal view; G, embolus and tip of cymbium, detail from figure A, prolateral view; H, detail of tibial hollow area, ventral view; I, same, detail of spur. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371471" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371471/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figs 55G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FB98E7F8FB1258B7" box="[1115,1162,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">60F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FB5FE7F8FB5758B7" box="[1180,1231,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">63E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FB21E7F8FA8E58B7" box="[1250,1302,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="83.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@83.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Figure 66. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, prosoma, lateral view. B–E, left palp; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–dorsal view; E, embolus. F, anterior lateral spinnerets; G, mouthparts, lateral view; H, labium, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371491/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">66E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FAEBE7F9FAF458B6" box="[1320,1388,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">131A</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EF93C9FCF9E7DBFC575898" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[826,975,1697,1719]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
, the basal or medial embolic trajectory has a pars pendula (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010EF93C9FBDFE7BAFB5658F9" author="Comstock JH" box="[1052,1230,1728,1750]" pageId="169" pageNumber="696" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref61571" refString="Comstock JH. 1910. The palpi of male spiders. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 3: 161 - 185." type="journal article" year="1910">Comstock, 1910</bibRefCitation>
), a membrane that houses the spermatic duct before entering to the embolus (
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FC81E787FC29593D" box="[834,945,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="48.[144,223,1491,1510]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetId="figure-124@48.[144,1424,194,1461]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figure 32. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); male palp. A–C, E–H, left palp; D, right palp, subtly expanded, inverted. A, D retrolateral view; B, ventral–prolateral view; C, detail of proximal palp, retrolateral view; E, detail of tibia and prolateral basal expansion, ventral view; F, same, close up; G, detail of tip of palp, ventral view; H, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371433/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">Figs 32H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FC01E787FC6B593C" box="[962,1011,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">36B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FBC7E787FB13593D" box="[1028,1163,1789,1810]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">132C, E, F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410EF93C9FB58E787FB43593C" box="[1179,1243,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 133" captionStartId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" captionTargetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-0@149.[221,1386,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="149" captionText="Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="169" pageNumber="696">133C</figureCitation>
). Therefore, the spermatic duct enters the embolus not at its origin but further distally, meaning also that the embolus is actually longer than the embolic portion of the ejaculatory duct. Although found in other spider families (e.g. in some theridiids, linyphiids, cyatholipids, and agelenids), the pars pendula is an ambiguously optimized synapomorphy for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FDC0E058FD0F5F17" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[515,663,290,312]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
(ambiguously optimizes at its node because of missing information on the basal clade of this group), and it is secondarily absent in MYSM-005-ARG (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FF6FE0E7FE805F9D" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[172,280,413,434]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FF6FE0E7FE805F9D" box="[172,280,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF55CCE910EC93CAFF53E59BFAEB5B00" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371601" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371601" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371601/files/figure.png" pageId="170" pageNumber="697" startId="170.[144,223,1249,1268]" targetBox="[144,1424,195,1219]" targetPageId="170">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EC93CAFF53E59BFAEB5B00" blockId="170.[144,1422,1249,1327]" pageId="170" pageNumber="697">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EC93CAFF53E59BFE8A5ADB" bold="true" box="[144,274,1249,1268]" pageId="170" pageNumber="697">Figure 155.</emphasis>
A, strict consensus of the three most-parsimonious trees (MPTs) that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. Continuous character optimization. Character 0: shape opisthosoma, lateral view. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EC93CAFD48E466FC8B5B00" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[651,787,1308,1327]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="170" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EC93CAFCB1E466FBDF5B00" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[882,1095,1308,1327]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="170" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EC93CAFB64E466FAF65B00" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[1191,1390,1308,1327]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="170" pageNumber="697" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910ED93CBFF67E5BBFBC35B20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331839/files/figure.png" pageId="171" pageNumber="698" startId="171.[164,243,1217,1236]" targetBox="[164,1445,196,1186]" targetPageId="171">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110ED93CBFF67E5BBFBC35B20" blockId="171.[164,1441,1217,1295]" pageId="171" pageNumber="698">
<emphasis id="B95E407310ED93CBFF67E5BBFEBE5AFB" bold="true" box="[164,294,1217,1236]" pageId="171" pageNumber="698">Figure 155.</emphasis>
B, strict consensus of the three MPTs that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. Continuous character optimization. Character 1: legs I and IV relative size. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210ED93CBFEB7E586FE645B20" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[372,508,1276,1295]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="171" pageNumber="698" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210ED93CBFD99E586FCB75B20" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[602,815,1276,1295]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="171" pageNumber="698" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210ED93CBFC53E586FBCF5B20" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[912,1111,1276,1295]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="171" pageNumber="698" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910EA93CCFF53E5A3FBEA5B08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371603" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371603/files/figure.png" pageId="172" pageNumber="699" startId="172.[144,223,1241,1260]" targetBox="[145,1424,197,1210]" targetPageId="172">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EA93CCFF53E5A3FBEA5B08" blockId="172.[144,1421,1241,1319]" pageId="172" pageNumber="699">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EA93CCFF53E5A3FE8A5AC3" bold="true" box="[144,274,1241,1260]" pageId="172" pageNumber="699">Figure 155.</emphasis>
C, strict consensus of the three MPTs that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. Continuous character optimization. Character 2: metatarsus–tarsus relative size. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EA93CCFE48E46EFD8B5B08" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[395,531,1300,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="172" pageNumber="699" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EA93CCFDB2E46EFCDE5B08" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[625,838,1300,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="172" pageNumber="699" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EA93CCFC64E46EFBF65B08" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[935,1134,1300,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="172" pageNumber="699" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910EB93CDFF67E5A4FB1E5B03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371605/files/figure.png" pageId="173" pageNumber="700" startId="173.[164,243,1246,1265]" targetBox="[167,1444,195,1216]" targetPageId="173">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110EB93CDFF67E5A4FB1E5B03" blockId="173.[164,1441,1246,1325]" pageId="173" pageNumber="700">
<emphasis id="B95E407310EB93CDFF67E5A4FEBE5ADD" bold="true" box="[164,294,1246,1266]" pageId="173" pageNumber="700">Figure 155.</emphasis>
D, strict consensus of the three MPTs that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. Continuous character optimization. Character 3: femur–metatarsus relative size. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EB93CDFE5CE463FDBF5B03" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[415,551,1305,1324]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="173" pageNumber="700" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EB93CDFD46E463FCC25B03" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[645,858,1305,1324]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="173" pageNumber="700" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210EB93CDFC78E463FB1A5B03" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[955,1154,1305,1324]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="173" pageNumber="700" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E893CEFF53E5B6FBEA5B36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371607" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371607/files/figure.png" pageId="174" pageNumber="701" startId="174.[144,223,1228,1247]" targetBox="[147,1423,195,1196]" targetPageId="174">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E893CEFF53E5B6FBEA5B36" blockId="174.[144,1421,1228,1306]" pageId="174" pageNumber="701">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E893CEFF53E5B6FE8A5AF0" bold="true" box="[144,274,1228,1247]" pageId="174" pageNumber="701">Figure 155.</emphasis>
E, strict consensus of the three MPTs that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. Continuous character optimization. Character 4: tibia–metatarsus relative size. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E893CEFE48E47CFD8B5B36" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[395,531,1286,1305]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="174" pageNumber="701" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E893CEFDB2E47CFCDE5B36" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[625,838,1286,1305]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="174" pageNumber="701" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E893CEFC64E47CFBF65B36" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[935,1134,1286,1305]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="174" pageNumber="701" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910E993CFFF67E5A3FA3B5B08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371609" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371609/files/figure.png" pageId="175" pageNumber="702" startId="175.[164,243,1241,1260]" targetBox="[164,1445,195,1211]" targetPageId="175">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110E993CFFF67E5A3FA3B5B08" blockId="175.[164,1443,1241,1319]" pageId="175" pageNumber="702">
<emphasis id="B95E407310E993CFFF67E5A3FEBE5AC3" bold="true" box="[164,294,1241,1260]" pageId="175" pageNumber="702">Figure 155.</emphasis>
F, strict consensus of the three MPTs that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. Continuous character optimization. Character 5: posterior lateral spinnerets aciniform gland spigot number. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E993CFFD0BE46EFCD75B08" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[712,847,1300,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="175" pageNumber="702" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E993CFFC6AE46EFBE45B08" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[937,1148,1300,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="175" pageNumber="702" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210E993CFFB1AE46EFA075B08" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[1241,1439,1300,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="175" pageNumber="702" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910F693D0FF53E5A6FAD55B06" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371611" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371611/files/figure.png" pageId="176" pageNumber="703" startId="176.[144,223,1244,1263]" targetBox="[145,1425,196,1214]" targetPageId="176">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F693D0FF53E5A6FAD55B06" blockId="176.[144,1421,1244,1322]" pageId="176" pageNumber="703">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F693D0FF53E5A6FE8A5AC0" bold="true" box="[144,274,1244,1263]" pageId="176" pageNumber="703">Figure 155.</emphasis>
G, strict consensus of the three MPTs that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. Continuous character optimization. Character 6: anterior lateral spinnerets piriform spigot number. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F693D0FDA6E46CFD755B06" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[613,749,1302,1321]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="176" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F693D0FC8FE46CFBB95B06" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[844,1057,1302,1321]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="176" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F693D0FB42E46CFAD05B06" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[1153,1352,1302,1321]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="176" pageNumber="703" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910F793D1FF67E7C9FADD592F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331849" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331849/files/figure.png" pageId="177" pageNumber="704" startId="177.[164,243,1715,1734]" targetBox="[247,1364,194,1683]" targetPageId="177">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F793D1FF67E7C9FADD592F" blockId="177.[164,1441,1715,1793]" pageId="177" pageNumber="704">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F793D1FF67E7C9FEBE58E9" bold="true" box="[164,294,1715,1734]" pageId="177" pageNumber="704">Figure 156.</emphasis>
Strict consensus of the three most-parsimonious trees (MPTs) that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set. Nodes collapsed if Bremer support values are smaller than 0.95 steps. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F793D1FD9DE797FD7E592F" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[606,742,1773,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="177" pageNumber="704" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F793D1FC87E797FB81592F" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[836,1049,1773,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="177" pageNumber="704" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F793D1FBB9E797FAD9592F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[1146,1345,1773,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="177" pageNumber="704" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910F493D2FF53E7C2FEC35971" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371613" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371613" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371613/files/figure.png" pageId="178" pageNumber="705" startId="178.[144,223,1720,1739]" targetBox="[226,1343,196,1687]" targetPageId="178">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F493D2FF53E7C2FEC35971" blockId="178.[144,1422,1720,1886]" pageId="178" pageNumber="705">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F493D2FF53E7C2FE8A58E4" bold="true" box="[144,274,1720,1739]" pageId="178" pageNumber="705">Figure 157.</emphasis>
Strict consensus of 3835 most-parsimonious trees (MPTs) that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set including only discrete characters. See tree statistics in Table 6. Numbers before and after the slash above each node indicate absolute Bremer support (BS) and relative BS (RFD) values, respectively. Numbers before and after the slash below each node indicate absolute symmetric frequencies (SFq) and frequency differences (GC), respectively. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F493D2FC46E657FB93596F" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[901,1035,1837,1856]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="178" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F493D2FBA5E657FAA1596F" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[1126,1337,1837,1856]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="178" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F493D2FF53E631FECF5971" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[144,343,1867,1886]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="178" pageNumber="705" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910F593D3FF67E7C2FADD596F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331853" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331853/files/figure.png" pageId="179" pageNumber="706" startId="179.[164,243,1720,1739]" targetBox="[247,1363,195,1686]" targetPageId="179">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F593D3FF67E7C2FADD596F" blockId="179.[164,1441,1720,1857]" pageId="179" pageNumber="706">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F593D3FF67E7C2FEBE58E4" bold="true" box="[164,294,1720,1739]" pageId="179" pageNumber="706">Figure 158.</emphasis>
Strict consensus of 3835 most-parsimonious trees (MPTs) that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set including only discrete characters. See tree statistics in Table 6. Numbers before and after the slash above and below each node indicate absolute symmetric frequencies (SFq) and frequency differences (GC) for the common nodes between the analysis of the discrete partition and the complete data set, respectively. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F593D3FD9DE657FD7E596F" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[606,742,1837,1856]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="179" pageNumber="706" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F593D3FC87E657FB81596F" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[836,1049,1837,1856]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="179" pageNumber="706" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F593D3FBB9E657FAD9596F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[1146,1345,1837,1856]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="179" pageNumber="706" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF55CCE910F293D4FF53E7BFFE375961" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371615" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5371615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371615/files/figure.png" pageId="180" pageNumber="707" startId="180.[144,223,1733,1752]" targetBox="[227,1343,195,1700]" targetPageId="180">
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F293D4FF53E7BFFE375961" blockId="180.[144,1422,1733,1870]" pageId="180" pageNumber="707">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F293D4FF53E7BFFE8A58F7" bold="true" box="[144,274,1733,1752]" pageId="180" pageNumber="707">Figure 159.</emphasis>
Strict consensus of the three most-parsimonious trees (MPTs) that resulted from the analysis of the morphological data set including all taxa. The five taxa represented by 78% or more missing data are in bold. See tree statistics in Table 6. Numbers above and below each node indicate absolute Bremer support (BS) and relative BS (RFD) values, respectively. Family codes used for unidentified species are as follows: MYSM, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F293D4FC2AE667FBF2591F" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1001,1130,1821,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="180" pageNumber="707" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
; SYMP, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F293D4FB03E667FA12591F" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[1216,1418,1821,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="180" pageNumber="707" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; TSMD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F293D4FF20E641FE325961" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[227,426,1851,1870]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="180" pageNumber="707" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F393D5FF67E0A3FE085A80" blockId="181.[164,779,473,1199]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FF67E0A3FEF75FC1" box="[164,367,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Tegular conductor:</emphasis>
As in most symphytognathoids, most mysmenids have a conductor. Mysmenid conductor is distinctly voluminous and membranous, and originates subterminally from the tegulum, close to the embolic base (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FE8BE32EFE285C46" box="[328,432,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="20.[144,223,1363,1382]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1334]" captionTargetId="figure-202@20.[144,1425,196,1334]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 17. Microdipoena elsae (Mysmenidae), male right palp, inverted images: A, prolateral view; B, ventral view; C, retrolateral view; D, retroventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371423" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371423/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 17A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FE7EE32EFE765C46" box="[445,494,596,617]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">18D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FE3FE32EFDD55C46" box="[508,589,596,617]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">27A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FD98E32EFD125C46" box="[603,650,596,617]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="36.[144,221,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-359@36.[144,1424,194,1072]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 30. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; male left palp. A, retroventral view; B, ventral view; C, prolateral view; D, dorsal view; E, retrolateral view; F, detail of tip of palp, ventral–prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371429/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">30E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FD5BE329FD505C46" box="[664,712,595,617]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">36C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FD16E32EFC9E5C46" box="[725,774,596,617]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,196,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-314@58.[144,1424,196,1084]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 41. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp. A, prolateral–ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, prolateral view; E, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371447/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">41D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FF67E308FF6D5CA7" box="[164,245,626,648]" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">63B, D</figureCitation>
). This structure has been named ‘bulbal shield’ (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F393D5FF1EE3EBFEEC5C89" author="Baert L" box="[221,372,657,678]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" pagination="225 - 244" refId="ref60314" refString="Baert L. 1984 a. Spiders (Araneae) from Papua New Guinea. IV. Ochyroceratidae, Telemidae, Hadrotarsidae and Mysmenidae. Indo-Malayan Zoology 2: 225 - 244." type="journal article" year="1984">Baert, 1984a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F393D5FE41E3EBFD805C88" author="Schutt K" box="[386,536,657,679]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt, 2003</bibRefCitation>
), and other than the embolus, it appears to be the only tegular sclerite. In mysmenids, the conductor often embraces and even covers the embolic base (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FE0FE396FDAB5D2D" box="[460,563,748,770]" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="58.[144,223,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,196,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-314@58.[144,1424,196,1084]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 41. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp. A, prolateral–ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, retrolateral–ventral view; D, prolateral view; E, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371447/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 41C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FD80E397FD0D5D2D" box="[579,661,749,770]" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="60.[144,223,1073,1092]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-317@60.[144,1424,195,1043]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Figure 43. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia; male left palp, details. A, B, embolus– conductor interaction; C, distal palp, distal–prolateral view; D, dorsal cymbial tip; E, ventral–prolateral cymbial tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371451/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">43A, B</figureCitation>
). In some species there is a groove on the conductor surface housing the basal portion of the exposed embolus (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FF68E232FEB65D72" box="[171,302,840,862]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="53.[164,239,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-314@53.[164,1444,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 36. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; male left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, distal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view; E, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331681/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 36B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FEFAE232FEFF5D71" box="[313,359,840,862]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="64.[144,221,1188,1207]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetId="figure-244@64.[144,1424,194,1158]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 47. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male. A–E, left palp; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and cymbial conductors; D, same, ventral–retrolateral view; E, same, prolateral view. F, digested abdomen, tracheal system, dorsal view; G, same, detail of posterior tracheal system. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331683/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">47E</figureCitation>
); however, a groove housing the distal portion of embolus is absent in the tegular conductor of mysmenids, and the tip of the embolus is instead housed by one of the two conductors on the cymbium (see above). Within symphytognathoids, the occurrence of a tegular conductor is symplesiomorphic and widespread, with few independent losses of this sclerite occurring in anapids, symphytognathids, and mysmenids. Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FE44E547FD815A7C" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[391,537,1085,1107]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, the conductor is lost two times: in the clade that includes 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FDA6E526FD4D5A5E" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[613,725,1116,1137]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FDA6E526FD4D5A5E" box="[613,725,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FF67E500FEFA5ABF" box="[164,354,1146,1168]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
, and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FE0EE501FDA35ABF" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[461,571,1147,1168]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FE0EE501FDA35ABF" box="[461,571,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MYSM-005-ARG (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FF6FE5E3FE9E5A81" box="[172,262,1177,1199]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@7.[226,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya, male left palp: A, B, F, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, retrolatero–dorsal view; E, J, retrolateral view; G, I, ventral view; F, detail from figure B; I, detail from figure G. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331635/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FED7E5E3FEDB5A81" box="[276,323,1177,1198]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@13.[196,1412,195,1765]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), male left palp: A, dorsal view; B, prolateral–dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, ventral view; F, retrolateral–ventral view; H, retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; G, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; I, same, retrolateral–dorsal view; J, detail of squared area from I; K, detail of tibia from C. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331647/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">10E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FE91E5E3FE1B5A80" box="[338,387,1177,1199]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="33.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-97@33.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 28. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina; male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B–G, left palp. B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, retrolateral–ventral view; F, detail of embolus tip, ventral view; G, same, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331673/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">28D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F393D5FF67E5ACFA935ED5" blockId="181.[164,779,1238,1902]" lastBlockId="181.[826,1442,198,1566]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FF67E5ACFE175B25" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">
Spermatic duct trajectory (SDT; refer to 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FDBAE5ADFD4D5AC4" box="[633,725,1238,1260]" captionStart="Figure 127" captionStartId="143.[164,240,1524,1543]" captionTargetBox="[169,775,964,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-320@143.[168,777,962,1494]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="Figure 127. Schematic drawing of the trajectory of the spermatic duct on male left palp, in prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371565/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Fig. 127</figureCitation>
and characters 220–228):
</emphasis>
As with most of the aforementioned palpal features, there does not seem to be a consistent pattern in the trajectory of the spermatic duct across the family, although there is some regularity within clades. The spermatic duct usually travels clockwise from the fundus (in left palp). If a switchback (SB) occurs, it alters this direction to travel counterclockwise. Usually, a counter-switch also occurs to return the duct trajectory to its original clockwise direction. Therefore, when SBs are present, they usually occur in pairs of switchbacks. The trajectory of the spermatic duct in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FEA0E73FFE7F5875" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[355,487,1605,1626]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FEA0E73FFE7F5875" box="[355,487,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all other mysmenids in that the pair of switchbacks that occur before the spermatic duct completes one loop from the fundus (i.e. SB I and II, see 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FE1EE7DBFDAE5898" box="[477,566,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 127" captionStartId="143.[164,240,1524,1543]" captionTargetBox="[169,775,964,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-320@143.[168,777,962,1494]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="Figure 127. Schematic drawing of the trajectory of the spermatic duct on male left palp, in prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371565/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Fig. 127</figureCitation>
) are absent, therefore the trajectory is completely spiralling or has one complete loop before the ‘second’ pair of switchbacks (SB III and IV) occurs (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FE01E787FDCF593D" box="[450,599,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Fig. 131E, F</figureCitation>
). Although the general arrangement of the spermatic duct in all other mysmenid species examined in this study (except 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FF67E622FE815942" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[164,281,1880,1901]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FF67E622FE815942" box="[164,281,1880,1901]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is not necessarily similar among clades, all have the first pair of switchbacks on their trajectories (SB I and II; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FBE1E19EFB175ED6" box="[1058,1167,228,250]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 131I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB5EE19EFB675ED5" box="[1181,1279,228,250]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">132B, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F393D5FC90E079FB7A5C65" blockId="181.[826,1442,198,1566]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">
The position of switchback I (SB I) varies within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FCF9E05BFC5B5F18" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[826,963,289,311]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
also. A distal SB I (apart from basal fundus, on the opposite area of the bulb) occurs in most mysmenines, most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FBD8E025FB135F5B" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1960" box="[1051,1163,351,372]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FBD8E025FB135F5B" box="[1051,1163,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FB31E024FA395F5C" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[1266,1441,350,371]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okuncana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FB31E024FA395F5C" box="[1266,1441,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Isela okuncana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FC81E007FC555FBC" box="[834,973,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 131H, I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FC19E007FBAE5FBC" box="[986,1078,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">132B, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB82E007FB055FBC" box="[1089,1181,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 133" captionStartId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" captionTargetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-0@149.[221,1386,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="149" captionText="Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">133A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB6BE007FA9C5FBC" box="[1192,1284,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">134B, C</figureCitation>
). A basal SB I that does not reach the distal part of the bulb can occur in other mysmenines, however (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB75E0C0FAD15FFF" box="[1206,1353,442,464]" captionStart="Figure 133" captionStartId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" captionTargetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-0@149.[221,1386,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="149" captionText="Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 133H, I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FA99E0C0FCC95FC1" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">134F– H</figureCitation>
); whereas in most mysmenopsines and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FAF2E0A0FC0E5C22" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FAF2E0A0FC0E5C22" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the SB I occurs close to the fundus, after the spermatic duct has reached the distal wall of the bulb (i.e. ‘beyond distal’; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FBE0E34FFB4C5C65" box="[1059,1236,565,587]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Fig. 131C, G, J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F393D5FC90E32EFC3C5D71" blockId="181.[826,1442,198,1566]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">
In most mysmenids, the portions of spermatic duct forming the SB I are divergent, and SB II occurs relatively close to SB I (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB5EE3EAFACA5C89" box="[1181,1362,656,678]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 131B, H, J</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FA9CE3EBFCD65CEB" captionStart="Figure 133" captionStartId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" captionTargetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-0@149.[221,1386,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="149" captionText="Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">133A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FCA1E3D5FC5C5CEA" box="[866,964,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">134D–G</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FBC5E3D5FB3C5CEB" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[1030,1188,687,708]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FBC5E3D5FB3C5CEB" box="[1030,1188,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FAF0E3CAFC135CCB" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FAF0E3CAFA395CEA" box="[1331,1441,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Mysmena</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, the portions of spermatic duct comprising SB I run close to each other, and the SB II occurs close to the midpoint between SB I and the fundus, or even closer to the fundus (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB85E253FB2B5D10" box="[1094,1203,809,831]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 131I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB05E250FABC5D10" box="[1222,1316,810,831]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">132B–D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FAF4E250FA045D10" box="[1335,1436,810,831]" captionStart="Figure 133" captionStartId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" captionTargetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-0@149.[221,1386,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="149" captionText="Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">133D, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FCF9E232FC005D71" box="[826,920,840,862]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">134A–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F393D5FC90E21DFB915A5E" blockId="181.[826,1442,198,1566]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">
The plesiomorphic condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FB64E21DFAA95D52" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1191,1329,871,893]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
is to have two or more ascending loops in the last portion of the coiling reservoir before entering the embolus. This occurs basally within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FC2AE2B8FBE35DF7" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[1001,1147,962,984]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB4FE2B8FABC5DF7" box="[1164,1316,962,984]" captionStart="Figure 133" captionStartId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" captionTargetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-0@149.[221,1386,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="149" captionText="Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 133D, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FAF1E2B9FA0C5DF7" box="[1330,1428,963,984]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">134E, H</figureCitation>
). Within the family, the number of loops decreases independently in distal clades (no loops or less than one entire loop, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FC05E564FB035A1B" box="[966,1179,1054,1076]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 131B, E, H, I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB68E564FB7C5A1C" box="[1195,1252,1054,1075]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">132F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB31E564FAC95A1B" box="[1266,1361,1054,1076]" captionStart="Figure 133" captionStartId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" captionTargetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-0@149.[221,1386,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="149" captionText="Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">133A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FA9CE564FCC85A7D" captionStart="Figure 138" captionStartId="154.[144,223,1800,1819]" captionTargetBox="[167,1397,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-0@154.[162,1404,194,1770]" captionTargetPageId="154" captionText="Figure 138. Anapidae male left palp, cleared. A, Crassanapis chilensis, dorsal view; B, same, ventral view, same scale as in panel A; C, Elanapis aisen, ventral view; D, Comaroma simoni, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view, same scale as in panel D; F, Minanapis casablanca, retrolateral view; G, Anapisona kethleyi, retrolateral view; H, Tasmanapis strahan, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371579" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371579/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">138C, G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FCA1E547FC395A7D" box="[866,929,1085,1106]" captionStart="Figure 139" captionStartId="155.[164,241,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[187,1432,195,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@155.[177,1432,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="Figure 139. Male left palp, cleared.A, Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), retrolateral view; B, Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), paralectotype, retrolateral view; C, Symphytognatha picta (Symphytognathidae), ventral view; D, Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), prolateral view, same scale as A; E, Taphiassa punctata (Anapidae), retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371581/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">139E</figureCitation>
; or about one and one and a half loops, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FCF9E521FC285A5F" box="[826,944,1115,1137]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 131D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FC7CE521FC655A5E" box="[959,1021,1115,1137]" captionStart="Figure 139" captionStartId="155.[164,241,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[187,1432,195,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@155.[177,1432,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="Figure 139. Male left palp, cleared.A, Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), retrolateral view; B, Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), paralectotype, retrolateral view; C, Symphytognatha picta (Symphytognathidae), ventral view; D, Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), prolateral view, same scale as A; E, Taphiassa punctata (Anapidae), retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371581/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">139C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F393D5FC90E500FAB75831" blockId="181.[826,1442,198,1566]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">
A pair of switchbacks (SB III and IV) can occur either after SB II, or if SB I and II are absent, after a complete loop of the spermatic duct (e.g. as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FCF9E5ACFBAF5AC4" box="[826,1079,1238,1259]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Symphytognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FCF9E5ACFBAF5AC4" box="[826,1079,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Symphytognatha picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB85E5ACFB2D5AC3" box="[1094,1205,1238,1260]" captionStart="Figure 139" captionStartId="155.[164,241,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[187,1432,195,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@155.[177,1432,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="Figure 139. Male left palp, cleared.A, Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), retrolateral view; B, Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), paralectotype, retrolateral view; C, Symphytognatha picta (Symphytognathidae), ventral view; D, Teutoniella cekalovici (Anapidae), prolateral view, same scale as A; E, Taphiassa punctata (Anapidae), retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371581/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Fig. 139C</figureCitation>
). In this data set, an absence of pairs of extra switches (i.e. SB III and IV) is plesiomorphic for both symphytognathoids and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FCADE44BFC675B68" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[878,1023,1329,1351]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FBD3E44BFB5D5B68" box="[1040,1221,1329,1351]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 131D, E, J</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB17E448FCDD5B49" captionStart="Figure 133" captionStartId="149.[164,242,1693,1712]" captionTargetBox="[227,1382,195,1662]" captionTargetId="figure-0@149.[221,1386,194,1664]" captionTargetPageId="149" captionText="Figure 133. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared. A, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, dorsal view, right palp, inverted, arrow to cymbial groove (CyG); B, same, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, retrolateral view, arrows to CyG; D, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, paratype, prolateral view; E, same, dorsal–retrolateral view; F, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) marijkeae, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, Brasilionata arborense, holotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; H, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, type, prolateral view; I, same, retrolateral view, schematic drawing. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331809/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">133A, B, D, E, H, I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FC97E42AFC0A5B49" box="[852,914,1360,1382]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">134E</figureCitation>
). Switchbacks III and IV evolve independently in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FCBBE415FB8B5BAB" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[888,1043,1391,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FCBBE415FB8B5BAB" box="[888,1043,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FBE0E415FB175BAB" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1059,1167,1391,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FBE0E415FB175BAB" box="[1059,1167,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MYSM-007- 
<collectingCountry id="F33DDCF110F393D5FAE2E415FAC65BAB" box="[1313,1374,1391,1412]" name="Mexico" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">MEX</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FAA8E415FC315B8D" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okuncana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FAA8E415FC315B8D" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Isela okuncana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F393D5FC30E4F7FB775B8C" authorityName="Brescovit &amp; Lopardo" authorityYear="2008" box="[1011,1263,1421,1443]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cantareira">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FC30E4F7FB775B8C" box="[1011,1263,1421,1443]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Trogloneta cantareira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FAC0E4F7FA045B8C" box="[1283,1436,1421,1443]" captionStart="Figure 131" captionStartId="147.[164,242,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[219,1397,202,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@147.[209,1400,194,1701]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="Figure 131. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmenopsis penai, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, retrolateral view; C, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, presumably paralectotype, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; D, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, ventral view, right palp, inverted; E, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; F, Trogloneta cantareira, ventral view; G, Kilifina-MYSM-002- KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, Isela okuncana, ventral view; I, Maymena ambita, ventral view; J, Maymena mayana, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371573/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 131F, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FCF9E4D6FC0D5BED" box="[826,917,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 132" captionStartId="148.[144,222,1638,1657]" captionTargetBox="[149,1421,202,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-0@148.[144,1424,193,1607]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="Figure 132. Mysmenidae male left palp, cleared: A, Microdipoena elsae, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; B, Microdipoena guttata, prolateral view, arrow to spine of basal prolateral cymbial expansion; C, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, type, prolateral view; D, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, prolateral view; E, same, retrolateral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, holotype, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331805/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">132B–E</figureCitation>
). Furthermore, a distinct trajectory of the spermatic duct where several pairs of switchbacks occur evolved convergently in the mysmenines MYSM-020- MAD and MYSM-023-MAD (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F393D5FB48E772FABB5831" box="[1163,1315,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 134" captionStartId="150.[144,223,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[194,1375,199,1701]" captionTargetId="figure-0@150.[189,1380,195,1706]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figure 134. Mysmenidae male left palp (unless otherwise stated), cleared: A, Mysmena leucoplagiata, type, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; B, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, prolateral–ventral view; C, Mysmena tasmaniae, prolateral–ventral view, right palp, inverted; D, Mysmeniola spinifera, holotype, prolateral view, right palp, inverted; E, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, prolateral view; F, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, retrolateral view, right palp, inverted; G, MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toamasina, Madagascar, dorsal view, right palp, inverted; H, same, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331811/files/figure.png" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Figs 134F–H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F393D5FCF9E73FFB795875" blockId="181.[826,1441,1605,1902]" box="[826,1249,1605,1627]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FCF9E73FFB795875" box="[826,1249,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">Epigynum (refer to characters 59–87)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F393D6FCF9E719FEC95CA7" blockId="181.[826,1441,1605,1902]" lastBlockId="182.[144,759,198,648]" lastPageId="182" lastPageNumber="709" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">
Mysmenids are entelegyne spiders. That is, they have fertilization ducts leading from the spermathecae to the 
<emphasis id="B95E407310F393D5FCA9E7DBFB845899" box="[874,1052,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="181" pageNumber="708">uterus externus</emphasis>
and copulatory ducts connecting external openings to the spermathecae (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F393D5FA8FE7C5FCEB58DB" author="Wiehle H" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" pagination="183 - 196" refId="ref66877" refString="Wiehle H. 1967. Meta, - eine semientelegyne Gattung der Araneae (Arach.). Senckenbergiana Biologica 48: 183 - 196." type="journal article" year="1967">Wiehle, 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F393D5FC43E7A4FC6D58DB" author="Uhl G" box="[896,1013,1758,1780]" pageId="181" pageNumber="708" pagination="145 - 156" refId="ref66765" refString="Uhl G. 2002. Female genital morphology and sperm priority patterns in spiders (Araneae). In: Toft S, Scharff N, eds. European arachnology 2000. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 145 - 156." type="book chapter" year="2002">Uhl, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). No comparative study of mysmenid female genitalia has ever been performed. In most female mysmenids, particularly mysmenines, the ducts and sometimes even the spermathecae are extremely membranous, almost invisible under light microscopy. A few authors describing mysmenid species have published detailed illustrations and have attempted to identify the different components of female genitalia in as much detail as possible (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FDA8E058FD6B5F17" author="Kraus O" box="[619,755,290,312]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="387 - 399" refId="ref63937" refString="Kraus O. 1967. Zur Spinnenfauna Deutschlands, II. Mysmena jobi n. sp, eine Symphytognathide in Mitteleuropa (Arachnida: Araneae: Symphytognathidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 48: 387 - 399." type="journal article" year="1967">Kraus, 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FF53E03AFE805F7A" author="Loksa I" box="[144,280,320,342]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="283 - 287" refId="ref64343" refString="Loksa I. 1973. On the morphology and systematical position of Mysmena leucoplagiata (Simon, 1879) (Araneae: Symphytognathidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 19: 283 - 287." type="journal article" year="1973">Loksa, 1973</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FEE7E03AFE2A5F79" author="Thaler K" box="[292,434,320,342]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="283 - 291" refId="ref66608" refString="Thaler K. 1975. Trogloneta granulum Simon, eine weitere Reliktart der Nordostalpen (Arachnida, Aranei, ' Symphytognathidae'). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 82: 283 - 291." type="journal article" year="1975">Thaler, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FE7DE03BFDD75F7A" author="Baert L" box="[446,591,320,342]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="225 - 244" refId="ref60314" refString="Baert L. 1984 a. Spiders (Araneae) from Papua New Guinea. IV. Ochyroceratidae, Telemidae, Hadrotarsidae and Mysmenidae. Indo-Malayan Zoology 2: 225 - 244." type="journal article" year="1984">Baert, 1984a</bibRefCitation>
, b, 1986, 1988; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FF53E025FEAF5F5A" author="Snazell R" box="[144,311,351,373]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="62 - 64" refId="ref66544" refString="Snazell R. 1986. A new Mysmena (Araneae: Mysmenidae) from Spain. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 7: 62 - 64." type="journal article" year="1986">Snazell, 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FE8BE025FDFD5F5A" author="Baert L &amp; Murphy J" box="[328,613,351,373]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="194 - 196" refId="ref60554" refString="Baert L, Murphy J. 1987. Kilifia inquilina, a new mysmenid spider from Kenya (Araneae, Mysmenidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 7: 194 - 196." type="journal article" year="1987">Baert &amp; Murphy, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Given the membranous and almost undetectable nature of mysmenid female genitalia, the interpretation of these structures is often difficult. Furthermore, the great diversity of mysmenid female genitalic morphology (see below) makes diagnosis of the family a challenging task if only based on this system of characters. Our interpretations and homology statements of female genitalic structures are based on light and SEM microscopy data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F093D6FF53E3D5FEF95CEA" blockId="182.[144,759,687,1902]" box="[144,353,687,709]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">External genitalia</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F093D6FF53E3B4FD8F5B48" blockId="182.[144,759,687,1902]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">
The epigynum, as a sclerotized modification of the cuticle, is absent in most of the members of the subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FF23E271FEED5D0E" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[224,373,779,801]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
. In addition, the copulatory openings are located within the epigastric furrow (i.e. the epigynal area containing the copulatory openings is hidden within it; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FEB1E21DFE455D52" box="[370,477,871,893]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="29.[164,243,1441,1460]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-148@29.[164,1445,194,1411]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 24. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), abdomen: A–D, female; E–G, male. A, epigastric furrow, epigynal area and spiracular openings, posterior–ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynal area; C, pedicel area and booklung covers; D, epiandrous spigots, detail from figure F; E, posterior respiratory spiracle and colulus, ventral view; F, pedicel area, booklung covers and epiandrous spigots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331665/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Fig. 24A</figureCitation>
). This latter trait has convergently evolved in most anapids. All representatives of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FF2FE2DEFEE65D95" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[236,382,932,954]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
here examined have a membranous atrium (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FEEAE2B9FE095DF6" box="[297,401,963,985]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 59H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FE5EE2B9FD825DF7" box="[413,538,963,984]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">129A, E, G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FDE5E2B9FDFB5DF6" box="[550,611,963,985]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">130B</figureCitation>
). The atrium has been defined as a ‘widened cavity into the copulatory ducts’ (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FEECE57AFE615A39" author="Sierwald P" box="[303,505,1024,1046]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref66178" refString="Sierwald P. 1989. Morphology and Ontogeny of Female Copulatory Organs in American Pisauridae, with Special Reference to Homologous Features (Arachnida: Araneae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 484: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1989">Sierwald, 1989: 2</bibRefCitation>
), and can occur independently of the location (external or internal) of the copulatory openings. In most mysmenids, however, the seemingly epigynal area located centrally between the copulatory openings (here regarded as the ‘dorsal plate’ 
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FF16E5E3FE8C5A81" box="[213,276,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FEDFE5E3FE5A5A81" author="Millidge AF" box="[284,450,1177,1199]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="229 - 267" refId="ref65033" refString="Millidge AF. 1984. The taxonomy of the Linyphiidae, based chiefly on the epigynal and tracheal characters (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 6: 229 - 267." type="journal article" year="1984">Millidge, 1984</bibRefCitation>
; ‘middle field’ on 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FD49E5E3FF5E5AE1" author="Sierwald P" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref66178" refString="Sierwald P. 1989. Morphology and Ontogeny of Female Copulatory Organs in American Pisauridae, with Special Reference to Homologous Features (Arachnida: Araneae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 484: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1989">Sierwald, 1989</bibRefCitation>
) is projecting, i.e. it is exposed or protruding from the epigastric furrow (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FE51E5ACFD825AC4" box="[402,538,1238,1260]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 11B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FDE4E5ACFDE15AC4" box="[551,633,1238,1259]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="15.[164,242,1382,1401]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1351]" captionTargetId="figure-202@15.[164,1444,195,1352]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 12. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A, B, male; C–H, female. A, left palp, dorsal–retrolateral view; B, abdomen, detail of epiandrous spigots; C, digested abdomen, detail of spermathecae; D, epigynum, ventral view; E, same, detail of copulatory openings; F, G, right leg I; F, claws; G, tarsus–metatarsus junction; H, left leg IV, claws. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331651/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">12D, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FD45E5ACFD2D5AC4" box="[646,693,1238,1259]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">37C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FD00E5ACFD6A5AC4" box="[707,754,1238,1259]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">42C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FF53E58FFF585B25" box="[144,192,1269,1290]" captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="61.[164,243,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1084]" captionTargetId="figure-358@61.[164,1445,195,1084]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figure 44. Mysmena-MYSM-018-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Mahajanga, Madagascar: A, female epigynal area and scapus, ventral–posterior view; B–D, male left palp; B, prolateral view; C, detail of embolus and pars pendula, retrolateral– ventral view; D, cymbial distal tip. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371453" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371453/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">44A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FF13E58FFE9B5B25" box="[208,259,1269,1290]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-0@66.[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 49. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, left palp, prolateral view, bulb displaced; C, same, detail of cymbial tip, retrolateral–dorsal view; D, abdomen, detail of epigynal area and respiratory spiracles, posterior view; E, same, ventral view; F, colulus and spinnerets, ventral view; G, posterior median spinnerets; H, prosoma, detail of sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371461/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">49D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FED0E58FFEFF5B25" box="[275,359,1269,1291]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="84.[144,223,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,195,1761]" captionTargetId="figure-0@84.[189,1380,195,1762]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="Figure 67. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system and vulva; D, left posterior spinnerets; E, booklung cover; F, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior spiracle, ventral view; G, ocular area, frontal view; H, same, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371493/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">67A, B</figureCitation>
). The dorsal plate is secondarily internal (i.e. neither exposed nor projecting) in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FF53E448FEDC5B67" box="[144,324,1330,1352]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FE8CE448FE755B68" authorityName="Platnick" authorityYear="1993" box="[335,493,1330,1351]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rica">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FE8CE448FE755B68" box="[335,493,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Maymena rica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FE38E448FD095B68" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[507,657,1330,1351]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FE38E448FD095B68" box="[507,657,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and few other mysmenines (e.g. 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FE64E42AFD925B48" box="[423,522,1360,1383]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="29.[164,243,1441,1460]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-148@29.[164,1445,194,1411]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 24. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), abdomen: A–D, female; E–G, male. A, epigastric furrow, epigynal area and spiracular openings, posterior–ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynal area; C, pedicel area and booklung covers; D, epiandrous spigots, detail from figure F; E, posterior respiratory spiracle and colulus, ventral view; F, pedicel area, booklung covers and epiandrous spigots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331665/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Fig. 24B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F093D6FF6BE415FC365F36" blockId="182.[144,759,687,1902]" lastBlockId="182.[806,1421,197,281]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FF6BE415FEBE5BAB" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[168,294,1391,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FF6BE415FEBE5BAB" box="[168,294,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FEF8E40AFD1E5BAA" authority=", Mysmenopsinae" authorityName="Mysmenopsinae" box="[315,646,1391,1413]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FEF8E40AFE375BAA" box="[315,431,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Maymena</emphasis>
, Mysmenopsinae
</taxonomicName>
, and the mysmenine MYSM-023-MAD have a modified copulatory area or epigynum in the form of a sclerotized plate or a protruding modification of the cuticle, usually bearing setae and the copulatory openings (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FD5BE493FF3C5832" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[144,224,1550,1569]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-103@8.[144,1424,195,1520]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A, B, D–F, female; C, male. A, B, epigynum; A, ventral view; B, lateral view. C, abdomen, ventral view; D–F, digested abdomen; D, detail of vulva; E, posterior respiratory system; F, detail of internal posterior tracheae on spiracular area. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331637" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331637/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 5A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FF71E772FE9B5832" box="[178,259,1544,1565]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">11B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FED2E772FEFC5832" box="[273,356,1544,1565]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="15.[164,242,1382,1401]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1351]" captionTargetId="figure-202@15.[164,1444,195,1352]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 12. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A, B, male; C–H, female. A, left palp, dorsal–retrolateral view; B, abdomen, detail of epiandrous spigots; C, digested abdomen, detail of spermathecae; D, epigynum, ventral view; E, same, detail of copulatory openings; F, G, right leg I; F, claws; G, tarsus–metatarsus junction; H, left leg IV, claws. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331651/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">12D, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FEB0E772FE5E5832" box="[371,454,1544,1565]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-0@66.[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 49. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, left palp, prolateral view, bulb displaced; C, same, detail of cymbial tip, retrolateral–dorsal view; D, abdomen, detail of epigynal area and respiratory spiracles, posterior view; E, same, ventral view; F, colulus and spinnerets, ventral view; G, posterior median spinnerets; H, prosoma, detail of sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371461/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">49D, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FE16E772FD9F5831" box="[469,519,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">59H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FDD6E772FDDD5831" box="[533,581,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="78.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-352@78.[144,1425,195,1086]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Figure 61. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, left anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371480/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">61A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FD90E772FD3D5832" box="[595,677,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="84.[144,223,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,195,1761]" captionTargetId="figure-0@84.[189,1380,195,1762]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="Figure 67. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system and vulva; D, left posterior spinnerets; E, booklung cover; F, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior spiracle, ventral view; G, ocular area, frontal view; H, same, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371493/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">67A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FD70E772FF035813" captionStart="Figure 140" captionStartId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@156.[189,1380,194,1693]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">140D, I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FF64E75DFE9D5813" box="[167,261,1575,1596]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">141G, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FED2E75DFED55812" box="[273,333,1575,1597]" captionStart="Figure 142" captionStartId="158.[144,223,1704,1723]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@158.[194,1372,193,1674]" captionTargetPageId="158" captionText="Figure 142. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmeninae and Trogloneta. A, B, Microdipoena nyungwe; A, male, lateral view; B, female, ventral view. C, Trogloneta granulum, female, ventral view. D, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, female, lateral view, inverted. E, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) mootae, female holotype, dorsal view. F, Mysmena (= Calomyspoena) santacruzi, female paratype, dorsal view. G–I, Mysmena (= Itapua) tembei; G, male holotype, lateral view, inverted; H, male holotype, frontal view; I, female paratype, frontal view. J–L, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, male paratype; J, lateral view; K, dorsal view; L, ventral view. M, N, Mysmeniola spinifera, male holotype; M, lateral view; N, ventral view. O, Brasilionata arborense, male holotype, dorsal view, abdomen detached. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371585/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">142C</figureCitation>
). The copulatory openings are exposed caudally (i.e. posteriorly) in the epigynal area (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FD4DE73FFD6B5875" box="[654,755,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-0@66.[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 49. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, left palp, prolateral view, bulb displaced; C, same, detail of cymbial tip, retrolateral–dorsal view; D, abdomen, detail of epigynal area and respiratory spiracles, posterior view; E, same, ventral view; F, colulus and spinnerets, ventral view; G, posterior median spinnerets; H, prosoma, detail of sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371461/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 49D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FF53E71EFF5A5855" box="[144,194,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">59H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FF0DE71EFF665855" box="[206,254,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="78.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-352@78.[144,1425,195,1086]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Figure 61. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, left anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371480/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">61B</figureCitation>
). A sclerotized external atrium is present in a few 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FF11E7F9FE2058B7" box="[210,440,1666,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FF11E7F9FEFC58B7" box="[210,356,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FE37E7F8FDCE58B7" box="[500,598,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Fig. 59H</figureCitation>
). On the other hand, in most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FEF3E7DBFE265898" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[304,446,1697,1719]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
the epigynal area is weakly modified or even absent (i.e. the cuticle in this area is similar to surrounding abdominal cuticle), and it is usually translucent (spermathecae can be observed beneath it; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FED0E661FEE2591F" box="[275,378,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="17.[164,243,1036,1055]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,196,1004]" captionTargetId="figure-351@17.[164,1444,196,1006]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 14. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae): A, B, D, male left palp; C, E, female. A, dorsal view; B, same, prolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and housing cymbial conductors; C, epigynum, ventral view; D, same as B, dorsal view; E, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371417/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 14C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FE44E661FE2F591F" box="[391,439,1819,1840]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">37A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FE00E661FE76591E" box="[451,494,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">52F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FE39E661FDA8591E" box="[506,560,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">141I</figureCitation>
). Although seemingly widespread among araneoids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FDE5E640FD6A597F" author="Levi H &amp; Levi L" box="[550,754,1850,1872]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref64233" refString="Levi H, Levi L. 1962. The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 127: 1 - 71." type="journal article" year="1962">Levi &amp; Levi, 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FF53E622FEAC5941" author="Millidge AF" box="[144,308,1880,1902]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="229 - 267" refId="ref65033" refString="Millidge AF. 1984. The taxonomy of the Linyphiidae, based chiefly on the epigynal and tracheal characters (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 6: 229 - 267." type="journal article" year="1984">Millidge, 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FE83E622FDE75941" author="Scharff N &amp; Coddington J" box="[320,639,1880,1902]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="355 - 434" refId="ref66042" refString="Scharff N, Coddington J. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 355 - 434." type="journal article" year="1997">Scharff &amp; Coddington, 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FD49E622FCC65EF3" author="Griswold CE" box="[650,862,198,1902]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="1 - 251" refId="ref62872" refString="Griswold CE. 2001. A monograph of the living world genera and Afrotropical species of cyatholipid spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae, Araneoidea, Cyatholipidae). Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 26: 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="2001">Griswold, 2001</bibRefCitation>
), the ventral scape of most mysmenines is unique within symphytognathoids (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FBAAE19EFB495ED6" box="[1129,1233,228,250]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="29.[164,243,1441,1460]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-148@29.[164,1445,194,1411]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 24. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), abdomen: A–D, female; E–G, male. A, epigastric furrow, epigynal area and spiracular openings, posterior–ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynal area; C, pedicel area and booklung covers; D, epiandrous spigots, detail from figure F; E, posterior respiratory spiracle and colulus, ventral view; F, pedicel area, booklung covers and epiandrous spigots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331665/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 24B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FB1DE19EFA965ED6" box="[1246,1294,228,249]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="35.[164,243,1555,1574]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1525]" captionTargetId="figure-71@35.[164,1445,194,1525]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 29. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina. A–C, E, F, female; D, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of left spermatheca; B, same, detail of posterior tracheal system; C, epigynal area and scapus; D, left femur I, retrolateral view; E, left tibia IV, prolateral view; F, left metatarsus IV, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331675/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">29C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FAD8E19EFAD45ED6" box="[1307,1356,228,249]" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="47.[164,243,1483,1502]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,194,1451]" captionTargetId="figure-129@47.[164,1444,194,1453]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figure 31. MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Chiapas, Mexico; A–D, male left palp; E–G, female. A, detail of proximal palp, prolateral basal expansion and paracymbium, retroventral view; B, detail of dorsal–retrolateral tip of cymbium; C, same, prolateral view; D, same, retrolateral view; E, cheliceral bases, frontal view; F, abdomen, lateral view; G, abdomen, lateral view, detail of scapus and spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371431/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">31G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FA9AE19EFA115ED6" box="[1369,1417,228,249]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">37C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FCE5E079FCCE5F37" box="[806,854,259,280]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">42C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FCA7E079FC3A5F36" box="[868,930,259,281]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">129E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F093D6FCE5E03AFC6A5F79" blockId="182.[806,1422,320,1902]" box="[806,1010,320,342]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Internal genitalia</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F093D6FCE5E024FA165B25" blockId="182.[806,1422,320,1902]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FCE5E024FC605F5C" box="[806,1016,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Copulatory ducts:</emphasis>
Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FBA3E024FB6F5F5B" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1120,1271,350,372]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, the copulatory ducts show varying degrees of sclerotization and width. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FC51E0E6FC665F9E" box="[914,1022,412,433]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FC51E0E6FC665F9E" box="[914,1022,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FBB2E0E6FAB95F9D" box="[1137,1313,412,434]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
the copulatory ducts are short, relatively sclerotized, narrow, and of invariable diameter (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FBB2E0A3FB415FC1" box="[1137,1241,473,495]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 11D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FB24E0A3FA815FC1" box="[1255,1305,473,494]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">37D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FAE4E0A3FCA35C22" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">128A, D, G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FC8BE082FC1F5C21" box="[840,903,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">129G</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FC7FE08DFBAB5C23" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[956,1075,503,524]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FC7FE08DFBAB5C23" box="[956,1075,503,524]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the walls of the distal portion of the long copulatory ducts are rather smooth, relatively sclerotized, and uniform in diameter; however, the proximal portion of the ducts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FB77E329FAB05C47" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1204,1320,595,616]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FB77E329FAB05C47" box="[1204,1320,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is highly membranous and has a larger diameter than the distal part (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FCA6E3EAFC545C89" box="[869,972,656,678]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="81.[164,243,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@81.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 64. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, same, detail of posterior respiratory system; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior respiratory spiracle; E, prosoma, lateral view; F, same, anterodorsal view; G, left palpal tibia, dorsal view; H, sternal cuticular pattern; I, carapace dorsal cuticular pattern, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371487/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 64A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FC1BE3EBFB8B5C88" box="[984,1043,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">128F</figureCitation>
). In the aforementioned taxa (i.e. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FCE5E3D5FC065CEB" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[806,926,687,708]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FCE5E3D5FC065CEB" box="[806,926,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FC6CE3CAFB875CEA" box="[943,1055,688,709]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FC6CE3CAFB875CEA" box="[943,1055,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FBA7E3D5FA875CEA" box="[1124,1311,687,709]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
), the trajectory of the copulatory ducts is in most cases recognizable. Conversely, the copulatory ducts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FCE5E271FC2D5D0E" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[806,949,779,801]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
differ from all other mysmenids (with the exception of a few taxa). The walls of the ducts are extremely membranous, imperceptible under light microscopy, and are of uneven diameter. These irregular membranous ducts follow a convoluted and long trajectory of unclear course. The ducts seem to extend ventrally and anteriorly to the spermathecae, although without a definite pattern (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FB67E29BFA905DD9" box="[1188,1288,993,1015]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 18G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FAD7E29BFADB5DD9" box="[1300,1347,993,1014]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">27D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FA8DE29BFCE35A3A" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">129A, C, E, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FC44E57AFC5C5A39" box="[903,964,1024,1046]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">130B</figureCitation>
). In some species the ducts can be subtly more sclerotized and definite, and a coiled trajectory can be observed (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FC29E547FBCB5A7D" box="[1002,1107,1085,1107]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 37D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FB9CE547FB065A7C" box="[1119,1182,1085,1107]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">129G</figureCitation>
). The increase in the diameter of the proximal portion of the copulatory ducts (i.e. the first half of the ducts from the copulatory openings) has been termed ‘bursae’ by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FB73E5E2FADF5A81" author="Schutt K" box="[1200,1351,1176,1198]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt (2003</bibRefCitation>
: character 77), although it is not clear from that study whether the increase in diameter refers to the copulatory ducts or to the membranous atrium (see above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F093D6FCFCE469FB755831" blockId="182.[806,1422,320,1902]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">
Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FC54E469FBB45B06" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[919,1068,1299,1321]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
, there is a particular turn occurring proximally in the convoluted and membranous copulatory ducts, seemingly originating close to the internal atrium, but immediately before becoming widened and convoluted. This duct turn is characterized by a subtle but consistent sclerotization. This feature occurs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FC36E4B0FB085BF0" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[1013,1168,1482,1503]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FC36E4B0FB085BF0" box="[1013,1168,1482,1503]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and also evolved independently in two clades within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FB07E490FAAA5BD0" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1220,1330,1514,1535]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FB07E490FAAA5BD0" box="[1220,1330,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in MYSM-029-MAD (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FC3EE772FB0C5832" box="[1021,1172,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 129A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FB60E772FB795831" box="[1187,1249,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">130A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F093D7FCFCE75CFEDA5FBC" blockId="182.[806,1422,320,1902]" lastBlockId="183.[164,779,198,403]" lastPageId="183" lastPageNumber="710" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">
A convoluted trajectory of the copulatory ducts characterizes 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FC54E73FFBB35874" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[919,1067,1605,1627]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, although the ducts can vary greatly in terms of sclerotization and diameter. Straight ducts evolved independently twice: once in the clade comprising 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FC6BE7DBFB8E5899" box="[936,1046,1697,1718]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FC6BE7DBFB8E5899" box="[936,1046,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FB93E7DBFA9C5898" box="[1104,1284,1697,1719]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
and once in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F093D6FCE5E7BAFC1558FA" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[806,909,1728,1749]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FCE5E7BAFC1558FA" box="[806,909,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MYSM-034-MAD. Although rare in the current mysmenid taxon sample, coiled and more distinct copulatory ducts of mysmenines (as in 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FB0EE786FAAF593D" box="[1229,1335,1788,1810]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">Figs 37D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F093D6FA8BE787FA1E593C" box="[1352,1414,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">129G</figureCitation>
) appear to be more common than represented here (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FCE5E640FB375960" author="Lopardo L &amp; Duperre N &amp; Paquin P" box="[806,1199,1850,1872]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="36 - 44" refId="ref64454" refString="Lopardo L, Duperre N, Paquin P. 2008. Expanding horizons... The first report of the genus Mysmena (Araneae, Mysmenidae) from continental North America, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 1718: 36 - 44." type="journal article" year="2008">Lopardo, Dupérré &amp; Paquin, 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F093D6FB7FE640FA115960" author="Miller JA &amp; Griswold CE &amp; Yin C" box="[1212,1417,1850,1872]" pageId="182" pageNumber="709" pagination="9 - 195" refId="ref64993" refString="Miller JA, Griswold CE, Yin C. 2009. The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae: Araneoidea): systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers. ZooKeys 11: 9 - 195." type="journal article" year="2009">
Miller 
<emphasis id="B95E407310F093D6FACAE640FAA25960" box="[1289,1338,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="182" pageNumber="709">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
; L. Lopardo, A. Janzen, C. Griswold &amp; P. Michalik, unpubl. data). These distinct ducts might represent a plesiomorphic but intermediate condition (i.e. between sclerotized and fully membranous ducts) in the evolution of convoluted and highly membranous copulatory ducts, and might help in elucidating our current interpretation of their trajectory, as well as their identification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F193D7FF67E0C1FD5C5C88" blockId="183.[164,779,443,1566]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FF67E0C1FDDA5FFF" box="[164,578,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Spermathecae and accessory glands:</emphasis>
Most mysmenids have one sperm-storage compartment in each spermatheca (e.g. 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FE4BE082FE695C21" box="[392,497,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Fig. 33A</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FDC9E082FD105C22" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[522,648,504,525]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FDC9E082FD105C22" box="[522,648,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some anapids have two pairs of compartments in each spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FE83E34FFE335C64" box="[320,427,565,587]" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Fig. 128F</figureCitation>
). The spermathecae are usually defined by a thick sclerotized wall (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FDFDE32EFD2C5C46" box="[574,692,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 129A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD02E32EFD665C45" box="[705,766,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">130B</figureCitation>
), although exceptions occur (e.g. in mysmenine MYSM-023-MAD and a few anapids; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FDC0E3EBFDF25C89" box="[515,618,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-0@66.[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 49. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, left palp, prolateral view, bulb displaced; C, same, detail of cymbial tip, retrolateral–dorsal view; D, abdomen, detail of epigynal area and respiratory spiracles, posterior view; E, same, ventral view; F, colulus and spinnerets, ventral view; G, posterior median spinnerets; H, prosoma, detail of sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371461/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 49A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FDBAE3EBFD205C88" box="[633,696,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">130D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F193D7FF7FE3D5FD535A1A" blockId="183.[164,779,443,1566]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">
Ovoid spermathecae are plesiomorphic for both symphytognathoids and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FE71E3B4FDD95CCB" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[434,577,718,740]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
. Nevertheless, the diversity of spermathecal shapes within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FDB9E396FC935D2D" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[634,779,748,770]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
is immense, seemingly following no particular phylogenetic pattern, not even at the genus level. Spermathecae can be ovoid (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FE21E232FDDE5D72" box="[482,582,840,862]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 11D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD91E232FD195D72" box="[594,641,840,861]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">18G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD4DE232FD255D72" box="[654,701,840,861]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">37D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD0AE232FC9E5D72" box="[713,774,840,861]" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">128D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FF67E21DFE9E5D52" box="[164,262,871,893]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">129A, G</figureCitation>
), C- or cup-shaped (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FE3BE21DFDE25D53" box="[504,634,871,893]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 27D,E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD4AE21DFD225D53" box="[649,698,871,892]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">42D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD0AE21DFC9F5D53" box="[713,775,871,892]" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">128E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FF67E2FCFF7A5DB3" box="[164,226,902,924]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">130C</figureCitation>
), coiled within the same spermathecal structure (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FF21E2DEFEF05D95" box="[226,360,932,954]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 33A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FEB7E2DEFE3C5D95" box="[372,420,932,954]" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1097,1116]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-323@68.[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 51. Mysmena tasmaniae (Mysmenidae). A–C male left palp; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral–dorsal view; C, expanded palp, distal–ventral view. D, female digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371465/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">51D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FE73E2DEFE755D96" box="[432,493,932,953]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">129C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FE3AE2DEFDCE5D95" box="[505,598,932,954]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">130B, G</figureCitation>
), tubuliform (as one large tube, sometimes like tracheoles; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FDB5E2B9FD555DF6" box="[630,717,963,985]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[144,224,1550,1569]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,195,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-103@8.[144,1424,195,1520]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A, B, D–F, female; C, male. A, B, epigynum; A, ventral view; B, lateral view. C, abdomen, ventral view; D–F, digested abdomen; D, detail of vulva; E, posterior respiratory system; F, detail of internal posterior tracheae on spiracular area. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331637" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331637/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 5D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD1AE2B9FC9F5DF7" box="[729,775,963,984]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-0@66.[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 49. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, left palp, prolateral view, bulb displaced; C, same, detail of cymbial tip, retrolateral–dorsal view; D, abdomen, detail of epigynal area and respiratory spiracles, posterior view; E, same, ventral view; F, colulus and spinnerets, ventral view; G, posterior median spinnerets; H, prosoma, detail of sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371461/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">49A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FF67E29BFE9B5DD9" box="[164,259,993,1014]" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">128A, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FED2E29BFEC85DD8" box="[273,336,993,1015]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">130D</figureCitation>
), clavate (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FE0BE29BFDA85DD9" box="[456,560,993,1015]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="15.[164,242,1382,1401]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1351]" captionTargetId="figure-202@15.[164,1444,195,1352]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 12. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A, B, male; C–H, female. A, left palp, dorsal–retrolateral view; B, abdomen, detail of epiandrous spigots; C, digested abdomen, detail of spermathecae; D, epigynum, ventral view; E, same, detail of copulatory openings; F, G, right leg I; F, claws; G, tarsus–metatarsus junction; H, left leg IV, claws. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331651/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 12C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FDFDE29BFDE25DD8" box="[574,634,993,1015]" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">128B</figureCitation>
), or even irregular (although consistent within each species), where no particular shape can be defined (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD8FE564FD265A1A" box="[588,702,1054,1077]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Fig. 129D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F193D7FF7FE547FEF35831" blockId="183.[164,779,443,1566]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">
An additional paired structure occurs in the internal genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FEA5E526FE475A5E" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[358,479,1116,1137]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FEA5E526FE475A5E" box="[358,479,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the mysmenine MYSM-029-MAD, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FEE1E501FE165ABF" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[290,398,1147,1168]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FEE1E501FE165ABF" box="[290,398,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MYSM-005-ARG, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FDABE500FC9B5AA0" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[616,771,1146,1167]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FDABE500FC9B5AA0" box="[616,771,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the anapid 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FEA4E5E3FE6B5A81" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Forster" authorityYear="1989" box="[359,499,1177,1198]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" genus="Tasmanapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FEA4E5E3FE6B5A81" box="[359,499,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Tasmanapis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This structure resembles either an apodeme or a glandular structure, and appears related to the copulatory ducts or the spermathecae (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FE90E58FFE235B25" box="[339,443,1269,1291]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1669,1688]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-0@27.[164,1445,194,1639]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae): A, B, E, female; C, D, F, G, male left palp. A, digested abdomen, respiratory system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, distal–retrolateral view, detail of tip of embolus and primary cymbial conductor; D, ventral–proximal view; E, tip of palp and tarsal organ; F, dorsal view; G, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331661/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 22B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FE0AE58FFE625B25" box="[457,506,1269,1290]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">27D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FDC4E58FFDAF5B25" box="[519,567,1269,1290]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="35.[164,243,1555,1574]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1525]" captionTargetId="figure-71@35.[164,1445,194,1525]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figure 29. MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Misiones, Argentina. A–C, E, F, female; D, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of left spermatheca; B, same, detail of posterior tracheal system; C, epigynal area and scapus; D, left femur I, retrolateral view; E, left tibia IV, prolateral view; F, left metatarsus IV, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331675/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">29A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD86E58FFDEC5B24" box="[581,628,1269,1291]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="81.[164,243,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@81.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 64. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, same, detail of posterior respiratory system; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior respiratory spiracle; E, prosoma, lateral view; F, same, anterodorsal view; G, left palpal tibia, dorsal view; H, sternal cuticular pattern; I, carapace dorsal cuticular pattern, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371487/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">64A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD41E58FFC9E5B25" box="[642,774,1269,1290]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">129B, E, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FF67E469FE9C5B06" box="[164,260,1299,1321]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">130A, F</figureCitation>
). It is better observed by SEM, although it can be distinguished in transparent preparations of the vulva by a higher degree of sclerotization, comparable with that of the spermathecae (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FD8DE415FC9F5BAB" box="[590,775,1391,1413]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 129B, E, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FF67E4F4FE985B8C" box="[164,256,1422,1443]" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="146.[144,222,1760,1779]" captionTargetBox="[190,1379,198,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-0@146.[182,1386,195,1730]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="Figure 130. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) tarautensis, paratype, dorsal view, arrow to broken scapus; B, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, dorsal view; C, Mysmena leichhardti, from Queensland, Australia, ventral view; D, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, ventral view; E, Mysmena tasmaniae, ventral view; F, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), from Misiones, Argentina, ventral view; G, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Toliara, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371571/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">130A, F</figureCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F193D7FEB3E4F4FD3F5B8C" author="Brescovit A &amp; Lopardo L" box="[368,679,1422,1444]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" pagination="93 - 106" refId="ref60944" refString="Brescovit A, Lopardo L. 2008. The first record on the spider genus Trogloneta Simon in the southern hemisphere (Araneae, Mysmenidae), with descriptions of three new species from Brazil and remarks on the morphology. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 89: 93 - 106." type="journal article" year="2008">Brescovit &amp; Lopardo, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 6C– E). Whether these structures are functional glands, muscle attachment points, or perform other functions remains unknown. They are regarded here as accessory glands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F193D7FF67E73FFAD15C03" blockId="183.[164,779,1605,1902]" lastBlockId="183.[826,1442,198,893]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FF67E73FFEE95875" box="[164,369,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Fertilization ducts:</emphasis>
The morphology of fertilization ducts is also variable within the family. Fertilization ducts were identified in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FE4EE7F8FDBD58B7" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[397,549,1666,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
by discerning the ducts connected to and from the spermathecae, and, with the help of SEM, an attempt was made to follow the trajectory of these ducts. Usually fertilization ducts are located either dorsal to or on the central internal lateral side of the spermathecae. As a convention, when the genital system was mainly composed by membranes, highly developed and convoluted copulatory ducts were first identified, and then fertilization ducts were distinguished by elimination. The degree of sclerotization of the fertilization ducts appears highly homoplastic. Weakly sclerotized fertilization ducts with a distinguishable wall are plesiomorphic for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FAD4E03AFA395F79" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1303,1441,320,342]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(although ambiguously optimized), and occur in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FAA7E024FA025F5C" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[1380,1434,350,371]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FAA7E024FA025F5C" box="[1380,1434,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mysmenine MYSM-023-MAD, and most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FAF3E004FA395FBC" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1328,1441,382,403]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FAF3E004FA395FBC" box="[1328,1441,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC81E0E6FC335F9E" box="[834,939,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 42D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC7AE0E6FC715F9E" box="[953,1001,412,433]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-0@66.[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 49. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, left palp, prolateral view, bulb displaced; C, same, detail of cymbial tip, retrolateral–dorsal view; D, abdomen, detail of epigynal area and respiratory spiracles, posterior view; E, same, ventral view; F, colulus and spinnerets, ventral view; G, posterior median spinnerets; H, prosoma, detail of sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371461/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">49A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC34E0E6FBAD5F9E" box="[1015,1077,412,433]" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">128A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FB80E0E6FB195F9D" box="[1091,1153,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">129G</figureCitation>
); however, membranous, translucent, and almost imperceptible fertilization ducts also occur within the family, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FB17E0A3FACB5FC1" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1236,1363,473,494]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FB17E0A3FACB5FC1" box="[1236,1363,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FCF9E082FC445C22" box="[826,988,504,525]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FCF9E082FC445C22" box="[826,988,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and all members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FB3AE08DFA385C23" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[1273,1440,503,524]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FB3AE08DFA385C23" box="[1273,1440,503,524]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC81E36CFC335C04" box="[834,939,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 18G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC7AE36CFC735C04" box="[953,1003,534,555]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">27D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC3BE36CFBB15C03" box="[1016,1065,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1097,1116]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-323@68.[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 51. Mysmena tasmaniae (Mysmenidae). A–C male left palp; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral–dorsal view; C, expanded palp, distal–ventral view. D, female digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371465/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">51D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FBFBE36CFBF25C03" box="[1080,1130,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">60H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FBBBE36CFB305C03" box="[1144,1192,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="81.[164,243,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@81.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 64. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, same, detail of posterior respiratory system; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior respiratory spiracle; E, prosoma, lateral view; F, same, anterodorsal view; G, left palpal tibia, dorsal view; H, sternal cuticular pattern; I, carapace dorsal cuticular pattern, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371487/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">64A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FB75E36CFB775C04" box="[1206,1263,534,555]" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">128F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FB3EE36CFAA55C03" box="[1277,1341,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 136" captionStartId="152.[144,223,1800,1819]" captionTargetBox="[147,1417,200,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-0@152.[144,1425,194,1770]" captionTargetPageId="152" captionText="Figure 136. Anapidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Acrobleps hygrophilus, ventral view; B, Anapisona kethleyi, dorsal view; C, Crassanapis chilensis, dorsal view, arrow to broken inserted embolus; D, Minanapis palena, dorsal view; E, Elanapis aisen, dorsal view; F, Tasmanapis strahan, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371577/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">136D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F193D7FC90E34FFC475D53" blockId="183.[826,1442,198,893]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">
Small, short fertilization ducts providing a direct connection between the spermathecae and the 
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FA94E32EFC015CA7" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">uterus externus</emphasis>
(usually in straight fashion and unmodified) are plesiomorphic and widespread within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FAD0E3EAFA395C89" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1299,1441,656,678]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC81E3D5FC335CEB" box="[834,939,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 42D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC79E3D5FC725CEB" box="[954,1002,687,708]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="66.[144,223,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure-0@66.[201,1366,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="Figure 49. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, left palp, prolateral view, bulb displaced; C, same, detail of cymbial tip, retrolateral–dorsal view; D, abdomen, detail of epigynal area and respiratory spiracles, posterior view; E, same, ventral view; F, colulus and spinnerets, ventral view; G, posterior median spinnerets; H, prosoma, detail of sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371461" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371461/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">49A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC3AE3D5FBB15CEA" box="[1017,1065,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="81.[164,243,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@81.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 64. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, same, detail of posterior respiratory system; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior respiratory spiracle; E, prosoma, lateral view; F, same, anterodorsal view; G, left palpal tibia, dorsal view; H, sternal cuticular pattern; I, carapace dorsal cuticular pattern, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371487/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">64A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FBFBE3D5FB005CEB" box="[1080,1176,687,708]" captionStart="Figure 128" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,198,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-0@144.[162,1404,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 128. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Isela okuncana, dorsal view; B, Maymena mayana, dorsal view; C, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya, dorsal view; D, Maymena ambita, ventral view; E, Maymena rica, dorsal view; F, Trogloneta granulum, ventral view; G, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371567/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">128A, F</figureCitation>
). Large, long fertilization ducts, most often longer than the size of the spermathecae, might be provided with modifications or expansions (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FC18E271FBA45D0F" box="[987,1084,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 11D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FB84E271FBEE5D0F" box="[1095,1142,779,800]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[144,222,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-83@22.[144,1424,194,1510]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae): A–F, male left palp; G, female. A, ventral–proximal view; B, retrolateral– distal view; C, dorsal–retrolateral view; D, expanded bulb, prolateral view; E, prolateral view; F, expanded bulb, detail of tip of embolus, retrolateral–distal view; G, digested abdomen, detail of vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331657/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">18G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FB43E271FB375D0F" box="[1152,1199,779,800]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">27D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FB7AE271FB705D0E" box="[1209,1256,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1097,1116]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-323@68.[144,1425,196,1068]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 51. Mysmena tasmaniae (Mysmenidae). A–C male left palp; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral–dorsal view; C, expanded palp, distal–ventral view. D, female digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371465" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371465/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">51D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FB30E271FABB5D0E" box="[1267,1315,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="77.[164,242,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-0@77.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 60. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–F, male right palp, inverted; G, H, female digested abdomen. A, ventral view; B, same, detail of tibial hollow area; C, distal view; D, same, detail of embolus and cymbium; E, tibial spurs, detail from panel B; F, embolus and distal cymbium; G, posterior tracheal system; H, anterior tracheal system and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331695/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">60H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FAEEE271FACF5D0F" box="[1325,1367,779,800]" captionStart="Figure 92" captionStartId="109.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,196,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-94@109.[164,1445,196,1531]" captionTargetPageId="109" captionText="Figure 92. Minanapis palena (Anapidae): A–E, male left palp; A, retrolateral–ventral view; B, prolateral view; C, conductor and distal embolus, detail from panel A; D, same, detail from panel B; E, detail of tip of embolus. F, female digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system, and vulva. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371517/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">92F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FAA2E271FA055D0F" box="[1377,1437,779,800]" captionStart="Figure 129" captionStartId="145.[164,243,1731,1750]" captionTargetBox="[210,1396,198,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-0@145.[209,1400,195,1700]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figure 129. Mysmenidae female genitalia, cleared: A, Microdipoena guttata, ventral view; B, Microdipoena nyungwe, ventral view; C, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena), from Chiapas, Mexico, ventral view, arrow to diverticle of copulatory duct; D, Microdipoena elsae, ventral copulatory duct; E, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis, syntype, ventral view; F, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) jobi, paratype, ventral view; G, Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), from Antananarivo, Madagascar, dorsal view; H, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae), from Antsiranana, Madagascar, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371569/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">129G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FCF9E253FCE25D10" box="[826,890,809,831]" captionStart="Figure 136" captionStartId="152.[144,223,1800,1819]" captionTargetBox="[147,1417,200,1767]" captionTargetId="figure-0@152.[144,1425,194,1770]" captionTargetPageId="152" captionText="Figure 136. Anapidae female genitalia, cleared. A, Acrobleps hygrophilus, ventral view; B, Anapisona kethleyi, dorsal view; C, Crassanapis chilensis, dorsal view, arrow to broken inserted embolus; D, Minanapis palena, dorsal view; E, Elanapis aisen, dorsal view; F, Tasmanapis strahan, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371577/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">136D</figureCitation>
). They occur independently in most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FAE9E250FA025D10" box="[1322,1434,810,831]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FAE9E250FA025D10" box="[1322,1434,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FCBAE233FB965D71" box="[889,1038,841,862]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FCBAE233FB965D71" box="[889,1038,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, most species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FB0DE232FAFF5D72" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[1230,1383,840,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FB0DE232FAFF5D72" box="[1230,1383,840,861]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and few 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FCAFE21DFC405D53" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[876,984,871,892]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FCAFE21DFC405D53" box="[876,984,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F193D7FCF9E2DEFB865DF7" blockId="183.[826,1441,932,1902]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FCF9E2DEFB865DF7" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Spinneret silk gland spigot morphology (refer to characters 304–340)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F193D7FCF9E29BFC6D58DC" blockId="183.[826,1441,932,1902]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">
The spinning organs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FB9FE29BFB755DD8" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1116,1261,993,1015]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
have been described for a few species, including the kleptoparasitic 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FCF9E564FB325A1B" authority="(Griswold, 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Griswold" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[826,1194,1054,1076]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okuncana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FCF9E564FC7D5A1C" box="[826,997,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Isela okuncana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F193D7FC36E564FB3A5A1B" author="Griswold CE" box="[1013,1186,1054,1076]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" pagination="207 - 217" refId="ref62836" refString="Griswold CE. 1985. Isela okuncana, a new genus and species of kleptoparasitic spider from southern Africa (Araneae: Mysmenidae). Annals of the Natal Museum 27: 207 - 217." type="journal article" year="1985">Griswold, 1985</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, an undescribed 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FAA8E564FA395A1C" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[1387,1441,1054,1075]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FAA8E564FA395A1C" box="[1387,1441,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F33DDCF110F193D7FCB8E547FC6A5A7D" box="[891,1010,1085,1106]" name="Cameroon" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FBC0E547FB7B5A7D" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1978" box="[1027,1251,1085,1106]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penai">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FBC0E547FB7B5A7D" box="[1027,1251,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Mysmenopsis penai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the Australian 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FCF9E526FBB05A5E" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[826,1064,1116,1137]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FCF9E526FBB05A5E" box="[826,1064,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Mysmena tasmaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FBAAE526FC7E5ABF" authority="(Lopardo &amp; Michalik, 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Lopardo &amp; Michalik" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leichhardti">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FBAAE526FA885A5F" box="[1129,1296,1115,1137]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">M. leichhardti</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F193D7FAE0E521FC475ABF" author="Lopardo L &amp; Michalik P" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" pagination="381 - 396" refId="ref64685" refString="Lopardo L, Michalik P. 2013. First description of a mysmenid spider species from mainland Australia and new data for Mysmena tasmaniae Hickman 1979 (Araneae, Mysmenidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum / Nature 58: 381 - 396." type="journal article" year="2013">Lopardo &amp; Michalik, 2013</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FBDCE501FCE35A80" authority="(Griswold et al., 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Griswold" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FBDCE501FB745ABF" box="[1055,1260,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F193D7FB39E500FCEB5A80" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FAA5E501FA0C5AA0" box="[1382,1428,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Recently, the gland spigot patterns of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FAEFE5E3FA935AE2" authority="(Brescovit &amp; Lopardo, 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Brescovit &amp; Lopardo" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cantareira">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FAEFE5E3FC285AE2" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Trogloneta cantareira</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F193D7FC07E5CDFA9D5AE2" author="Brescovit A &amp; Lopardo L" box="[964,1285,1207,1229]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" pagination="93 - 106" refId="ref60944" refString="Brescovit A, Lopardo L. 2008. The first record on the spider genus Trogloneta Simon in the southern hemisphere (Araneae, Mysmenidae), with descriptions of three new species from Brazil and remarks on the morphology. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 89: 93 - 106." type="journal article" year="2008">Brescovit &amp; Lopardo, 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and several Chinese mysmenids (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FBF0E5ACFB075AC4" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1075,1183,1238,1259]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FBF0E5ACFB075AC4" box="[1075,1183,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FB73E5ACFAAA5AC4" authorityName="Miller, Griswold &amp; Yin" authorityYear="2009" box="[1200,1330,1238,1259]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Gaoligonga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FB73E5ACFAAA5AC4" box="[1200,1330,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Gaoligonga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FA80E5ACFA025AC4" authorityName="Miller, Griswold &amp; Yin" authorityYear="2009" box="[1347,1434,1238,1259]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Chanea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FA80E5ACFA025AC4" box="[1347,1434,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Chanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210F193D7FCB8E58FFA9D5B25" authority=", Miller et al., 2009" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="2009" box="[891,1285,1268,1290]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FCB8E58FFC6A5B25" box="[891,1010,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Maymena</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010F193D7FBCCE58EFA9D5B25" author="Miller JA &amp; Griswold CE &amp; Yin C" box="[1039,1285,1268,1290]" pageId="183" pageNumber="710" pagination="9 - 195" refId="ref64993" refString="Miller JA, Griswold CE, Yin C. 2009. The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae: Araneoidea): systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers. ZooKeys 11: 9 - 195." type="journal article" year="2009">
Miller 
<emphasis id="B95E407310F193D7FBACE58FFB3D5B26" box="[1135,1189,1268,1290]" italics="true" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) were also described. The data in the aforementioned works suggest that mysmenids have the typical symphytognathoid and higher araneoid silk gland spigot conformation on the anterior lateral and the posterior median spinnerets (ALS and PMS, respectively): few ALS piriform gland spigots, few aciniform gland spigots on posterior (median and lateral) spinnerets, a furrow between major ampullate and piriform fields, and reduced piriform bases. In this study we examined in detail the spinneret gland spigot conformation of 30 mysmenid species. In the following section, the general arrangement of mysmenid spinneret gland spigots is described. Exceptions, singular features, and synapomorphies for the main mysmenid clades are noted below. See Appendix 2 for an explanation of cuticular textures.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110F193D8FC90E787FE145A7C" blockId="183.[826,1441,932,1902]" lastBlockId="184.[144,759,198,1902]" lastPageId="184" lastPageNumber="711" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">
In general, the colulus is fleshy and usually relatively large, bearing three or less setae (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FB3EE661FAFA591F" box="[1277,1378,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="29.[164,243,1441,1460]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-148@29.[164,1445,194,1411]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 24. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), abdomen: A–D, female; E–G, male. A, epigastric furrow, epigynal area and spiracular openings, posterior–ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynal area; C, pedicel area and booklung covers; D, epiandrous spigots, detail from figure F; E, posterior respiratory spiracle and colulus, ventral view; F, pedicel area, booklung covers and epiandrous spigots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331665/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 24E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FAADE661FA05591F" box="[1390,1437,1819,1840]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">33C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FCF9E643FCF35960" box="[826,875,1849,1871]" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="73.[164,243,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-111@73.[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="Figure 56. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae): A, B, E–G, male; C, D, female. A, left patella III, dorsal view; B, left leg II, claws; C, abdomen, epigynal area, ventral view; D, same, colulus, posterior respiratory spiracle and spinnerets, ventral view; E, epiandrous spigots; F, left tarsus I, dorsal view; G, mouthparts, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371473/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">56D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FCB9E643FC3B5960" box="[890,931,1849,1871]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">59I</figureCitation>
). On the anterior lateral spinnerets, a glabrous tuberculate intersegmental cuticle occurs (
<figureCitation id="131180E410F193D7FA8BE622FA055941" box="[1352,1437,1880,1902]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-129@9.[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A–F, female; G, male. A, right anterior lateral spinneret; B, same, left, detail; C, posterior median spinnerets; D, G, posterior lateral spinnerets; E, abdomen, posterior view; F, detail of minor ampullate spigot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331639/files/figure.png" pageId="183" pageNumber="710">Figs 6A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF53E1BCFF255EF3" box="[144,189,198,220]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="19.[164,244,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 16. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), abdomen and legs: A, B, G, H, male; C–F, female. A, epiandrous spigots; B, left anterior lateral spinnerets; C, abdomen, ventral view. D, G, H, left leg I; E, F, left leg IV. D, femur, ventral view; E, tibia, dorsal view; F, claws, retrolateral view; G, tibia–metatarsus junction, prolaterodorsal view; H, tarsus, prolaterodorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371421/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">16B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF0BE1BCFE8C5EF4" box="[200,276,198,219]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">23A, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FEE3E1BCFED25EF4" box="[288,330,198,219]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">33F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE97E1BCFE1A5EF3" box="[340,386,198,220]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE4EE1BCFE235EF3" box="[397,443,198,220]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="78.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-352@78.[144,1425,195,1086]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Figure 61. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, left anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371480/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">61C</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FE0EE1BCFDA55EF3" box="[461,573,198,220]" genus="The" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" rank="species" species="major">The major</taxonomicName>
ampullate gland spigot is accompanied by a nubbin and a tartipore (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF54E079FF685F36" box="[151,240,259,281]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-129@9.[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A–F, female; G, male. A, right anterior lateral spinneret; B, same, left, detail; C, posterior median spinnerets; D, G, posterior lateral spinnerets; E, abdomen, posterior view; F, detail of minor ampullate spigot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331639/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 6B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF3FE079FED45F37" box="[252,332,259,280]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">23A, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE9BE079FE105F36" box="[344,392,259,281]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="78.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-352@78.[144,1425,195,1086]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Figure 61. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, left anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371480/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">61C</figureCitation>
). The base of the piriform gland spigots is reduced (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FEA9E058FE5B5F17" box="[362,451,290,312]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-129@9.[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A–F, female; G, male. A, right anterior lateral spinneret; B, same, left, detail; C, posterior median spinnerets; D, G, posterior lateral spinnerets; E, abdomen, posterior view; F, detail of minor ampullate spigot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331639/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 6B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE0CE05BFE675F18" box="[463,511,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FDC8E058FDA15F17" box="[523,569,290,312]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="78.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-352@78.[144,1425,195,1086]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Figure 61. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, left anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371480/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">61C</figureCitation>
), and the cuticle surrounding those piriform gland spigots can be either fingerprint (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FEF5E025FE5D5F5A" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[310,453,351,373]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
and most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FDF8E025FD775F5A" box="[571,751,351,373]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
) or rugose (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FEEBE004FE0F5FBC" box="[296,407,382,403]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FEEBE004FE0F5FBC" box="[296,407,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FE65E007FD855FBD" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[422,541,381,402]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FE65E007FD855FBD" box="[422,541,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FD4FE007FD5A5FBD" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[652,706,381,402]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FD4FE007FD5A5FBD" box="[652,706,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
representative 
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FED6E0E6FEEB5F9E" box="[277,371,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Kilifina-</emphasis>
MYSM-002- 
<collectingCountry id="F33DDCF110FE93D8FE3AE0E6FDCE5F9E" box="[505,598,412,433]" name="Kenya" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">KENYA</collectingCountry>
; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FDA2E0E6FD2D5F9D" box="[609,693,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-129@9.[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A–F, female; G, male. A, right anterior lateral spinneret; B, same, left, detail; C, posterior median spinnerets; D, G, posterior lateral spinnerets; E, abdomen, posterior view; F, detail of minor ampullate spigot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331639/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Two aciniform, one posterior minor ampullate, and (in females) one cylindrical gland spigot occur on the posterior median spinnerets (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE1CE082FDD85C22" box="[479,576,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 11F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD8FE082FDE55C22" box="[588,637,504,525]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">33D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD4AE082FD2F5C21" box="[649,695,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">58F</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FD08E082FF4C5C03" genus="The" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" rank="species" species="minor">The minor</taxonomicName>
ampullate can be accompanied by a tartipore, a tartipore plus a nubbin, or by none of these. The posterior lateral spinnerets bear two cylindrical gland spigots, where both (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE4BE308FD8F5CA7" box="[392,535,626,648]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 11G, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FDE5E308FDCA5CA8" box="[550,594,626,647]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331653/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">13F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FDA2E308FD095CA7" box="[609,657,626,648]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="84.[144,223,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,195,1761]" captionTargetId="figure-0@84.[189,1380,195,1762]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="Figure 67. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system and vulva; D, left posterior spinnerets; E, booklung cover; F, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior spiracle, ventral view; G, ocular area, frontal view; H, same, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371493/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">67D</figureCitation>
) or only the posterior spigot is peripheral to the spinning field (the anterior spigot on the edge of the field; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD48E3D5FD6A5CEB" box="[651,754,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 23B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF53E3B4FF265CCC" box="[144,190,718,739]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">37B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF0AE3B4FF625CCB" box="[201,250,718,740]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">58H</figureCitation>
), and some aciniform gland spigots. The triad (the assemblage of one flagelliform and two aggregate gland spigots producing sticky silk in araneoids) is present in most female mysmenids (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD8DE250FD2D5D10" box="[590,693,810,832]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 11G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD01E250FD695D10" box="[706,753,810,831]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">23B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF53E232FF275D72" box="[144,191,840,861]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">37B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF0FE232FF645D71" box="[204,252,840,862]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FECAE232FEA25D71" box="[265,314,840,862]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="84.[144,223,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,195,1761]" captionTargetId="figure-0@84.[189,1380,195,1762]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="Figure 67. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system and vulva; D, left posterior spinnerets; E, booklung cover; F, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior spiracle, ventral view; G, ocular area, frontal view; H, same, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371493/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">67D</figureCitation>
), as is usually the case in Araneoidea. Some exceptions occur, however (see below). Both aggregate and flagelliform gland spigots are similar in size (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF09E2DEFED55D96" box="[202,333,932,954]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331653/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 13F, G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE9AE2DEFE105D96" box="[345,392,932,953]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">37B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE57E2DEFE5C5D95" box="[404,452,932,954]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52C</figureCitation>
). In most species, the triad on males is vestigial, were remnants of previously functional gland spigots can be observed (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD80E29BFD335DD9" box="[579,683,993,1015]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 23E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD7BE29BFD725DD8" box="[696,746,993,1015]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">33H</figureCitation>
). In some species, the triad is retained in adult males (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF5BE564FF625A1B" box="[152,250,1054,1076]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331653/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 13G</figureCitation>
; this change is ambiguously optimized at the base of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FF28E547FE185A7C" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[235,384,1085,1107]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FE93D8FF6BE526FE925BD0" blockId="184.[144,759,198,1902]" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">
The spinnerets of mysmenids differ from that of all other families represented in this data set by the presence of a lobe on the intersegmental groove of the ALS (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF54E5CDFEC05AE2" box="[151,344,1207,1229]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 23A, C, G, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FEA0E5CDFE095AE2" box="[355,401,1207,1229]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52B</figureCitation>
). This lobe is also present within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FF53E5ACFF675AC3" box="[144,255,1238,1260]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
, although with high homoplasy. Mysmenids also differ from other families in the separation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FD11E58FFF575B06" genus="The" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" rank="species" species="major">the major</taxonomicName>
ampullate and piriform fields by a subtle (shallow) groove (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF2BE448FED65B68" box="[232,334,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331653/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 13C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE99E448FE115B68" box="[346,393,1330,1351]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">23C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE56E448FE585B68" box="[405,448,1330,1351]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">33F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FE0FE448FE635B67" box="[460,507,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FDC4E448FDAE5B67" box="[519,566,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="78.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-352@78.[144,1425,195,1086]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Figure 61. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, left anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371480/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">61C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD81E448FDEA5B67" box="[578,626,1330,1352]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="81.[164,243,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@81.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 64. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, same, detail of posterior respiratory system; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior respiratory spiracle; E, prosoma, lateral view; F, same, anterodorsal view; G, left palpal tibia, dorsal view; H, sternal cuticular pattern; I, carapace dorsal cuticular pattern, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371487/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">64C</figureCitation>
), where the connection between both fields is distinctly evident proximally within the ALS segment (ambiguously occurring in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FF22E4F4FE295B8B" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[225,433,1422,1444]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
). Finally by the characteristic shape of a seta on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FE98E4D6FE5D5BED" box="[347,453,1452,1474]" genus="The" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" rank="species" species="major">the major</taxonomicName>
ampullate field, with either one or two rows of long ‘branches’ (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FDE4E4B1FD195BCE" box="[551,641,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-129@9.[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A–F, female; G, male. A, right anterior lateral spinneret; B, same, left, detail; C, posterior median spinnerets; D, G, posterior lateral spinnerets; E, abdomen, posterior view; F, detail of minor ampullate spigot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331639/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 6A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD4DE4B1FD215BCF" box="[654,697,1483,1504]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">23F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD05E4B1FD6A5BCF" box="[710,754,1483,1504]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">33F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF53E493FF275BD0" box="[144,191,1513,1535]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF0EE493FF665BD0" box="[205,254,1513,1535]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="78.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-352@78.[144,1425,195,1086]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Figure 61. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, left anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371480/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">61C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FE93D8FF6BE772FBD55ED5" blockId="184.[144,759,198,1902]" lastBlockId="184.[806,1422,197,1902]" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FF6BE772FEB85832" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[168,288,1544,1565]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FF6BE772FEB85832" box="[168,288,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only symphytognathoid so far examined with minute but distinguishable colulus (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF54E73FFF655874" box="[151,253,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="81.[164,243,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@81.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 64. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, same, detail of posterior respiratory system; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior respiratory spiracle; E, prosoma, lateral view; F, same, anterodorsal view; G, left palpal tibia, dorsal view; H, sternal cuticular pattern; I, carapace dorsal cuticular pattern, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371487/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 64D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FECAE73FFEAC5874" box="[265,308,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="84.[144,223,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,195,1761]" captionTargetId="figure-0@84.[189,1380,195,1762]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="Figure 67. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system and vulva; D, left posterior spinnerets; E, booklung cover; F, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior spiracle, ventral view; G, ocular area, frontal view; H, same, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371493/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">67F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FEFCE73FFEF65874" box="[319,366,1605,1627]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="85.[164,243,1012,1031]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,196,981]" captionTargetId="figure-391@85.[164,1445,196,983]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="Figure 68. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, left tarsus I, prolateral view; B, left metatarsus I, prolateral view; C, abdomen, detail of colulus, posterior spiracle and spinnerets, ventral view; D, left tibia III, prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371495/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">68C</figureCitation>
; as opposed to the remnant colulus of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FF6FE71EFF795856" authorityName="Marples" authorityYear="1951" box="[172,225,1636,1657]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Patu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FF6FE71EFF795856" box="[172,225,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Patu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see character 317). An additional anterior discrete cluster of cuticular protuberances of unknown function also occurs in the ALS of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FE3CE7DBFDEF5899" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[511,631,1697,1718]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FE3CE7DBFDEF5899" box="[511,631,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FD49E7DBFD6A5898" box="[650,754,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="81.[164,243,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@81.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 64. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, same, detail of posterior respiratory system; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior respiratory spiracle; E, prosoma, lateral view; F, same, anterodorsal view; G, left palpal tibia, dorsal view; H, sternal cuticular pattern; I, carapace dorsal cuticular pattern, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371487/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 64C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FF53E7C5FF5858FA" box="[144,192,1727,1749]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="83.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@83.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Figure 66. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, prosoma, lateral view. B–E, left palp; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–dorsal view; E, embolus. F, anterior lateral spinnerets; G, mouthparts, lateral view; H, labium, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371491/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">66F</figureCitation>
). Other attributes occurring in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FD8BE7C5FD5C58FB" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[584,708,1727,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FD8BE7C5FD5C58FB" box="[584,708,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although not exclusive to this genus, include: a rugose cuticle on the piriform field on ALS (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FDF9E787FD06593C" box="[570,670,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 64" captionStartId="81.[164,243,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@81.[202,1406,194,1768]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 64. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), female: A, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; B, same, detail of posterior respiratory system; C, right anterior lateral spinneret; D, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior respiratory spiracle; E, prosoma, lateral view; F, same, anterodorsal view; G, left palpal tibia, dorsal view; H, sternal cuticular pattern; I, carapace dorsal cuticular pattern, detail from panel F. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371487/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 64C</figureCitation>
); minor ampullate gland spigot accompanied solely by a tartipore on PMS; both PLS cylindrical gland spigots equally large and larger than the flagelliform gland spigot (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FCEDE1BFFC0B5EF4" box="[814,915,197,219]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="84.[144,223,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,195,1761]" captionTargetId="figure-0@84.[189,1380,195,1762]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="Figure 67. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, digested abdomen, anterior respiratory system and vulva; D, left posterior spinnerets; E, booklung cover; F, abdomen, detail of colulus and posterior spiracle, ventral view; G, ocular area, frontal view; H, same, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371493/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 67D</figureCitation>
); and triad spigots retained in adult males (at least in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FC72E19FFBA55ED6" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1922" box="[945,1085,228,250]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulum">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FC72E19FFBA55ED6" box="[945,1085,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">T. granulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FE93D8FCFCE079FB105D53" blockId="184.[806,1422,197,1902]" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">
In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FCA7E079FC4C5F37" box="[868,980,259,280]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FCA7E079FC4C5F37" box="[868,980,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the shape of the seta on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FADAE079FA155F36" box="[1305,1421,259,281]" genus="The" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" rank="species" species="major">the major</taxonomicName>
ampullate field has a distinct single row of long ‘branches’ (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC64E03AFB965F7A" box="[935,1038,320,342]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 11E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FBDFE03AFBD35F7A" box="[1052,1099,320,341]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331653/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">13C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FB9AE03AFB105F79" box="[1113,1160,320,342]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="19.[164,244,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 16. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), abdomen and legs: A, B, G, H, male; C–F, female. A, epiandrous spigots; B, left anterior lateral spinnerets; C, abdomen, ventral view. D, G, H, left leg I; E, F, left leg IV. D, femur, ventral view; E, tibia, dorsal view; F, claws, retrolateral view; G, tibia–metatarsus junction, prolaterodorsal view; H, tarsus, prolaterodorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371421/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">16B</figureCitation>
); in other mysmenids, two rows occur. The PMS minor ampullate gland spigot is accompanied by a nubbin and a tartipore (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FAE0E007FA195FBC" box="[1315,1409,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
). The following features occur independently in both 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FCE5E0C1FC0D5FFF" box="[806,917,443,464]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FCE5E0C1FC0D5FFF" box="[806,917,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FC0CE0C0FBFA5FFF" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[975,1122,442,464]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
, and were not observed in any other taxa examined in this data set: an anterior distinctly flat spatulate modified seta on PLS (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FCEDE36CFC285C04" box="[814,944,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 11G,H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC7CE36CFC745C03" box="[959,1004,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331653/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">13E</figureCitation>
) and aciniform gland spigots of different shape in both the posterior spinnerets (median and lateral, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC78E329FBDA5C47" box="[955,1090,595,617]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 11F, G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FB91E329FB3B5C47" box="[1106,1187,595,616]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331653/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">13F, G</figureCitation>
; see character 304). Other attributes occurring in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FBBFE308FB735CA8" box="[1148,1259,626,647]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FBBFE308FB735CA8" box="[1148,1259,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although not exclusive of the genus, include: rugose cuticle on piriform field on ALS (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC0BE3D5FBB65CEB" box="[968,1070,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 11E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FBFFE3D5FBF45CEA" box="[1084,1132,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="19.[164,244,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 16. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), abdomen and legs: A, B, G, H, male; C–F, female. A, epiandrous spigots; B, left anterior lateral spinnerets; C, abdomen, ventral view. D, G, H, left leg I; E, F, left leg IV. D, femur, ventral view; E, tibia, dorsal view; F, claws, retrolateral view; G, tibia–metatarsus junction, prolaterodorsal view; H, tarsus, prolaterodorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371421/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">16B</figureCitation>
), and both PLS cylindrical gland spigots equally large and larger than the flagelliform gland spigot (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FBFBE396FB215D2D" box="[1080,1209,748,770]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="14.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@14.[206,1360,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 11. Maymena ambita (Mysmenidae), female: A, abdomen, ventral view; B, same, detail of epigynum; C, same, posterior view; D, digested abdomen, vulva; E, left anterior lateral spinneret; F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS); G, right PLS; H, left PLS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331649/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 11G, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FB07E396FB685D2D" box="[1220,1264,748,770]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331653/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">13F</figureCitation>
). Triad spigots are retained in adult males of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FB48E271FA945D0F" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[1163,1292,779,800]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FB48E271FA945D0F" box="[1163,1292,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">M. mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FADFE271FA185D0E" box="[1308,1408,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[194,1372,193,1756]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13. Maymena mayana (Mysmenidae): A–C, E, F, H–J, female; D, G, male. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, dorsal view; C, left anterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; E–G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; E, detail of modified spatulate seta and aggregate spigots; H, detail of female palpal tibia; I, mouthparts, distal right chelicera; J, same, detail of promarginal teeth. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331653/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 13G</figureCitation>
), but this retention appears autapomorphic for this species rather than a generic condition, given that the triad is vestigial in at least 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FBF3E21DFB195D53" authorityName="Platnick" authorityYear="1993" box="[1072,1153,871,892]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rica">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FBF3E21DFB195D53" box="[1072,1153,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">M. rica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FE93D8FCFCE2FCFC2D5BAA" blockId="184.[806,1422,197,1902]" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">
In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FCA2E2FFFB815DB4" box="[865,1049,901,923]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
the adult male aggregate gland spigots are absent, and those of the females are distinctly absent as well (see below). Other spinneret features of this subfamily include: a fingerprint cuticle on ALS piriform field; PMS minor ampullate gland spigot accompanied by neither nubbin nor tartipore (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FCEDE547FC3B5A7D" box="[814,931,1085,1107]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-129@9.[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A–F, female; G, male. A, right anterior lateral spinneret; B, same, left, detail; C, posterior median spinnerets; D, G, posterior lateral spinnerets; E, abdomen, posterior view; F, detail of minor ampullate spigot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331639/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 6C, F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC6CE547FC435A7C" box="[943,987,1085,1107]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">58F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC24E547FB8F5A7C" box="[999,1047,1085,1107]" captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="78.[144,223,1116,1135]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-352@78.[144,1425,195,1086]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Figure 61. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae), female. A, epigynum, ventral view; B, same, posterior view; C, left anterior lateral spinneret; D, right posterior median spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371480/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">61D</figureCitation>
); and both PLS cylindrical gland spigots slim as other gland spigots (not larger) and subequal to flagelliform gland spigot (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FB30E500FAC35ABF" box="[1267,1371,1146,1168]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 58H</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FCE5E5E3FC275A81" box="[806,959,1177,1198]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FCE5E5E3FC275A81" box="[806,959,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the colulus bears four or more setae (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FCEDE5CDFC0D5AE2" box="[814,917,1207,1229]" captionStart="Figure 56" captionStartId="73.[164,243,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-111@73.[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="Figure 56. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae): A, B, E–G, male; C, D, female. A, left patella III, dorsal view; B, left leg II, claws; C, abdomen, epigynal area, ventral view; D, same, colulus, posterior respiratory spiracle and spinnerets, ventral view; E, epiandrous spigots; F, left tarsus I, dorsal view; G, mouthparts, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371473/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 56D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC62E5CDFC505AE2" box="[929,968,1207,1229]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">59I</figureCitation>
). Although both aggregate gland spigots are absent in males and females, the flagelliform gland spigot in the representatives of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FB5AE58FFAA85B25" box="[1177,1328,1269,1290]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FB5AE58FFAA85B25" box="[1177,1328,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
studied has been retained, and seems to be functional in both sexes (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FCB0E44BFC635B68" box="[883,1019,1329,1351]" captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="75.[164,242,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@75.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 58. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H, female. A–E, left palp; A, prolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, distal view; D, embolus and distal cymbium, ventral view; E, detail of tibial spurs. F, posterior median spinnerets; G, H, posterior lateral spinneret. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371475/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 58G, H</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FBF1E44BFBF05B69" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[1074,1128,1329,1350]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FBF1E44BFBF05B69" box="[1074,1128,1329,1350]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both flagelliform and aggregate gland spigots are distinctly absent in both sexes (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FCEDE415FC315BAA" box="[814,937,1391,1413]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-129@9.[164,1445,195,1480]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; opisthosoma: A–F, female; G, male. A, right anterior lateral spinneret; B, same, left, detail; C, posterior median spinnerets; D, G, posterior lateral spinnerets; E, abdomen, posterior view; F, detail of minor ampullate spigot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331639/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 6D, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FE93D8FCFCE4F7FB815941" blockId="184.[806,1422,197,1902]" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">
Finally, the subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FB99E4F7FB695B8C" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[1114,1265,1421,1443]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
shares with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FCE5E4D6FC0E5BEE" box="[806,918,1452,1473]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FCE5E4D6FC0E5BEE" box="[806,918,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the anterior distinctly flat spatulate modified seta on PLS (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC30E4B0FBE35BCF" box="[1011,1147,1482,1504]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 23B, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FB4BE4B1FB445BCF" box="[1160,1244,1483,1504]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">33G, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FB2AE4B1FA805BCF" box="[1257,1304,1483,1504]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">37B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FAE6E4B0FACB5BCF" box="[1317,1363,1482,1504]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52C</figureCitation>
) and aciniform gland spigots of different shape in both posterior spinnerets (median and lateral, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FB21E772FAD35832" box="[1250,1355,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 23D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FA9BE772FA105832" box="[1368,1416,1544,1565]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">33D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FCE5E75CFCCD5814" box="[806,853,1574,1595]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">37B</figureCitation>
; see character 304). These two features evolved independently in the two clades. Other features occurring in mysmenines include a fingerprint cuticle on ALS piriform field (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FBEBE7F8FB0358B8" box="[1064,1179,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 23C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FB6EE7F8FB7958B7" box="[1197,1249,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52B</figureCitation>
); PMS minor ampullate gland spigot accompanied solely by a tartipore (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FCEDE7C5FC1458FB" box="[814,908,1727,1749]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="23.[164,242,1627,1646]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-82@23.[164,1445,194,1597]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 19. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae). A, B, D–F, male; C, female. A, prosoma, frontal view; B, C, same, lateral view; D, same, ventral view, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, mouthparts, detail of tip of left chelicera; F, posterior median spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371425/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 19F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC5BE7C5FC5F58FB" box="[920,967,1727,1748]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">23D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FC10E7C5FB9A58FA" box="[979,1026,1727,1749]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="50.[144,219,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1346,194,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-0@50.[221,1346,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 33. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); abdomen. A, B, female digested abdomen; C–H, male spinnerets. A, tracheal system and vulva; B, same, detail of vulva; C, spinning field, ventral–posterior view; D, posterior median spinnerets; E, right anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); F, left ALS; G, right posterior lateral spinnerets; H, same, detail. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371435/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">33D</figureCitation>
); both PLS cylindrical gland spigots slim as other gland spigots (not larger) and subequal to flagelliform gland spigot (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FBB4E786FB46593E" box="[1143,1246,1788,1810]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Figs 23B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FB2DE786FAD9593D" box="[1262,1345,1788,1810]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="54.[144,224,1265,1284]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetId="figure-266@54.[144,1425,195,1235]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 37. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; female abdomen; A, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; B, left posterior spinnerets (PS); C, same as A, posterolateral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva; E, right PS. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371439/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">37B, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FA92E786FA19593D" box="[1361,1409,1788,1810]" captionStart="Figure 52" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1574,1593]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-74@69.[164,1445,194,1544]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 52. A, MYSM-034-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female; B–D, MYSM-029-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), female; E, F, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae), female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, right anterior lateral spinneret; C, right posterior lateral spinneret; D, right leg I, claws, retrolateral view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, epigynal area, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371467" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371467/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">52C</figureCitation>
); and vestigial triad in males (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FE93D8FBBDE661FB79591E" box="[1150,1249,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="28.[144,223,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[205,1363,194,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-0@28.[205,1363,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 23. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), spinnerets: A, B, female; C–H, male. A, C, anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS); B, E, left posterior lateral spinnerets; D, posterior median spinnerets; F, ALS, detail of major ampullate field; G, H, ALS, detail of intersegmental lobe. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331663" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331663/files/figure.png" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Fig. 23E</figureCitation>
), independently functional in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FBC3E640FBEC5960" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1024,1140,1850,1871]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FBC3E640FBEC5960" box="[1024,1140,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MYSM-005-ARG and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FE93D8FCE5E623FB8A5941" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[806,1042,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="184" pageNumber="711" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FE93D8FCE5E623FB8A5941" box="[806,1042,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="184" pageNumber="711">Mysmena tasmaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FF93D9FF67E1BCFD3C5EF4" blockId="185.[164,676,198,219]" box="[164,676,198,219]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FF67E1BCFD3C5EF4" box="[164,676,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">
Other morphological features of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FDD6E1BCFD3C5EF4" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[533,676,198,219]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FF93D9FF67E191FEC15F2E" blockId="185.[164,779,235,1206]" box="[164,345,235,257]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Clasping spines</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FF93D9FF67E070FD5F5A99" blockId="185.[164,779,235,1206]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">
The males of all mysmenids except 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FDFAE070FC935F30" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[569,779,266,287]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FDFAE070FC935F30" box="[569,779,266,287]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a prolateral metatarsal clasping spine (macroseta) on leg I (e.g. 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FEEDE03DFE145F72" box="[302,396,327,349]" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="51.[164,241,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-104@51.[164,1445,194,1530]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 34. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); legs. A, B, female right leg I; C–F, male left legs. A, femoral spot, retrolateral view; B, metatarsal trichobothrium, dorsal view; C, metatarsus I, prolateral view; D, tarsus I, prolateral view; E, femur IV, prolateral view; F, claws IV, retrolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331679/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Fig. 34C</figureCitation>
). The phylogenetic hypothesis from the total-evidence analysis agrees with the morphological hypothesis from this study and with previous studies that have suggested this macroseta as a synapomorphy (or diagnostic) for the family (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FD7AE0BBFF425FD9" author="Thaler K" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="283 - 291" refId="ref66608" refString="Thaler K. 1975. Trogloneta granulum Simon, eine weitere Reliktart der Nordostalpen (Arachnida, Aranei, ' Symphytognathidae'). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 82: 283 - 291." type="journal article" year="1975">Thaler, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FF26E09AFE6C5FDA" author="Platnick NI &amp; Shadab M" box="[229,500,480,502]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref65595" refString="Platnick NI, Shadab M. 1978. A review of the spider genus Mysmenopsis (Araneae, Mysmenidae). American Museum Novitates 2661: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1978">Platnick &amp; Shadab, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FE3CE09AFD015FDA" author="Brignoli P" box="[511,665,480,502]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="727 - 738" refId="ref61128" refString="Brignoli P. 1980. On few Mysmenidae from the Oriental and Australian regions (Araneae). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 87: 727 - 738." type="journal article" year="1980">Brignoli, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FD67E09AFF455C3B" author="Griswold CE" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="207 - 217" refId="ref62836" refString="Griswold CE. 1985. Isela okuncana, a new genus and species of kleptoparasitic spider from southern Africa (Araneae: Mysmenidae). Annals of the Natal Museum 27: 207 - 217." type="journal article" year="1985">Griswold, 1985</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FF2AE084FE2C5C3B" author="Wunderlich J" box="[233,436,510,532]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="543 - 551" refId="ref67183" refString="Wunderlich J. 1995. Drei bisher unbekannte Arten und Gattungen der Familie Anapidae (s. l.) aus Sud-Afrika, Brasilien und Malaysia (Arachnida: Araneae). Beitrage zur Araneologie 4: 543 - 551." type="journal article" year="1995">Wunderlich, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FE03E084FD355C3B" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" box="[448,685,510,532]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FDEDE085FDC65C3C" box="[558,606,510,532]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FD7AE084FF475C1C" author="Schutt K" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Although some members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FD81E367FD375C1C" box="[578,687,541,563]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
have a clasping structure on the first legs, these structures are not spines (macrosetae) but spurs (short and stout seta), and can occur in both sexes. The clasping spines of mysmenids are sexually dimorphic, occurring in males, are unique for the family, and might be involved in mating behaviour (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FE33E3AFFD1E5CC4" author="Schutt K" box="[496,646,725,747]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The widespread condition is a medial and straight metatarsal clasping spine (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE8CE268FE2A5D08" box="[335,434,786,808]" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="51.[164,241,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-104@51.[164,1445,194,1530]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 34. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); legs. A, B, female right leg I; C–F, male left legs. A, femoral spot, retrolateral view; B, metatarsal trichobothrium, dorsal view; C, metatarsus I, prolateral view; D, tarsus I, prolateral view; E, femur IV, prolateral view; F, claws IV, retrolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331679/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 34C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE7DE268FE775D08" box="[446,495,786,807]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">42H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE38E268FDB45D07" box="[507,556,786,808]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@62.[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 45. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A–C, male right palp, inverted; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view. D, E, male left palp, expanded; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, same, detail of embolus and pars pendula; F, female posterior spinnerets; G–I, male left leg I, prolateral view; G, femur and patella; H, metatarsus; I, tarsus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371455/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">45H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FDF4E268FDFE5D07" box="[567,614,786,808]" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="82.[144,221,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@82.[144,1425,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="Figure 65. A, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda (Mysmenidae), female syntype, left posterior lateral spinneret. B–H, Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae). B, female left leg I; C–F, male left leg I; G, H, female left leg IV. B, femur, patella and tibia; C, metatarsus, dorsal view; D, tarsus, prolateral view; E, proximal metatarsal cuticular pattern, dorsal view; F, claws, prolateral view; G, tarsus, retrolateral view; H, metatarsus, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371489/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">65C</figureCitation>
), but the spine can be basal (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FEB9E24BFE725D69" box="[378,490,817,838]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FEB9E24BFE725D69" box="[378,490,817,838]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE39E24AFDFB5D69" box="[506,611,816,838]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="19.[164,244,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 16. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), abdomen and legs: A, B, G, H, male; C–F, female. A, epiandrous spigots; B, left anterior lateral spinnerets; C, abdomen, ventral view. D, G, H, left leg I; E, F, left leg IV. D, femur, ventral view; E, tibia, dorsal view; F, claws, retrolateral view; G, tibia–metatarsus junction, prolaterodorsal view; H, tarsus, prolaterodorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371421/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 16G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FDB2E24AFD285D69" box="[625,688,816,838]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">141K</figureCitation>
), apical (few 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FF18E22AFEE85D4A" box="[219,368,848,869]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FF18E22AFEE85D4A" box="[219,368,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and mysmenines species; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD5DE235FC9F5D4A" box="[670,775,847,869]" captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="67.[164,243,1739,1758]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-0@67.[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 50. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, B, prosoma, lateral view; C, left chelicera, retromarginal view. D–H, right leg I, prolateral view; D, tarsus– metatarsus junction, prolateral–dorsal view; E, F, tarsus; G, tibia; H, metatarsus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331687/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 50H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FF67E217FF4B5DAC" box="[164,211,877,899]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">59B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FF27E214FEB95DAC" box="[228,289,878,899]" captionStart="Figure 143" captionStartId="159.[164,243,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-0@159.[202,1406,194,1706]" captionTargetPageId="159" captionText="Figure 143. Composite images of Mysmeninae species. A–C, Mysmena tasmaniae; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae); D, female, lateral view; E, female, ventral view; F, male, lateral view. G–I, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), female; G, lateral view; H, dorsal view; I, ventral view. J–L, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena); J, female, lateral view; K, female, dorsal view; L, male, ventral view. M, Mysmena- MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), female, lateral view. N, Mysmena leichhardti, female, lateral view. O, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena), female prosoma, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371587/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">143C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FEF2E214FEF75DAB" box="[305,367,878,900]" captionStart="Figure 144" captionStartId="160.[144,223,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-93@160.[144,1424,194,1483]" captionTargetPageId="160" captionText="Figure 144. Composite images of Mysmenidae species and outgroups. A, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), male, lateral view. B, Phricotelus stelliger (Araneoidea), female, type, lateral view. C, Iardinis mussardi (Symphytognathidae), male holotype, dorsal view. D–F, Leucauge venusta (Tetragnathidae); D, male, lateral view; E, female, lateral view; F, female, dorsal view. G–J, Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae); G, male, lateral view; H, male, ventral view; I, female, dorsal view; J, female, lateral view. K, Elanapis aisen (Anapidae), male, ventral view; L, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C, K, 0.5 mm; D–J, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371589/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">144A</figureCitation>
), twisted (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FE2CE217FDBD5DAD" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[495,549,877,898]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FE2CE217FDBD5DAD" box="[495,549,877,898]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FDA4E217FC9B5DAD" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[615,771,877,898]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FDA4E217FC9B5DAD" box="[615,771,877,898]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FF67E2F6FF615D8E" box="[164,249,908,930]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), legs: A, B, male; C–F, female; A, left leg I, prolateral view, tibia–metatarsus junction bearing clasping spines; B, detail of metatarsal clasping spine; C, right leg I, femur, ventral surface; D, left leg IV, tarsus, prolateral view; E, right leg I, prolateral view, detail of claws; F, right leg I, prolateral view, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331633" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331633/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FEC6E2F6FEDD5D8E" box="[261,325,908,929]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[164,242,1398,1417]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,196,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-208@11.[164,1445,196,1368]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; male right leg I: A, metatarsus, dorsal view; B, same, detail of clasping spine; C, same prolateral view; D, tibia, ventral view; E, tarsus, dorsal view; F, same prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331643/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">8B, C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE93E2F6FEE65D8D" box="[336,382,908,930]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="31.[164,242,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-138@31.[164,1445,194,1482]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 26. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), left legs: A, C, D, G, male; B, E, F, female. A, tarsus I, prolateral view; B, claws I, retrolateral view; C, leg I, tibia–metatarsal junction, prolateral view; D, metatarsus I, dorsal view; E, leg I, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view; F, tarsus IV, prolateral view; G, tibia IV, prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331669/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">26C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE4AE2F6FE475D8D" box="[393,479,908,930]" captionStart="Figure 140" captionStartId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@156.[189,1380,194,1693]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">140E, F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE29E2F6FDDC5D8D" box="[490,580,908,930]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">141K, L</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD93E2F6FD155D8D" box="[592,653,908,930]" captionStart="Figure 142" captionStartId="158.[144,223,1704,1723]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@158.[194,1372,193,1674]" captionTargetPageId="158" captionText="Figure 142. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmeninae and Trogloneta. A, B, Microdipoena nyungwe; A, male, lateral view; B, female, ventral view. C, Trogloneta granulum, female, ventral view. D, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, female, lateral view, inverted. E, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) mootae, female holotype, dorsal view. F, Mysmena (= Calomyspoena) santacruzi, female paratype, dorsal view. G–I, Mysmena (= Itapua) tembei; G, male holotype, lateral view, inverted; H, male holotype, frontal view; I, female paratype, frontal view. J–L, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, male paratype; J, lateral view; K, dorsal view; L, ventral view. M, N, Mysmeniola spinifera, male holotype; M, lateral view; N, ventral view. O, Brasilionata arborense, male holotype, dorsal view, abdomen detached. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371585/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">142N</figureCitation>
), or strongly curved proximally and accompanied by adjacent strong setae (most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FEBCE2B0FD8E5DF0" box="[383,534,970,991]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FEBCE2B0FD8E5DF0" box="[383,534,970,991]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FDE6E2B3FD155DF0" box="[549,653,969,991]" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="71.[164,241,1622,1641]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-52@71.[164,1445,195,1592]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 54. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A, ocular area, frontal view; B, mouthparts, ventral view. C–G, left leg I; C, tibia and metatarsus, prolateral view; D, metatarsal clasping spine, dorsal view; E, tarsus, dorsal view; F, same, detail of tarsal organ; G, tarsus, prolateral view. H, femur, prolateral–ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371469/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 54D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD59E2B3FD5A5DF0" box="[666,706,969,991]" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="74.[144,224,1789,1808]" captionTargetBox="[162,1404,194,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-0@74.[162,1404,194,1760]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="Figure 57. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), left legs I: A–E, female; F–J, male. A, femur, prolateral view; B, same, retrolateral view; C, same, detail of stridulatory area; D, same, detail from panel C; E, femoral projection, detail from panel A; F, dorsal view; G, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, prolateral view; H, metatarsal clasping spines; I, same, detail of strongest clasping spine; J, tibial clasping spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331693/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">57I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD0CE2B3FD675DF0" box="[719,767,969,991]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">59B</figureCitation>
). Additional apical tibial clasping spines can also be found in some mysmenids, as is the case of one tibial clasping spine occurring in all 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FE23E55CFD355A14" box="[480,685,1061,1083]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FE23E55CFDC85A14" box="[480,592,1062,1083]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Maymena</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(except 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FF67E53EFEBA5A76" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[164,290,1092,1113]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FF67E53EFEBA5A76" box="[164,290,1092,1113]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">M. mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FE42E53EFDAD5A75" box="[385,565,1092,1114]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD87E53EFD045A76" box="[580,668,1092,1114]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), legs: A, B, male; C–F, female; A, left leg I, prolateral view, tibia–metatarsus junction bearing clasping spines; B, detail of metatarsal clasping spine; C, right leg I, femur, ventral surface; D, left leg IV, tarsus, prolateral view; E, right leg I, prolateral view, detail of claws; F, right leg I, prolateral view, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331633" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331633/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD6BE53EFD535A76" box="[680,715,1092,1113]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[164,242,1398,1417]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,196,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-208@11.[164,1445,196,1368]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; male right leg I: A, metatarsus, dorsal view; B, same, detail of clasping spine; C, same prolateral view; D, tibia, ventral view; E, tarsus, dorsal view; F, same prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331643/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">8D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD15E53EFC9E5A75" box="[726,774,1092,1114]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="19.[164,244,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 16. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), abdomen and legs: A, B, G, H, male; C–F, female. A, epiandrous spigots; B, left anterior lateral spinnerets; C, abdomen, ventral view. D, G, H, left leg I; E, F, left leg IV. D, femur, ventral view; E, tibia, dorsal view; F, claws, retrolateral view; G, tibia–metatarsus junction, prolaterodorsal view; H, tarsus, prolaterodorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371421/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">16G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FF67E518FF4C5A57" box="[164,212,1122,1144]" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="71.[164,241,1622,1641]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-52@71.[164,1445,195,1592]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 54. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A, ocular area, frontal view; B, mouthparts, ventral view. C–G, left leg I; C, tibia and metatarsus, prolateral view; D, metatarsal clasping spine, dorsal view; E, tarsus, dorsal view; F, same, detail of tarsal organ; G, tarsus, prolateral view. H, femur, prolateral–ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371469/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">54C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FF22E518FE885A57" box="[225,272,1122,1144]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">59B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FEDEE518FEF25A57" box="[285,362,1122,1144]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="79.[164,244,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,193,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@79.[214,1392,193,1765]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="Figure 62. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–D, female; E–H, male left leg I. A, right palpal tibia, dorsal view; B, right maxilla; C, labrum; D, right chelicera, distal view. E, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, prolateral view; F, same, detail of tibial clasping spine; G, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view; H, tarsal organ. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371482" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371482/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">62E, F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FEB4E518FE6D5A57" box="[375,501,1122,1144]" captionStart="Figure 140" captionStartId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@156.[189,1380,194,1693]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">140E, J, K</figureCitation>
); or two clasping spines in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FF12E5FBFDBD5AB9" authorityName="Platnick &amp; Shadab" authorityYear="1978" box="[209,549,1153,1174]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dipluramigo">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FF12E5FBFDBD5AB9" box="[209,549,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmenopsis dipluramigo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD81E5FBFD275AB8" box="[578,703,1153,1175]" captionStart="Figure 140" captionStartId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@156.[189,1380,194,1693]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Fig. 140H</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FF67E5E5FEA75A9B" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[164,319,1183,1204]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FF67E5E5FEA75A9B" box="[164,319,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE92E5E5FE215A9A" box="[337,441,1183,1205]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="31.[164,242,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-138@31.[164,1445,194,1482]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 26. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), left legs: A, C, D, G, male; B, E, F, female. A, tarsus I, prolateral view; B, claws I, retrolateral view; C, leg I, tibia–metatarsal junction, prolateral view; D, metatarsus I, dorsal view; E, leg I, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view; F, tarsus IV, prolateral view; G, tibia IV, prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331669/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 26C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE04E5DAFE775A9A" box="[455,495,1184,1205]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="32.[144,223,1752,1771]" captionTargetBox="[208,1361,194,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-0@32.[208,1361,194,1722]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 27. Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) samoensis (Mysmenidae), syntypes: A–C, F, H, I, male; D, E, G, female. A, left palp, prolateral–ventral view; B, same, retrolateral–ventral view; C, same, detail of tip of embolus and interaction with primary cymbial conductor, prolateral view; D, digested abdomen, vulva, and part of respiratory system; E, same, detail of vulva; F, G, prosoma, lateral view; H, mouthparts, ventral view, detail of retromargin of chelicerae and labium; I, left tibia I, dorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331671/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">27I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE3EE5E5FDD45A9A" box="[509,588,1183,1205]" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="74.[144,224,1789,1808]" captionTargetBox="[162,1404,194,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-0@74.[162,1404,194,1760]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="Figure 57. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), left legs I: A–E, female; F–J, male. A, femur, prolateral view; B, same, retrolateral view; C, same, detail of stridulatory area; D, same, detail from panel C; E, femoral projection, detail from panel A; F, dorsal view; G, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, prolateral view; H, metatarsal clasping spines; I, same, detail of strongest clasping spine; J, tibial clasping spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331693/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">57F, G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD99E5DAFD225A99" box="[602,698,1184,1206]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">141L, O</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FF93D9FF67E58FFDE35B25" blockId="185.[164,779,1269,1902]" box="[164,635,1269,1291]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Femoral spot or other femoral structures</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FF93D9FF67E469FA3A5CA7" blockId="185.[164,779,1269,1902]" lastBlockId="185.[826,1442,197,1076]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">
The femoral spot has been previously suggested as diagnostic or synapomorphic for the family (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FDBAE448FC9F5B67" author="Thaler K" box="[633,775,1330,1352]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="283 - 291" refId="ref66608" refString="Thaler K. 1975. Trogloneta granulum Simon, eine weitere Reliktart der Nordostalpen (Arachnida, Aranei, ' Symphytognathidae'). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 82: 283 - 291." type="journal article" year="1975">Thaler, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FF67E42AFE2C5B49" author="Platnick NI &amp; Shadab M" box="[164,436,1360,1382]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref65595" refString="Platnick NI, Shadab M. 1978. A review of the spider genus Mysmenopsis (Araneae, Mysmenidae). American Museum Novitates 2661: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1978">Platnick &amp; Shadab, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FE7CE42AFDC05B49" author="Brignoli P" box="[447,600,1360,1382]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="727 - 738" refId="ref61128" refString="Brignoli P. 1980. On few Mysmenidae from the Oriental and Australian regions (Araneae). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 87: 727 - 738." type="journal article" year="1980">Brignoli, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FDA0E42AFC9F5B49" author="Griswold CE" box="[611,775,1360,1382]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="207 - 217" refId="ref62836" refString="Griswold CE. 1985. Isela okuncana, a new genus and species of kleptoparasitic spider from southern Africa (Araneae: Mysmenidae). Annals of the Natal Museum 27: 207 - 217." type="journal article" year="1985">Griswold, 1985</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FF67E415FEF45BAA" author="Wunderlich J" box="[164,364,1391,1413]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="543 - 551" refId="ref67183" refString="Wunderlich J. 1995. Drei bisher unbekannte Arten und Gattungen der Familie Anapidae (s. l.) aus Sud-Afrika, Brasilien und Malaysia (Arachnida: Araneae). Beitrage zur Araneologie 4: 543 - 551." type="journal article" year="1995">Wunderlich, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FEBBE415FDF95BAB" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" box="[376,609,1391,1413]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FE26E40AFD8C5BAB" box="[485,532,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FDADE415FD675BAA" author="Schutt K" box="[622,767,1391,1413]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt, 2003</bibRefCitation>
), as this cuticular structure is unique to mysmenids. The results of our study corroborate this hypothesis. The adult females of all mysmenid species have either a sclerotized spot (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FEA0E493FE515BD1" box="[355,457,1513,1535]" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="51.[164,241,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-104@51.[164,1445,194,1530]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 34. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); legs. A, B, female right leg I; C–F, male left legs. A, femoral spot, retrolateral view; B, metatarsal trichobothrium, dorsal view; C, metatarsus I, prolateral view; D, tarsus I, prolateral view; E, femur IV, prolateral view; F, claws IV, retrolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331679/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 34A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE15E493FD9F5BD1" box="[470,519,1513,1534]" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="56.[144,222,1789,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-0@56.[189,1380,194,1760]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="Figure 39. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; abdomen and left legs: A, C, male; B, D–J, female. A, abdomen, ventral view; B, booklung cover; C, leg I, tarsal organ, retrolateral view; D, femur I, retrolateral view; E, metatarsus I, retrolateral view; F, femur IV, retrolateral view; G, tibia IV, retrolateral view; H, tarsus I, retrolateral view; I, tarsus IV, retrolateral view; J, leg IV, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371443/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">39D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FDD0E493FDCA5BD1" box="[531,594,1513,1534]" captionStart="Figure 140" captionStartId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@156.[189,1380,194,1693]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">140G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD9EE493FD035BD1" box="[605,667,1513,1534]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">141C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD64E493FD7C5BD0" box="[679,740,1513,1535]" captionStart="Figure 143" captionStartId="159.[164,243,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-0@159.[202,1406,194,1706]" captionTargetPageId="159" captionText="Figure 143. Composite images of Mysmeninae species. A–C, Mysmena tasmaniae; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae); D, female, lateral view; E, female, ventral view; F, male, lateral view. G–I, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), female; G, lateral view; H, dorsal view; I, ventral view. J–L, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena); J, female, lateral view; K, female, dorsal view; L, male, ventral view. M, Mysmena- MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), female, lateral view. N, Mysmena leichhardti, female, lateral view. O, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena), female prosoma, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371587/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">143N</figureCitation>
) or a cuticular projection (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FE5FE772FD805832" box="[412,536,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="74.[144,224,1789,1808]" captionTargetBox="[162,1404,194,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-0@74.[162,1404,194,1760]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="Figure 57. Mysmenopsis dipluramigo (Mysmenidae), left legs I: A–E, female; F–J, male. A, femur, prolateral view; B, same, retrolateral view; C, same, detail of stridulatory area; D, same, detail from panel C; E, femoral projection, detail from panel A; F, dorsal view; G, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, prolateral view; H, metatarsal clasping spines; I, same, detail of strongest clasping spine; J, tibial clasping spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331693/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Fig. 57A, E</figureCitation>
) on the apical ventral surface of at least femur I, although a few exceptions occur (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FEF0E73CFE3E5874" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[307,422,1606,1627]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FEF0E73CFE3E5874" box="[307,422,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MYSM-005-ARG and a few 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FF67E71EFE005855" box="[164,408,1636,1658]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FF67E71EFEA35856" box="[164,315,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
). The femoral structure of most female mysmenids occurs in both femora I and II (symplesiomorphic in this data set, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FDFCE7DBFD2D5899" box="[575,693,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 141C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD02E7DBFD675898" box="[705,767,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 142" captionStartId="158.[144,223,1704,1723]" captionTargetBox="[194,1372,193,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-0@158.[194,1372,193,1674]" captionTargetPageId="158" captionText="Figure 142. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmeninae and Trogloneta. A, B, Microdipoena nyungwe; A, male, lateral view; B, female, ventral view. C, Trogloneta granulum, female, ventral view. D, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula, female, lateral view, inverted. E, Mysmena (= Calodipoena) mootae, female holotype, dorsal view. F, Mysmena (= Calomyspoena) santacruzi, female paratype, dorsal view. G–I, Mysmena (= Itapua) tembei; G, male holotype, lateral view, inverted; H, male holotype, frontal view; I, female paratype, frontal view. J–L, Mysmena (= Kekenboschiella) awari, male paratype; J, lateral view; K, dorsal view; L, ventral view. M, N, Mysmeniola spinifera, male holotype; M, lateral view; N, ventral view. O, Brasilionata arborense, male holotype, dorsal view, abdomen detached. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371585/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">142B</figureCitation>
). The occurrence of this feature only on femur I is convergent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FEEBE7A4FE3858DC" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[296,416,1758,1779]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FEEBE7A4FE3858DC" box="[296,416,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FE70E7A5FDD258DB" box="[435,586,1759,1780]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FE70E7A5FDD258DB" box="[435,586,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(when present), and a number of times within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FDCDE787FDE2593D" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[526,634,1789,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FDCDE787FDE2593D" box="[526,634,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FD4FE787FD67593C" box="[652,767,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 140" captionStartId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@156.[189,1380,194,1693]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Fig. 140G</figureCitation>
). The femoral sclerotization (i.e. spot) was first described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FEDDE640FE50597F" author="Marples B" box="[286,456,1850,1872]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="453 - 504" refId="ref64786" refString="Marples B. 1955. Spiders from western Samoa. Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology) 42: 453 - 504." type="journal article" year="1955">Marples (1955)</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FE35E640FDF45960" authorityName="Marples" authorityYear="1955" box="[502,620,1850,1871]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Tamasesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FE35E640FDF45960" box="[502,620,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Tamasesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FD52E641FD64597F" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[657,764,1851,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FD52E641FD64597F" box="[657,764,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Its function remains unknown. The absence of pores in its surface indicates that we should rule out a glandular function. It has been suggested that the spot could be a ‘... functionless remnant of an unknown structure, because it shows a great variability in size and shape among specimens and can be differently pronounced on the two first femora of a single specimen. It is too large to be the socket of a former spine and apart from this there is no space for a large spine so close to the patella...’ (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FB95E0C0FABA5FFF" author="Schutt K" box="[1110,1314,442,464]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt, 2003: 143</bibRefCitation>
). Based on the results of the combined analysis, the spot originates at the node of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FBE8E08DFB275C22" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1067,1215,503,525]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, becomes a femoral projection in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FC0CE36DFBFB5C03" box="[975,1123,535,556]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FC0CE36DFBFB5C03" box="[975,1123,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and is lost distally in some species. Whether the femoral spot actually has a function (e.g. a behavioural function), or is just a remnant of a functional structure, remains an unsolved puzzle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FF93D9FC90E3EAFA3A5A1B" blockId="185.[826,1442,197,1076]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">
All femoral structures are absent in juvenile mysmenids (which argues against the remnant hypothesis), although they can sometimes be perceived in subadult stages. The femoral projection occurs only in females of some species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FBBEE271FA965D0F" box="[1149,1294,779,800]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FBBEE271FA965D0F" box="[1149,1294,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The femoral spot, however, can also occur on males (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FB35E253FACF5D6F" box="[1270,1367,809,832]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="26.[144,223,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[176,1392,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@26.[176,1392,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 21. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae), legs: A, D, F–I, male; B, C, E, female. A, left leg I, detail of femoral spot; B, right leg I, metatarsus–tarsus junction; C, right femur II, dorsal view; D, left patella I, dorsal view; E, right femur II, prolateral view; F, left tibia I, prolateral view; G, right metatarsus III, dorsal view; H, right femur II, ventral view; I, right leg III, metatarsal trichobothrium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331659/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Fig. 21A</figureCitation>
). Male femoral spots evolved ambiguously in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FB36E232FAF55D72" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1269,1389,840,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FB36E232FAF55D72" box="[1269,1389,840,861]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FCF9E21DFC325D53" box="[826,938,871,892]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FCF9E21DFC325D53" box="[826,938,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, independently in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FB44E21DFABA5D53" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1895" box="[1159,1314,871,892]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FB44E21DFABA5D53" box="[1159,1314,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Microdipoena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[excluding its basal species 
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FBC5E2FCFBBC5DB4" box="[1030,1060,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">M.</emphasis>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FB8EE2FFFB4D5DB5" authorityName="Brignoli" authorityYear="1980" box="[1101,1237,901,922]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FB8EE2FFFB4D5DB5" box="[1101,1237,901,922]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FB2BE2FCFAC35DB4" baseAuthorityName="Marples" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[1256,1371,902,923]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samoensis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FB2BE2FCFAC35DB4" box="[1256,1371,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">samoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
], and in two instances within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FB9CE2DEFB545D96" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1894" box="[1119,1228,932,953]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FB9CE2DEFB545D96" box="[1119,1228,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In contrast with females, most mysmenid males have the femoral spot (when present) only on femur I (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FB77E29BFABD5DD8" box="[1204,1317,993,1015]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Fig. 141O</figureCitation>
), although in two cases the spot occurs in both femora I and II (
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FC81E565FB995A1C" baseAuthorityName="Barrows" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[834,1025,1054,1076]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambita">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FC81E565FB995A1C" box="[834,1025,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Maymena ambita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FBFAE565FA805A1B" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1979" box="[1081,1304,1055,1076]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FBFAE565FA805A1B" box="[1081,1304,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmena tasmaniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FAE5E564FA0E5A1B" box="[1318,1430,1054,1076]" captionStart="Figure 140" captionStartId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@156.[189,1380,194,1693]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Fig. 140M</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FF93D9FCF9E521FC485ABF" blockId="185.[826,1442,1115,1903]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Prolateral row of modified setae in the male first leg tarsi</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FF93DAFCF9E5E2FD7B5ED5" blockId="185.[826,1442,1115,1903]" lastBlockId="186.[144,759,198,250]" lastPageId="186" lastPageNumber="713" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">
First observed and described as a ventral row of modified setae by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FC09E5CDFBC15AE2" author="Thaler K" box="[970,1113,1207,1229]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="283 - 291" refId="ref66608" refString="Thaler K. 1975. Trogloneta granulum Simon, eine weitere Reliktart der Nordostalpen (Arachnida, Aranei, ' Symphytognathidae'). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 82: 283 - 291." type="journal article" year="1975">Thaler (1975</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FF93D9FBA7E5CDFB015AE2" author="Thaler K" box="[1124,1177,1207,1229]" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" pagination="429 - 433" refId="ref66641" refString="Thaler K. 1995. Mysmeniola spinifera n. gen. n. sp., eine merkwurdige Kleinspinne aus Venezuela (Arachnida, Araneae: Mysmenidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 68: 429 - 433." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
) for males of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FAEDE5CDFC305AC4" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1922" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulum">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FAEDE5CDFC305AC4" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Trogloneta granulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FC22E5ACFB575AC4" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1995" box="[993,1231,1238,1259]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmeniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifera">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FC22E5ACFB575AC4" box="[993,1231,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmeniola spinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(respectively), this prolateral row of modified setae (see below) is an ambiguously optimized synapomorphy for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FACAE469FA065B06" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1289,1438,1299,1321]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
. As is the case of most morphological features within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FCF9E42AFC5E5B49" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[826,966,1360,1382]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, and even though this row of modified setae occurs in all examined species, the particular details of this feature differ among clades. The modified setae are usually shorter than the surrounding tarsal setae, and can be slimmer and curved or stouter and straight. These modified setae can also be distributed along the entire length of the tarsus or just on the distal half. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FC9DE75CFC6B5813" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[862,1011,1574,1596]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
, the setae are slimmer and the row occupies the distal half of the tarsus (except in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FCF9E719FC5B5857" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1995" box="[826,963,1635,1656]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmeniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FCF9E719FC5B5857" box="[826,963,1635,1656]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmeniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see below; 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FB95E719FB255856" box="[1110,1213,1635,1657]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="31.[164,242,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-138@31.[164,1445,194,1482]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 26. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), left legs: A, C, D, G, male; B, E, F, female. A, tarsus I, prolateral view; B, claws I, retrolateral view; C, leg I, tibia–metatarsal junction, prolateral view; D, metatarsus I, dorsal view; E, leg I, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view; F, tarsus IV, prolateral view; G, tibia IV, prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331669/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 26A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FB0FE71EFB655856" box="[1228,1277,1636,1657]" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="51.[164,241,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-104@51.[164,1445,194,1530]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 34. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae); legs. A, B, female right leg I; C–F, male left legs. A, femoral spot, retrolateral view; B, metatarsal trichobothrium, dorsal view; C, metatarsus I, prolateral view; D, tarsus I, prolateral view; E, femur IV, prolateral view; F, claws IV, retrolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331679" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331679/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">34D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FACFE719FAAC5856" box="[1292,1332,1635,1657]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="62.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@62.[157,1412,193,1757]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="Figure 45. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A–C, male right palp, inverted; A, dorsal view; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view. D, E, male left palp, expanded; D, prolateral–ventral view; E, same, detail of embolus and pars pendula; F, female posterior spinnerets; G–I, male left leg I, prolateral view; G, femur and patella; H, metatarsus; I, tarsus. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371455" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371455/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">45I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FA81E719FAEA5856" box="[1346,1394,1635,1657]" captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="67.[164,243,1739,1758]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-0@67.[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 50. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, B, prosoma, lateral view; C, left chelicera, retromarginal view. D–H, right leg I, prolateral view; D, tarsus– metatarsus junction, prolateral–dorsal view; E, F, tarsus; G, tibia; H, metatarsus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331687/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">50F</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FCF9E7F9FC4658B7" authorityName="Platnick" authorityYear="1993" box="[826,990,1667,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rica">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FCF9E7F9FC4658B7" box="[826,990,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Maymena rica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FBF9E7F8FAA858B8" authorityName="Thaler" authorityYear="1995" box="[1082,1328,1666,1687]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmeniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifera">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FBF9E7F8FAA858B8" box="[1082,1328,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmeniola spinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the setae are also slimmer but the row is distributed all along the segment (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FC10E7C5FBAE58FA" box="[979,1078,1727,1749]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="19.[164,244,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[241,1368,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 16. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), abdomen and legs: A, B, G, H, male; C–F, female. A, epiandrous spigots; B, left anterior lateral spinnerets; C, abdomen, ventral view. D, G, H, left leg I; E, F, left leg IV. D, femur, ventral view; E, tibia, dorsal view; F, claws, retrolateral view; G, tibia–metatarsus junction, prolaterodorsal view; H, tarsus, prolaterodorsal view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371421/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Fig. 16H</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FB8AE7C5FB2658FB" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1097,1214,1727,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FB8AE7C5FB2658FB" box="[1097,1214,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FB34E7C5FAB458FB" authorityName="Griswold" authorityYear="1985" box="[1271,1324,1727,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Isela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FB34E7C5FAB458FB" box="[1271,1324,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Isela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both have stout setae distributed along the tarsus (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FAC8E7A4FAF858DC" box="[1291,1376,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[164,242,1398,1417]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,196,1368]" captionTargetId="figure-208@11.[164,1445,196,1368]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; male right leg I: A, metatarsus, dorsal view; B, same, detail of clasping spine; C, same prolateral view; D, tibia, ventral view; E, tarsus, dorsal view; F, same prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331643/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 8F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FAAFE7A4FA0558DB" box="[1388,1437,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 65" captionStartId="82.[144,221,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@82.[144,1425,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="Figure 65. A, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda (Mysmenidae), female syntype, left posterior lateral spinneret. B–H, Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae). B, female left leg I; C–F, male left leg I; G, H, female left leg IV. B, femur, patella and tibia; C, metatarsus, dorsal view; D, tarsus, prolateral view; E, proximal metatarsal cuticular pattern, dorsal view; F, claws, prolateral view; G, tarsus, retrolateral view; H, metatarsus, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371489/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">65D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FCF9E787FCF3593C" box="[826,875,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="85.[164,243,1012,1031]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,196,981]" captionTargetId="figure-391@85.[164,1445,196,983]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="Figure 68. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, left tarsus I, prolateral view; B, left metatarsus I, prolateral view; C, abdomen, detail of colulus, posterior spiracle and spinnerets, ventral view; D, left tibia III, prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371495/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">68A</figureCitation>
). And lastly, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FBC4E784FB06593C" box="[1031,1182,1790,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FF93D9FBC4E784FB06593C" box="[1031,1182,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Mysmenopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have stout setae but, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FF93D9FC68E666FBA3591D" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[939,1083,1820,1842]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="185" pageNumber="712" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
, the row occupies the distal half of the tarsus (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FC21E640FBD4597F" box="[994,1100,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="71.[164,241,1622,1641]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-52@71.[164,1445,195,1592]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 54. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A, ocular area, frontal view; B, mouthparts, ventral view. C–G, left leg I; C, tibia and metatarsus, prolateral view; D, metatarsal clasping spine, dorsal view; E, tarsus, dorsal view; F, same, detail of tarsal organ; G, tarsus, prolateral view. H, femur, prolateral–ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371469/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">Figs 54G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FF93D9FB99E640FB14597F" box="[1114,1164,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="185" pageNumber="712">59D</figureCitation>
). Although the function of this row of modified setae remains unknown, the fact that these setae are found only in the males suggests that it may be involved in mating behaviour.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FC93DAFF53E056FD1F5F6D" blockId="186.[144,759,300,628]" box="[144,647,300,322]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Other morphological features of Mysmenids</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FC93DAFF53E031FE425C5B" blockId="186.[144,759,300,628]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFF53E031FDDD5F4F" box="[144,581,330,352]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Size of the tarsal organ opening on leg I:</emphasis>
A large opening of the tarsal organ (i.e. subequal or larger than setal sockets) evolved independently in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFDEEE0F2FD585FB1" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[557,704,392,414]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFF53E0DCFF635F93" box="[144,251,422,444]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
(see 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFEF6E0DCFE035F93" box="[309,411,422,444]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="31.[164,242,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-138@31.[164,1445,194,1482]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 26. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), left legs: A, C, D, G, male; B, E, F, female. A, tarsus I, prolateral view; B, claws I, retrolateral view; C, leg I, tibia–metatarsal junction, prolateral view; D, metatarsus I, dorsal view; E, leg I, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view; F, tarsus IV, prolateral view; G, tibia IV, prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331669/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 26E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE64E0DCFE4E5F94" box="[423,470,422,443]" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="56.[144,222,1789,1808]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-0@56.[189,1380,194,1760]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="Figure 39. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; abdomen and left legs: A, C, male; B, D–J, female. A, abdomen, ventral view; B, booklung cover; C, leg I, tarsal organ, retrolateral view; D, femur I, retrolateral view; E, metatarsus I, retrolateral view; F, femur IV, retrolateral view; G, tibia IV, retrolateral view; H, tarsus I, retrolateral view; I, tarsus IV, retrolateral view; J, leg IV, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371443/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">39C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE21E0DCFD955F94" box="[482,525,422,443]" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="65.[164,243,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-103@65.[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Figure 48. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male: A, epiandrous spigots; B, cheliceral teeth and fang; C, D, right tibia I, detail of ventral paired setae with protruded bases, prolateral view; E, right tibia I, ventral view; F, right tarsus I, detail of tarsal organ, retrolateral view; G, right leg IV, claws." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371459/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">48F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFDDAE0DCFDD15F93" box="[537,585,422,444]" captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="67.[164,243,1739,1758]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-0@67.[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 50. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, B, prosoma, lateral view; C, left chelicera, retromarginal view. D–H, right leg I, prolateral view; D, tarsus– metatarsus junction, prolateral–dorsal view; E, F, tarsus; G, tibia; H, metatarsus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331687/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">50D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFD96E0DCFD1C5F94" box="[597,644,422,443]" captionStart="Figure 73" captionStartId="90.[144,223,1191,1210]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,196,1161]" captionTargetId="figure-272@90.[144,1424,196,1161]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="Figure 73. Anapisona kethleyi (Anapidae), left legs: A, male; B–F, female. A, tibia I, ventral view; B, leg I, tarsal organ, dorsal view; C, same, claws, prolateral view; D, leg IV, metatarsus–tarsus junction; E, tibia IV, retrolateral view; F, same, prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331711" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331711/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">73B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFD53E0DCFD275F94" box="[656,703,422,443]" captionStart="Figure 83" captionStartId="100.[144,223,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-105@100.[144,1425,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="Figure 83. Comaroma simoni (Anapidae), male left legs: A, tibia I, retrolateral; B, metatarsus I, retrolateral; C, metatarsus, tarsus IV, prolateral; D, patella, tibia I, prolaterodorsal; E, leg I, tarsal organ; F, leg IV, claws, prolateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371508/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">83E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFD08E0DCFD6B5F93" box="[715,755,422,444]" captionStart="Figure 95" captionStartId="112.[144,222,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[209,1358,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@112.[209,1358,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="112" captionText="Figure 95. Taphiassa punctata (Anapidae), male. A–D, left palp; A, ventral–retrolateral view; B, dorsal view; C, prolateral view; D, detail of palpal patella and tibia. E, right leg IV, claws, retrolateral view. F–I, right leg I; F, claws, distal view; G, same, prolateral view; H, metatarsus, dorsal view; I, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371521/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">95I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFF53E0BFFF545FF5" box="[144,204,453,474]" captionStart="Figure 101" captionStartId="118.[144,223,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[182,1386,193,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-0@118.[182,1386,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="Figure 101. Tasmanapis strahan (Anapidae): A, B, D, female; C, E–H, male. A, sternum, detail of sternal edge. B–H, left legs; B, leg IV, tarsal organ; C, patella–tibia IV, retrolateral view; D, patella–tibia I, prolateral view; leg I, tarsal organ; F, metatarsus I, prolateral view; G, leg IV, claws, retrolateral view; H, clasping spurs, detail from panel F." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371529/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">101E</figureCitation>
, respectively). An opening distinctly smaller than setal sockets is the plesiomorphic condition in symphytognathoids. Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFE1EE378FDEA5C37" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[477,626,514,536]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, the tarsal organ opening becomes secondarily small in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFF53E345FECD5C7A" box="[144,341,575,597]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
, with a reversal in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFD94E33AFF745C5C" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Mysmenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpalis">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFD94E33AFF745C5C" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Mysmenopsis palpalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFF3EE324FECB5C5C" box="[253,339,606,628]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-98@6.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae), legs: A, B, male; C–F, female; A, left leg I, prolateral view, tibia–metatarsus junction bearing clasping spines; B, detail of metatarsal clasping spine; C, right leg I, femur, ventral surface; D, left leg IV, tarsus, prolateral view; E, right leg I, prolateral view, detail of claws; F, right leg I, prolateral view, detail of tarsal organ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331633" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331633/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 3F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFEA2E324FE155C5B" box="[353,397,606,628]" captionStart="Figure 54" captionStartId="71.[164,241,1622,1641]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1592]" captionTargetId="figure-52@71.[164,1445,195,1592]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 54. Mysmenopsis cidrelicola (Mysmenidae), male paralectotype. A, ocular area, frontal view; B, mouthparts, ventral view. C–G, left leg I; C, tibia and metatarsus, prolateral view; D, metatarsal clasping spine, dorsal view; E, tarsus, dorsal view; F, same, detail of tarsal organ; G, tarsus, prolateral view. H, femur, prolateral–ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371469/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">54F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE58E324FE575C5B" box="[411,463,606,628]" captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="79.[164,244,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,193,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-0@79.[214,1392,193,1765]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="Figure 62. Mysmenopsis penai (Mysmenidae): A–D, female; E–H, male left leg I. A, right palpal tibia, dorsal view; B, right maxilla; C, labrum; D, right chelicera, distal view. E, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, prolateral view; F, same, detail of tibial clasping spine; G, metatarsus–tarsus junction, dorsal view; H, tarsal organ. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371482" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371482/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">62H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FC93DAFF53E3DFFD125B11" blockId="186.[144,759,677,1342]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFF53E3DFFE9E5CF6" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Distinctly thick distal promarginal curved seta on chelicerae:</emphasis>
Most taxa in this data set have a particularly distinct curved seta located distally at the promarginal edge of chelicerae, near the fang base. This seta differs from surrounding promarginal setae by its thickness and/or serration. Although a distinctly curved seta can also occur on the cheliceral retromargin of some araneomorph spiders (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFDC0E201FD6A5DBE" author="Griswold CE &amp; Ramirez MJ &amp; Coddington J &amp; Platnick NI" box="[515,754,891,913]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="1 - 324" refId="ref62955" refString="Griswold CE, Ramirez MJ, Coddington J, Platnick NI. 2005. Atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae), with comments on their phylogeny. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4 th Series (56, Suppl. II): 1 - 324." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFDB1E206FD3A5DBF" box="[626,674,891,913]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</bibRefCitation>
, character 34), retromarginal setae of the taxon sample examined in this study do not differ from surrounding setae (e.g. 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFEF1E2ADFE185DC2" box="[306,384,983,1005]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="10.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,194,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-0@10.[157,1412,194,1754]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 7. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; prosoma: A, C, E–J, female; B, D, male. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; D, same, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, mouthparts, anteroventral view; F, same, detail of cheliceral fangs and promarginal teeth; G, same, detail of cheliceral denticles; H, detail of promarginal teeth; I, cheliceral fang and surrounding setae; J, cheliceral retromargin. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331641/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Fig. 7J</figureCitation>
). Within symphytognathoids, the distinctly curved promarginal seta is lost in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFDAEE28CFD6F5A23" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[621,759,1014,1036]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Synaphridae</taxonomicName>
and most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFEC3E56EFE795A05" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[256,481,1044,1066]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE33E56EFDFB5A06" box="[496,611,1044,1066]" captionStart="Figure 108" captionStartId="125.[164,242,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,195,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-0@125.[202,1406,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="Figure 108. Cepheia longiseta (Synaphridae), paralectotypes, prosoma: A–E, female; F–H, male. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, mouthparts and palp, lateral view; D, same, lateral–ventral view; E, same, ventral–frontal view; F, detail of maxilla and labium; G, prosoma, lateral view; H, same, detail of mouthparts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371541/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 108E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFDACE56EFD325A06" box="[623,682,1044,1065]" captionStart="Figure 118" captionStartId="135.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-104@135.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="135" captionText="Figure 118. SYMP-006-AUST (Symphytognathidae), from Queensland, Australia, prosoma: A, C, female; B, D–F, male. A, B, lateral view; C, mouthparts, ventral view; D, same, lateral view, detail from panel B; E, detail of cheliceral fangs and teeth; F, sternum and labium, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331783/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">118E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFD75E56EFD6A5A06" box="[694,754,1044,1065]" captionStart="Figure 122" captionStartId="139.[164,243,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[241,1367,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@139.[241,1367,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="139" captionText="Figure 122. Symphytognatha picta (Symphytognathidae), from Western Australia, Australia, male: A, cheliceral fangs and teeth, frontal view; B, same, lateral view; C, left palp, retrolateral–ventral view; D, same, retrolateral view; E, posterior median spinnerets; F, right posterior lateral spinneret; G, left leg I, claws, prolateral view; H, left leg IV, claws, retrolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371561" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371561/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">122A</figureCitation>
; the optimization of this character under parsimony is ambiguous). All examined mysmenid representatives have a uniquely thicker distal promarginal curved seta (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFF54E5F5FF665A8B" box="[151,254,1167,1189]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="23.[164,242,1627,1646]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-82@23.[164,1445,194,1597]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 19. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae). A, B, D–F, male; C, female. A, prosoma, frontal view; B, C, same, lateral view; D, same, ventral view, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, mouthparts, detail of tip of left chelicera; F, posterior median spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371425/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 19E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFECFE5F4FEA45A8B" box="[268,316,1166,1188]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="30.[144,224,1563,1582]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure-125@30.[144,1425,196,1533]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 25. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), prosoma: A, male; B–F, female. A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, cheliceral bases, frontal view; E, distal chelicerae; F, labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331667/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">25E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE8BE5F5FEE35A8B" box="[328,379,1167,1188]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="55.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@55.[228,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Figure 38. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; prosoma: A, B, male; C–H, female; A–C, lateral view; D, carapace, frontal view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, mouthparts, ventral view; G, right palp, detail of palpal tip; H, distal promargin of right chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371441/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">38H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE44E5F5FE2F5A8A" box="[391,439,1167,1189]" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="65.[164,243,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-103@65.[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Figure 48. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male: A, epiandrous spigots; B, cheliceral teeth and fang; C, D, right tibia I, detail of ventral paired setae with protruded bases, prolateral view; E, right tibia I, ventral view; F, right tarsus I, detail of tarsal organ, retrolateral view; G, right leg IV, claws." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371459/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">48B</figureCitation>
), except 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFDDFE5F5FD145A8B" box="[540,652,1167,1188]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFDDFE5F5FD145A8B" box="[540,652,1167,1188]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In some mysmenids this seta is equally serrated as surrounding seta, which is the plesiomorphic condition for the family; however, the thicker seta is strongly serrated on one side independently in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFE2DE473FD185B30" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[494,640,1289,1311]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmeninae">Mysmeninae</taxonomicName>
and most 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFF53E452FED05B11" box="[144,328,1320,1342]" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="781" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mysmenopsinae">Mysmenopsinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE9AE452FE585B12" box="[345,448,1320,1342]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="23.[164,242,1627,1646]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-82@23.[164,1445,194,1597]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 19. Microdipoena guttata (Mysmenidae). A, B, D–F, male; C, female. A, prosoma, frontal view; B, C, same, lateral view; D, same, ventral view, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, mouthparts, detail of tip of left chelicera; F, posterior median spinnerets. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371425/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 19E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE0CE452FD995B12" box="[463,513,1320,1341]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="55.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@55.[228,1381,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Figure 38. Mysmena-MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar; prosoma: A, B, male; C–H, female; A–C, lateral view; D, carapace, frontal view; E, chelicerae and palps, frontal view; F, mouthparts, ventral view; G, right palp, detail of palpal tip; H, distal promargin of right chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371441/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">38H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFDCCE452FDA75B12" box="[527,575,1320,1341]" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="59.[164,243,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetId="figure-0@59.[196,1412,194,1762]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Figure 42. Mysmena leichhardti (Mysmenidae) from Queensland, Australia: A, B, E, G, H, male; C, D, F, female. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, same, lateral–frontal view; C, epigynal area and scapus, ventral view; D, digested abdomen, detail of vulva, tracheae removed; E, mouthparts, distal view; right femur I, prolateral–dorsal view; G, left femur I, ventral view; H, left metatarsus I, prolateral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371449/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">42E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFD8EE452FDE55B11" box="[589,637,1320,1342]" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="65.[164,243,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-103@65.[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Figure 48. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male: A, epiandrous spigots; B, cheliceral teeth and fang; C, D, right tibia I, detail of ventral paired setae with protruded bases, prolateral view; E, right tibia I, ventral view; F, right tarsus I, detail of tarsal organ, retrolateral view; G, right leg IV, claws." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371459/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">48B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FC93DAFF53E415FE375940" blockId="186.[144,759,1391,1903]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFF53E415FDC55BAA" box="[144,605,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Intermediate sternum posterior margin:</emphasis>
Pointed and truncate sternal margins are quite distinct in the taxa represented here, although the systematic value of this character has been questioned because of imprecision in shape definition, reliability of observation, homoplasy, and possible influence of overall body proportions on sternum shape (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFE7DE75DFD135813" author="Coddington J" box="[446,651,1574,1597]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref61406" refString="Coddington J. 1986 a. The genera of the spider family Theridiosomatidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 422: 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1986">Coddington, 1986a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFD55E75DFE8C5875" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFF53E73CFF585875" box="[144,192,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFEE7E73FFE265874" author="Schutt K" box="[292,446,1605,1627]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). A truncate sternum is a synapomorphy of symphytognathoids, occurring in all families except 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFEFEE7F8FE5658B7" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[317,462,1666,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFE3AE7F8FD1158B7" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[505,649,1666,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, an intermediate condition between pointed and truncate posterior sternal margin is consistently found (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFD58E7BAFD6A58FA" box="[667,754,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[229,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[229,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Isela okuncana (Mysmenidae): A, D–F, female; B, C, G, H, male. A, B, carapace, lateral view; C, carapace, ventral view; D, same, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, detail of female palpal tibia; F, detail of mouthparts; G, abdomen, ventral view; H, same detail of pedicel area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331631" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331631/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 2C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFF53E7A4FF2A58DC" box="[144,178,1758,1779]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="10.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,194,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-0@10.[157,1412,194,1754]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 7. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; prosoma: A, C, E–J, female; B, D, male. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; D, same, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, mouthparts, anteroventral view; F, same, detail of cheliceral fangs and promarginal teeth; G, same, detail of cheliceral denticles; H, detail of promarginal teeth; I, cheliceral fang and surrounding setae; J, cheliceral retromargin. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331641/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">7C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFF7CE7A4FF7658DB" box="[191,238,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="30.[144,224,1563,1582]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure-125@30.[144,1425,196,1533]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 25. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), prosoma: A, male; B–F, female. A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, cheliceral bases, frontal view; E, distal chelicerae; F, labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331667/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">25B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFF3FE7A4FEB358DB" box="[252,299,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="52.[144,223,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,194,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-102@52.[144,1425,194,1530]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 35. Mysmena (= Calodipoena) incredula (Mysmenidae): A, E, F, male; B–D, female; A, B, ocular area, frontal view; C, prosoma, ventral view; D, same, detail of anterior sternum and labium; E, abdomen, pedicel area and epigastric furrow; F, epiandrous spigots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371437/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">35C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFEFAE7A4FEF158DB" box="[313,361,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="63.[164,243,1515,1534]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-107@63.[164,1444,195,1486]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Figure 46. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A, C, D, F, G, female; B, E, male. A, prosoma, ventral view; B, same, frontal view; C, labrum, lateral view; D, ocular area, frontal view; E, same, lateral view; F, cheliceral bases, frontal view; G, right leg I, tarsal organ and tarsus–metatarsus junction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371457/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">46A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFEB5E7A4FE3058DB" box="[374,424,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">59G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE76E7A4FE6A58DC" box="[437,498,1758,1779]" captionStart="Figure 140" captionStartId="156.[144,223,1723,1742]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,194,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-0@156.[189,1380,194,1693]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="Figure 140. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Mysmenopsinae and Maymena. A–C, Isela okuncana; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp.), from Kwale, Kenya; D, female, lateral view; E, male, lateral view; F, male, ventral view. G, H, Mysmenopsis dipluramigo; G, female, lateral view; H, male, lateral view. I, Mysmenopsis palpalis, female, ventral view. J, K, Mysmenopsis cidrelicola, male paralectotype; J, lateral view; K, ventral view. L, Mysmenopsis penai, female, dorsal view. M–O, Maymena ambita; M, male, lateral view; N, female, lateral view; O, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–I, L–O, 0.5 mm; J, K, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371583/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">140B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE3CE7A4FDCD58DB" box="[511,597,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 143" captionStartId="159.[164,243,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-0@159.[202,1406,194,1706]" captionTargetPageId="159" captionText="Figure 143. Composite images of Mysmeninae species. A–C, Mysmena tasmaniae; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae); D, female, lateral view; E, female, ventral view; F, male, lateral view. G–I, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), female; G, lateral view; H, dorsal view; I, ventral view. J–L, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena); J, female, lateral view; K, female, dorsal view; L, male, ventral view. M, Mysmena- MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), female, lateral view. N, Mysmena leichhardti, female, lateral view. O, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena), female prosoma, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371587/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">143B, I</figureCitation>
); however, an ambiguously optimized reversal to pointed posterior sternum occurs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFEA9E666FE42591E" box="[362,474,1820,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFEA9E666FE42591E" box="[362,474,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Maymena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFE2FE661FDC2591E" box="[492,602,1819,1841]" captionStart="Figure 141" captionStartId="157.[164,242,1707,1726]" captionTargetBox="[214,1392,194,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-0@157.[214,1392,194,1677]" captionTargetPageId="157" captionText="Figure 141. Composite images of Mysmenidae species: Maymena and Mysmeninae. A, B, Maymena rica, female allotype; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C–F, Maymena mayana; C, female, frontal view; D, male, lateral view; E, male, dorsal view; F, male, ventral view. G–I, Maymena species, female, abdomen ventral; G, Maymena ambita; H, Maymena mayana; I, Maymena rica, female allotype. J–L, Microdipoena (= Anjouanella) comorensis; J, female paratype, lateral view; K, male holotype, lateral view; L, male holotype, ventral view. M, N, Microdipoena elsae; M, male holotype, lateral view; N, female allotype, lateral view. O, Microdipoena (= Mysmenella) illectrix, male, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, G, I–O, 0.5 mm; C–F, H, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331819/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Fig. 141F</figureCitation>
), and two independent instances of truncate sternum occur within mysmenines (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFEF3E622FE3A5940" box="[304,418,1880,1903]" captionStart="Figure 143" captionStartId="159.[164,243,1736,1755]" captionTargetBox="[202,1406,194,1706]" captionTargetId="figure-0@159.[202,1406,194,1706]" captionTargetPageId="159" captionText="Figure 143. Composite images of Mysmeninae species. A–C, Mysmena tasmaniae; A, female, lateral view; B, female, ventral view; C, male, ventral view. D–F, MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae); D, female, lateral view; E, female, ventral view; F, male, lateral view. G–I, MYSM-005-ARG (Mysmena), female; G, lateral view; H, dorsal view; I, ventral view. J–L, MYSM-007-MEX (Mysmena); J, female, lateral view; K, female, dorsal view; L, male, ventral view. M, Mysmena- MYSM-015-MAD (Mysmena), female, lateral view. N, Mysmena leichhardti, female, lateral view. O, MYSM-028-MAD (Mysmena), female prosoma, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371587" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371587/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Fig. 143O</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FC93DAFCE5E1BCFBE75C04" blockId="186.[806,1422,198,556]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFCE5E1BCFA165EF4" box="[806,1422,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Sparse imbricate cuticular pattern on carapace border:</emphasis>
Almost all mysmenids here examined have a typical cuticle pattern on the carapace lateral edges that was not observed in other taxa. It consists of slender (i.e. not prominent) ridges running mostly parallel with each other and with the edge of the carapace, delimiting elongated scales (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFB50E007FA985FBC" box="[1171,1280,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="67.[164,243,1739,1758]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-0@67.[164,1445,195,1709]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 50. MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Antananarivo, Madagascar: A, D, E, female; B, C, F–H, male. A, B, prosoma, lateral view; C, left chelicera, retromarginal view. D–H, right leg I, prolateral view; D, tarsus– metatarsus junction, prolateral–dorsal view; E, F, tarsus; G, tibia; H, metatarsus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331687/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Fig. 50A</figureCitation>
). A smooth cuticle is widespread in both outgroup taxa and symphytognathoids (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFBD9E0C0FB2B5FFF" box="[1050,1203,442,464]" captionStart="Figure 118" captionStartId="135.[164,243,1560,1579]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-104@135.[164,1445,195,1530]" captionTargetPageId="135" captionText="Figure 118. SYMP-006-AUST (Symphytognathidae), from Queensland, Australia, prosoma: A, C, female; B, D–F, male. A, B, lateral view; C, mouthparts, ventral view; D, same, lateral view, detail from panel B; E, detail of cheliceral fangs and teeth; F, sternum and labium, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331783/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 118A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFB00E0C0FABD5FFF" box="[1219,1317,442,464]" captionStart="Figure 121" captionStartId="138.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[221,1347,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@138.[221,1347,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="138" captionText="Figure 121. Symphytognatha picta (Symphytognathidae), from Western Australia, Australia, male prosoma: A, frontal view; B, lateral–frontal view; C, ventral view; D, chelicerae, ventral view, detail from panel A; E, detail anterior prosoma, lateral view; F, carapace lateral depression, detail from panel B; G, labium–sternum junction, detail from panel C; H, maxillae, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371559/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">121B, E</figureCitation>
). Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFCE5E0A3FC225FC0" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[806,954,473,495]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, a smooth cuticle is secondarily and independently present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFB8AE082FABB5C22" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin &amp; Ivie" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[1097,1315,504,525]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Maymena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayana">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFB8AE082FABB5C22" box="[1097,1315,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Maymena mayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the mysmenine MYSM-019-MAD.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FC93DAFCE5E32FFB4B5A19" blockId="186.[806,1421,597,1078]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFCE5E32FFB385C45" box="[806,1184,597,619]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Cheliceral fang furrow denticles:</emphasis>
Minute denticles in the cheliceral fang furrow (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFBA4E30EFB5B5CA6" box="[1127,1219,628,650]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="10.[144,223,1784,1803]" captionTargetBox="[157,1412,194,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-0@10.[157,1412,194,1754]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 7. Kilifina-MYSM-002-KENYA (Isela sp., Mysmenidae) from Kwale, Kenya; prosoma: A, C, E–J, female; B, D, male. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; D, same, detail of labium–sternum junction; E, mouthparts, anteroventral view; F, same, detail of cheliceral fangs and promarginal teeth; G, same, detail of cheliceral denticles; H, detail of promarginal teeth; I, cheliceral fang and surrounding setae; J, cheliceral retromargin. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331641/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 7G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFB12E30EFA9B5CA5" box="[1233,1283,628,650]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="18.[144,223,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-0@18.[189,1380,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 15. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), prosoma: A, C, F, G, female; B, D, E, H, I, male. A, B, lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, carapace, frontal view; E, prosoma, posterior view; F, ocular area, detail from panel C; G–I, mouthparts, detail of cheliceral fang and teeth; G, distal promargin of left chelicera; H, distal promargin of right chelicera; I, distal right chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371419/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">15H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFAD2E30EFAA75CA5" box="[1297,1343,628,650]" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="65.[164,243,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-103@65.[164,1445,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Figure 48. MYSM-020-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toamasina, Madagascar, male: A, epiandrous spigots; B, cheliceral teeth and fang; C, D, right tibia I, detail of ventral paired setae with protruded bases, prolateral view; E, right tibia I, ventral view; F, right tarsus I, detail of tarsal organ, retrolateral view; G, right leg IV, claws." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371459/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">48B</figureCitation>
) occur in almost all mysmenids studied (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFB2FE3E9FA105C86" author="Forster R" box="[1260,1416,659,681]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="269 - 329" refId="ref62239" refString="Forster R. 1959. The spiders of the family Symphytognathidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86: 269 - 329." type="journal article" year="1959">Forster, 1959</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFCE5E3CBFC545CE9" author="Brignoli P" box="[806,972,689,711]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="195 - 238" refId="ref61068" refString="Brignoli P. 1974. Notes on spiders, mainly cave-dwelling, of southern Mexico and Guatemala (Araneae). Quaderni dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 171: 195 - 238." type="journal article" year="1974">Brignoli, 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFC19E3CBFBF65CE8" author="Thaler K" box="[986,1134,689,711]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="283 - 291" refId="ref66608" refString="Thaler K. 1975. Trogloneta granulum Simon, eine weitere Reliktart der Nordostalpen (Arachnida, Aranei, ' Symphytognathidae'). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 82: 283 - 291." type="journal article" year="1975">Thaler, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFB31E3CBFCC85CCA" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Microdipoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jobi">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFB31E3CBFCC85CCA" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Microdipoena jobi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFCA2E3AAFB105CCA" author="Platnick NI &amp; Shadab M" box="[865,1160,720,742]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref65595" refString="Platnick NI, Shadab M. 1978. A review of the spider genus Mysmenopsis (Araneae, Mysmenidae). American Museum Novitates 2661: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1978">Platnick &amp; Shadab, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFB54E3AAFA105CCA" author="Griswold CE &amp; Coddington J &amp; Hormiga G &amp; Scharff N" box="[1175,1416,720,742]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref62913" refString="Griswold CE, Coddington J, Hormiga G, Scharff N. 1998. Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1998">
Griswold 
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFAC4E3ABFAAF5CCA" box="[1287,1335,720,742]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFCE5E394FC285D2A" author="Schutt K" box="[806,944,750,773]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt, 2003</bibRefCitation>
), and have been proposed as synapomorphic for the family (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFC1DE277FA945D0C" author="Platnick NI &amp; Shadab M" box="[990,1292,781,803]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref65595" refString="Platnick NI, Shadab M. 1978. A review of the spider genus Mysmenopsis (Araneae, Mysmenidae). American Museum Novitates 2661: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1978">Platnick &amp; Shadab, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Although not unique for symphytognathoids (cheliceral denticles have been reported at least in nesticids, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFB37E230FA115D4F" author="Wiehle H" box="[1268,1417,842,864]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="431 - 435" refId="ref66853" refString="Wiehle H. 1963. Uber Nesticus borutzkyi Reimoser (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 44: 431 - 435." type="journal article" year="1963">Wiehle, 1963</bibRefCitation>
; uloborids, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFC62E213FBAD5D51" author="Peters H" box="[929,1077,873,894]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="147 - 167" refId="ref65336" refString="Peters H. 1982. Wie spinnen der Familie Uloboridae ihre beute einspinnen und verzehren. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 25: 147 - 167." type="journal article" year="1982">Peters, 1982</bibRefCitation>
; and araneids and nephilids, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFCE5E2FDFA855DB2" author="Hormiga G &amp; Eberhard W &amp; Coddington J" box="[806,1309,903,925]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="313 - 364" refId="ref63552" refString="Hormiga G, Eberhard W, Coddington J. 1995. Webconstruction behaviour in Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 43: 313 - 364." type="journal article" year="1995">Hormiga, Eberhard &amp; Coddington, 1995</bibRefCitation>
), similar denticles also occur in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFBA7E2DCFAD75D93" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[1124,1359,934,956]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
and some anapids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFC1FE2BFFB265DF4" author="Coddington J" box="[988,1214,965,987]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref61406" refString="Coddington J. 1986 a. The genera of the spider family Theridiosomatidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 422: 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1986">Coddington, 1986a</bibRefCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE19010FC93DAFAFAE2BFFCFA5DD6" author="Schutt K" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" pagination="129 - 151" refId="ref66132" refString="Schutt K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s. l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32: 129 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003">Schütt, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Within symphytognathoids, denticles are an ambiguously optimized synapomorphy for both 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFCE5E55AFC635A19" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[806,1019,1056,1078]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFBF9E55AFB575A19" baseAuthorityName="Kraus" baseAuthorityYear="1967" box="[1082,1231,1056,1078]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B959C6110FC93DAFCE5E51AFC10582C" blockId="186.[806,1422,1120,1539]" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFCE5E51AFB6A5A5A" box="[806,1266,1120,1141]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Anterior median eyes on protruded area:</emphasis>
Another particular feature shared between mysmenids and theridiosomatids is the arrangement of the anterior median eyes. Character optimization under parsimony for this feature is ambiguous. Both sexes of mysmenids (except 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFBE8E583FB375B21" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1067,1199,1273,1294]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFBE8E583FB375B21" box="[1067,1199,1273,1294]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see below) and theridiosomatids have a depression around the anterior median eyes defining a protruded area (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFAE1E44CFCA45B45" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="18.[144,223,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[189,1380,195,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-0@18.[189,1380,195,1767]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 15. Maymena rica (Mysmenidae), prosoma: A, C, F, G, female; B, D, E, H, I, male. A, B, lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, carapace, frontal view; E, prosoma, posterior view; F, ocular area, detail from panel C; G–I, mouthparts, detail of cheliceral fang and teeth; G, distal promargin of left chelicera; H, distal promargin of right chelicera; I, distal right chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371419/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 15B, D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFC8AE42EFCE15B45" box="[841,889,1364,1386]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="30.[144,224,1563,1582]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,196,1531]" captionTargetId="figure-125@30.[144,1425,196,1533]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 25. Microdipoena nyungwe (Mysmenidae), prosoma: A, male; B–F, female. A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, cheliceral bases, frontal view; E, distal chelicerae; F, labrum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5331667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5331667/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">25C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFC45E42EFC415B45" box="[902,985,1364,1386]" captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="63.[164,243,1515,1534]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,195,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-107@63.[164,1444,195,1486]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Figure 46. MYSM-019-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae) from Toliara, Madagascar. A, C, D, F, G, female; B, E, male. A, prosoma, ventral view; B, same, frontal view; C, labrum, lateral view; D, ocular area, frontal view; E, same, lateral view; F, cheliceral bases, frontal view; G, right leg I, tarsal organ and tarsus–metatarsus junction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371457/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">46D, E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFC25E42EFB8F5B45" box="[998,1047,1364,1386]" captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="76.[144,223,1646,1665]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,193,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-0@76.[144,1424,193,1616]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Figure 59. Mysmenopsis palpalis (Mysmenidae): A–G, male; H–I, female. B, D, F, left legs, prolateral view. A, prosoma, lateral view; B, tibial and metatarsal clasping spines, leg I; C, ocular area, frontal view; D, tarsus I; E, mouthparts, detail from figure G, ventral view; F, femur IV, detail of stridulatory area; G, prosoma, ventral view; H, epigynum, ventral view; I, spinning field and posterior respiratory spiracle, posterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371478/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">59C</figureCitation>
). This area is clearly protruded, not just smoothly raised from the rest of the carapace, and can be best observed with SEM and in frontal view. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E210FC93DAFC4AE4CAFB995BEA" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[905,1025,1456,1477]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Trogloneta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="186" pageNumber="713" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E407310FC93DAFC4AE4CAFB995BEA" box="[905,1025,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Trogloneta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, males have all eyes in a tubercle or a narrow elevation of the ocular area (
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFADCE4B5FCA5582C" captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="80.[144,223,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-0@80.[222,1345,194,1757]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="Figure 63. Trogloneta cantareira (Mysmenidae), male. A–F, right palp, inverted; A, retrolateral view; B, prolateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral–retrolateral view; E, ventral view; F, detail of embolic base and primary cymbial conductor. G, prosoma, lateral view; H, ocular area, frontal view; I, mouthparts, lateral–ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371484/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">Figs 63G, H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131180E410FC93DAFC88E497FCE5582C" box="[843,893,1517,1539]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="83.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-0@83.[228,1380,194,1791]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Figure 66. Trogloneta granulum (Mysmenidae), male. A, prosoma, lateral view. B–E, left palp; B, retrolateral view; C, prolateral view; D, prolateral–dorsal view; E, embolus. F, anterior lateral spinnerets; G, mouthparts, lateral view; H, labium, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371491/files/figure.png" pageId="186" pageNumber="713">66A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>