157 lines
17 KiB
XML
157 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="3B59FCEC0C16B717C80FF33C3164BDCB" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" approvalRequired="1316" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="212" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1103" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6F62CABFF17FF7E1467FD15" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.9:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pachycondyla" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="138" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="138" updateTime="1692390356871" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="65CE57799AC5E9B47469B307724FEE96">
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<mods:title id="22591079BB715D088B219F2826AA0241">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6EEB0BF699FB2C646DE8082CA43C428F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6608A3FE6A3093DDD5D51605246312E2">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C5B5E9AC9E689D56C79D0131BA744F33">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D8A452999CAEC082159890FF5B7BA058">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1D2E60EE97E0524C6D376A7772C847A1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E5990DB26E52A62E04BA4B108CF09FAB">
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<mods:date id="9FC1F9632EB8B13F657FBA9F91D5A6A6">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EFEEEDDEA5A51F385BB1AB0893AA8379">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="6D2F1649C7078F4D1C50195AFDDB89BC" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="30961309F26A118482FCB91E326C5FDB">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="6613AF5DAB86EEA7C76E234AECBA7D6C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="231260A901770591685207E793B33CF0" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6F62CABFF17FF7E1467FD15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117534" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709901" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117534" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6F62CABFF17FF7E1467FD15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6F62CABFF17FF7E1467FD15" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F62CABFF17FF7E1417FEE1" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF17FF7E1185FF48" blockId="137.[151,480,152,178]" box="[151,480,152,178]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6F62CABFF17FF7E1185FF48" bold="true" box="[151,480,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF17FF7E1185FF48" bold="true" box="[151,480,152,178]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFF17FF7E1125FF48" ID-CoL="6BRJ" ID-ENA="118887" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,320,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF17FF7E1125FF48" bold="true" box="[151,320,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF17FF381417FEE1" blockId="137.[151,1436,222,751]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFF4AFF38110DFF0D" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[202,360,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF4AFF38110DFF0D" box="[202,360,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group arose from a Neotropical radiation into mostly epigeic predator niches. It is one of the most morphologically, ecologically and behaviorally diverse ponerine genus groups.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6F62CABFF47FEC01467FD15" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF47FEC01250FDED" blockId="137.[151,1436,222,751]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFF47FEC01129FEC5" bold="true" box="[199,332,294,319]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Discussion.</emphasis>
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The monophyly of the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFDD4FEC01296FEC5" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[596,755,294,319]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFDD4FEC01296FEC5" box="[596,755,294,319]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group as defined here is somewhat uncertain. Though it is supported with a BPP of
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<quantity id="4C2645F5A6F62CABFE64FEAC1257FE99" box="[484,562,330,355]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5146" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" unit="in" value="0.99">0.99 in</quantity>
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the phylogeny of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFC80FEAC13D7FE99" author="Schmidt, C." box="[768,946,330,355]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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, a thorough assessment of the phylogenetic results indicated significant uncertainty about the grouping of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFCD7FE8813A2FE7D" box="[855,967,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFCD7FE8813A2FE7D" box="[855,967,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Simopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and/or
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFB9EFE88148DFE7D" box="[1054,1256,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFB9EFE88148DFE7D" box="[1054,1256,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with the rest of the genus group. The group is supported by a potential synapomorphy: a U-shaped cuticular lip posterior to the metapleural gland orifice. A similar cuticular lip also occurs in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFCDAFE5113B0FE34" box="[858,981,439,462]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFCDAFE5113B0FE34" box="[858,981,439,462]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Diacamma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(as well as
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFBD8FE50157BFE34" box="[1112,1310,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFBD8FE501491FE35" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1112,1268,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6F62CABFB7BFE51157BFE34" box="[1275,1310,439,462]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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), however, meaning that it may be a synapomorphy for the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFD42FE3C1304FE09" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[706,865,474,499]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFD42FE3C1304FE09" box="[706,865,474,499]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFC1BFE3D138BFE08" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[923,1006,475,498]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFC1BFE3D138BFE08" box="[923,1006,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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groups together (subsequently lost in most members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFE09FE1911BEFDEC" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[393,475,511,534]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFE09FE1911BEFDEC" box="[393,475,511,534]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6F62CABFF47FDC41467FD15" blockId="137.[151,1436,222,751]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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Generic relationships within the group are generally very well supported, except at the base, where the relationships are unresolved.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFE61FDA01234FDA5" box="[481,593,582,607]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFE61FDA01234FDA5" box="[481,593,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Simopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is most often reconstructed as sister to the rest of the group, but this is not strongly supported (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFEF6FD8C1245FD79" author="Schmidt, C." box="[374,544,618,643]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). Among the remaining genera in the group,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFB94FD8D14C6FD78" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1044,1187,619,642]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mayaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFB94FD8D14C6FD78" box="[1044,1187,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Mayaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is strongly inferred as sister to a clade consisting of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFE78FD69121AFD5C" box="[504,639,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFE78FD69121AFD5C" box="[504,639,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFD11FD681355FD5D" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[657,816,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFD11FD681355FD5D" box="[657,816,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFCEDFD69138CFD5C" box="[877,1001,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFCEDFD69138CFD5C" box="[877,1001,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Neoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFBB8FD6914DAFD5C" box="[1080,1215,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFBB8FD6914DAFD5C" box="[1080,1215,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Dinoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFB7DFD6815FEFD5D" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1277,1435,654,679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFB7DFD6815FEFD5D" box="[1277,1435,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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forming sister groups.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFE13FD54127FFD31" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[403,538,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFE13FD54127FFD31" box="[403,538,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFDA8FD5412FDFD31" box="[552,664,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFDA8FD5412FDFD31" box="[552,664,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Simopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6F62CABFD4EFD5413FDFD31" box="[718,920,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6F62CABFD4EFD5413FDFD31" box="[718,920,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appear to be closely related and may form the sister group to the remaining genera (P.S. Ward, pers. comm.;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6F62CABFCCEFD301393FD15" author="Schmidt, C." box="[846,1014,726,751]" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |