229 lines
24 KiB
XML
229 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6678191" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6678191" approvalRequired="360" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="32" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="325" approvalRequired_for_treatments="3" checkinTime="1655746672033" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="0380B547B64FFF9E9FA6F587FD24CA1F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Talpidae_0552.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Talpa caeca Savi 1822" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="612" masterDocId="FFB9CD3FB65FFF8F9A30FF87FF98C371" masterDocTitle="Talpidae" masterLastPageNumber="619" masterPageNumber="52" pageNumber="611" updateTime="1657742667520" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Talpidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>52</mods:start>
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<mods:end>619</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6678191</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6678191</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6671968" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6671968" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0380B547B64FFF9E9FA6F587FD24CA1F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0380B547B64FFF9E9FA6F587FD24CA1F" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="612" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<heading pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<subSubSection box="[1430,1487,2560,2610]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[1427,2144,2560,2688]" box="[1430,1487,2560,2610]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<figureCitation box="[1430,1487,2560,2610]" captionStart="Plate 27: Talpidae" captionStartId="14.[140,170,3248,3273]" captionTargetBox="[11,2748,15,3635]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="22. Altai Mole (Talpa altaica), 23. Pere David’s Mole (Talpa davidiana), 24. Talysch Mole (Talpa talyschensis), 25. Ognev’s Mole (Talpa ognevi), 26. Caucasian Mole (Talpa caucasica), 27. Levant Mole (Talpa levantis), 28. Balkan Mole (Talpa stankovici), 29. Blind Mole (Talpa caeca), 30. Roman Mole (Talpa romana), 31. Iberian Mole (Talpa occidentalis), 32. European Mole (Talpa europaea), 33. Aquitanian Mole (Talpa aquitania), 34. Japanese Mountain Mole (Oreoscaptor mizura), 35. Ussuri Mole (Mogera robusta), 36. Large Japanese Mole (Mogera wogura), 37. Small Japanese Mole (Mogera imaizumii), 38. Sado Mole (Mogera tokudae), 39. Echigo Mole (Mogera etigo), 40. Senkaku Mole (Mogera uchidai), 41. Insular Mole (Mogera insularis), 42. Kano’s Mole (Mogera kanoana), 43. La Touche’s Mole (Mogera latoucher), 44. Himalayan Mole (Ewroscaptor micrurus), 45. Greater Chinese Mole (Euroscaptor grandis), 46. Long-nosed Mole (Euroscaptor longurostris), 47. Kloss’s Mole (Euroscaptor klosst), 48. Kuznetsov’s Mole (Euroscaptor kuznetsovi), 49. Orlov’s Mole (Euroscaptor orlovi), 50. Vietnamese Mole (Euroscaptor subanura), 51. Small-toothed Mole (Euroscaptor parvidens), 52. Malaysian Mole (Euroscaptor malayanus), 53. White-tailed Mole (Parascaptor lewcurus), 54. Short-faced Mole (Scaptochirus moschatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6678253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6678253/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">29.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1503,1735,2560,2610]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[1427,2144,2560,2688]" box="[1503,1735,2560,2610]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<vernacularName box="[1503,1735,2560,2610]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Blind Mole</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1792,2008,2560,2610]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[1427,2144,2560,2688]" box="[1792,2008,2560,2610]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" box="[1792,2008,2560,2610]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">
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<emphasis box="[1792,2008,2560,2610]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Talpa caeca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="611" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[1427,2144,2560,2688]" box="[1429,2143,2628,2649]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1429,1504,2628,2649]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1510,1652,2628,2649]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Taupe aveugle</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1673,1764,2628,2649]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1773,1917,2628,2649]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Blindmaulwurf</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1938,2030,2628,2649]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2035,2143,2628,2649]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Topo ciego</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[1427,2144,2560,2688]" box="[1428,1889,2667,2688]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1428,1675,2667,2688]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1685,1889,2667,2688]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Mediterranean Mole</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[2040,2549,2741,2766]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[2040,2634,2741,3160]" box="[2040,2549,2741,2766]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2040,2195,2741,2766]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Savi, 1822" authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" box="[2221,2543,2741,2766]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">Talpa caeca Savi, 1822</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="611" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[2040,2634,2741,3160]" box="[2570,2631,2741,2766]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Pisa,</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[2040,2634,2741,3160]" box="[2041,2104,2777,2806]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Italy.</paragraph>
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="611" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[2040,2634,2741,3160]" box="[2044,2634,2812,2845]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" box="[2044,2196,2812,2845]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">Talpa caeca</taxonomicName>
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is in subgenus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2442,2512,2812,2845]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Talpa</taxonomicName>
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and eu-
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[2040,2634,2741,3160]" box="[2042,2631,2855,2884]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">ropaea species group. Closest relative to</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[2040,2634,2741,3160]" box="[2044,2631,2899,2924]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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1.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" box="[2081,2146,2899,2924]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">caeca</taxonomicName>
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is 1.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[2233,2330,2899,2924]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romana">romana</taxonomicName>
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, and the two species
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[2040,2634,2741,3160]" box="[2041,2631,2930,2963]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">possibly diverged in the Lower Pleistocene</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="16.[2040,2634,2741,3160]" lastBlockId="16.[1428,2632,3166,3475]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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c.1-4 million years ago. Main divergence in 1.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" box="[2118,2184,3017,3042]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">caeca</taxonomicName>
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, which 1s dated at c.1-1 million years ago, separates the western lineage (Italy and Switzerland) from the eastern lineage (Balkans). Genetic diversity between these lineagesis close to interspecific differences. Between two and seven subspecies have been recognized, but subspecific differentiation has not been studied throughout the entire distribution and requires reassessment. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="611" type="distribution">
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<caption inLine="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="611" targetBox="[696,700,2389,2414]" targetPageId="17">
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<paragraph blockId="16.[1428,2632,3166,3475]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1428,1604,3284,3317]" pageId="16" pageNumber="611">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Disjunct range, W fragment encompasses the Western Alps (Switzerland, NW Italy, and SE France) and the Apennine Mts of Italy as far S as Sila Massif; in the Balkans, E portion covers topographically broken landscape in SE Bosnia and Herzegovina, adjacent Dalmatia (Croatia), Montenegro, Kosovo, W Macedonia, Albania, and W Greece.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[154,1364,292,2415]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,413,292,325]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 107-124 mm (males) and 103-124 mm (females), tail 27-43 mm (males) and 26-40 mm (females), hindfoot 16-18 mm (males) and 15-5-16-5 mm (females); weight 40-67 g (males) and 38-60 g (females); measurements of individuals from Switzerland. Males are significantly larger than females, by 13-25% depending on the population; size varies geographically and along an elevational gradient. Blind Moles tend to be smaller in the Balkans and where sympatric with the European Mole (71.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[568,686,533,562]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="europaea">europaea</taxonomicName>
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), the Roman Mole (7.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[1015,1118,533,562]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romana">romana</taxonomicName>
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), and the Balkan Mole (71.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="V. Martino & E. Martino" authorityYear="1931" box="[290,424,568,601]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stankovici">stankovici</taxonomicName>
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). Externally, the Blind Mole closely resembles the European Mole but is smaller, and eyes are always covered by skin. Fur is blackish gray, just like the European Mole, but is reportedly shinier. Rhinarium is smaller, 4-3-6-6 mm wide, and 4-2-8-1 mm long. Fourth sacral foramen is frequently open caudally (so-called cecoidal pelvis). Skull is small, delicate, and usually narrower across rostrum than in the European Mole. I' is relatively large (c.50% oftotal length of three incisors), and mesostyle is frequently bifurcated. Dental formulais 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 3/3 (x2) = 44. Oligodonties are rare. The Blind Mole differs from other species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1151,1222,844,877]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Talpa</taxonomicName>
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by having a karyotype of 2n = 36. FN = 70 and FNa = 68 occursItaly and Switzerland, and FN = 68 and FNa = 66 occurs the Balkans.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[154,1364,292,2415]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,267,962,995]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Wide variety of habitats from pastures with skeletal substrate to deep and light soil in mesic forests from sea level (5 m in Dalmatia) up to mountainous pastures at elevations of ¢.2200 m (exceptionally up to 2500 m and more rarely below 1000 m). The Blind Mole prefers deep sandy, sandy loamy, and loamy soils. Northern exposures frequently provide more suitable conditions than drier southern slopes. In floodplains, Blind Moles live in meadows with reeds (
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<taxonomicName box="[909,1052,1163,1192]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Phragmites" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phragmites</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1069,1184,1163,1192]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and rushes (
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<taxonomicName box="[169,259,1199,1232]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" genus="Juncus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Juncus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[272,420,1199,1232]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Juncaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and in forests of white poplar (
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<taxonomicName box="[899,1005,1199,1232]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Populus</taxonomicName>
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alba) and willow (
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<taxonomicName box="[1274,1345,1199,1232]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
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), both
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<taxonomicName box="[231,375,1242,1271]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
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; alder (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hill" authorityYear="1753" box="[483,562,1242,1271]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Alnus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[578,737,1242,1271]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
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); and manna ash (
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<taxonomicName box="[996,1113,1242,1271]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
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ornus,
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<taxonomicName box="[1209,1345,1242,1271]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
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). On mountain slopes, various forest types provide habitat, e.g. chestnut (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Haecker" authorityYear="1906" box="[1179,1300,1278,1311]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Castanea</taxonomicName>
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sativa), oak (
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<taxonomicName box="[288,399,1321,1350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
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), or beech (
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<taxonomicName box="[564,642,1321,1350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fagus</taxonomicName>
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sylvatica), all
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<taxonomicName box="[827,956,1321,1350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
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, and fir (
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<taxonomicName box="[1083,1158,1321,1350]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Abies</taxonomicName>
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), pine (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Perry" authorityYear="1811" box="[1263,1344,1321,1350]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pinus</taxonomicName>
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), and spruce (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="D.Don ex Loudon" authorityYear="1838" box="[332,401,1356,1389]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Picea</taxonomicName>
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abies), all
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<taxonomicName box="[541,668,1356,1389]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
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. Blind Moles were captured in thickets ofjuniper (
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<taxonomicName box="[169,294,1396,1429]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Juniperus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[314,510,1396,1429]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
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), hazel (
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<taxonomicName box="[637,736,1396,1429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Corylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
avellana,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[878,1036,1396,1429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and raspberries (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rubus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[222,358,1435,1468]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Blind Moles avoid pastures with hard and dry soil. Karstic habitats in the western Balkans frequently provide suitable soil conditions only in bottoms of funnel-shaped valleys (“dolines”). The Blind Mole is sympatric with other larger species of moles throughout its distribution, namely with the European Mole in the Alps and western Balkans, the Roman Mole in Italy, and the Balkan Mole in the southern Balkans. Despite such wide sympatry, the Blind Mole only exceptionally coexists with a larger mole species in the same locality. The Blind Mole is usually less common and less abundant than larger species of moles. It is frequently restricted to marginal habitats where it can cope with scarce resources because ofits smallersize.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[156,1358,1789,1822]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[154,1364,292,2415]" box="[156,1358,1789,1822]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,417,1789,1822]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Earthworms were observed in stomach contents of the Blind Mole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[154,1364,292,2415]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,290,1829,1862]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding of Blind Moles presumably starts in spring, and a single lactating female was captured at the end of May.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[154,1364,292,2415]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[155,396,1908,1941]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Activity of Blind Moles is predominantly subterranean, and they only occasionally emerge aboveground. Tunnels are 4.4-5 cm in diameter and usually 10-20 cm deep, but they descend deeper (25-35 cm) in forests with loose soil. Molehills made by Blind Moles are smaller than those of the European Mole and contain 1.3-5 kg of excavated soil (mean 1-9 kg).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[154,1364,292,2415]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,857,2109,2138]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Information on social organization of the Blind Mole is contradictory. Some authors suggest that it is solitary and territorial. In contrast, up to 3-6 individuals of both sexes and different ages were captured inside the same burrow system.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[157,1206,2262,2295]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[154,1364,292,2415]" box="[157,1206,2262,2295]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,506,2262,2295]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[154,1364,292,2415]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,310,2311,2336]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Amori, Contoli & Nappi (2008), Bannikova, Zemlemerova, Colangelo et al. (2015), Bego et al. (2008), Colangelo et al. (2010), Grulich (1979a, 1979b), Krystufek (1994, 1999a), Niethammer (1990d), Suchentrunk et al. (1995), Stone (1995a), Tvrtkovi¢ (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |