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<mods:title id="403D2695F2B921D3373DBC8D5EF1A479">The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="290753E2F6E644ED20A3BCA7D0A70D94">Moghaddam, Masumeh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="473E9D8487EA22AB5C57102FBC7566DE">Watson, Gillian W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="46A8453A6014C0CA7707C5D347868D55">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. &amp; Science: Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. gillian. watson @ nhm. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9914 - 0094 * Corresponding author. moghadam @ iripp. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0908 - 838 X &amp; Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="100D368EFFB0396292DA91FA34D9DB8A" blockId="45.[151,661,1710,1773]" box="[151,488,1710,1737]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<heading id="4B4581E2FFB0396292DA91FA34D9DB8A" bold="true" box="[151,488,1710,1737]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB0396292DA91FA34D9DB8A" ID-CoL="T452" authority="Maskell" authorityName="Maskell (Moghaddam &amp; Nematian" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,488,1710,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Ceroplastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubens">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB0396292DA91FA34D9DB8A" bold="true" box="[151,488,1710,1737]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB0396292DA91FA344FDB8A" bold="true" box="[151,382,1710,1737]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Ceroplastes rubens</emphasis>
Maskell
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFB0396292DA918637A4DBAE" box="[151,661,1746,1773]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB0396292DA918637A4DBAE" blockId="45.[151,661,1710,1773]" box="[151,661,1746,1773]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
(
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFB0396292D2918635C3DBAE" box="[159,242,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,565,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-176@46.[151,1436,560,1947]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 15. Adult female of Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, reproduced from Moghaddam &amp; Nematian (2021) page 179, fig. 2, with kind permission from the Editor of Journal of Entomological Society of Iran." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFB0396292B391863450DBAE" box="[254,353,1746,1773]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,234,1620,1644]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,1597]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[189,1398,181,1597]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="PLATE 2. Coccidae continued: A, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; B, Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus); C-1 and C-2, Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus); D, Didesmococcus unifasciatus (Archangelskaya); E, Ericerus farsicus Moghaddam &amp; Faghih; F, Eriopeltis festucae (Boyer de Fonscolombe); G, Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus)." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Plate 2A</figureCitation>
, distribution map
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFB039629061918637BCDBAE" box="[556,653,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 89" captionStartId="179.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox="[210,1380,190,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-17@179.[197,1391,181,1482]" captionTargetPageId="179" captionText="FIGURE 89. Distribution maps of scale insect species in Iran covered in this work. A, Asterodiaspis minor (Russell); B, Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouché); C, Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval); D, Bodenheimera rachelae (Bodenheimer); E, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock; F, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; G, Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus); H, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio; I, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus; J, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana); K, Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger; L, Didesmococcus unifasciatus (Archangelskaya)." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 89F</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFB0396292DA90433438DAA7" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB0396292DA9043371DDA6C" blockId="45.[151,556,1815,1839]" box="[151,556,1815,1839]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="30A211A0FFB0396292DA9043371DDA6C" box="[151,556,1815,1839]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFB0396292DA90433719DA6C" author="Maskell, W. M." box="[151,552,1815,1839]" page="214" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" year="1893">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB0396292DA90433719DA6C" ID-CoL="T452" authority="Maskell, 1893: 214" authorityName="Maskell (Moghaddam &amp; Nematian" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,552,1815,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Ceroplastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubens">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB0396292DA9043346ADA6C" box="[151,347,1815,1839]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Ceroplastes rubens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFB03962932C90433719DA6C" author="Maskell, W. M." box="[353,552,1815,1839]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="201 - 252" refId="ref105217" refString="Maskell, W. M. (1893) Further coccid notes: with descriptions of new species from Australia, India, Sandwich Islands, Demerara, and South Pacific. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 25 (1892), 201 - 252." type="journal article" year="1893">Maskell, 1893: 214</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB0396292DA90093438DAA7" blockId="45.[151,1436,1885,2020]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB0396292DA900934A2DA34" bold="true" box="[151,403,1885,1911]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Field characteristics:</emphasis>
Live adult female body convex, up to
<quantity id="D74A9B6BFFB03962910690093693DA3B" box="[843,930,1885,1912]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
long, covered with thick pinkish brown wax not divided into plates; dorsum with short, raised, narrow whiteish ridge leading to each stigmatic cleft. In dorsal view, the waxy test appears sub-rectangular or oval. The pink eggs are laid under the female body, protected by the waxy test.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFB33960928A97C23180DCCA" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB33961928A97C23432DD97" blockId="46.[151,1436,150,537]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB33961928A97C234E6DDF3" bold="true" box="[199,471,150,176]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Microscopic diagnosis:</emphasis>
Slide-mounted adult female body broadly oval and convex. Stigmatic clefts quite wide and deep.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB33961928A978B3717DCCA" blockId="46.[151,1436,150,537]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB33961928A978B3410DDBB" box="[199,289,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Derm membranous on young females, but with a rather flat, heavily sclerotized caudal process; with 1 cephalic, 1 mediodorsal, and 6 lateral clear areas devoid of pores and setae. Setae short, cylindrical, and with truncate apex. Pores of
<specimenCount id="06B4FD07FFB3396193EA967234CCDC02" box="[423,509,294,321]" count="2" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="generic" typeStatus="types">2 types</specimenCount>
: bilocular, and irregularly oval trilocular. Tubular ducts present throughout. Duct tubercles absent. Preopercular pores present in a group of about 915 pores. Anal plates each with 3 long flagellate dorsal setae. Anal ring with 8 setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB33961928A96C7374EDF5A" blockId="46.[151,1436,150,537]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB33961928A96C7342BDCEF" box="[199,282,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Margin</emphasis>
. Marginal setae slightly longer than dorsal setae, except each anal lobe with 35 longer, sharply pointed setae. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with about 1518 stigmatic setae along margin of each stigmatic cleft, each seta bollard-like, plus, more dorsally, 2 significantly larger bollard-like setae and with a much larger, bluntly pointed, spinose seta at apex of each group.
</paragraph>
<caption id="44CD6606FFB3396192DA90E736E6DAAC" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" startId="46.[151,250,1971,1995]" targetBox="[163,1427,565,1940]" targetPageId="46" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB3396192DA90E736E6DAAC" blockId="46.[151,1437,1971,2031]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB3396192DA90E73411DA88" bold="true" box="[151,288,1971,1995]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
Adult female of
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB33961938190E737DBDA88" authority="Maskell" authorityName="Maskell (Moghaddam &amp; Nematian" authorityYear="2021" box="[460,746,1971,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Ceroplastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubens">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB33961938190E737BEDA88" box="[460,655,1971,1995]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Ceroplastes rubens</emphasis>
Maskell
</taxonomicName>
, reproduced from
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFB3396191E990E731C0DA88" author="Moghaddam, M. &amp; Nematian, M. R." box="[932,1265,1971,1995]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="175 - 181" refId="ref106200" refString="Moghaddam, M. &amp; Nematian, M. R. (2021) New record of a scale insect pest from the genus Ceroplastes (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Coccidae) on Aglaonema commutatum (Araceae) from Iran. Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran, 41 (2), 175 - 181." type="journal article" year="2021">Moghaddam &amp; Nematian (2021)</bibRefCitation>
page 179, fig. 2, with kind permission from the Editor of
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB33961907C908336E3DAAC" box="[561,978,2007,2031]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Journal of Entomological Society of Iran</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB23960928A97C33180DCCA" blockId="47.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB23960928A97C3343EDDF3" box="[199,271,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Venter</emphasis>
. Derm entirely membranous. Pregenital disc-pores each with 10 loculi, restricted to around anogenital fold (segment VII). Spiracular disc-pores each with 5 loculi, present in broad bands between margin and each spiracle, and with a few extending medially past spiracular apodeme towards prothoracic coxa. Cruciform pores present at margins. Tubular ducts absent. Minute setae present; interantennal setae numbering at most 3 pairs; setae on pregenital segments small. Antennae quite short, each with 6 segments. Legs much reduced in size, with trochanter and femur occasionally appearing fused, lacking tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; tibia and tarsus fused; claw digitules dissimilar, 1 slightly thicker and longer than other; tarsal digitules both narrow.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFB23960928A96C63788DFEA" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB23960928A96C63746DC92" blockId="47.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB23960928A96C63452DCEF" bold="true" box="[199,355,402,428]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Distribution:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB23960932196C73776DCEE" authorityName="Maskell (Moghaddam &amp; Nematian" authorityYear="2021" box="[364,583,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Ceroplastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubens">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB23960932196C73776DCEE" box="[364,583,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ceroplastes rubens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a cosmopolitan species of African origin; in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFB23960963C96C73190DCEE" box="[1137,1185,403,429]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Iran</collectingCountry>
, it is found in
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFB23960970296C735C8DC92" country="Iran" name="Tehran" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Tehran province</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFB23960934596E3375ADC92" author="Moghaddam, M. &amp; Nematian, M. R." box="[264,619,439,465]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="175 - 181" refId="ref106200" refString="Moghaddam, M. &amp; Nematian, M. R. (2021) New record of a scale insect pest from the genus Ceroplastes (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Coccidae) on Aglaonema commutatum (Araceae) from Iran. Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran, 41 (2), 175 - 181." type="journal article" year="2021">Moghaddam &amp; Nematian 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB23960928A968F34D2DF7E" blockId="47.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB23960928A968F346ADCB6" bold="true" box="[199,347,475,501]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Host-plants:</emphasis>
The scale highly polyphagous, usually feeding on woody hosts and some
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB2396096AC968F3056DCB6" box="[1249,1383,475,501]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cycadaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB2396092DA96AB342DDF5A" box="[151,284,511,537]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Pteridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pteridaceae</taxonomicName>
; in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFB23960930B96AB3447DF5A" box="[326,374,511,537]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Iran</collectingCountry>
, it has been recorded on
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB2396090DF96AB369ADF5B" box="[658,939,511,537]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Aglaonema" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="commutatum">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB2396090DF96AB369ADF5B" box="[658,939,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Aglaonema commutatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB2396091F796AB3128DF5A" box="[954,1049,511,537]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFB23960967C96AB30A5DF5A" author="Moghaddam, M. &amp; Nematian, M. R." box="[1073,1428,511,537]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="175 - 181" refId="ref106200" refString="Moghaddam, M. &amp; Nematian, M. R. (2021) New record of a scale insect pest from the genus Ceroplastes (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Coccidae) on Aglaonema commutatum (Araceae) from Iran. Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran, 41 (2), 175 - 181." type="journal article" year="2021">Moghaddam &amp; Nematian 2021</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB23960928A95773465DF7F" baseAuthorityName="Bodenheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1944" box="[199,340,547,572]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carica">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB23960928A95773465DF7F" box="[199,340,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ficus carica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB23960932F957734E6DF7E" box="[354,471,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB23960928A9512303BDFC6" blockId="47.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB23960928A951234E9DF23" bold="true" box="[199,472,582,608]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Economic importance:</emphasis>
It is highly likely that this species was introduced to
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFB23960967B95133152DF22" box="[1078,1123,583,609]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Iran</collectingCountry>
on plants that had not been properly inspected. At present, there are some reports of it causing serious damage to fig trees in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFB239609698953F3037DFC6" box="[1237,1286,619,645]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB23960928A95DB3788DFEA" blockId="47.[151,1437,151,681]" box="[199,697,654,681]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB23960928A95DB34A5DFEB" bold="true" box="[199,404,654,681]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Natural enemies:</emphasis>
None recorded from
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFB2396090C895DB3787DFEA" box="[645,694,655,681]" name="Iran" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>