treatments-xml/data/03/D8/87/03D887FFD97BFFB6FE86FECFFDB6369E.xml

<document id="56318BA446B9D6B32188DAA0D4E0E000" ID-CLB-Dataset="27015" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.2646378" ID-GBIF-Dataset="aa185dd6-7178-4f5b-9c0a-46ca56094d89" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2646378" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1555588030164" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Alderslade, Philip" docDate="2006" docId="03D887FFD97BFFB6FE86FECFFDB6369E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01199p047.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1199" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Asperaxis karenae Alderslade 2006, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="FFE1FF87D97FFFAAFF8EFFD3FFFF324D" masterDocTitle="New subfamilies and a new genus and species of Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) with comparative data on the structure of both melithaeid and subergorgiid axes" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1698723037265" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4DA610A0DAED912B754AFD9D8759A034">New subfamilies and a new genus and species of Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) with comparative data on the structure of both melithaeid and subergorgiid axes</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD97BFFAEFE86FECFFE18337B" ID-CoL="HBSM" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,487,284,310]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD97BFFAEFE86FECFFE18337B" bold="true" box="[264,487,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD97BFFAEFD00FEC8FCF83378" box="[654,775,283,309]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-10="FIGURE 11" captionStart-11="FIGURE 12" captionStart-12="FIGURE 13" captionStart-13="FIGURE 14" captionStart-14="FIGURE 15" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStart-8="FIGURE 9" captionStart-9="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="4.[264,368,1705,1729]" captionStartId-1="5.[264,367,1819,1843]" captionStartId-10="15.[264,367,1832,1856]" captionStartId-11="16.[264,368,1360,1384]" captionStartId-12="17.[264,367,1307,1331]" captionStartId-13="18.[264,367,1487,1511]" captionStartId-14="19.[264,368,1573,1597]" captionStartId-2="6.[264,367,1827,1851]" captionStartId-3="7.[264,368,1355,1379]" captionStartId-4="9.[264,367,1812,1836]" captionStartId-5="10.[264,367,1814,1838]" captionStartId-6="11.[264,368,1804,1828]" captionStartId-7="12.[264,367,1768,1792]" captionStartId-8="13.[264,368,1807,1831]" captionStartId-9="14.[264,367,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox-0="[292,1304,909,1690]" captionTargetBox-1="[308,1278,390,1811]" captionTargetBox-10="[291,1297,512,1808]" captionTargetBox-11="[297,1290,557,1304]" captionTargetBox-12="[94,1290,287,1283]" captionTargetBox-13="[277,1493,286,1459]" captionTargetBox-14="[276,1311,616,1537]" captionTargetBox-2="[264,1493,286,1819]" captionTargetBox-3="[330,1300,475,1318]" captionTargetBox-4="[94,1218,287,1804]" captionTargetBox-5="[264,1493,286,1806]" captionTargetBox-6="[94,1323,287,1780]" captionTargetBox-7="[264,1493,286,1744]" captionTargetBox-8="[94,1323,287,1783]" captionTargetBox-9="[283,1493,286,1601]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[292,1304,909,1690]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[308,1278,390,1815]" captionTargetId-10="figure@15.[283,1303,508,1821]" captionTargetId-11="figure@16.[266,1321,526,1336]" captionTargetId-12="figure@17.[266,1321,272,1306]" captionTargetId-13="figure@18.[265,1322,304,1462]" captionTargetId-14="figure@19.[266,1321,606,1549]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[264,1323,310,1823]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[269,1319,466,1336]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[368,1218,310,1804]" captionTargetId-5="figure@10.[264,1323,306,1814]" captionTargetId-6="figure@11.[264,1323,304,1780]" captionTargetId-7="figure@12.[264,1323,308,1744]" captionTargetId-8="figure@13.[264,1323,308,1783]" captionTargetId-9="figure@14.[268,1318,302,1615]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-10="15" captionTargetPageId-11="16" captionTargetPageId-12="17" captionTargetPageId-13="18" captionTargetPageId-14="19" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionTargetPageId-6="11" captionTargetPageId-7="12" captionTargetPageId-8="13" captionTargetPageId-9="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype NTM C14986 &amp; paratype NTM C13575, in situ with a colony of the bryozoan Triphyllozoon floribundum (photo: K. Gowlett­Holmes)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, colony; B, polyps clustered on twig tip; C, light photograph of decorticated axis fragment." captionText-10="FIGURE 11. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, axial sclerites; B, points and collaret arrangement." captionText-11="FIGURE 12. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, calicular sclerites." captionText-12="FIGURE 13. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, anthocodial sclerites: A, points; B, pharynx." captionText-13="FIGURE 14. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, tentacular sclerites: A, rachis; B, base of pinnules." captionText-14="FIGURE 15. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, coenenchymal sclerites." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, internodes and nodes; B, close­up of a whole node; C, close up of a partial node; D, close up of part of an internode." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, decalcified twig cross­sections: A, intern­ ode region, showing mesogloeal remnants; B, partially decalcified section through internode region showing axis and longitudinal canals; C, nodal region with close­up showing gorgonin remnants." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, longitudinal section through internode fragment; B, close­up of calcite matrix on internode surface; C, close up of calcite matrix from internode interior." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., developing axis: A–E, holotype; A, from distal portion of twig; B, close­up of region near tip; C–E, close­ups of older portions, with D showing cavity remaining from a dissolved partial node; F, paratype SAM H1398, axis tip." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A–B, C–D, cavities left by dissolved partial nodes; E, branching node." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., paratypes: A–B, SAM H1400, cross section through node with close­up of nodal sclerites with gorgonin sheaths; C, NTM C14987, longitudinal section through a node showing nodal sclerites held within sheathing gorgonin." captionText-8="FIGURE 9. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, partially embedded internodal surface sclerites; B, complete internode; CD, internode cross­section with close­up featuring the central core; EF, internode cross­section featuring sections through embedded sclerites." captionText-9="FIGURE 10. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, polyp and calyx; B, side view of cleared tentacle, in­sc = intermediate sclerites, pi­sc = pinnule scales; C, tentacle tip showing nematocyst bands; D, tentacle tip showing position of pinnule scales." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492026" figureDoi-13="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492031" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492028" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3492026/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2646382/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/2646402/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/2646404/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/2646406/files/figure.svg" httpUri-13="https://zenodo.org/record/3492031/files/figure.png" httpUri-14="https://zenodo.org/record/2646410/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3492028/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/2646386/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/2646388/files/figure.svg" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/2646390/files/figure.svg" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/2646394/files/figure.svg" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/2646396/files/figure.svg" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/2646398/files/figure.svg" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/2646400/files/figure.svg" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Figs 1–15</figureCitation>
)
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<materialsCitation id="3B193CB4D97BFFAEFE86FEB4FB6333E4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236573251" collectingDate="2002-04-13" collectionCode="NTM" collectorName="K. Gowlett-Holmes" country="Australia" county="Port Davey" elevation="5" location="Mundy Island" municipality="Bathurst Channel" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmania" typeStatus="holotype">
Material examined. 
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED60AE2CD97BFFAEFD07FEB4FD3533CC" box="[649,714,359,385]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jg13-7fbc" name="Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">NTM</collectionCode>
C14986, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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<date id="FFCF1029D97BFFAEFC7EFE5CFB6733E4" box="[1008,1176,399,425]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="2002-04-13">13 April 2002</date>
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.
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<emphasis id="B905EAFBD97BFFAEFEB6FE65FE50339D" bold="true" box="[312,431,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Paratypes</emphasis>
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:
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C13575, same data as holotype
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; 
<materialsCitation id="3B193CB4D97BFFAEFC4DFE64FBCD33B4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236573256" collectingDate="1998-03-20" collectionCode="NTM" collectorName="G. Edgar" country="Australia" county="Port Davey" elevation="8" location="Sarah Island" municipality="Bathurst Channel" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmania" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="ED60AE2CD97BFFAEFC4DFE64FBFB339C" box="[963,1028,439,465]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jg13-7fbc" name="Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">NTM</collectionCode>
C14987, 
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, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC93D97BFFAEFE86FE0CFE2633B4" box="[264,473,479,505]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Bathurst Channel</collectingMunicipality>
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<elevation id="005CD1DAD97BFFAEFD4AFE0CFD0A33B4" box="[708,757,479,505]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="8.0">
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97BFFAEFD4AFE0CFD0A33B4" box="[708,757,479,505]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
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<collectorName id="2684533FD97BFFAEFC8CFE0CFC9333B4" box="[770,876,479,505]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">G. Edgar</collectorName>
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<date id="FFCF1029D97BFFAEFCF7FE0CFBCD33B4" box="[889,1074,479,505]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1998-03-20">20 March 1998</date>
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; 
<materialsCitation id="3B193CB4D97BFFAEFBB1FE0CFB8A3004" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236573250" collectingDate="1993-04-03" collectionCode="SAM" collectorName="K. Gowlett-Holmes &amp; W. Zeidler &amp; F. A. Bavendam" country="Australia" county="Port Davey" elevation="9" location="Sarah Island" municipality="Bathurst Channel" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="H1397" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmania" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="ED60AE2CD97BFFAEFBB1FE0CFB8033B4" box="[1087,1151,479,505]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">SAM</collectionCode>
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, 
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, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC93D97BFFAEFED0FDD4FDD1306C" box="[350,558,519,545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Bathurst Channel</collectingMunicipality>
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<collectingCounty id="62AF4E65D97BFFAEFDB7FDD4FD3F306C" box="[569,704,519,545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Port Davey</collectingCounty>
, depth 
<elevation id="005CD1DAD97BFFAEFC9AFDD4FC90306C" box="[788,879,519,545]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="8.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="5.0">
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97BFFAEFC9AFDD4FC90306C" box="[788,879,519,545]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="8.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="5.0">5–12 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, rock slope to mud bottom, WEB station 1, 
<collectorName id="2684533FD97BFFAEFEE8FDFCFDA93004" box="[358,598,559,585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">K. Gowlett­Holmes</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="2684533FD97BFFAEFDE6FDFCFD133004" box="[616,748,559,585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">W. Zeidler</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="2684533FD97BFFAEFD70FDFCFC413004" box="[766,958,559,585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">F.A. Bavendam</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9C1D97BFFAEFC41FDFCFB8A3004" box="[975,1141,559,585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1993-04-03">
<date id="FFCF1029D97BFFAEFC41FDFCFB8A3004" box="[975,1141,559,585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1993-04-03">3 April 1993</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B193CB4D97BFFAEFB08FDFCFE71308C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236573257" collectingDate="1993-04-02" collectionCode="SAM" collectorName="K. Gowlett-Holmes &amp; W. Zeidler &amp; F. A. Bavendam" country="Australia" county="Port Davey" elevation="11" location="Schooner Cove" municipality="Bathurst Channel" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="H1398" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmania" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="ED60AE2CD97BFFAEFB08FDFCFB393004" box="[1158,1222,559,585]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">SAM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBD79E92D97BFFAEFB5AFDFCFAD93004" box="[1236,1318,559,585]" collectionCode="SAM" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">H1398</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="8EAE6032D97BFFAEFE86FD84FE3E303C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887FFD97BFFB6FE86FECFFDB6369E:8EAE6032D97BFFAEFE86FD84FE3E303C" box="[264,449,599,625]" country="Australia" county="Port Davey" municipality="Bathurst Channel" name="Schooner Cove" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="Tasmania">Schooner Cove</location>
, off 
<location id="8EAE6032D97BFFAEFE75FD84FD50303C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887FFD97BFFB6FE86FECFFDB6369E:8EAE6032D97BFFAEFE75FD84FD50303C" box="[507,687,599,625]" country="Australia" county="Port Davey" municipality="Bathurst Channel" name="Forrester Point" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="Tasmania">Forrester Point</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC93D97BFFAEFD33FD84FC70303C" box="[701,911,599,625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Bathurst Channel</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E65D97BFFAEFC13FD84FBDA303C" box="[925,1061,599,625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Port Davey</collectingCounty>
, steep wall, mud bottom, depth 
<elevation id="005CD1DAD97BFFAEFE1DFDACFE0D30D4" box="[403,498,639,665]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="10.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="3.0">
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97BFFAEFE1DFDACFE0D30D4" box="[403,498,639,665]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="10.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="3.0">3–18 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, WEB station 2, 
<collectorName id="2684533FD97BFFAEFD4BFDACFC4D30D4" box="[709,946,639,665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">K. Gowlett­Holmes</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="2684533FD97BFFAEFC4FFDACFBBC30D4" box="[961,1091,639,665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">W. Zeidler</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="2684533FD97BFFAEFBDFFDACFAF230D4" box="[1105,1293,639,665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">F.A. Bavendam</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9C1D97BFFAEFA92FDACFE71308C" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1993-04-02">
<date id="FFCF1029D97BFFAEFA92FDACFE71308C" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1993-04-02">2 April 1993</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B193CB4D97BFFAEFE12FD74FD3E308C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236573253" box="[412,705,679,705]" collectingDate="1993-04-02" collectionCode="SAM" collectorName="K. Gowlett-Holmes &amp; W. Zeidler &amp; F. A. Bavendam" country="Australia" county="Port Davey" elevation="11" location="Schooner Cove" municipality="Bathurst Channel" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="H1399" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmania" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="ED60AE2CD97BFFAEFE12FD74FE23308C" box="[412,476,679,705]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">SAM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBD79E92D97BFFAEFE68FD74FDC7308C" box="[486,568,679,705]" collectionCode="SAM" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">H1399</specimenCode>
, same data
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B193CB4D97BFFAEFD5EFD74FCF4315C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236573255" collectingDate="1994-10-29" collectionCode="SAM" collectorName="K. Gowlett-Holmes" country="Australia" county="Tasmania" elevation="17" location="Cathedral Cave" municipality="Tasman Peninsula" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="H1400" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmania" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="ED60AE2CD97BFFAEFD5EFD74FCEF308C" box="[720,784,679,705]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">SAM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBD79E92D97BFFAEFC97FD74FC93308C" box="[793,876,679,705]" collectionCode="SAM" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">H1400</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="8EAE6032D97BFFAEFCF5FD74FBCA308C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887FFD97BFFB6FE86FECFFDB6369E:8EAE6032D97BFFAEFCF5FD74FBCA308C" box="[891,1077,679,705]" country="Australia" county="Tasmania" municipality="Tasman Peninsula" name="Cathedral Cave" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="Tasmania">Cathedral Cave</location>
, 
<location id="8EAE6032D97BFFAEFBCAFD74FB15308C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887FFD97BFFB6FE86FECFFDB6369E:8EAE6032D97BFFAEFBCAFD74FB15308C" box="[1092,1258,679,705]" country="Australia" county="Tasmania" municipality="Tasman Peninsula" name="Waterfall Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="Tasmania">Waterfall Bay</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC93D97BFFAEFB76FD74FE4630A4" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Tasman Peninsula</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E65D97BFFAEFE49FD1CFDC530A4" box="[455,570,719,745]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Tasmania</collectingCounty>
, depth 
<elevation id="005CD1DAD97BFFAEFD1DFD1CFCFF30A4" box="[659,768,719,745]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97BFFAEFD1DFD1CFCFF30A4" box="[659,768,719,745]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15–18 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, growing over phidoloporid bryozoan on rock wall, 
<collectorName id="2684533FD97BFFAEFEC4FD24FDCB315C" box="[330,564,759,785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">K. Gowlett­Holmes</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9C1D97BFFAEFDCFFD24FCF4315C" box="[577,779,759,785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1994-10-29">
<date id="FFCF1029D97BFFAEFDCFFD24FCF4315C" box="[577,779,759,785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1994-10-29">29 October 1994</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B193CB4D97BFFAEFC96FD24FEB9312C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236573252" collectingDate="1995-09-17" collectionCode="SAM" collectorName="K. Gowlett-Holmes" country="Australia" county="Tasman Peninsular" elevation="12" location="Patersons Arch" municipality="Waterfall Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="H1401" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmania" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="ED60AE2CD97BFFAEFC96FD24FCA7315C" box="[792,856,759,785]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">SAM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBD79E92D97BFFAEFCEEFD24FC4D315C" box="[864,946,759,785]" collectionCode="SAM" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">H1401</specimenCode>
, 
<location id="8EAE6032D97BFFAEFC31FD24FB8A315C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887FFD97BFFB6FE86FECFFDB6369E:8EAE6032D97BFFAEFC31FD24FB8A315C" box="[959,1141,759,785]" country="Australia" county="Tasman Peninsular" municipality="Waterfall Bay" name="Patersons Arch" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" stateProvince="Tasmania">Patersons Arch</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC93D97BFFAEFB0FFD24FADA315C" box="[1153,1317,759,785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Waterfall Bay</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E65D97BFFAEFE86FCCCFE113174" box="[264,494,799,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Tasman Peninsular</collectingCounty>
, depth 
<elevation id="005CD1DAD97BFFAEFDC3FCCCFD423174" box="[589,701,799,825]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97BFFAEFDC3FCCCFD423174" box="[589,701,799,825]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">10–13 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, on rock wall, 
<collectorName id="2684533FD97BFFAEFC0FFCCCFB8D3174" box="[897,1138,799,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">K. Gowlett­Holmes</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9C1D97BFFAEFB0DFCCCFEB9312C" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1995-09-17">
<date id="FFCF1029D97BFFAEFB0DFCCCFEB9312C" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1995-09-17">17 September 1995</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF0E6661D97BFFAEFE86F97AFB2834AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3492026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492026/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" startId="4.[264,368,1705,1729]" targetBox="[292,1304,909,1690]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D97BFFAEFE86F97AFB2834AE" blockId="4.[264,1323,1705,1763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD97BFFAEFE86F97AFE75348C" bold="true" box="[264,394,1705,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD97BFFAEFE1FF97AFDAA348D" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[401,597,1705,1728]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD97BFFAEFE1FF97AFDAA348D" box="[401,597,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D97BFFAEFDD5F97AFD14348D" box="[603,747,1705,1728]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="species">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D97BFFAEFDD5F97AFD5A348D" box="[603,677,1705,1728]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, n. sp.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype NTM C14986 &amp; paratype NTM C13575, in 
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD97BFFAEFE86F91FFED134AE" box="[264,302,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">situ</emphasis>
with a colony of the bryozoan 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD97BFFAEFDF5F91FFC6634AE" authorityName="Hayward" authorityYear="1999" box="[635,921,1740,1763]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Triphyllozoon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="floribundum">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD97BFFAEFDF5F91FFC6634AE" box="[635,921,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Triphyllozoon floribundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(photo: K. Gowlett­Holmes).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C36B6562D97BFFB9FEB6F8D7FBB233B3" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D97BFFAFFEB6F8D7FAF03313" blockId="4.[264,1325,1796,1902]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,350]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD97BFFAEFEB6F8D7FE353550" box="[312,458,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Description.</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus id="54CA884BD97BFFAEFD85F8D7FD8E3553" box="[523,625,1796,1822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is a fragile, bushy, rather sparsely branched, 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97BFFAEFB16F8D7FB123553" box="[1176,1261,1796,1822]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
high colony (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD97BFFAEFEE7F8FFFE13350B" box="[361,492,1836,1862]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="4.[264,368,1705,1729]" captionStartId-1="5.[264,367,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox-0="[292,1304,909,1690]" captionTargetBox-1="[308,1278,390,1811]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[292,1304,909,1690]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[308,1278,390,1815]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype NTM C14986 &amp; paratype NTM C13575, in situ with a colony of the bryozoan Triphyllozoon floribundum (photo: K. Gowlett­Holmes)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, colony; B, polyps clustered on twig tip; C, light photograph of decorticated axis fragment." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492026" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3492026/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2646382/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Figs 1–2A</figureCitation>
). The very short, slightly flattened main stem is of uneven thickness with broadest diameter of 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97BFFAEFDB2F887FD653523" box="[572,666,1876,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
. It arises from a small 
<date id="FFCF1029D97BFFAEFC22F887FC0A3523" box="[940,1013,1876,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" value="1913-10-06">
13 x 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97BFFAEFC68F887FC0A3523" box="[998,1013,1876,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="6.0">6</quantity>
</date>
mm holdfast and immediately divides into two major branches, 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97AFFAFFD5DFECFFCD1337B" box="[723,814,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD97AFFAFFCE6FECFFC3D337B" box="[872,962,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
in diameter respectively. One of these gives rise to a lateral branch that is overgrown by sponge for most of its length.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6661D97AFFAFFE86F8C8FCE13518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646382/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" startId="5.[264,367,1819,1843]" targetBox="[308,1278,390,1811]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D97AFFAFFE86F8C8FCE13518" blockId="5.[264,1323,1819,1877]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD97AFFAFFE86F8C8FE75357E" bold="true" box="[264,394,1819,1843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD97AFFAFFE1FF8CFFDA9357E" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[401,598,1820,1843]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD97AFFAFFE1FF8CFFDA9357E" box="[401,598,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D97AFFAFFDD3F8CFFD12357E" box="[605,749,1820,1843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="species">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D97AFFAFFDD3F8CFFD58357E" box="[605,679,1820,1843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, n. sp.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype: A, colony; B, polyps clustered on twig tip; C, light photograph of decorticated axis fragment.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D979FFACFE86F8F0FB8F352F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3492028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492028/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" startId="6.[264,367,1827,1851]" targetBox="[264,1493,286,1819]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D979FFACFE86F8F0FB8F352F" blockId="6.[264,1322,1827,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD979FFACFE86F8F0FE7B3576" bold="true" box="[264,388,1827,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD979FFACFE1CF8F7FDA83576" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[402,599,1828,1851]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD979FFACFE1CF8F7FDA83576" box="[402,599,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D979FFACFDD0F8F7FD103576" box="[606,751,1828,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" rank="species">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D979FFACFDD0F8F7FD563576" box="[606,681,1828,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, n. sp.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, axis: A, internodes and nodes; B, close­up of a whole node; C, close up of a partial node; D, close up of part of an internode.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D978FFADFEB6FECFFC1F33E3" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
Branching in the colony is irregularly lateral to the third order, with terminal twig lengths varying from about 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD978FFADFDDCFE97FD3C3313" box="[594,707,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="5.0">5–35 mm</quantity>
in length and 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD978FFADFCE0FE97FBF43313" box="[878,1035,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.175" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="1.175" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="0.75">0.75–1.6 mm</quantity>
diameter. Nearly every twig terminates in a cluster of polyps (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD978FFADFD42FEBFFCB333CB" box="[716,844,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[308,1278,390,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[308,1278,390,1815]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, colony; B, polyps clustered on twig tip; C, light photograph of decorticated axis fragment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646382/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
). Branching may arise at an acute angle or is more or less perpendicular, and the branches are sinuous.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6661D978FFADFE86FA98FAEB37EA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646386/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" startId="7.[264,368,1355,1379]" targetBox="[330,1300,475,1318]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D978FFADFE86FA98FAEB37EA" blockId="7.[264,1323,1355,1447]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD978FFADFE86FA98FE74372E" bold="true" box="[264,395,1355,1379]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD978FFADFE1DFA98FDA7372F" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[403,600,1355,1378]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD978FFADFE1DFA98FDA7372F" box="[403,600,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D978FFADFDEEFA98FD0C372F" box="[608,755,1355,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" rank="species">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D978FFADFDEEFA98FD54372F" box="[608,683,1355,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, n. sp.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, decalcified twig cross­sections: A, intern­ ode region, showing mesogloeal remnants; B, partially decalcified section through internode region showing axis and longitudinal canals; C, nodal region with close­up showing gorgonin remnants.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D978FFA2FEB6F9D0FD25303B" blockId="7.[264,1325,1539,1885]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
The axis consists of hard calcareous internodes and softer organic nodes, both of which incorporate sclerites (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD978FFADFDD8F9F8FD493408" box="[598,694,1579,1605]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[308,1278,390,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[308,1278,390,1815]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, colony; B, polyps clustered on twig tip; C, light photograph of decorticated axis fragment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646382/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Figs 2C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD978FFADFD4AF9F8FD2B3408" box="[708,724,1579,1605]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,310,1823]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, internodes and nodes; B, close­up of a whole node; C, close up of a partial node; D, close up of part of an internode." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492028/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">3</figureCitation>
). The internodes are formed from sclerites wholly or partially embedded in a matrix of subhedral calcite rods (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD978FFADFC59F980FBDE3420" box="[983,1057,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[264,367,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[94,1218,287,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[368,1218,310,1804]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, longitudinal section through internode fragment; B, close­up of calcite matrix on internode surface; C, close up of calcite matrix from internode interior." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646388/files/figure.svg" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). In some portions of the internodes, apparent imperfect or ongoing infilling with calcareous matrix has left the axis penetrated by numerous holes or canals. The internodal sclerites are mostly stick­ like, sparsely tuberculated, often sinuous and often branched (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD978FFADFC64F918FBA934A8" box="[1002,1110,1739,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[264,367,1832,1856]" captionTargetBox="[291,1297,512,1808]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[283,1303,508,1821]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, axial sclerites; B, points and collaret arrangement." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646402/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
) (and coenenchy­ mal sclerites are occasional included; see 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD978FFADFD76F920FCC13540" box="[760,830,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,306,1814]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., developing axis: A–E, holotype; A, from distal portion of twig; B, close­up of region near tip; C–E, close­ups of older portions, with D showing cavity remaining from a dissolved partial node; F, paratype SAM H1398, axis tip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646390/files/figure.svg" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
Ea). On the outside of the internode they are partially embedded, commonly anastomosing and usually gathered into longitudinal ridges although they may cover much of or all the surface (compare 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD978FFADFBBCF890FB833510" box="[1074,1148,1859,1885]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,310,1823]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, internodes and nodes; B, close­up of a whole node; C, close up of a partial node; D, close up of part of an internode." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492028/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Figs 3</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD978FFADFB2CF890FB353510" box="[1186,1226,1859,1885]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[264,368,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,308,1783]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, partially embedded internodal surface sclerites; B, complete internode; CD, internode cross­section with close­up featuring the central core; EF, internode cross­section featuring sections through embedded sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646398/files/figure.svg" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">9A</figureCitation>
). Large longitudinal canals run through the coenenchyme between the axial ridges, as can be seen in the thick, partially decalcified section in 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FC88FE97FC9D3313" box="[774,866,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1355,1379]" captionTargetBox="[330,1300,475,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[269,1319,466,1336]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, decalcified twig cross­sections: A, intern­ ode region, showing mesogloeal remnants; B, partially decalcified section through internode region showing axis and longitudinal canals; C, nodal region with close­up showing gorgonin remnants." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646386/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
. The interior of the internode is partly hollow and contains a 3­dimensional latticework of anastomosing tuberculate spindles that is penetrated by mesogloea (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FDEBFE47FD3333E3" box="[613,716,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1355,1379]" captionTargetBox="[330,1300,475,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[269,1319,466,1336]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, decalcified twig cross­sections: A, intern­ ode region, showing mesogloeal remnants; B, partially decalcified section through internode region showing axis and longitudinal canals; C, nodal region with close­up showing gorgonin remnants." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646386/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FD55FE47FCE133E3" box="[731,798,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[264,368,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,308,1783]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, partially embedded internodal surface sclerites; B, complete internode; CD, internode cross­section with close­up featuring the central core; EF, internode cross­section featuring sections through embedded sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646398/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">9C,D</figureCitation>
). 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FCCCFE47FC4133E3" box="[834,958,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[264,367,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[94,1218,287,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[368,1218,310,1804]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, longitudinal section through internode fragment; B, close­up of calcite matrix on internode surface; C, close up of calcite matrix from internode interior." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646388/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
depicts a longitudinal section through part of an internode, clearly showing part of the core lattice. The presence of embedded sclerites in the solid parts of the axis are not obvious from this aspect, as can be seen in the close­up (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FD87FDDFFD98306B" box="[521,615,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[264,367,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[94,1218,287,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[368,1218,310,1804]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, longitudinal section through internode fragment; B, close­up of calcite matrix on internode surface; C, close up of calcite matrix from internode interior." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646388/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
), because the calcite rods from which they are constructed blend so well with those of the matrix. They can, however, easily be seen in a cross­sectional view, as depicted in 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FDCFFD8FFD29303B" box="[577,726,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[264,368,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,308,1783]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, partially embedded internodal surface sclerites; B, complete internode; CD, internode cross­section with close­up featuring the central core; EF, internode cross­section featuring sections through embedded sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646398/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figure 9E, F</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D977FFA2FEB6FD57FE4231FB" blockId="8.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
Internodes begin in the tips of terminal twigs as an aggregation of both free and anastomosed sclerites. Infilling of the axis with the calcite matrix increases proximally. A growing terminal internode of a 
<typeStatus id="54CA884BD977FFA2FD09FD07FD1330A3" box="[647,748,724,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
is shown in 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FC0DFD07FC1F30A3" box="[899,992,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,306,1814]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., developing axis: A–E, holotype; A, from distal portion of twig; B, close­up of region near tip; C–E, close­ups of older portions, with D showing cavity remaining from a dissolved partial node; F, paratype SAM H1398, axis tip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646390/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
. The actual tip of this sample collapsed during processing with sodium hypochlorite to remove the coenenchyme. 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FE86FCF7FE843173" box="[264,379,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,306,1814]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., developing axis: A–E, holotype; A, from distal portion of twig; B, close­up of region near tip; C–E, close­ups of older portions, with D showing cavity remaining from a dissolved partial node; F, paratype SAM H1398, axis tip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646390/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figure 6F</figureCitation>
shows the tip of another twig axis processed for less time; the tuberculate spindles in the centre (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FE6EFC9FFDDA312B" box="[480,549,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,306,1814]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., developing axis: A–E, holotype; A, from distal portion of twig; B, close­up of region near tip; C–E, close­ups of older portions, with D showing cavity remaining from a dissolved partial node; F, paratype SAM H1398, axis tip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646390/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
Fa) were presumably destined to be incorporated into the trabecular core of the internode. 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FDCEFCA7FD4631C3" box="[576,697,884,910]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,306,1814]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., developing axis: A–E, holotype; A, from distal portion of twig; B, close­up of region near tip; C–E, close­ups of older portions, with D showing cavity remaining from a dissolved partial node; F, paratype SAM H1398, axis tip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646390/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figure 6D</figureCitation>
shows the cavity left where a small partial node has been dissolved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D977FFA2FEB6FC17FD583443" blockId="8.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
Nodes may be whole (ie. completely divide a branch portion into separate internodes as in 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FEC9FC3FFE59364B" box="[327,422,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,310,1823]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, internodes and nodes; B, close­up of a whole node; C, close up of a partial node; D, close up of part of an internode." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492028/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figs 3B</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FE3AFC3FFE2A364B" box="[436,469,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[264,1323,304,1780]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A–B, C–D, cavities left by dissolved partial nodes; E, branching node." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646394/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">7E</figureCitation>
) or they may be partial. Partial nodes vary from those that almost completely separate internodes to those that are exceedingly small and inset into the side of an internode (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FE09FBEFFE17361B" box="[391,488,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,310,1823]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, internodes and nodes; B, close­up of a whole node; C, close up of a partial node; D, close up of part of an internode." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492028/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Figs 3C</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FE7BFBEFFDE3361B" box="[501,540,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[264,367,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,306,1814]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., developing axis: A–E, holotype; A, from distal portion of twig; B, close­up of region near tip; C–E, close­ups of older portions, with D showing cavity remaining from a dissolved partial node; F, paratype SAM H1398, axis tip." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646390/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">6D</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FDA7FBEFFDC8361B" box="[553,567,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[264,1323,304,1780]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A–B, C–D, cavities left by dissolved partial nodes; E, branching node." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646394/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">7</figureCitation>
A–D). There is no distinct boundary between nodes and internodes. At the juncture, the end of the internode consists of an irregular arrangement of partially embedded, protruding sclerites between which the nodal material has been deposited; figure 9B shows a very short, complete internode. Partial nodes are similar in that the solid internodal material gives way to partially embedded sclerites (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FB2FFB0FFAE136BB" box="[1185,1310,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[264,1323,304,1780]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A–B, C–D, cavities left by dissolved partial nodes; E, branching node." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646394/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7A,B</figureCitation>
). Nodal sclerites appear to be the same as the stick­like internodal forms with the addition of short rods with thickened tuberculate ends (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FC81FAFFFC90370B" box="[783,879,1324,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1804,1828]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[264,1323,304,1780]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A–B, C–D, cavities left by dissolved partial nodes; E, branching node." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646394/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
). On the node surface these sclerites are often seen to been aggregated in such a way as to form continuations of the internodal sclerite ridges, and some anastomoses may occur; see 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FC03FAAFFC1937DB" box="[909,998,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,310,1823]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, internodes and nodes; B, close­up of a whole node; C, close up of a partial node; D, close up of part of an internode." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492028/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
(whole internode) and 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FB73FAAFFED537F3" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,367,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,310,1823]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, axis: A, internodes and nodes; B, close­up of a whole node; C, close up of a partial node; D, close up of part of an internode." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492028/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
(partial internode). Within the node, sclerites are held in an organic matrix. The sclerites are sheathed in gorgonin, which binds them together leaving interconnected cavities containing mesogloea (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD977FFA2FD96FA27FDA23443" box="[536,605,1524,1550]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1768,1792]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,308,1744]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., paratypes: A–B, SAM H1400, cross section through node with close­up of nodal sclerites with gorgonin sheaths; C, NTM C14987, longitudinal section through a node showing nodal sclerites held within sheathing gorgonin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646396/files/figure.svg" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A–C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D977FFA2FEB6F9CFFBF33503" blockId="8.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="27">
Branches arise from large, whole or partial nodes that are mostly inconspicuous (especially on thin branches) as they are commonly more or less the same thickness as the adjoining internodes. Nodes are also present in non­branching sections, and there may be a number of them crowded between points of bifurcation. They can be slightly swollen relative to the internodes, but this may not be reflected in a notable increase in branch thickness unless on thick basal branches. Internode length is estimated to vary from 0.75– 10.00 mm, and nodes can be at least 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD977FFA2FD3CF8DFFCF3356B" box="[690,780,1804,1830]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long. The range of length of axial segments is difficult to accurately ascertain because the process is destructive.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6661D976FFA3FE86F8C7FE37353C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646388/files/figure.svg" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" startId="9.[264,367,1812,1836]" targetBox="[94,1218,287,1804]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D976FFA3FE86F8C7FE37353C" blockId="9.[264,1323,1812,1905]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD976FFA3FE86F8C7FE753561" bold="true" box="[264,394,1812,1836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD976FFA3FE1FF8C7FDA93566" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[401,598,1812,1835]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD976FFA3FE1FF8C7FDA93566" box="[401,598,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="28">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D976FFA3FDD3F8C7FD123566" box="[605,749,1812,1835]" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, axis: A, longitudinal section through internode fragment; B, close­up of calcite matrix on internode surface; C, close up of calcite matrix from internode interior.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D975FFA0FE86F8C5FBD83520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646390/files/figure.svg" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" startId="10.[264,367,1814,1838]" targetBox="[264,1493,286,1806]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D975FFA0FE86F8C5FBD83520" blockId="10.[264,1322,1814,1901]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD975FFA0FE86F8C5FE753563" bold="true" box="[264,394,1814,1838]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD975FFA0FE1DF8C5FDA73560" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[403,600,1814,1837]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD975FFA0FE1DF8C5FDA73560" box="[403,600,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="29">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D975FFA0FDD1F8C5FD0D3560" box="[607,754,1814,1837]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, developing axis: A–E, holotype; A, from distal portion of twig; B, close­up of region near tip; C–E, close­ups of older portions, with D showing cavity remaining from a dissolved partial node; F, paratype SAM H1398, axis tip.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D974FFA1FE86F8DFFDB8350B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646394/files/figure.svg" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" startId="11.[264,368,1804,1828]" targetBox="[94,1323,287,1780]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D974FFA1FE86F8DFFDB8350B" blockId="11.[264,1323,1804,1862]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD974FFA1FE86F8DFFE743569" bold="true" box="[264,395,1804,1828]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD974FFA1FE1DF8DEFDA63569" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[403,601,1805,1828]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD974FFA1FE1DF8DEFDA63569" box="[403,601,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="30">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D974FFA1FDEEF8DFFD0C356E" box="[608,755,1804,1827]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype: A–B, C–D, cavities left by dissolved partial nodes; E, branching node.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D973FFA6FE86F93BFBFA3508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646396/files/figure.svg" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" startId="12.[264,367,1768,1792]" targetBox="[264,1493,286,1744]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D973FFA6FE86F93BFBFA3508" blockId="12.[264,1323,1768,1861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD973FFA6FE86F93BFE75354D" bold="true" box="[264,394,1768,1792]" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD973FFA6FE1CF93AFDA8354D" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[402,599,1769,1792]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD973FFA6FE1CF93AFDA8354D" box="[402,599,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D973FFA6FDD0F93AFD10354D" box="[606,751,1769,1792]" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratypes: A–B, SAM H1400, cross section through node with close­up of nodal sclerites with gorgonin sheaths; C, NTM C14987, longitudinal section through a node showing nodal sclerites held within sheathing gorgonin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D972FFA7FE86F8DCFBA33526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646398/files/figure.svg" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" startId="13.[264,368,1807,1831]" targetBox="[94,1323,287,1783]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D972FFA7FE86F8DCFBA33526" blockId="13.[264,1323,1807,1899]" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD972FFA7FE86F8DCFE73356A" bold="true" box="[264,396,1807,1831]" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD972FFA7FE1AF8DCFDA5356B" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[404,602,1807,1830]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD972FFA7FE1AF8DCFDA5356B" box="[404,602,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D972FFA7FDECF8DCFD08356B" box="[610,759,1807,1830]" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype: A, partially embedded internodal surface sclerites; B, complete internode; CD, internode cross­section with close­up featuring the central core; EF, internode cross­section featuring sections through embedded sclerites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D971FFA4FE86F99EFC4F34E7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646400/files/figure.svg" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" startId="14.[264,367,1613,1637]" targetBox="[283,1493,286,1601]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D971FFA4FE86F99EFC4F34E7" blockId="14.[264,1322,1613,1706]" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD971FFA4FE86F99EFE643428" bold="true" box="[264,411,1613,1637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD971FFA4FE28F99DFD903428" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[422,623,1614,1637]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD971FFA4FE28F99DFD903428" box="[422,623,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D971FFA4FDF4F99DFCE93428" box="[634,790,1614,1637]" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype: A, polyp and calyx; B, side view of cleared tentacle, in­sc = intermediate sclerites, pi­sc = pinnule scales; C, tentacle tip showing nematocyst bands; D, tentacle tip showing position of pinnule scales.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D971FFA4FEB6F90DFAD5353D" blockId="14.[264,1322,1758,1904]" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">
One of the reasons this colony has been selected as the 
<typeStatus id="54CA884BD971FFA4FC48F90DFBD334B5" box="[966,1068,1758,1784]" pageId="14" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is that the polyps are slightly distended. The tentacles are folded over the mouth, and the polyp head generally sits just above the calyx (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD971FFA4FDB7F8FDFD573505" box="[569,680,1838,1864]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[283,1493,286,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[268,1318,302,1615]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, polyp and calyx; B, side view of cleared tentacle, in­sc = intermediate sclerites, pi­sc = pinnule scales; C, tentacle tip showing nematocyst bands; D, tentacle tip showing position of pinnule scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646400/files/figure.svg" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
). Polyps are scattered irregularly along the branches, either singly or in groups of 2 or 3, and are gathered in terminal clusters of 4–15 (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD971FFA4FB4EF885FAE2353D" box="[1216,1309,1878,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[308,1278,390,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[308,1278,390,1815]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, colony; B, polyps clustered on twig tip; C, light photograph of decorticated axis fragment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646382/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="33">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D970FFA5FE86FECFFBD8339B" blockId="15.[264,1325,284,470]" pageId="15" pageNumber="34">
A few calyces are cylindrical but most are slightly expanded distally showing the contracted introvert between the rim and the polyp head. The largest calyx is 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD970FFA5FBFEFE97FB343313" box="[1136,1227,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
tall, 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD970FFA5FA88FE97FEC933CB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
basal diameter, and 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD970FFA5FDAAFEBFFD8133CB" box="[548,638,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
distal diameter. The largest polyp head is 
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tall and 2.0 mm across. Juvenile polyps occur here and there on branches, but are most commonly found in the terminal clusters where they can be as short as 
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.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6661D970FFA5FE86F8FBFE6A352E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646402/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" startId="15.[264,367,1832,1856]" targetBox="[291,1297,512,1808]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D970FFA5FE86F8FBFE6A352E" blockId="15.[264,1323,1832,1891]" pageId="15" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD970FFA5FE86F8FBFE67350D" bold="true" box="[264,408,1832,1856]" pageId="15" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD970FFA5FE2EF8FAFD99350D" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[416,614,1833,1856]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD970FFA5FE2EF8FAFD99350D" box="[416,614,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="34">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D970FFA5FDE0F8FAFCFC350D" box="[622,771,1833,1856]" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype: A, axial sclerites; B, points and collaret arrangement.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96FFFBAFEB6FECFFBF033E3" blockId="16.[264,1322,284,430]" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">
The calicular sclerites are sticks, spindles, and clubs about 
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in length (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96FFFBAFE9FFE97FE973313" box="[273,360,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[264,368,1360,1384]" captionTargetBox="[297,1290,557,1304]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[266,1321,526,1336]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, calicular sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646404/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). The tubercles are mostly large, complex, and irregularly arranged. The sclerites are oriented longitudinally in the lower half of the calyx, becoming formed into 8 chevrons in the upper half, and forming 8 teeth on the calyx rim (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96FFFBAFC1BFE47FBFD33E3" box="[917,1026,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[283,1493,286,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[268,1318,302,1615]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, polyp and calyx; B, side view of cleared tentacle, in­sc = intermediate sclerites, pi­sc = pinnule scales; C, tentacle tip showing nematocyst bands; D, tentacle tip showing position of pinnule scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646400/files/figure.svg" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6661D96FFFBAFE86FA83FBCD372A" box="[264,1074,1360,1384]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646404/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="35" startId="16.[264,368,1360,1384]" targetBox="[297,1290,557,1304]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96FFFBAFE86FA83FBCD372A" blockId="16.[264,1074,1360,1384]" box="[264,1074,1360,1384]" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96FFFBAFE86FA83FE673725" bold="true" box="[264,408,1360,1384]" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96FFFBAFE10FA83FD9C372A" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[414,611,1360,1383]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96FFFBAFE10FA83FD9C372A" box="[414,611,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D96FFFBAFDE4FA83FD05372A" box="[618,762,1360,1383]" pageId="16" pageNumber="35" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, calicular sclerites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96FFFBAFEB6FA48FD6D3520" blockId="16.[264,1323,1435,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">
The polyp head is heavily armed with numerous point sclerites (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96FFFBAFBAFFA48FB7137F8" box="[1057,1166,1435,1461]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[283,1493,286,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[268,1318,302,1615]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, polyp and calyx; B, side view of cleared tentacle, in­sc = intermediate sclerites, pi­sc = pinnule scales; C, tentacle tip showing nematocyst bands; D, tentacle tip showing position of pinnule scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646400/files/figure.svg" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
). At the base of each point the sclerites are more or less horizontally arranged and these combine with a small number of long bow­shaped sclerites to constitute a weak collaret. Above this region the sclerites are in chevrons, becoming longitudinal as they encroach on the base of each tentacle. Between each set of points there is a group of 2–7 (usually about 2) lower, intermediate, stick­like sclerites of various sizes, and above this there are 0–2 small, upper, intermediate sclerites (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96FFFBAFD98F958FD7E34E8" box="[534,641,1675,1701]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[283,1493,286,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[268,1318,302,1615]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, polyp and calyx; B, side view of cleared tentacle, in­sc = intermediate sclerites, pi­sc = pinnule scales; C, tentacle tip showing nematocyst bands; D, tentacle tip showing position of pinnule scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646400/files/figure.svg" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
in­sc, 11B). The point sclerites are sticks and clubs. A few clubs (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96FFFBAFE07F960FE253480" box="[393,474,1715,1741]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1307,1331]" captionTargetBox="[94,1290,287,1283]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[266,1321,272,1306]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, anthocodial sclerites: A, points; B, pharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646406/files/figure.svg" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
Aa) occur in the distal part of each of the points. They have large tuber­ cles and branched heads and are about 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD96FFFBAFD52F908FC7734B8" box="[732,904,1755,1781]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.16" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.12">0.12–0.20 mm</quantity>
long. The remainders of the point sclerites are flattened sticks c. 
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long with simple tubercles (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96FFFBAFBF8F8D0FB343550" box="[1142,1227,1795,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1307,1331]" captionTargetBox="[94,1290,287,1283]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[266,1321,272,1306]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, anthocodial sclerites: A, points; B, pharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646406/files/figure.svg" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
Ab). In the pharynx there are small rods about 
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long that have two medial girdles of knob­like tubercles (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96FFFBAFD97F880FD7B3520" box="[537,644,1875,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1307,1331]" captionTargetBox="[94,1290,287,1283]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[266,1321,272,1306]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, anthocodial sclerites: A, points; B, pharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646406/files/figure.svg" pageId="16" pageNumber="35">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6661D96EFFBBFE86FAC8FEC83717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646406/files/figure.svg" pageId="17" pageNumber="36" startId="17.[264,367,1307,1331]" targetBox="[94,1290,287,1283]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96EFFBBFE86FAC8FEC83717" blockId="17.[264,1322,1307,1370]" pageId="17" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96EFFBBFE86FAC8FE67377E" bold="true" box="[264,408,1307,1331]" pageId="17" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96EFFBBFE2EFAC8FD99377F" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[416,614,1307,1330]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96EFFBBFE2EFAC8FD99377F" box="[416,614,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="36">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D96EFFBBFDE3FAC8FCFF377F" box="[621,768,1307,1330]" pageId="17" pageNumber="36" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, anthocodial sclerites: A, points; B, pharynx.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96EFFBBFEB6FA42FD543576" blockId="17.[264,1325,1425,1851]" pageId="17" pageNumber="36">
Along each edge of the tentacles is a single row of about 10 pinnules that are ringed with nematocyst batteries (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96EFFBBFDCBFA6AFD66379E" box="[581,665,1465,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[283,1493,286,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[268,1318,302,1615]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, polyp and calyx; B, side view of cleared tentacle, in­sc = intermediate sclerites, pi­sc = pinnule scales; C, tentacle tip showing nematocyst bands; D, tentacle tip showing position of pinnule scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646400/files/figure.svg" pageId="17" pageNumber="36">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
C–D). The aboral aspect of the tentacle is covered with two rows of transversely placed scales (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96EFFBBFD54FA32FCB737B6" box="[730,840,1505,1531]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[283,1493,286,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[268,1318,302,1615]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, polyp and calyx; B, side view of cleared tentacle, in­sc = intermediate sclerites, pi­sc = pinnule scales; C, tentacle tip showing nematocyst bands; D, tentacle tip showing position of pinnule scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646400/files/figure.svg" pageId="17" pageNumber="36">Figs 10B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96EFFBBFCDBFA32FC7737B6" box="[853,904,1505,1531]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[264,367,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[277,1493,286,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[265,1322,304,1462]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, tentacular sclerites: A, rachis; B, base of pinnules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492031/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="36">14A</figureCitation>
) that are about 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD96EFFBBFBB1FA32FB1537B6" box="[1087,1258,1505,1531]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="17" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.185" valueMax="0.28" valueMin="0.09">0.09–0.28 mm</quantity>
long. Proximally, the scales are crescent­shaped to fit the curvature of the tentacle surface and they are complexly branched or have branched tubercles. Distally the scales become shorter and simpler in design. On the adoral face there is a single small scale associated with the base of each pinnule (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96EFFBBFDF0F952FD1834D6" box="[638,743,1665,1691]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[283,1493,286,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[268,1318,302,1615]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, polyp and calyx; B, side view of cleared tentacle, in­sc = intermediate sclerites, pi­sc = pinnule scales; C, tentacle tip showing nematocyst bands; D, tentacle tip showing position of pinnule scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646400/files/figure.svg" pageId="17" pageNumber="36">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
pi­sc, D). These scales are asymmetrical folia­ ceous crescents (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96EFFBBFE5CF97AFDC0348E" box="[466,575,1705,1731]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[264,367,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[277,1493,286,1459]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[265,1322,304,1462]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, tentacular sclerites: A, rachis; B, base of pinnules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492031/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="36">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
), 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD96EFFBBFDD8F97AFCFC348E" box="[598,771,1705,1731]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="17" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.125" valueMax="0.16" valueMin="0.09">0.09–0.16 mm</quantity>
long and they lie curved around the proximal side of the pinnule base. The narrow tail of the scale seems to lie on the lateral edge of the tentacle rachis, the crescent curves around the pinnule base, and the foliaceous portion lies on the oral face of the pinnule base.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6661D96DFFB8FE86FA1CFE953444" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3492031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492031/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="37" startId="18.[264,367,1487,1511]" targetBox="[277,1493,286,1459]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96DFFB8FE86FA1CFE953444" blockId="18.[264,1323,1487,1545]" pageId="18" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96DFFB8FE86FA1CFE6737AA" bold="true" box="[264,408,1487,1511]" pageId="18" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96DFFB8FE2EFA1CFD9937AB" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[416,614,1487,1510]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96DFFB8FE2EFA1CFD9937AB" box="[416,614,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="37">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D96DFFB8FDE3FA1CFCFF37AB" box="[621,768,1487,1510]" pageId="18" pageNumber="37" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, tentacular sclerites: A, rachis; B, base of pinnules.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96DFFB8FEB6F9B7FC5434EB" blockId="18.[264,1323,1636,1862]" pageId="18" pageNumber="37">
The sclerites of the twigs and branches are complexly tuberculated sticks and spindles, occasionally branched, 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD96DFFB8FD92F95FFD3834EB" box="[540,711,1676,1702]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="0.165" valueMax="0.28" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.28 mm</quantity>
in length (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD96DFFB8FCC8F95FFC6234EB" box="[838,925,1676,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="19.[264,368,1573,1597]" captionTargetBox="[276,1311,616,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[266,1321,606,1549]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 15. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, coenenchymal sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646410/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="37">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96DFFB8FEB6F966FD2034BB" blockId="18.[264,1323,1636,1862]" pageId="18" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96DFFB8FEB6F966FE763483" box="[312,393,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="37">Colour</emphasis>
. Live colonies are pale pink. Preserved colonies are white to pale brown with white internodes and pale yellow nodes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96DFFB8FEB6F8D6FD1D350B" blockId="18.[264,1323,1636,1862]" pageId="18" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96DFFB8FEB6F8D6FE4B3553" box="[312,436,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="37">Variability</emphasis>
: Several of the 
<typeStatus id="54CA884BD96DFFB8FDF9F8D7FD233553" box="[631,732,1796,1822]" pageId="18" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
lots consist of colonies or colony fragments that are noticeably thinner than the 
<typeStatus id="54CA884BD96DFFB8FDFAF8FFFD20350B" box="[628,735,1836,1862]" pageId="18" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96CFFB9FEB6FECFFE0E3313" blockId="19.[308,1324,284,510]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">a) Polyp density can be quite variable, with some colonies having long branches with very few polyps</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96CFFB9FEB6FEBFFE5B33E3" blockId="19.[308,1324,284,510]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">b) Clusters of polyps are very common, and do not only occur at the end of terminal branches.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96CFFB9FEB6FE6FFAF8339B" blockId="19.[308,1324,284,510]" box="[312,1287,444,470]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">3) Club­like sclerites may be few or even rare in the tip of the points arrangements.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96CFFB9FEB6FE37FBB233B3" blockId="19.[308,1324,284,510]" box="[312,1101,484,510]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">4) Several lots show signs of initial preservation in acidic formalin.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF0E6661D96CFFB9FE86F9F6FB903471" box="[264,1135,1573,1597]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646410/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="38" startId="19.[264,368,1573,1597]" targetBox="[276,1311,616,1537]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96CFFB9FE86F9F6FB903471" blockId="19.[264,1135,1573,1597]" box="[264,1135,1573,1597]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96CFFB9FE86F9F6FE673470" bold="true" box="[264,408,1573,1597]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96CFFB9FE10F9F6FD9C3471" authority="Alderslade, 2006" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[414,611,1573,1596]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="karenae" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96CFFB9FE10F9F6FD9C3471" box="[414,611,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">Asperaxis karenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365780D96CFFB9FDE4F9F6FD053471" box="[618,762,1573,1596]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, coenenchymal sclerites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C36B6562D96CFFB9FEB6F9A3FD47354F" pageId="19" pageNumber="38" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96CFFB9FEB6F9A3FD47354F" blockId="19.[264,1322,1648,1874]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96CFFB9FEB6F9A3FE4434C4" box="[312,443,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species is named for my good friend and colleague Karen Gowlett­ Holmes, Marine Collection Manager, CSIRO 
<collectingRegion id="49B5F80BD96CFFB9FCA4F94BFC6234FF" box="[810,925,1688,1714]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
, and multi­award winning underwater photographer. Karen is a regularly donator of material to the MAGNT collected during her many private expeditions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6562D96CFFB1FEB6F8C3FAEB364C" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="19" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96CFFB9FEB6F8C3FD4D351F" blockId="19.[264,1322,1648,1874]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96CFFB9FEB6F8C3FE613564" box="[312,414,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">Remarks</emphasis>
. The species is known from two 
<typeStatus id="54CA884BD96CFFB9FCA0F8C3FC933567" box="[814,876,1808,1834]" pageId="19" pageNumber="38">types</typeStatus>
of habitat. The following comments are those of Karen Gowlett­Holmes:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96BFFBEFEB6FECFFD303723" blockId="20.[312,1292,284,1390]" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">
“Both habitats are extremely low­light, and both have other taxa usually found in much deeper environments. In the Waterfall Bay caves, the low light is similar to about 50+ m deep, and much of the fauna is the same as that seen at this depth or deeper. The Bathurst Channel, on the other hand, appears to be an isolated water body with regards to the open ocean, and has a strong pycnocline across the mouth of the channel. The area is a drowned river valley, flooded sometime about 12,000 to 15,000 years ago, and it is likely that the current sessile fauna invaded the area at that time and has been virtually isolated for about 10,000 years. What makes the region most unusual is that the upper two to four metres of the water column is a distinct layer of virtually fresh, darkly tannin­stained water (like very strong black coffee). The transition into the marine layer below is very sharp and the marine layer is very clear and very dark. The fauna of the Bathurst Channel most closely resembles that of the shelf break and upper slope, for example 80 to&gt; 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD96BFFBEFBFEFD2FFB44315B" box="[1136,1211,764,790]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</quantity>
depth. I therefore think the new taxon is probably a deepwater emergent species. Further evidence for this is that the new taxon is always associated with various bryozoan species and these species are also known from deep water. It occurs predominantly with 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFEFAFC4FFC7D31FB" authorityName="Hayward" authorityYear="1999" box="[372,898,924,950]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Triphyllozoon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="floribundum">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96BFFBEFEFAFC4FFD4F31F8" box="[372,688,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Triphyllozoon floribundum</emphasis>
(Phidoloporidae)
</taxonomicName>
, a fenestrate bryozoan that forms small colonies in the caves but very large colonies (up to at least 
<quantity id="4C899B0CD96BFFBEFBA3FC17FB8A3193" box="[1069,1141,964,990]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
in diameter) in deeper water and in the Bathurst Channel. Sometimes the gorgonian is found with 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFEFBFBC7FC963663" box="[373,873,1044,1070]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Schizoretepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="tesselata">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96BFFBEFEFBFBC7FD6A3660" box="[373,661,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Schizoretepora tesselata</emphasis>
(Phidoloporidae)
</taxonomicName>
, a poorly known fenestrate species found in the caves and the Bathurst Channel, and occasionally dredged on the shelf break. Less commonly, the new gorgonian is found associated with 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFBD4FBB7FB1D3630" authorityName="Canu &amp; Bassler" authorityYear="1920" box="[1114,1250,1124,1149]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Tubuliporidae" genus="Idmidronea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96BFFBEFBD4FBB7FB1D3630" box="[1114,1250,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Idmidronea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (Cyclostomata: 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFE7AFB5FFD6136EB" box="[500,670,1164,1190]" class="Stenolaemata" family="Tubuliporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Tubuliporidae</taxonomicName>
), an undescribed, finely branching, arborescent spe­ cies found in the caves, on rock walls, and common out to the shelf break. On one occasion the new gorgonian was found with 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFCC4FB0FFC1036B8" authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1886" box="[842,1007,1244,1269]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Adeonidae" genus="Adeonellopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96BFFBEFCC4FB0FFC1036B8" box="[842,1007,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Adeonellopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFBA7FB0FFB5136BB" box="[1065,1198,1244,1270]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Adeonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="family">Adeonidae</taxonomicName>
), a pos­ sibly undescribed branching species that is one of the dominant species found on the outer shelf, shelf break, and upper slope, and is common in dark areas in the caves and in the Bathurst Channel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96BFFBEFEB6FA77FDC734CB" blockId="20.[312,1291,1444,1670]" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">
Bryozoans in this part of the world are rarely overgrown by anything (at least for long), as they produce deterrent secondary metabolites and have other means of defence as well. It may be worth noting, therefore, that it is quite common to find small colonies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFD9FF9CFFD173478" box="[529,744,1564,1589]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Mopsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="zimmeri">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96BFFBEFD9FF9CFFD173478" box="[529,744,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Mopsella zimmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
growing on 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFC08F9CFFB643478" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[902,1179,1564,1589]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Triphyllozoon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="munitum">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96BFFBEFC08F9CFFB643478" box="[902,1179,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Triphyllozoon munitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingRegion id="49B5F80BD96BFFBEFB48F9CFFAF4347B" box="[1222,1291,1564,1590]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">South</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="F3667679D96BFFBEFEB6F997FE593413" box="[312,422,1604,1630]" name="Australia" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Australia</collectingCountry>
, so perhaps some groups of melithaeids have an affinity with phidol­ oporids in particular.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96BFFBEFEB6F96FFCCE356B" blockId="20.[264,1324,1724,1830]" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96BFFBEFEB6F96FFDAC3498" box="[312,595,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Comparative Comments</emphasis>
. Although the axis of the new genus has obvious morphological differences to that found in a nominal melithaeid genus such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFB97F937FB7934B0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[1049,1158,1764,1789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96BFFBEFB97F937FB7934B0" box="[1049,1158,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Acabaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96BFFBEFB22F937FADC34B0" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityYear="1857" box="[1196,1315,1764,1789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="20" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96BFFBEFB22F937FADC34B0" box="[1196,1315,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="39">Melithaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the basic constructional scheme is very similar.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0E6661D96AFFBFFE86F92BFE783522" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646412/files/figure.svg" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" startId="21.[264,367,1784,1808]" targetBox="[94,1323,287,1776]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D96AFFBFFE86F92BFE783522" blockId="21.[264,1323,1784,1903]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96AFFBFFE86F92BFE67355D" bold="true" box="[264,408,1784,1808]" pageId="21" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD96AFFBFFE2EF92AFDFC355D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[416,515,1785,1808]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD96AFFBFFE2EF92AFDFC355D" box="[416,515,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="40">Acabaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. axis: A, decorticated node­internode articulation; B–C, serial close­ups of internode surface; D, close­up of nodal sclerite network showing sclerites with peeling gorgonin sheaths; E, close­up of internode­node boundary region showing the edge of the underlying fused latticework.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D969FFBCFE86F931FE243573" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646414/files/figure.svg" pageId="22" pageNumber="41" startId="22.[264,367,1762,1786]" targetBox="[264,1493,285,1703]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D969FFBCFE86F931FE243573" blockId="22.[264,1323,1762,1854]" pageId="22" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD969FFBCFE86F931FE6634B7" bold="true" box="[264,409,1762,1786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD969FFBCFE2CF931FDFA34B4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[418,517,1762,1785]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD969FFBCFE2CF931FDFA34B4" box="[418,517,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="41">Acabaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. axial internodes: A–C, tip of internode with indicated close­ups; D–F, cross­section of internode showing cental core, and serial close­ups showing sections through embedded sclerites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D968FFBDFE86F919FAFB356B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646416/files/figure.svg" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" startId="23.[264,367,1738,1762]" targetBox="[94,1301,287,1714]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D968FFBDFE86F919FAFB356B" blockId="23.[264,1322,1738,1830]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD968FFBDFE86F919FE6834AF" bold="true" box="[264,407,1738,1762]" pageId="23" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD968FFBDFE11F919FDF434AC" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityYear="1857" box="[415,523,1738,1761]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD968FFBDFE11F919FDF434AC" box="[415,523,1738,1761]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="42">Melithaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. axial internodes: A–B, developing tip with associated close­up; C, surface of older internode; D, longitudinal section featuring central core and terminal latticework; E, longitudinal section through part of young internode almost wholly consisting of core structure.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D967FFB2FE86F8E1FCB43521" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492033" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3492033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492033/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="43" startId="24.[264,368,1842,1866]" targetBox="[264,1493,286,1818]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D967FFB2FE86F8E1FCB43521" blockId="24.[264,1321,1842,1900]" pageId="24" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD967FFB2FE86F8E1FE663507" bold="true" box="[264,409,1842,1866]" pageId="24" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD967FFB2FE2CF8E1FD9C3504" baseAuthorityName="Ellis &amp; Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[418,611,1842,1865]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD967FFB2FE2CF8E1FD9C3504" box="[418,611,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="43">Annella reticulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
axis: A, anastomosed surface sclerites; B–C, longitudinal section with close­up of central region featuring free sclerites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0E6661D966FFB3FE86F8F2FC833512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646421/files/figure.svg" pageId="25" pageNumber="44" startId="25.[264,367,1825,1849]" targetBox="[94,1256,287,1801]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D966FFB3FE86F8F2FC833512" blockId="25.[264,1322,1825,1887]" pageId="25" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD966FFB3FE86F8F2FE673574" bold="true" box="[264,408,1825,1849]" pageId="25" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD966FFB3FE2EF8F2FD753575" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[416,650,1825,1848]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="25" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suberosa">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD966FFB3FE2EF8F2FD753575" box="[416,650,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="44">Subergorgia suberosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
axis: A, anastomosed surface sclerites; B–C, longitudinal section with close­up of central region featuring free sclerites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D965FFB0FEB6FECFFD1E3753" blockId="26.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">
One of the obvious differences is that in current nominal genera the node­internode articulation is relatively well defined. The node of a species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FB9CFE97FB803310" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[1042,1151,324,349]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FB9CFE97FB803310" box="[1042,1151,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Acabaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is depicted in 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FE86FEBFFE8C33CB" box="[264,371,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[264,367,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[264,1323,304,1778]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16. Acabaria sp. axis: A, decorticated node­internode articulation; B–C, serial close­ups of internode surface; D, close­up of nodal sclerite network showing sclerites with peeling gorgonin sheaths; E, close­up of internode­node boundary region showing the edge of the underlying fused latticework." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646412/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
. The overlying coenenchyme has been removed, revealing the typical melithaeid axial sclerites partially cemented together on the internodal surface (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FBD8FE47FB1333E3" box="[1110,1260,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[264,367,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[264,1323,304,1778]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16. Acabaria sp. axis: A, decorticated node­internode articulation; B–C, serial close­ups of internode surface; D, close­up of nodal sclerite network showing sclerites with peeling gorgonin sheaths; E, close­up of internode­node boundary region showing the edge of the underlying fused latticework." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646412/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 16B, C</figureCitation>
) and forming a 3­dimensional meshwork in the node (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FCC6FE6FFC49339B" box="[840,950,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[264,367,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[264,1323,304,1778]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16. Acabaria sp. axis: A, decorticated node­internode articulation; B–C, serial close­ups of internode surface; D, close­up of nodal sclerite network showing sclerites with peeling gorgonin sheaths; E, close­up of internode­node boundary region showing the edge of the underlying fused latticework." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646412/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
). An enlargement of the region where the hard internode material abuts the softer nodal substance is shown in part E of that figure. Across the centre of this image, part of a latticework can be seen where sclerites are anastomosing or linked by calcite bridges (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FCD8FDE7FC553003" box="[854,938,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="21.[264,367,1784,1808]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[264,1323,304,1778]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 16. Acabaria sp. axis: A, decorticated node­internode articulation; B–C, serial close­ups of internode surface; D, close­up of nodal sclerite network showing sclerites with peeling gorgonin sheaths; E, close­up of internode­node boundary region showing the edge of the underlying fused latticework." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646412/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
Ea). If all the soft nodal material and loose sclerites are removed from the end of an internode, this latticework is shown to be covering its conoid end in a shallow layer (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FCCCFD57FC2630D3" box="[834,985,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[264,367,1762,1786]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,285,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[264,1323,326,1703]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Acabaria sp. axial internodes: A–C, tip of internode with indicated close­ups; D–F, cross­section of internode showing cental core, and serial close­ups showing sections through embedded sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646414/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Figs 17B, C</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FC64FD57FBDF30D3" box="[1002,1056,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1738,1762]" captionTargetBox="[94,1301,287,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[286,1301,310,1714]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18. Melithaea sp. axial internodes: A–B, developing tip with associated close­up; C, surface of older internode; D, longitudinal section featuring central core and terminal latticework; E, longitudinal section through part of young internode almost wholly consisting of core structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646416/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">18D</figureCitation>
). The sclerites in the rounded tip of the internode, however, are different (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FCFEFD7FFC3B308B" box="[880,964,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[264,367,1762,1786]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,285,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[264,1323,326,1703]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Acabaria sp. axial internodes: A–C, tip of internode with indicated close­ups; D–F, cross­section of internode showing cental core, and serial close­ups showing sections through embedded sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646414/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
Aa). These are larger spindles with a number of rounded tubercles, somewhat similar to those that can be found in the axis that is forming in the tips of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FD02FD2FFCFF3158" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[652,768,764,789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FD02FD2FFCFF3158" box="[652,768,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Asperaxis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
twigs, which presumably become incorporated into the latticework of the internodal core. The formative melithaeinid axis appears to be similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FE5EFC9FFDBB3128" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[464,580,844,869]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FE5EFC9FFDBB3128" box="[464,580,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Asperaxis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FDD6FC9FFD21312B" box="[600,734,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1738,1762]" captionTargetBox="[94,1301,287,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[286,1301,310,1714]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18. Melithaea sp. axial internodes: A–B, developing tip with associated close­up; C, surface of older internode; D, longitudinal section featuring central core and terminal latticework; E, longitudinal section through part of young internode almost wholly consisting of core structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646416/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Figure 18A</figureCitation>
depicts a decorticated twig tip of a 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FBF2FC9FFB0C3128" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityYear="1857" box="[1148,1267,844,869]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FBF2FC9FFB0C3128" box="[1148,1267,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Melithaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. As in 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FE1AFCA7FDF731C0" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[404,520,884,909]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FE1AFCA7FDF731C0" box="[404,520,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Asperaxis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an internode begins as an aggregation of loosely bound tuberculate spindles (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FEF2FC4FFE2B31FB" box="[380,468,924,950]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1738,1762]" captionTargetBox="[94,1301,287,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[286,1301,310,1714]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18. Melithaea sp. axial internodes: A–B, developing tip with associated close­up; C, surface of older internode; D, longitudinal section featuring central core and terminal latticework; E, longitudinal section through part of young internode almost wholly consisting of core structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646416/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
Ba), the rod­shaped sclerites by which the melithaeid axis has usually been characterised occurring only on the outside (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FCD7FC17FC523193" box="[857,941,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1738,1762]" captionTargetBox="[94,1301,287,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[286,1301,310,1714]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18. Melithaea sp. axial internodes: A–B, developing tip with associated close­up; C, surface of older internode; D, longitudinal section featuring central core and terminal latticework; E, longitudinal section through part of young internode almost wholly consisting of core structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646416/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
Ab, Bb). 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FBA9FC17FB523193" box="[1063,1197,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1738,1762]" captionTargetBox="[94,1301,287,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[286,1301,310,1714]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18. Melithaea sp. axial internodes: A–B, developing tip with associated close­up; C, surface of older internode; D, longitudinal section featuring central core and terminal latticework; E, longitudinal section through part of young internode almost wholly consisting of core structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646416/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Figure 18C</figureCitation>
shows the surface of an older internode; cavities are still present where the calcite infilling is not yet complete. In the early stages of sclerite fusion, an internode is mainly just a cylindrical latticework (the future core), with a layer of small, loose, rod­like sclerites on the outside (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FE9FFBB7FE853633" box="[273,378,1124,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1738,1762]" captionTargetBox="[94,1301,287,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[286,1301,310,1714]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18. Melithaea sp. axial internodes: A–B, developing tip with associated close­up; C, surface of older internode; D, longitudinal section featuring central core and terminal latticework; E, longitudinal section through part of young internode almost wholly consisting of core structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646416/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
). As the internode ages, the core becomes surrounded by large numbers of these rods embedded in a matrix of subhedral calcite rods (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FC15FB5FFC0D36EB" box="[923,1010,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[264,367,1762,1786]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,285,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[264,1323,326,1703]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Acabaria sp. axial internodes: A–C, tip of internode with indicated close­ups; D–F, cross­section of internode showing cental core, and serial close­ups showing sections through embedded sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646414/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
D–F). The core continues right into the tip of the conoid end of the internode (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FCE0FB67FC273683" box="[878,984,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[264,367,1738,1762]" captionTargetBox="[94,1301,287,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[286,1301,310,1714]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18. Melithaea sp. axial internodes: A–B, developing tip with associated close­up; C, surface of older internode; D, longitudinal section featuring central core and terminal latticework; E, longitudinal section through part of young internode almost wholly consisting of core structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646416/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 18D</figureCitation>
) and, according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B18D965FFB0FB32FB67FDFA36BB" author="Koelliker, A." pageId="26" pageNumber="45" pagination="10 - 19" refId="ref6042" refString="Koelliker, A. (1865) Icones histiologicae oder Atlasder vergleichenden Gewebelehre; erstes Heft. Zweite Abtheilung. Der feiner Bau der hoheren Thiere. Die Bindesubstanz der Coelenteraten. Wilhelm Engelman, Leipzig, pp. 87 - 181, pls 10 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1865">Koelliker (1865, pl. XV, fig. 8)</bibRefCitation>
, the mesogloea of the core (his “Centralstrang”) is continuous from internode to internode through the node.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D965FFB1FEB6FAFFFCAD306B" blockId="26.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastBlockId="27.[264,1323,284,550]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">
Axes from specimens having the characters of classical species of 
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FB22FAFFFE8A3720" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FB22FAFFFAD93708" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityYear="1857" box="[1196,1318,1324,1349]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Melithaea</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FE86FA87FE8A3720" box="[264,373,1364,1389]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Mopsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Mopsella</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FE3AFA87FDDE3720" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[436,545,1364,1389]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FE3AFA87FDDE3720" box="[436,545,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Acabaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were examined in the course of this research and all were found to have the same basic construction. Additionally, because the sparsely tuberculate axial sclerites of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FE1AFA77FDF737F0" authorityName="Alderslade" authorityYear="2006" box="[404,520,1444,1469]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Asperaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FE1AFA77FDF737F0" box="[404,520,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Asperaxis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(eg. 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD965FFB0FDC6FA77FD5A37F3" box="[584,677,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[264,368,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[94,1323,287,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,308,1783]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Asperaxis karenae n. gen., n. sp., holotype: A, partially embedded internodal surface sclerites; B, complete internode; CD, internode cross­section with close­up featuring the central core; EF, internode cross­section featuring sections through embedded sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646398/files/figure.svg" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
) have similarities to those in the axes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FB14FA77FAD537F0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[1178,1322,1444,1469]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FB14FA77FAD537F0" box="[1178,1322,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Subergorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FEB5FA1FFE6237A8" box="[315,413,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FEB5FA1FFE6637A8" box="[315,409,1484,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Annella</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
species of these genera were also examined. The axis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FBDBFA1FFDD73443" authority="(Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786)" authorityName="Ellis &amp; Solander" authorityYear="1786" baseAuthorityName="Ellis &amp; Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FBDBFA1FFAD537A8" box="[1109,1322,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Annella reticulata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B18D965FFB0FE9EFA27FDDF3443" author="Ellis, J. &amp; Solander, D." box="[272,544,1524,1550]" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" refId="ref5720" refString="Ellis, J. &amp; Solander, D. (1786) The natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected from various parts of the globe by the late JOHN ELLIS … Systematically arranged and described by the late DANIEL SOLANDER. Benjamin White &amp; Son, London, 13 + 209 pp., 63 pls." type="book" year="1786">Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FD39FA27FB9C3443" authority="(Pallas, 1766)" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[695,1123,1524,1550]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="suberosa">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FD39FA27FC473440" box="[695,952,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Subergorgia suberosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B18D965FFB0FC46FA27FBA43443" author="Pallas, P. S." box="[968,1115,1524,1550]" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" refId="ref6244" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1766) Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis. Petrum van Cleef, Hagae Comitum, 16 + 28 + 451 pp." type="book" year="1766">Pallas, 1766</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
are illustrated in figures 19 and 20 respectively. The presence of free tuberculate sclerites in a subergorgiid axis (sclerites like those in the outer coenenchyme) is not well documented despite being discovered by Koelliker 140 years ago (1865, p. 144 and pl. XV, fig. 2). Indeed, it was overlooked by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B18D965FFB0FE33F947FC5C34E3" author="Lopez-Gonzalez, P. &amp; Gili, J-P." box="[445,931,1684,1710]" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" pagination="122 - 126" refId="ref6090" refString="Lopez-Gonzalez, P. &amp; Gili, J-P. (2001) Rosgorgia inexplicata, new genus and species of Subergorgiidae (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biology, 24, 122 - 126." type="journal article" year="2001">López­González and Gili (2001, p. 122)</bibRefCitation>
, who used the presence of these sclerites in the axis of the new genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FD5EF96FFCB63498" authorityName="Lopez Gonzalez &amp; Gili" authorityYear="2001" box="[720,841,1724,1749]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Rosgorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FD5EF96FFCB63498" box="[720,841,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Rosgorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a major character distinguishing that genus from 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FE1AF937FE1034B0" box="[404,495,1764,1789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FE1AF937FE1034B0" box="[404,495,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Annella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FDA9F937FD4834B0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[551,695,1764,1789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FDA9F937FD4834B0" box="[551,695,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Subergorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Fabricius and Alderslade followed suit pending further investigation (2001, p. 56). In the several samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FC42F8DFFBD83568" box="[972,1063,1804,1829]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FC42F8DFFBD83568" box="[972,1063,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Annella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C714D6AD965FFB0FBEAF8DFFB0B3568" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[1124,1268,1804,1829]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD965FFB0FBEAF8DFFB0B3568" box="[1124,1268,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="45">Subergorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were analysed for this paper, tuberculate sclerites were commonly found in the centre of the axes, but they are not restricted to this region (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD964FFB1FCD1FECFFC30337B" box="[863,975,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="24.[264,368,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[264,1323,316,1818]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 19. Annella reticulata axis: A, anastomosed surface sclerites; B–C, longitudinal section with close­up of central region featuring free sclerites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492033/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="46">Figs 19B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD964FFB1FC52FECFFBEE337B" box="[988,1041,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1825,1849]" captionTargetBox="[94,1256,287,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[332,1256,326,1801]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 20. Subergorgia suberosa axis: A, anastomosed surface sclerites; B–C, longitudinal section with close­up of central region featuring free sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646421/files/figure.svg" pageId="27" pageNumber="46">20B</figureCitation>
). However, the simple, non­anastomosing spindles (with or without a few terminal tubercles) reported and figured by a few authors (eg. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B18D964FFB1FD83FEBFFD2D33CB" author="Aurivillius, M." box="[525,722,364,390]" pageId="27" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 337" refId="ref5586" refString="Aurivillius, M. (1931) The gorgonians from Dr. Sixten Bock's expedition to Japan and Bonin Islands 1914. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, (3) 9 (4), 1 - 337." type="journal article" year="1931">Aurivillius 1931</bibRefCitation>
, p. 21, fig 2 (centre); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B18D964FFB1FC54FEBFFB9933CB" author="Bayer, F. M." box="[986,1126,364,390]" pageId="27" pageNumber="46" pagination="163 - 231" refId="ref5625" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1956) Octocorallia. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part F. Coelenterata. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. Lawrence, Kansas. Pp 163 - 231." type="book chapter" year="1956">Bayer 1956</bibRefCitation>
, p. F198, 2c) do seem to be restricted to the centre of the axes (
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD964FFB1FCB1FE47FC3433E3" box="[831,971,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="24.[264,368,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[264,1493,286,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[264,1323,316,1818]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 19. Annella reticulata axis: A, anastomosed surface sclerites; B–C, longitudinal section with close­up of central region featuring free sclerites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3492033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3492033/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="46">Figs 19B,C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="134A2A6CD964FFB1FC54FE47FBD533E3" box="[986,1066,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="25.[264,367,1825,1849]" captionTargetBox="[94,1256,287,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[332,1256,326,1801]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 20. Subergorgia suberosa axis: A, anastomosed surface sclerites; B–C, longitudinal section with close­up of central region featuring free sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2646421/files/figure.svg" pageId="27" pageNumber="46">20B,C</figureCitation>
). At least in the few samples examined, this central section is certainly not composed solely of tuberculate coenenchymal­style sclerites as stated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B18D964FFB1FD7AFE37FB9733B3" author="Kinoshita, K." box="[756,1128,484,510]" pageId="27" pageNumber="46" pagination="229 - 230" refId="ref6004" refString="Kinoshita, K. (1910) On the Keroeididae, a new family of Gorgonacea, and some notes on the Subergorgiidae. Annotationes Zoological Japonenses, 7, 229 - 230, pl. 6." type="journal article" year="1910">Kinoshita (1910, p. 224–225)</bibRefCitation>
and seemingly implied by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B18D964FFB1FE00FDDFFCB1306B" author="Muzik, K. &amp; Wainwright, S." box="[398,846,524,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="46" pagination="308 - 337" refId="ref6169" refString="Muzik, K. &amp; Wainwright, S. (1977) Morphology and habitat of five Fijian sea fans. Bulletin of Marine Science, 27, 308 - 337." type="journal article" year="1977">Muzik and Wainwright (1977, p. 321)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D964FFB1FE86FD57FE1230D3" blockId="27.[264,493,644,670]" box="[264,493,644,670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD964FFB1FE86FD57FE1230D3" bold="true" box="[264,493,644,670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="46">Acknowledgments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D964FFB1FE86FD1CFAEB364C" blockId="27.[264,1325,719,1025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="46">My thanks to Graham Edgar and Karen Gowlett­Holmes for donating specimens of the new taxon, and additionally to Karen for sharing her knowledge of the new taxon’s habitats and associations. Thanks also to Thierry Laperousaz for the loan of material from the South Australian Museum, and to Ellie Haywood, Charles Darwin University, for providing the Mallory­Heidenhain’s stain. I am also very grateful to my friends and colleagues Leen van Ofwegen (Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden), Suzanne Horner (MAGNT), Gary Williams (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco), and Manfred Grasshoff (Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt) for critically reading the manuscript.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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&amp; 
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<title id="F975DDDFD963FFB6FE6DFBCFFDA2367E" box="[483,605,1052,1075]" jopScore="0.08461252" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">Alcyonaria</title>
. 
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD963FFB6FDE6FBCFFD81367E" box="[616,638,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">In</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD963FFB6FD00FBCFFC5C361E" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">
<volumeTitle id="34DD54D9D963FFB6FD00FBCFFC5F361E" jopScore="0.15243661" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo­Pacific Ocean during the voyages of the H.M.S. “Alert” 1881­2</volumeTitle>
,
</emphasis>
<journalOrPublisher id="51B03C25D963FFB6FC22FBEFFB40361E" box="[940,1215,1084,1107]" jopScore="2.4705515" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">British Museum, London</journalOrPublisher>
, pp. 327– 
<part id="FFD59C74D963FFB6FEB6FB8FFE9D363E" box="[312,354,1116,1139]" pageId="28" pageNumber="47" type="volume">365</part>
, 
<pagination id="B2B8C81DD963FFB6FEE3FB8FFE32363E" box="[365,461,1116,1139]" pageId="28" pageNumber="47" type="pagination">578–581</pagination>
, pls 36–38.
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36E9D963FFB6FE86FBAFFDB6369E" blockId="28.[264,1326,284,1235]" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">
<bibRef id="52D1A21FD963FFB6FE86FBAFFDB6369E" pageId="28" pageNumber="47" refId="ref6344" type="book">
<author id="53CCDE0CD963FFB6FE86FBAFFE7436DE" box="[264,395,1148,1171]" case="TC" fns="I" in="E.P." ins="D" ln="Wright" lnc="TC" npo="LnFn" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">Wright, E.P.</author>
&amp; 
<author id="53CCDE0CD963FFB6FE21FBAFFDE836DE" box="[431,535,1148,1171]" case="TC" fns="I" in="T." ins="D" ln="Studer" lnc="TC" npo="LnFn" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">Studer, T.</author>
(
<year id="FFD977BAD963FFB6FDA8FBAFFDA136DE" box="[550,606,1148,1171]" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">1889</year>
) 
<title id="F975DDDFD963FFB6FDE0FBAFFBAE36FE" jopScore="0.6023077" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B905EAFBD963FFB6FDE0FBAFFDDE36FE" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876.</emphasis>
Report on the Scientific Results of the “Challenger
</title>
”, 
<journalOrPublisher id="51B03C25D963FFB6FBE9FB4FFE9D369E" jopScore="3.337297" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">Zoology, 31, London</journalOrPublisher>
, 27 + 
<bookContentInfo id="BC8A2599D963FFB6FE2AFB6FFE08369E" box="[420,503,1212,1235]" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">314 pp.</bookContentInfo>
, 
<bookContentInfo id="BC8A2599D963FFB6FD8CFB6FFDB6369E" box="[514,585,1212,1235]" pageId="28" pageNumber="47">49 pls.</bookContentInfo>
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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