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<mods:title id="518045B5B4CA40245C544387EAEC4D34">Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s. l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="28544BB0405E5A4F344FD877355FB746">Borisanova, Anastasia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EA861C7CC9A7F93D6751C3AF88AD3BD1">Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A84C760BEA2C69E41FD421CDF475C170">Schepetov, Dimitry</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5DBD3B68A16878A85CD86054BFC17179">Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia. &amp; Biological Faculty, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 518172 China.</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="D0DE81ED6F5FFF86FF6D0AFAFCB7FB23" bold="true" box="[151,856,1208,1235]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F5FFF86FF6D0AFAFD09FB22" authority="(Nielsen, 1964 b)" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[151,742,1208,1235]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov." subGenus="Loxosomina">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5FFF86FF6D0AFAFDF9FB22" bold="true" box="[151,534,1208,1235]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Loxosoma (Loxosomina) aripes</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F5FFF86FDDF0AFBFD31FB22" author="Nielsen, C." box="[549,734,1208,1234]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref7651" refString="Nielsen, C. (1964 b) Entoprocta from the Bergen area. Sarsia, 17 (1), 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.1964.10409535" type="journal article" year="1964">Nielsen, 1964b</bibRefCitation>
)
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F5FFF86FD170AFAFCB7FB23" box="[749,856,1209,1235]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(
<figureCitation id="13122A046F5FFF86FF650A9FFEEBFB07" box="[159,260,1244,1271]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1361,1385]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,1876,1900]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,250,1672,1696]" captionStartId-6="10.[151,250,1238,1262]" captionStartId-7="11.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionTargetBox-0="[295,1292,181,1338]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetBox-2="[203,1373,181,1837]" captionTargetBox-3="[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,183,1563]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetBox-6="[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetBox-7="[151,1435,181,1125]" captionTargetId-0="figure-19@4.[295,1293,181,1338]" captionTargetId-1="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId-2="figure-19@6.[203,1384,181,1852]" captionTargetId-3="figure-35@7.[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetId-4="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1563]" captionTargetId-5="figure-35@9.[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetId-6="figure-19@10.[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetId-7="figure-35@11.[151,1435,181,1125]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionTargetPageId-7="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. from Bergen museum (Museum number 46395). Abbreviations: bk— ‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Latero-abfrontal view (SEM). B. Drawing of specimen 5, abfrontal view. C. Drawing of specimen 6 in lateral, abfrontal and fronto-lateral views. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e— embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Tentacles of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Transverse section of the tentacle (light microscopy). B. Transverse section of the tentacle (TEM). C. Apical part of the frontal cells and latero-frontal cells. D. Apical part of the latero-frontal cell and the lateral cell. E. Apical parts of two lateral cells. Abbreviations: asc—abfrontal cell, ds—desmosoma, fc—frontal cell, fg—frontal groove, k—kinetosoma, lc—lateral cell, lfc—laterofrontal cell, m—muscle, n—nucleus, str—striated roots, t—tentacle, tc—tentacle cavity." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Digestive system of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Stalk structure of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy).A. Frontal view of the specimen 7 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. B. Abfrontal view of the specimen 8 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. C–K. A series of oblique-transverse sections of the stalk of the specimen 7 with a step of about 20 mµ starting from level 1, which is marked in Fig. 6a. L–N. Longitudinal sections of the specimen 8 on levels that is marked in Fig. 6b. L.—level 1. M.—level 2. N.—level 3. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, es—esophagus, gl—glandular cell, i—intestine, l—larva, m—muscle, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, stb—stalk base, sw—swelling." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Buds of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Calyx of the specimen 9 with four buds. B. Calyx of the specimen 10 with seven buds. C. Attachment of the fully developed bud to the calyx of the specimen 10 by the posterior edge of the muscular disc. D. Frontal view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. E. Lateral view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. F. Drawing of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. Abbreviations: at—atrium, b—bud, g—gonads, pd—pedal disc, s—stomach. Asterisks indicate buds." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Embryos and larvae of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A–C. Series of parasagittal sections through the calyx with a larva, three large embryos, and several young embryos. A. The most distal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three large embryos. B. More proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber, three large embryos and one young embryo. C. The most proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three young embryos. D–F. A series of oblique-transverse section of the larva. D. The section on the level of the apical organ and the frontal organ. E. The section on the level of the esophagus. F. The section on the level of the foot. Abbreviations: ap—apical organ, bc—brood chamber, es—esophagus, f—foot, fo—frontal organ, l—larva, pg—pedal gland, pr—prototroch, s—stomach. Embryos are numbered in Arabic numerals." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243371" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243375" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243377" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243379" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243381" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243383" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243385" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8243371/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8243375/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/8243377/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/8243379/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/8243381/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/8243383/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/8243385/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Figs 1–8</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6AB033A6F5FFF86FEF50A9FFE8DFB07" box="[271,354,1244,1271]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,239,1454,1478]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of 11 specimens of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5666096F56FF8FFF6D0BEDFC00FA36" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" tableUuid="DF5666096F56FF8FFF6D0BEDFC00FA36">Table 3</tableCitation>
)
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3911AF6F5FFF86FF6D0B62FD8EFAC9" box="[151,609,1313,1337]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8810906F5FFF86FF6D0B62FDF5FAC9" author="Nielsen, C." box="[151,538,1313,1337]" page="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" year="1964">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F5FFF86FF6D0B62FDF5FAC9" ID-CoL="72NLS" authority="Nielsen, 1964 b: 4" authorityName="Nielsen" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1964" box="[151,538,1313,1337]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5FFF86FF6D0B62FEB1FAC9" box="[151,350,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Loxosomella aripes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F5FFF86FE9F0B62FDF5FAC9" author="Nielsen, C." box="[357,538,1313,1337]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref7651" refString="Nielsen, C. (1964 b) Entoprocta from the Bergen area. Sarsia, 17 (1), 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.1964.10409535" type="journal article" year="1964">Nielsen, 1964b: 4</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 2.
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<paragraph id="8B9636816F5FFF86FF6D0B24FDA3F9A9" blockId="3.[151,1437,1383,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5FFF86FF6D0B24FE61FA71" bold="true" box="[151,398,1383,1409]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Original description.</emphasis>
Small species, up to 470 µm. Lophophore has six very short, stout tentacles (
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD086F5FFF86FB340B24FA89FA71" box="[1230,1382,1383,1409]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
with 4 tentacles). Atrium narrow. Stomach big and rounded. Peduncle longer than calyx. Peduncle slender, terminating in laterally compressed expansion, which on each side bears 3–4 transverse furrows. Youngest buds formed laterally at lower level of stomach, and older buds found above this reaching upper level of stomach; up to three buds at time. Embryos very big and quite deform the calyx; 1–3 embryos at time. Usually buds and embryos found only in one side of animal. Host: 
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5FFF86FE7D085FFDD1F9C5" box="[391,574,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F5FFF86FE7D085FFDD5F9C5" ID-CoL="3S88N" baseAuthorityName="M Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[391,570,1564,1589]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Laonice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cirrata">Laonice cirrata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Type locality: Raunefjorden, off Sletten (
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D50466F5FFF86FB6B085EFB0EF9C8" box="[1169,1249,1565,1592]" degrees="5" direction="east" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" precision="925" value="5.2">5°12′E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 
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100– 
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</quantity>
. The 
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is illustrated in 
<figureCitation id="13122A046F5FFF86FDF9087CFDA9F9A9" box="[515,582,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1361,1385]" captionTargetBox="[295,1292,181,1338]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[295,1293,181,1338]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. from Bergen museum (Museum number 46395). Abbreviations: bk— ‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243371" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243371/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5FFF86FF3D0820FE57F98D" bold="true" box="[199,440,1635,1661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B413CDC6F5FFF86FE3C0820FEE2F935" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4173263301" collectionCode="ZMMU" county="White Sea" elevation="50" latitude="66.566666" location="No" longLatPrecision="996" longitude="33.133335" municipality="Kandalaksha Bay" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="549288236F5FFF86FE3C0820FDC1F98D" box="[454,558,1635,1661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(number 46395) (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F5FFF86FCF50820FCB7F98D" box="[783,856,1635,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1361,1385]" captionTargetBox="[295,1292,181,1338]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[295,1293,181,1338]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. from Bergen museum (Museum number 46395). Abbreviations: bk— ‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243371" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243371/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); 
<location id="8EF6605A6F5FFF86FC820827FC75F98E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087976F5FFF89FF6D0AFAFCD2FE95:8EF6605A6F5FFF86FC820827FC75F98E" box="[888,922,1636,1662]" county="White Sea" latitude="66.566666" longLatPrecision="996" longitude="33.133335" municipality="Kandalaksha Bay" name="No" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">No</location>
Uk-31 (
<collectionCode id="ED38AE446F5FFF86FBFF0820FBB1F98D" box="[1029,1118,1635,1661]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/k3qp-615s" name="Zoological Museum, Moscow Lomonosov State University" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" type="Museum">ZMMU</collectionCode>
)— 
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD086F5FFF86FB7E0820FAC7F98D" box="[1156,1320,1635,1661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
from the 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF2ACFB6F5FFF86FF6D08C4FE8FF952" box="[151,352,1671,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Kandalaksha Bay</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62F74E0D6F5FFF86FE9708C4FE0BF951" box="[365,484,1671,1697]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">White Sea</collectingCounty>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D50466F5FFF86FE0C08CAFDB8F954" box="[502,599,1673,1700]" degrees="66" direction="north" minutes="34" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" precision="925" value="66.566666">66°34′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D50466F5FFF86FD9C08CAFD2CF954" box="[614,707,1673,1700]" degrees="33" direction="east" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" precision="925" value="33.133335">33°08′E</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4CD19B646F5FFF86FD2008C4FCACF952" box="[730,835,1671,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="30.0">
<elevation id="0004D1B26F5FFF86FD2008C4FCACF952" box="[730,835,1671,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="30.0">30–70 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD086F5FFF86FCAB08C4FC1EF951" box="[849,1009,1671,1697]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
from the White Sea from a personal collection.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C333650A6F5FFF8EFF3D088CFDC0F99A" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="353" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F5FFF86FF3D088CFE53F815" blockId="3.[151,1437,1383,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5FFF86FF3D088CFD12F919" bold="true" box="[199,765,1743,1769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Description of the material from the White Sea.</emphasis>
Medium-sized species with average body length of 596 µm (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F5FFF86FF6508B0FF08F8FD" box="[159,231,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13122A046F5FFF86FF0908B0FEEEF8FD" box="[243,257,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[203,1373,181,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-19@6.[203,1384,181,1852]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Latero-abfrontal view (SEM). B. Drawing of specimen 5, abfrontal view. C. Drawing of specimen 6 in lateral, abfrontal and fronto-lateral views. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e— embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243375/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">3</figureCitation>
) (measurements for 
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD086F5FFF86FE1208B0FD91F8FD" box="[488,638,1779,1805]" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
are provided in 
<tableCitation id="C6AB033A6F5FFF86FCC908B0FC6AF8FD" box="[819,901,1779,1805]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,239,1454,1478]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of 11 specimens of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5666096F56FF8FFF6D0BEDFC00FA36" pageId="3" pageNumber="345" tableUuid="DF5666096F56FF8FFF6D0BEDFC00FA36">Table 3</tableCitation>
on page 11). Calyx is up to one and a half times shorter than stalk (average calyx length 228 µm). Calyx bears six short tentacles directed distally when embryos are not developed. When embryos are developing the calyx strongly swells on one side and the tentacles are shifted to the side and directed disto-laterally. The tentacles are unusually wide and the frontal surface is formed by nine rows of ciliated cells (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F5FFF86FEB409C0FE56F86D" box="[334,441,1923,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-35@7.[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tentacles of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Transverse section of the tentacle (light microscopy). B. Transverse section of the tentacle (TEM). C. Apical part of the frontal cells and latero-frontal cells. D. Apical part of the latero-frontal cell and the lateral cell. E. Apical parts of two lateral cells. Abbreviations: asc—abfrontal cell, ds—desmosoma, fc—frontal cell, fg—frontal groove, k—kinetosoma, lc—lateral cell, lfc—laterofrontal cell, m—muscle, n—nucleus, str—striated roots, t—tentacle, tc—tentacle cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243377" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243377/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4a, b</figureCitation>
). The frontal groove is formed by three rows of frontal cells (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F5FFF86FBA009C0FB29F86D" box="[1114,1222,1923,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-35@7.[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tentacles of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Transverse section of the tentacle (light microscopy). B. Transverse section of the tentacle (TEM). C. Apical part of the frontal cells and latero-frontal cells. D. Apical part of the latero-frontal cell and the lateral cell. E. Apical parts of two lateral cells. Abbreviations: asc—abfrontal cell, ds—desmosoma, fc—frontal cell, fg—frontal groove, k—kinetosoma, lc—lateral cell, lfc—laterofrontal cell, m—muscle, n—nucleus, str—striated roots, t—tentacle, tc—tentacle cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243377" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243377/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4a–c</figureCitation>
). The latero-frontal cells border the frontal groove (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F5FFF86FE0209E4FD87F831" box="[504,616,1959,1985]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-35@7.[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tentacles of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Transverse section of the tentacle (light microscopy). B. Transverse section of the tentacle (TEM). C. Apical part of the frontal cells and latero-frontal cells. D. Apical part of the latero-frontal cell and the lateral cell. E. Apical parts of two lateral cells. Abbreviations: asc—abfrontal cell, ds—desmosoma, fc—frontal cell, fg—frontal groove, k—kinetosoma, lc—lateral cell, lfc—laterofrontal cell, m—muscle, n—nucleus, str—striated roots, t—tentacle, tc—tentacle cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243377" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243377/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4b–d</figureCitation>
), and the lateral cells form two rows on each side of the frontal surface of the tentacle (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F5FFF86FEDD0988FE40F815" box="[295,431,1995,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-35@7.[193,1395,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tentacles of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Transverse section of the tentacle (light microscopy). B. Transverse section of the tentacle (TEM). C. Apical part of the frontal cells and latero-frontal cells. D. Apical part of the latero-frontal cell and the lateral cell. E. Apical parts of two lateral cells. Abbreviations: asc—abfrontal cell, ds—desmosoma, fc—frontal cell, fg—frontal groove, k—kinetosoma, lc—lateral cell, lfc—laterofrontal cell, m—muscle, n—nucleus, str—striated roots, t—tentacle, tc—tentacle cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243377" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243377/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4a, b, e</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5666096F58FF81FF6D0B12FB57FA7E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243371" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8243371" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243371/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346" startId="4.[151,250,1361,1385]" targetBox="[295,1292,181,1338]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F58FF81FF6D0B12FB57FA7E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1361,1422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F58FF81FF6D0B12FEF9FA9A" bold="true" box="[151,278,1361,1386]" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F58FF81FE5F0B11FDBAFA99" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[421,597,1362,1385]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="4" pageNumber="346" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F58FF81FE5F0B11FDBAFA99" box="[421,597,1362,1385]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Loxosoma aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F58FF81FDA50B11FD50FA9A" bold="true" box="[607,703,1362,1386]" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F58FF81FDA50B11FD50FA9A" box="[607,703,1362,1386]" pageId="4" pageNumber="346" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from Bergen museum (Museum number 46395). Abbreviations: bk— ‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636816F58FF81FF3D0BFFFC7BF922" blockId="4.[151,1437,1468,1962]" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">
Digestive system includes esophagus, stomach, intestine and rectum (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FC110BFFFBAEFA27" box="[1003,1089,1468,1495]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Digestive system of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243379/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 5a</figureCitation>
). The esophagus is lined with cuboidal epithelium (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FE710BA3FE0EFA0B" box="[395,481,1504,1531]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Digestive system of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243379/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
). The stomach is large, looks roundish (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FC4B0BA3FC17FA0A" box="[945,1016,1504,1530]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), but histological sections show that the stomach is three-lobed. In the lower part of the stomach lateral lobes are separated from the central zone by epithelial invaginations deeply protruding into the stomach cavity (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FC61086BFC1FF9B3" box="[923,1008,1576,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Digestive system of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243379/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 5a</figureCitation>
). A roof of the stomach is lined with 'liver' cells; lateral sides and lateral lobes of the stomach are glandular; epithelium from the beneath intestine and esophagus to the bottom of the stomach is cuboidal (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FD270833FCDFF97B" box="[733,816,1648,1675]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Digestive system of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243379/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
). The intestine is bulbous (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FBA30833FB46F97B" box="[1113,1193,1648,1675]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Digestive system of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243379/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 5a</figureCitation>
), lined with prismatic epithelium, the cells with granular cytoplasm and numerous cilia on the apical surface (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FB9D08D7FB57F95F" box="[1127,1208,1684,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Digestive system of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243379/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 5c</figureCitation>
). Rectum oval, cells with long cilia (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FEB208FBFE73F923" box="[328,412,1720,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,181,1563]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Digestive system of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243379/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 5d</figureCitation>
). Anal cone directed upward (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FD1608FBFC6AF922" box="[748,901,1720,1746]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 2c, f, h, i</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636816F58FF81FF3D089FFA67F85A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1468,1962]" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">
The cylindrical stalk has average length of 377 µm. Its width is almost uniform throughout its length (average width 83 µm). The attachment organ looks like a 'beak' extended backwards, often bent to the abfrontal side (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FAB50943FA78F8EA" box="[1359,1431,1792,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FF6D0967FF49F8CE" box="[151,166,1828,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[203,1373,181,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-19@6.[203,1384,181,1852]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Latero-abfrontal view (SEM). B. Drawing of specimen 5, abfrontal view. C. Drawing of specimen 6 in lateral, abfrontal and fronto-lateral views. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e— embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243375/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FF480967FF05F8CE" box="[178,234,1828,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1672,1696]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetId="figure-35@9.[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Stalk structure of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy).A. Frontal view of the specimen 7 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. B. Abfrontal view of the specimen 8 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. C–K. A series of oblique-transverse sections of the stalk of the specimen 7 with a step of about 20 mµ starting from level 1, which is marked in Fig. 6a. L–N. Longitudinal sections of the specimen 8 on levels that is marked in Fig. 6b. L.—level 1. M.—level 2. N.—level 3. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, es—esophagus, gl—glandular cell, i—intestine, l—larva, m—muscle, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, stb—stalk base, sw—swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243381/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">6a, b</figureCitation>
). Beak gradually narrows towards the apical part. At the tip of the beak there is usually a small swelling (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FA950967FF3EF892" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1672,1696]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetId="figure-35@9.[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Stalk structure of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy).A. Frontal view of the specimen 7 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. B. Abfrontal view of the specimen 8 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. C–K. A series of oblique-transverse sections of the stalk of the specimen 7 with a step of about 20 mµ starting from level 1, which is marked in Fig. 6a. L–N. Longitudinal sections of the specimen 8 on levels that is marked in Fig. 6b. L.—level 1. M.—level 2. N.—level 3. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, es—esophagus, gl—glandular cell, i—intestine, l—larva, m—muscle, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, stb—stalk base, sw—swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243381/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 6a, b</figureCitation>
). The stalk gradually passes into the beak, there is no pedal gland at the base of the stalk (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FB47090BFAB0F892" box="[1213,1375,1864,1890]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1672,1696]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetId="figure-35@9.[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Stalk structure of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy).A. Frontal view of the specimen 7 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. B. Abfrontal view of the specimen 8 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. C–K. A series of oblique-transverse sections of the stalk of the specimen 7 with a step of about 20 mµ starting from level 1, which is marked in Fig. 6a. L–N. Longitudinal sections of the specimen 8 on levels that is marked in Fig. 6b. L.—level 1. M.—level 2. N.—level 3. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, es—esophagus, gl—glandular cell, i—intestine, l—larva, m—muscle, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, stb—stalk base, sw—swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243381/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 6c–g, l–n</figureCitation>
). The cavity of the beak contains many muscular cells and several glandular cells, the pedal groove and accessory cells are absent (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FF1409D3FEB0F85A" box="[238,351,1936,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1672,1696]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetId="figure-35@9.[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Stalk structure of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy).A. Frontal view of the specimen 7 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. B. Abfrontal view of the specimen 8 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. C–K. A series of oblique-transverse sections of the stalk of the specimen 7 with a step of about 20 mµ starting from level 1, which is marked in Fig. 6a. L–N. Longitudinal sections of the specimen 8 on levels that is marked in Fig. 6b. L.—level 1. M.—level 2. N.—level 3. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, es—esophagus, gl—glandular cell, i—intestine, l—larva, m—muscle, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, stb—stalk base, sw—swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243381/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 6h–k</figureCitation>
). The cavity of the swelling is empty; several large glandular cells lie in epithelium (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F58FF81FAE809D3FA94F85A" box="[1298,1403,1936,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1672,1696]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetId="figure-35@9.[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Stalk structure of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy).A. Frontal view of the specimen 7 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. B. Abfrontal view of the specimen 8 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. C–K. A series of oblique-transverse sections of the stalk of the specimen 7 with a step of about 20 mµ starting from level 1, which is marked in Fig. 6a. L–N. Longitudinal sections of the specimen 8 on levels that is marked in Fig. 6b. L.—level 1. M.—level 2. N.—level 3. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, es—esophagus, gl—glandular cell, i—intestine, l—larva, m—muscle, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, stb—stalk base, sw—swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243381/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="346">Fig. 6i, g</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5666096F59FF80FF6D0902FBD0F835" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="347" startId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" targetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F59FF80FF6D0902FB25F851" blockId="5.[151,1437,1857,1989]" pageId="5" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F59FF80FF6D0902FEFAF8A9" bold="true" box="[151,277,1857,1881]" pageId="5" pageNumber="347">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F59FF80FEE70901FE23F8A9" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[285,460,1858,1881]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="5" pageNumber="347" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F59FF80FEE70901FE23F8A9" box="[285,460,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="347">Loxosoma aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F59FF80FE2F0901FDDCF8AA" bold="true" box="[469,563,1858,1882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="347">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F59FF80FE2F0901FDDCF8AA" box="[469,563,1858,1882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="347" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636816F59FF80FF6D09EEFBD0F835" blockId="5.[151,1437,1857,1989]" box="[151,1087,1965,1989]" pageId="5" pageNumber="347">Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach.</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5666096F5AFF83FF6D0917FBE8F844" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8243375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243375/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="348" startId="6.[151,250,1876,1900]" targetBox="[203,1373,181,1837]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F5AFF83FF6D0917FBE8F844" blockId="6.[151,1437,1876,1972]" pageId="6" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5AFF83FF6D0917FEFDF89C" bold="true" box="[151,274,1876,1900]" pageId="6" pageNumber="348">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F5AFF83FEED0916FE2BF89C" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[279,452,1877,1900]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="6" pageNumber="348" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5AFF83FEED0916FE2BF89C" box="[279,452,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="348">Loxosoma aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5AFF83FE330917FDCAF89C" bold="true" box="[457,549,1876,1900]" pageId="6" pageNumber="348">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F5AFF83FE330917FDCAF89C" box="[457,549,1876,1900]" pageId="6" pageNumber="348" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A. Latero-abfrontal view (SEM). B. Drawing of specimen 5, abfrontal view. C. Drawing of specimen 6 in lateral, abfrontal and fronto-lateral views. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e— embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5666096F5BFF82FF6D0911FE38F80A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243377" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8243377" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243377/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="349" startId="7.[151,250,1874,1898]" targetBox="[193,1395,181,1850]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F5BFF82FF6D0911FE38F80A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1874,2042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5BFF82FF6D0911FEFAF89A" bold="true" box="[151,277,1874,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="349">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Tentacles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F5BFF82FE580910FDBEF89A" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[418,593,1875,1898]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="7" pageNumber="349" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5BFF82FE580910FDBEF89A" box="[418,593,1875,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="349">Loxosoma aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F5BFF82FDA00911FD56F89A" bold="true" box="[602,697,1874,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="349">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F5BFF82FDA00911FD56F89A" box="[602,697,1874,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="349" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A. Transverse section of the tentacle (light microscopy). B. Transverse section of the tentacle (TEM). C. Apical part of the frontal cells and latero-frontal cells. D. Apical part of the latero-frontal cell and the lateral cell. E. Apical parts of two lateral cells. Abbreviations: asc—abfrontal cell, ds—desmosoma, fc—frontal cell, fg—frontal groove, k—kinetosoma, lc—lateral cell, lfc—laterofrontal cell, m—muscle, n—nucleus, str—striated roots, t—tentacle, tc—tentacle cavity.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5666096F54FF8DFF6D0870FCC1F947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243379" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8243379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243379/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350" startId="8.[151,250,1587,1611]" targetBox="[151,1436,183,1563]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F54FF8DFF6D0870FCC1F947" blockId="8.[151,1436,1587,1719]" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F54FF8DFF6D0870FEFAF9BB" bold="true" box="[151,277,1587,1611]" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Digestive system of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F54FF8DFE090877FD4CF9BB" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[499,675,1588,1611]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="8" pageNumber="350" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F54FF8DFE090877FD4CF9BB" box="[499,675,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">Loxosoma aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F54FF8DFD560870FCE5F9BB" bold="true" box="[684,778,1587,1611]" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F54FF8DFD560870FCE5F9BB" box="[684,778,1587,1611]" pageId="8" pageNumber="350" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636816F54FF8DFF3D08A6FB32F827" blockId="8.[151,1437,1765,2008]" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">
Buds originate from lateral area only on one side of the calyx, up to seven buds at a time (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F54FF8DFB4B08A6FB16F8F0" box="[1201,1273,1765,1792]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13122A046F54FF8DFAFF08A5FAD1F90F" box="[1285,1342,1765,1792]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1238,1262]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetId="figure-19@10.[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Buds of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Calyx of the specimen 9 with four buds. B. Calyx of the specimen 10 with seven buds. C. Attachment of the fully developed bud to the calyx of the specimen 10 by the posterior edge of the muscular disc. D. Frontal view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. E. Lateral view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. F. Drawing of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. Abbreviations: at—atrium, b—bud, g—gonads, pd—pedal disc, s—stomach. Asterisks indicate buds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243383/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">7a, b</figureCitation>
). Larger buds are located upper and more laterally than younger ones. The stalk of the fully developed bud ends with a rounded pedal disc (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F54FF8DFE8C096EFE0FF8B7" box="[374,480,1837,1863]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1238,1262]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetId="figure-19@10.[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Buds of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Calyx of the specimen 9 with four buds. B. Calyx of the specimen 10 with seven buds. C. Attachment of the fully developed bud to the calyx of the specimen 10 by the posterior edge of the muscular disc. D. Frontal view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. E. Lateral view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. F. Drawing of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. Abbreviations: at—atrium, b—bud, g—gonads, pd—pedal disc, s—stomach. Asterisks indicate buds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243383/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">Fig. 7c–f</figureCitation>
). The bud attaches to the maternal specimen by the posterior end of the pedal disc (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F54FF8DFA95096EFF5AF89C" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1238,1262]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetId="figure-19@10.[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Buds of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Calyx of the specimen 9 with four buds. B. Calyx of the specimen 10 with seven buds. C. Attachment of the fully developed bud to the calyx of the specimen 10 by the posterior edge of the muscular disc. D. Frontal view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. E. Lateral view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. F. Drawing of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. Abbreviations: at—atrium, b—bud, g—gonads, pd—pedal disc, s—stomach. Asterisks indicate buds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243383/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">Fig. 7c</figureCitation>
). Specimens with fully developed buds have paired gonads on both sides of the calyx, but do not have embryos (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F54FF8DFF650936FF1CF87F" box="[159,243,1909,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1238,1262]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetId="figure-19@10.[164,1423,181,1214]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Buds of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Calyx of the specimen 9 with four buds. B. Calyx of the specimen 10 with seven buds. C. Attachment of the fully developed bud to the calyx of the specimen 10 by the posterior edge of the muscular disc. D. Frontal view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. E. Lateral view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. F. Drawing of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. Abbreviations: at—atrium, b—bud, g—gonads, pd—pedal disc, s—stomach. Asterisks indicate buds." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243383/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
). Specimens with young buds may have embryos. Embryos, like buds, form only on one side of the calyx, and this is the same side where the buds are located (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F54FF8DFD1F09DAFC6FF843" box="[741,896,1945,1972]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">Fig. 2a–c, h, i</figureCitation>
). In some specimens embryos and buds develop on the left side of a calyx (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F54FF8DFE3809FEFDC8F827" box="[450,551,1981,2008]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">Fig. 2a, i</figureCitation>
), in other specimens on the right side of a calyx (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F54FF8DFBAA09FEFB48F827" box="[1104,1191,1981,2007]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">Figs 2h</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13122A046F54FF8DFB4909FEFB3FF827" box="[1203,1232,1981,2007]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1672,1696]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetId="figure-35@9.[151,1436,181,1648]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Stalk structure of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy).A. Frontal view of the specimen 7 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. B. Abfrontal view of the specimen 8 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. C–K. A series of oblique-transverse sections of the stalk of the specimen 7 with a step of about 20 mµ starting from level 1, which is marked in Fig. 6a. L–N. Longitudinal sections of the specimen 8 on levels that is marked in Fig. 6b. L.—level 1. M.—level 2. N.—level 3. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, es—esophagus, gl—glandular cell, i—intestine, l—larva, m—muscle, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, stb—stalk base, sw—swelling." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243381/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="350">6a</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5666096F55FF8CFF6D08CBFB3EF8A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243381" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8243381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243381/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="351" startId="9.[151,250,1672,1696]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1648]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F55FF8CFF6D08CBFB3EF8A4" blockId="9.[151,1436,1672,1876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F55FF8CFF6D08CBFEFDF950" bold="true" box="[151,274,1672,1696]" pageId="9" pageNumber="351">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Stalk structure of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F55FF8CFE3008CAFD98F950" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[458,631,1673,1696]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="9" pageNumber="351" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F55FF8CFE3008CAFD98F950" box="[458,631,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="351">Loxosoma aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F55FF8CFD8708CBFD36F950" bold="true" box="[637,729,1672,1696]" pageId="9" pageNumber="351">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F55FF8CFD8708CBFD36F950" box="[637,729,1672,1696]" pageId="9" pageNumber="351" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(light microscopy). A. Frontal view of the specimen 7 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. B. Abfrontal view of the specimen 8 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. C–K. A series of oblique-transverse sections of the stalk of the specimen 7 with a step of about 20 mµ starting from level 1, which is marked in Fig. 6a. L–N. Longitudinal sections of the specimen 8 on levels that is marked in Fig. 6b. L.—level 1. M.—level 2. N.—level 3. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—‘beak’-like attachment organ, e—embryo, es—esophagus, gl—glandular cell, i—intestine, l—larva, m—muscle, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, stb—stalk base, sw—swelling.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5666096F56FF8FFF6D0A95FE66FA8E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243383" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8243383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243383/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="352" startId="10.[151,250,1238,1262]" targetBox="[164,1423,181,1214]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F56FF8FFF6D0A95FE66FA8E" blockId="10.[151,1437,1238,1406]" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F56FF8FFF6D0A95FEFCFB1E" bold="true" box="[151,275,1238,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Buds of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F56FF8FFE8A0A94FDF1FB1E" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[368,542,1239,1262]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="10" pageNumber="352" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F56FF8FFE8A0A94FDF1FB1E" box="[368,542,1239,1262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Loxosoma aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F56FF8FFDDF0A95FD6DFB1E" bold="true" box="[549,642,1238,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F56FF8FFDDF0A95FD6DFB1E" box="[549,642,1238,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="352" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A. Calyx of the specimen 9 with four buds. B. Calyx of the specimen 10 with seven buds. C. Attachment of the fully developed bud to the calyx of the specimen 10 by the posterior edge of the muscular disc. D. Frontal view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. E. Lateral view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. F. Drawing of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. Abbreviations: at—atrium, b—bud, g—gonads, pd—pedal disc, s—stomach. Asterisks indicate buds.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5666096F56FF8FFF6D0BEDFC00FA36" ID-Table-UUID="DF5666096F56FF8FFF6D0BEDFC00FA36" box="[151,1007,1454,1478]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5666096F56FF8FFF6D0BEDFC00FA36" pageId="10" pageNumber="352" startId="10.[151,239,1454,1478]" targetBox="[172,1414,1494,2028]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F56FF8FFF6D0BEDFC00FA36" blockId="10.[151,1007,1454,1478]" box="[151,1007,1454,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F56FF8FFF6D0BEDFEE5FA36" bold="true" box="[151,266,1454,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Measurements of 11 specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F56FF8FFD790BECFCD5FA36" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[643,826,1455,1478]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="10" pageNumber="352" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F56FF8FFD790BECFCD5FA36" box="[643,826,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Loxosoma aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F56FF8FFCBB0BEDFC4DFA36" bold="true" box="[833,930,1454,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F56FF8FFCBB0BEDFC4DFA36" box="[833,930,1454,1478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="352" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636816F56FF8FFF270B95FA99F81B" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<table id="F929C4216F56007AFF560B95FA69F81C" box="[172,1414,1494,2028]" gridcols="12" gridrows="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF560B95FA69FA1E" box="[172,1414,1494,1518]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF560B95FE9EFA1E" box="[172,369,1494,1518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Specimen</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A0B95FE23FA1E" box="[416,460,1494,1518]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA0B95FDC3FA1E" box="[512,556,1494,1518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">2</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A0B95FD63FA1E" box="[608,652,1494,1518]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">3</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B0B95FD02FA1E" box="[705,749,1494,1518]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">4</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB0B95FCA2FA1E" box="[801,845,1494,1518]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">5</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC850B95FC44FA1E" box="[895,939,1494,1518]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">6</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC210B95FBE8FA1E" box="[987,1031,1494,1518]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">7</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC30B95FB8AFA1E" box="[1081,1125,1494,1518]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">8</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB630B95FB2AFA1E" box="[1177,1221,1494,1518]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">9</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB030B95FACAFA1E" box="[1273,1317,1494,1518]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">10</th>
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA00B95FA69FA1E" box="[1370,1414,1494,1518]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">11</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF560BBDFA69F9E7" box="[172,1414,1534,1559]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF560BBDFE9EF9E7" box="[172,369,1534,1559]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Total length</th>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A0BBDFE23F9E7" box="[416,460,1534,1559]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">629</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA0BBDFDC3F9E7" box="[512,556,1534,1559]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">691</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A0BBDFD63F9E7" box="[608,652,1534,1559]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">670</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B0BBDFD02F9E7" box="[705,749,1534,1559]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">631</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB0BBDFCA2F9E7" box="[801,845,1534,1559]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">564</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC850BBDFC44F9E7" box="[895,939,1534,1559]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">351</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC210BBDFBE8F9E7" box="[987,1031,1534,1559]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">644</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC30BBDFB8AF9E7" box="[1081,1125,1534,1559]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">597</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB630BBDFB2AF9E7" box="[1177,1221,1534,1559]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">522</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB030BBDFACAF9E7" box="[1273,1317,1534,1559]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">561</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA00BBDFA69F9E7" box="[1370,1414,1534,1559]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">700</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF560864FA69F9CF" box="[172,1414,1575,1599]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF560864FE9EF9CF" box="[172,369,1575,1599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Calyx length</th>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A0864FE23F9CF" box="[416,460,1575,1599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">232</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA0864FDC3F9CF" box="[512,556,1575,1599]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">252</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A0864FD63F9CF" box="[608,652,1575,1599]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">256</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B0864FD02F9CF" box="[705,749,1575,1599]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">258</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB0864FCA2F9CF" box="[801,845,1575,1599]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">220</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC850864FC44F9CF" box="[895,939,1575,1599]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">167</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC210864FBE8F9CF" box="[987,1031,1575,1599]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">242</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC30864FB8AF9CF" box="[1081,1125,1575,1599]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">212</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB630864FB2AF9CF" box="[1177,1221,1575,1599]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">195</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB030864FACAF9CF" box="[1273,1317,1575,1599]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">210</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA00864FA69F9CF" box="[1370,1414,1575,1599]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">268</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF56080CFA69F952" box="[172,1414,1615,1698]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF56080CFE9EF952" box="[172,369,1615,1698]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Calyx width in frontal view at the level of stomach</th>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A080CFE23F952" box="[416,460,1615,1698]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">212</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA080CFDC3F952" box="[512,556,1615,1698]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">198</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A080CFD63F952" box="[608,652,1615,1698]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">259</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B080CFD02F952" box="[705,749,1615,1698]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">263</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB080CFCA2F952" box="[801,845,1615,1698]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">175</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC85080CFC44F952" box="[895,939,1615,1698]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">119</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC21080CFBE8F952" box="[987,1031,1615,1698]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">209</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC3080CFB8AF952" box="[1081,1125,1615,1698]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">192</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB63080CFB2AF952" box="[1177,1221,1615,1698]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">162</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB03080CFACAF952" box="[1273,1317,1615,1698]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">169</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA0080CFA69F952" box="[1370,1414,1615,1698]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">230</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF5608F1FA69F8F4" box="[172,1414,1714,1796]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF5608F1FE9EF8F4" box="[172,369,1714,1796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Calyx width in lateral view at the level of stomach</th>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A08F1FE23F8F4" box="[416,460,1714,1796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">194</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA08F1FDC3F8F4" box="[512,556,1714,1796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">181</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A08F1FD63F8F4" box="[608,652,1714,1796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">173</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B08F1FD02F8F4" box="[705,749,1714,1796]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">199</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB08F1FCA2F8F4" box="[801,845,1714,1796]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">180</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC8508F1FC44F8F4" box="[895,939,1714,1796]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">128</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC2108F1FBE8F8F4" box="[987,1031,1714,1796]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">-</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC308F1FB8AF8F4" box="[1081,1125,1714,1796]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">-</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB6308F1FB2AF8F4" box="[1177,1221,1714,1796]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">144</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB0308F1FACAF8F4" box="[1273,1317,1714,1796]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">153</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA008F1FA69F8F4" box="[1370,1414,1714,1796]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF560956FA69F8DD" box="[172,1414,1813,1837]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF560956FE9EF8DD" box="[172,369,1813,1837]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Stalk length</th>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A0956FE23F8DD" box="[416,460,1813,1837]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">397</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA0956FDC3F8DD" box="[512,556,1813,1837]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">439</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A0956FD63F8DD" box="[608,652,1813,1837]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">414</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B0956FD02F8DD" box="[705,749,1813,1837]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">373</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB0956FCA2F8DD" box="[801,845,1813,1837]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">344</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC850956FC44F8DD" box="[895,939,1813,1837]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">284</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC210956FBE8F8DD" box="[987,1031,1813,1837]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">402</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC30956FB8AF8DD" box="[1081,1125,1813,1837]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">385</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB630956FB2AF8DD" box="[1177,1221,1813,1837]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">327</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB030956FACAF8DD" box="[1273,1317,1813,1837]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">351</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA00956FA69F8DD" box="[1370,1414,1813,1837]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">432</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF56097EFA69F8A5" box="[172,1414,1853,1877]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF56097EFE9EF8A5" box="[172,369,1853,1877]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Stalk width</th>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A097EFE23F8A5" box="[416,460,1853,1877]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">82</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA097EFDC3F8A5" box="[512,556,1853,1877]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">88</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A097EFD63F8A5" box="[608,652,1853,1877]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">84</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B097EFD02F8A5" box="[705,749,1853,1877]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">83</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB097EFCA2F8A5" box="[801,845,1853,1877]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">77</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC85097EFC44F8A5" box="[895,939,1853,1877]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">68</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC21097EFBE8F8A5" box="[987,1031,1853,1877]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">98</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC3097EFB8AF8A5" box="[1081,1125,1853,1877]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">86</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB63097EFB2AF8A5" box="[1177,1221,1853,1877]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">70</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB03097EFACAF8A5" box="[1273,1317,1853,1877]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">83</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA0097EFA69F8A5" box="[1370,1414,1853,1877]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">94</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF560926FA69F86B" box="[172,1414,1893,1947]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF560926FE9EF86B" box="[172,369,1893,1947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Stalk length / calyx length</th>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A0926FE23F86B" box="[416,460,1893,1947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.71</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA0926FDC3F86B" box="[512,556,1893,1947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.74</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A0926FD63F86B" box="[608,652,1893,1947]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.62</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B0926FD02F86B" box="[705,749,1893,1947]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.44</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB0926FCA2F86B" box="[801,845,1893,1947]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.56</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC850926FC44F86B" box="[895,939,1893,1947]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.70</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC210926FBE8F86B" box="[987,1031,1893,1947]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.66</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC30926FB8AF86B" box="[1081,1125,1893,1947]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.81</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB630926FB2AF86B" box="[1177,1221,1893,1947]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.67</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB030926FACAF86B" box="[1273,1317,1893,1947]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.67</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA00926FA69F86B" box="[1370,1414,1893,1947]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1.61</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF5609E8FA69F833" box="[172,1414,1963,1987]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF5609E8FE9EF833" box="[172,369,1963,1987]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Buds</th>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A09E8FE23F833" box="[416,460,1963,1987]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">2</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA09E8FDC3F833" box="[512,556,1963,1987]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">2</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A09E8FD63F833" box="[608,652,1963,1987]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">0</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B09E8FD02F833" box="[705,749,1963,1987]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB09E8FCA2F833" box="[801,845,1963,1987]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC8509E8FC44F833" box="[895,939,1963,1987]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">2</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC2109E8FBE8F833" box="[987,1031,1963,1987]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">3</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC309E8FB8AF833" box="[1081,1125,1963,1987]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">0</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB6309E8FB2AF833" box="[1177,1221,1963,1987]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">4</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB0309E8FACAF833" box="[1273,1317,1963,1987]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">7</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA009E8FA69F833" box="[1370,1414,1963,1987]" gridcol="11" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351934C36F56007AFF560990FA69F81C" box="[172,1414,2003,2028]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">
<th id="76C85DBF6F56007AFF560990FE9EF81C" box="[172,369,2003,2028]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">Large embryos</th>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFE5A0990FE23F81C" box="[416,460,2003,2028]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">1</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFDFA0990FDC3F81C" box="[512,556,2003,2028]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">0</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD9A0990FD63F81C" box="[608,652,2003,2028]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">4</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFD3B0990FD02F81C" box="[705,749,2003,2028]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">4</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFCDB0990FCA2F81C" box="[801,845,2003,2028]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">6</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC850990FC44F81C" box="[895,939,2003,2028]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">0</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFC210990FBE8F81C" box="[987,1031,2003,2028]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">4</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFBC30990FB8AF81C" box="[1081,1125,2003,2028]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">4</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB630990FB2AF81C" box="[1177,1221,2003,2028]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">0</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFB030990FACAF81C" box="[1273,1317,2003,2028]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">0</td>
<td id="76C85DBF6F56007AFAA00990FA69F81C" box="[1370,1414,2003,2028]" gridcol="11" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="352">2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5666096F57FF8EFF6D0A3EFEA8FA62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243385" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8243385" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243385/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" startId="11.[151,250,1149,1173]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1125]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F57FF8EFF6D0A3EFEA8FA62" blockId="11.[151,1437,1149,1426]" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F57FF8EFF6D0A3EFEFDFB65" bold="true" box="[151,274,1149,1173]" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Embryos and larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F57FF8EFDFE0A3DFD5EFB65" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[516,689,1150,1173]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F57FF8EFDFE0A3DFD5EFB65" box="[516,689,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">Loxosoma aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F57FF8EFD4D0A3DFCFBFB66" bold="true" box="[695,788,1150,1174]" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F57FF8EFD4D0A3DFCFBFB66" box="[695,788,1150,1174]" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(light microscopy). A–C. Series of parasagittal sections through the calyx with a larva, three large embryos, and several young embryos. A. The most distal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three large embryos. B. More proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber, three large embryos and one young embryo. C. The most proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three young embryos. D–F. A series of oblique-transverse section of the larva. D. The section on the level of the apical organ and the frontal organ. E. The section on the level of the esophagus. F. The section on the level of the foot. Abbreviations: ap—apical organ, bc—brood chamber, es—esophagus, f—foot, fo—frontal organ, l—larva, pg—pedal gland, pr—prototroch, s—stomach. Embryos are numbered in Arabic numerals.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636816F57FF8EFF3D0B83FDC0F99A" blockId="11.[151,1437,1472,2038]" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">
Most specimens that were collected at the end of August had developing embryos in the calyx. When embryos develop, the calyx becomes asymmetric—it swells on one side (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F57FF8EFCA50BA7FC26FA0E" box="[863,969,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1857,1881]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-35@5.[152,1435,181,1833]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243373/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">
Fig. 
<quantity id="4CD19B646F57FF8EFC690BA7FC5EFA0E" box="[915,945,1508,1534]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" unit="g" value="2.0">2g</quantity>
–i
</figureCitation>
). One specimen may simultaneously have one fully developed larva in the brood chamber, one or two developing larvae and about five embryos at different stages of development (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F57FF8EFE58086FFDE0F9B6" box="[418,527,1580,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1125]" captionTargetId="figure-35@11.[151,1435,181,1125]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Embryos and larvae of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A–C. Series of parasagittal sections through the calyx with a larva, three large embryos, and several young embryos. A. The most distal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three large embryos. B. More proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber, three large embryos and one young embryo. C. The most proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three young embryos. D–F. A series of oblique-transverse section of the larva. D. The section on the level of the apical organ and the frontal organ. E. The section on the level of the esophagus. F. The section on the level of the foot. Abbreviations: ap—apical organ, bc—brood chamber, es—esophagus, f—foot, fo—frontal organ, l—larva, pg—pedal gland, pr—prototroch, s—stomach. Embryos are numbered in Arabic numerals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243385" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243385/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">Fig. 8a–c</figureCitation>
). The creeping-type larva has a well-developed foot, a large paired frontal organ, and a small apical organ (
<figureCitation id="13122A046F57FF8EFE4C0813FDCDF99A" box="[438,546,1616,1642]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1149,1173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1125]" captionTargetId="figure-35@11.[151,1435,181,1125]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Embryos and larvae of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A–C. Series of parasagittal sections through the calyx with a larva, three large embryos, and several young embryos. A. The most distal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three large embryos. B. More proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber, three large embryos and one young embryo. C. The most proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three young embryos. D–F. A series of oblique-transverse section of the larva. D. The section on the level of the apical organ and the frontal organ. E. The section on the level of the esophagus. F. The section on the level of the foot. Abbreviations: ap—apical organ, bc—brood chamber, es—esophagus, f—foot, fo—frontal organ, l—larva, pg—pedal gland, pr—prototroch, s—stomach. Embryos are numbered in Arabic numerals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8243385" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8243385/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">Fig. 8d–f</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C333650A6F57FF89FF3D0837FCD2FE95" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9636816F57FF89FF3D0837FCD2FE95" blockId="11.[151,1437,1472,2038]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F57FF8EFF3D0837FED4F97E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1652,1678]" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">Remarks.</emphasis>
The specimens found in the White Sea attach to the setae of the parapodia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F57FF8EFB470836FAAFF97E" box="[1213,1344,1652,1678]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Laonice" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F57FF8EFB470836FAF8F97E" box="[1213,1303,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">Laonice</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Several dozen specimens were found on one polychaete. They have some differences from those described from the Bergen area. They are slightly larger (up to 700 µm, while specimens from Bergen are up to 470 µm). The specimens from Bergen have transverse furrows on the base of the stalk caused by the setae of the polychaete (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F57FF8EFB6508A3FAA9F90A" author="Nielsen, C." box="[1183,1350,1760,1786]" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref7651" refString="Nielsen, C. (1964 b) Entoprocta from the Bergen area. Sarsia, 17 (1), 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.1964.10409535" type="journal article" year="1964">Nielsen 1964b</bibRefCitation>
), which are lacking on the specimens from the White Sea. In the White Sea sexually reproduced specimens were found in August, while in Bergen was September. Despite these differences, we still assume that specimens from Bergen and from the White Sea belong to the same species. They share the unique features: buds and embryos develop only on one side of the calyx, which becomes asymmetrical when embryos are large; the calyx bears six short and wide tentacles (specimens with four tentacles are also described from Bergen). Loxosomatids rarely have six tentacles. Only calyxes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F57FF8EFEAE09FAFCECF822" authority="Konno 1972" authorityName="Konno" authorityYear="1972" box="[340,771,1976,2002]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="axisadversum">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F57FF8EFEAE09FAFD85F822" box="[340,618,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">Loxosoma axisadversum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F57FF8EFD8909FBFCECF822" author="Konno, K." box="[627,771,1976,2002]" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" pagination="64 - 78" refId="ref7488" refString="Konno, K. (1972) Studies on Japanese Entoprocta. I. On four new species of loxosomatides found at Fukuara, Aomori Prefecture. Science Reports of the Hirosaki University, 19, 64 - 78." type="journal article" year="1972">Konno 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F57FF8EFCF509FBFEACF806" authority="Borisanova &amp; Chernyshev &amp; Ekimova, 2018" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Chernyshev &amp; Ekimova" authorityYear="2018" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="sextentaculata">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F57FF8EFCF509FBFBA6F822" box="[783,1097,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">Loxosomella sextentaculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F57FF8EFBAB09FBFEACF806" author="Borisanova, A. O." pageId="11" pageNumber="353" pagination="111 - 162" refId="ref6691" refString="Borisanova, A. O. (2018) Entoprocta (Kamptozoa). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology. Miscellaneous Invertebrates. De Gruyter, Berlin and Boston, pp. 111 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110489279 - 006" type="book chapter" year="2018">Borisanova &amp; Chernyshev &amp; Ekimova, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F57FF8EFE81099FFC70F806" authority="Nielsen &amp; Ryland, 1961" authorityName="Nielsen &amp; Ryland" authorityYear="1961" box="[379,927,2012,2038]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="discopoda">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F57FF8EFE81099FFD69F806" box="[379,646,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">Loxosomella discopoda</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F57FF8EFD74099FFC70F806" author="Nielsen, C. &amp; Ryland, J. S." box="[654,927,2012,2038]" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" pagination="39 - 45" refId="ref7873" refString="Nielsen, C. &amp; Ryland, J. S. (1961) Three new species of Entoprocta from West Norway. Sarsia, 1, 39 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.1961.10410243" type="journal article" year="1961">Nielsen &amp; Ryland, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
bear six tentacles, and calyx of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F57FF89FAF7099FFE23FF41" authority="Franzen, 1973" authorityName="Franzen" authorityYear="1973" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosomella" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="354" order="Coloniales" pageId="11" pageNumber="353" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="brachystipes">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F57FF89FAF7099FFECAFF41" italics="true" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="11" pageNumber="353">Loxosomella brachystipes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F50FF89FED60ED4FE23FF41" author="Franzen, A." box="[300,460,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="354" pagination="183 - 195" refId="ref7168" refString="Franzen, A. (1973) Some Antarctic Entoprocta with notes on morphology and taxonomy in the Entoprocta in general. Zoologica Scripta, 2, 183 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1974. tb 00751. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Franzén, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
can bear from six to twelve tentacles. The tentacles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C294D026F50FF89FBC30ED4FA73FF40" authorityName="Borisanova &amp; Schepetov" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Nielsen" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[1081,1436,151,177]" class="Entoprocta" family="Loxosomatidae" genus="Loxosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coloniales" pageId="12" pageNumber="354" phylum="Kamptozoa" rank="species" species="aripes" status="comb. nov." subGenus="Loxosomina">
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F50FF89FBC30ED4FA73FF40" box="[1081,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="354">Loxosoma (Loxosomina) aripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F50FF89FF6D0EF8FF11FF25" bold="true" box="[151,254,187,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="354">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57E86F50FF89FF6D0EF8FF11FF25" box="[151,254,187,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="354" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
differ from all other studied entoprocts in the structure of the frontal surface. It consists of nine rows of ciliated cells instead of five rows as in other entoprocts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F50FF89FCFF0E9CFBC5FF09" author="Nielsen, C. &amp; Jespersen, A." box="[773,1066,223,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="354" refId="ref7819" refString="Nielsen, C. &amp; Jespersen, A. (1997) Entoprocta. In: Harrison, F. W. &amp; Ruppert, E. E. (Eds.), Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates. Vol. 13. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 13 - 43." type="book" year="1997">Nielsen &amp; Jespersen 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F50FF89FBCF0E9CFAFCFF09" author="Riisgard, H. U. &amp; Nielsen, C. &amp; Larsen, P. S." box="[1077,1299,223,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="354" pagination="33 - 51" refId="ref8022" refString="Riisgard, H. U., Nielsen, C. &amp; Larsen, P. S. (2000) Downstream collecting in ciliary suspension feeders: the catch-up principle. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 207, 33 - 51. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 24863777]" type="journal article" year="2000">
Riisgard 
<emphasis id="B95DEA936F50FF89FB600E9CFB25FF09" box="[1178,1226,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="354">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B706F50FF89FAE70E9CFF3BFEED" author="Borisanova, A. O." pageId="12" pageNumber="354" pagination="433 - 445" refId="ref6748" refString="Borisanova, A. O. (2020) Two types of the tentacle structure of Entoprocta and the fine structure of the vestibular groove. Zoomorphology, 139 (4), 433 - 445. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 020 - 00497 - y" type="journal article" year="2020">Borisanova 2020</bibRefCitation>
). There are two additional rows of cells similar in ultrastructure to the frontal cells that form the lateral walls of the frontal groove. In other entoprocts, the frontal groove is formed by a single frontal cell. There are also two additional rows of lateral cells, which create a water current.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>