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<mods:title id="7B2FAB147744FBB8ACDD67C5124A5C0C">Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFF30FDCAA9925275" bold="true" box="[151,461,549,576]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
(Mackerras &amp; Mackerras)
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. New combination.
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(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFF38FDA6A96A5256" box="[159,309,585,611]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 99–102" captionStart-1="FIGURES 103, 104" captionStart-10="FIGURES 128, 129" captionStart-11="FIGURES 130, 131" captionStart-12="FIGURES 132" captionStart-2="FIGURE 105" captionStart-3="FIGURES 106, 107" captionStart-4="FIGURES 108–112" captionStart-5="FIGURES 114, 115" captionStart-6="FIGURES 116–119" captionStart-7="FIGURES 120–123" captionStart-8="FIGURE 124" captionStart-9="FIGURES 125–127" captionStartId-0="41.[151,264,1659,1684]" captionStartId-1="42.[151,264,1894,1919]" captionStartId-10="49.[151,264,841,866]" captionStartId-11="50.[151,264,1029,1054]" captionStartId-12="52.[151,264,1546,1571]" captionStartId-2="43.[151,250,843,868]" captionStartId-3="43.[151,264,1564,1589]" captionStartId-4="44.[151,264,1907,1932]" captionStartId-5="45.[151,264,702,727]" captionStartId-6="45.[151,264,1931,1956]" captionStartId-7="46.[151,264,1462,1487]" captionStartId-8="48.[151,250,798,823]" captionStartId-9="48.[151,264,1954,1979]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,383,1640]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,1245,1875]" captionTargetBox-10="[151,1436,181,815]" captionTargetBox-11="[151,1436,381,1009]" captionTargetBox-12="[151,1436,273,1527]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,181,823]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,890,1544]" captionTargetBox-4="[214,1374,193,1887]" captionTargetBox-5="[214,1347,191,665]" captionTargetBox-6="[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetBox-7="[151,1436,196,1438]" captionTargetBox-8="[184,1375,187,741]" captionTargetBox-9="[163,1436,978,1934]" captionTargetId-0="figure@41.[151,1436,381,1640]" captionTargetId-1="figure@42.[151,1436,1245,1875]" captionTargetId-10="figure@49.[151,1436,181,815]" captionTargetId-11="figure@50.[151,1436,381,1009]" captionTargetId-12="figure@52.[151,1436,273,1527]" captionTargetId-2="figure@43.[151,1436,181,823]" captionTargetId-3="figure@43.[151,1436,890,1544]" captionTargetId-4="figure@44.[214,1374,181,1887]" captionTargetId-5="figure@45.[199,1389,174,683]" captionTargetId-6="figure@45.[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetId-7="figure@46.[151,1436,181,1442]" captionTargetId-8="figure@48.[151,1436,181,778]" captionTargetId-9="figure@48.[151,1436,881,1934]" captionTargetPageId-0="41" captionTargetPageId-1="42" captionTargetPageId-10="49" captionTargetPageId-11="50" captionTargetPageId-12="52" captionTargetPageId-2="43" captionTargetPageId-3="43" captionTargetPageId-4="44" captionTargetPageId-5="45" captionTargetPageId-6="45" captionTargetPageId-7="46" captionTargetPageId-8="48" captionTargetPageId-9="48" captionText-0="FIGURES 99–102. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (99) Holotype, frontal view. (Stradbroke Island). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (100) Habitus. (Stradbroke Island). Arrow indicates wing spot (w s). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (101) Frontal view of head. Paratype. Cleared. (Stradbroke Island). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (102) Antenna. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 103, 104. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (103) Maxillary palp, lacinia and mandible. Insert—mandible apex. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (104) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." captionText-10="FIGURES 128, 129. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (128) Ventral head cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (129) Hypostoma, note lateral serrations (l s). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." captionText-11="FIGURES 130, 131. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (130) Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (131) Anal sclerite showing anterior arms (a a), campaniform sensilla (c s), posteroventral arms (pv a) and circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-12="FIGURES 132. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (132) Typical habitat of A. fuscoflava immatures. Capembah Stream, Strad- broke Island. Image JKM. FIGURES 133–135. Austrocnephia orientalis female. (133) Holotype, frontal view. Image by LHG- A. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (134) Head. (Hume Highway). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (135) Mandible (mnd) and lacinia (lc). (Hume Highway). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 105. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (105) Wing. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-3="FIGURES 106, 107. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (106) Wing veins showing non-branched Rs. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (107) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." captionText-4="FIGURES 108–112. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female paratype. (108) Tarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (109) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (111) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (112) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 113. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male paratype. (113) Dorsal view. Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-5="FIGURES 114, 115. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male. (114) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (115) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-6="FIGURES 116–119. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male. (116) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (117) Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Gonocoxa (gc) and gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (119) Genitalia, slide mounted, showing aedea- gal membrane (a m), paramere connector (p c), paramere (p) and ventral plate (v p). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-7="FIGURES 120–123. Austrocnephia fuscoflava pupa. (120) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (121) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (122) Male cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (123) Gill. Tips of some filaments broken. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-8="FIGURE 124. Austrocnephia fuscoflava pupa. (124) Abdominal armature. Arrow indicates pleurite (plt). Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-9="FIGURES 125–127. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (125) Habitus, last instar. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (126) Head, dorsal view, last instar. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (127) Mandible apex showing subapical (sb t) and spinous (sp t) teeth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi-12="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430689" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430672" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430676" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430678" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430682" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3335619/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3335621/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/3335631/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/3335633/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/3430689/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3430672/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3430676/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3335623/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3430678/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3430682/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/3335625/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/3335627/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/3335629/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Figs. 99–132</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3396551FFB3442DFF30FD62AAE552F1" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB3442DFF30FD62AB405290" ID-CoL="8H39N" authority="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1948: 236" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" authorityPageNumber="236" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,799,652,677]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tonnoiri" subSpecies="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFF30FD62A9EC5290" box="[151,435,653,677]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cnephia tonnoiri fuscoflava</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFFB3442DFE1DFD63AB405290" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[442,799,652,677]" page="236" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1948">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB3442DFE1DFD63AB405290" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[442,799,652,677]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="231 - 270" refId="ref55714" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1948) Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Australian Journal of Scientific Research, Series B, Biological Sciences, 1, 231 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / BI 9480231" type="journal article" year="1948">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1948: 236</bibRefCitation>
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; original description.
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</paragraph>
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‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB3442DFF3CFD43A8AA52F1" ID-CoL="3RFT" authorityName="A. Rothfels" authorityYear="1979" box="[155,245,684,708]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cnephia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
of authors’ 
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<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFEC8FD43A98852F1" box="[367,471,684,708]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFFB3442DFE44FD44AAE952F1" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[483,694,683,708]" page="443" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB3442DFE44FD44AAE952F1" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[483,694,683,708]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="425 - 520" refId="ref53809" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1987) Part VIII. Black fly species of the world. 32 An annotated checklist of the world black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). In: Kim, K. C. &amp; Merritt, R. W. (Eds.), Black Flies. Ecology, Population Management, and Annotated World List. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, pp. 425 - 520." type="book chapter" year="1987">Crosskey, 1987: 443</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311F4FFB3442DFF30FD25AB6552D6" box="[151,826,714,739]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFF30FD25A95852D7" box="[151,263,714,738]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB3442DFF30FD25A95C52D7" ID-CoL="8H39N" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[151,259,714,738]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">fuscoflava</taxonomicName>
.
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFFB3442DFEABFD25A98152D6" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[268,478,714,739]" page="222" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1989">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB3442DFEABFD25A98152D6" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[268,478,714,739]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="221 - 225" refId="ref53890" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1989) Chapter 24. Simuliidae. In: Evenhuis N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Region. Special Publication 86. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, Leiden, pp. 221 - 225. Available from: http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / aocat / pdf / 24 sim. pdf (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book chapter" year="1989">Crosskey, 1989: 222</bibRefCitation>
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; unplaced species of Prosimulinii.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311F4FFB3442DFF30FD06ACA05315" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB3442DFF30FD06AAFE5334" authority="(Mackerras &amp; Mackerras)" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" box="[151,673,744,769]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFF30FD06A9D55334" box="[151,394,745,769]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Paracnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
(Mackerras &amp; Mackerras)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFFB3442DFD0BFD07ABB25334" author="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[684,1005,744,769]" page="18" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB3442DFD0BFD07ABB25334" author="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[684,1005,744,769]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref54002" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M. (1997) A New Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Blackflies. The Natural History Museum, London, 144 pp. Available from: https: // www. cabdirect. org / cabdirect / abstract / 19970503020 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1997">Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997: 18</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB3442DFC5DFD07AC255334" ID-CoL="9CJBP" box="[1018,1146,744,769]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prosimuliini">Prosimuliini</taxonomicName>
, unplaced to subgenus, new combination. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFFB3442DFEF4FCE8AA6F5315" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." box="[339,560,775,800]" page="328" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB3442DFEF4FCE8AA6F5315" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." box="[339,560,775,800]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref52542" refString="Bugledich, E. - M. A. (1999) Simuliidae. In: Wells, A. &amp; Houston, W. W. K. (Eds.), Diptera: Nematocera, Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 30.1. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 325 - 337." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bugledich, 1999: 328</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFFB3442DFD9EFCE8AB075315" author="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W." box="[569,856,775,800]" page="26" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB3442DFD9EFCE8AB075315" author="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W." box="[569,856,775,800]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref52233" refString="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W. (2008) World Blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae): a fully revised edition of the taxonomic and geographic inventory. 105 pp." type="book" year="2008">Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008: 26</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, transferred to Simulinii. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFFB3442DFBFDFCE8ACA45315" author="Adler, P. H." box="[1114,1275,775,800]" page="32" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB3442DFBFDFCE8ACA45315" author="Adler, P. H." box="[1114,1275,775,800]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref52173" refString="Adler, P. H. (2019) World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory [2019]. 139 pp. Available from: http: // www. clemson. edu / cafls / biomia / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="2019">Adler, 2019: 32</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFB3442AFF30FCA2AB275562" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB3442CFF30FCA2ABF75152" blockId="40.[151,1437,845,2025]" lastBlockId="41.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFF30FCA2A91A535D" bold="true" box="[151,325,845,872]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Redescription.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFEECFCA1A986535D" box="[331,473,846,872]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Adult female</emphasis>
(numerous reared specimens). A smaller species. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFBA2FCA1AC60535D" box="[1029,1087,846,872]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFBEAFCA1ACBB535D" box="[1101,1252,846,872]" captionStart="FIGURES 99–102" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1659,1684]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,383,1640]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,381,1640]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 99–102. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (99) Holotype, frontal view. (Stradbroke Island). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (100) Habitus. (Stradbroke Island). Arrow indicates wing spot (w s). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (101) Frontal view of head. Paratype. Cleared. (Stradbroke Island). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (102) Antenna. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335619/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Figs. 99, 100</figureCitation>
): head very dark red, thorax tan, abdomen black; total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFD2DFC9DAB4B53B8" box="[650,788,882,909]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="2.3" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.4 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFCB8FC9DAB0353B9" box="[799,860,882,908]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFCCCFC9DAB9153B9" box="[875,974,882,908]" captionStart="FIGURES 99–102" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1659,1684]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,383,1640]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,381,1640]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 99–102. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (99) Holotype, frontal view. (Stradbroke Island). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (100) Habitus. (Stradbroke Island). Arrow indicates wing spot (w s). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (101) Frontal view of head. Paratype. Cleared. (Stradbroke Island). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (102) Antenna. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335619/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 101</figureCitation>
): overall dark in colour; width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFA8BFC9DA8995384" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" metricValueMax="8.2" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.81" valueMax="0.82" valueMin="0.8">0.80–0.82 mm</quantity>
; depth 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFEB2FC79A9E55384" box="[277,442,918,945]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.65" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.3" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.665" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.63">0.63–0.70 mm</quantity>
; postocciput markedly hirsute with long pale hairs, frons margins slightly concave, markedly narrowed, dark brown-black, sparse pale hairs; frons:head-width ratio 1.0:8.5–10.1. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFBDAFC54ACED53E1" box="[1149,1202,955,980]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Eyes</emphasis>
: interocular distance 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFF30FC31A91F53CC" box="[151,320,990,1017]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.499999999999998" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.08499999999999999" valueMax="0.09" valueMin="0.08">0.08–0.09 mm</quantity>
; upper ommatidia redder than lower ommatidia, diameter 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFC45FC31AC0553CC" box="[994,1114,990,1017]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.019">0.019 mm</quantity>
; lower ommatidia lighter in colour with slightly thicker margins, diameter 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFD09FBEDAB7B5428" box="[686,804,1026,1053]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.021">0.021 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFC95FBECAB0B5429" box="[818,852,1027,1052]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">ca.</emphasis>
36 rows across and 44 down at mid-eye. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFA9DFBEDADCB5429" box="[1338,1428,1026,1052]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Clypeus</emphasis>
: width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFF78FBC9A9D95474" box="[223,390,1062,1089]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.165" valueMax="0.19" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.19 mm</quantity>
, markedly dark brown, densely hirsute. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFCE8FBC8ABF35474" box="[847,940,1063,1089]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFC1AFBC9AC7E5475" box="[957,1057,1062,1088]" captionStart="FIGURES 99–102" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1659,1684]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,383,1640]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,381,1640]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 99–102. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (99) Holotype, frontal view. (Stradbroke Island). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (100) Habitus. (Stradbroke Island). Arrow indicates wing spot (w s). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (101) Frontal view of head. Paratype. Cleared. (Stradbroke Island). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (102) Antenna. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335619/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 102</figureCitation>
): elongate, extended well beyond posterior margin of head; total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFDEFFBA5AAEE5450" box="[584,689,1098,1125]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.63">0.63 mm</quantity>
; scape small and pale, pedicel larger and similar in size to flagellomere I, remainder similar in size, flagellomeres bead-shaped, concolourous, slightly tapered to apex. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFAB5FB81ADCA54BD" box="[1298,1429,1134,1160]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: feebly developed, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFECFFB7CA9D55499" box="[360,394,1171,1196]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">ca.</emphasis>
0.23× length of head depth; maxillary palp, total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFBB7FB7DAC285498" box="[1040,1143,1170,1197]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomere III darker brown than remainder with dense vestiture, palpomere IV small, V elongated; proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V, 1.0:0.7:1.6; sensory organ markedly elongated, 0.75× length of palpomere III, opening elongated and 0.6× vesicle width; mandible (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFD32FB11AAAA552D" box="[661,757,1278,1304]" captionStart="FIGURES 103, 104" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1245,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1436,1245,1875]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 103, 104. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (103) Maxillary palp, lacinia and mandible. Insert—mandible apex. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (104) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335621/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 103</figureCitation>
) with 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFC98FB10AB3E552D" box="[831,865,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">ca.</emphasis>
26 small inner teeth, arrayed in straight formation (see insert), outer teeth absent; lacinia with 13 teeth on either side; cibarium cornuae flared with narrow terminal extensions, medial gap narrowed and concave, (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFD14FAA9AB495555" box="[691,790,1350,1376]" captionStart="FIGURES 103, 104" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1894,1919]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1245,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[151,1436,1245,1875]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 103, 104. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (103) Maxillary palp, lacinia and mandible. Insert—mandible apex. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (104) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335621/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFC8DFAA9AB245555" box="[810,891,1350,1376]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Thorax</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFC7FFAAAAC3E5554" box="[984,1121,1349,1377]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.4" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.5 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFB12FAA9AD605554" box="[1205,1343,1350,1377]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.2 mm</quantity>
; scutum evenly tan; postpronotal lobe well developed with fine hair longer than on scutum, that with overall sparse fine small hairs; scutellar depression similar, concolourous, but with denser long pale hairs; scutellum slightly paler than scutum, vestiture of sparse very fine yellowish hairs centrally, darker laterally; postnotum concolourous with scutellum; antepronotal lobe with distinct patch of yellow hairs; proepisternum and fore coxa bare; pleuron and anepisternal membrane yellowish brown, bare; katepisternum dark brown, sulcus shallow and broad. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFB37FA14AC955621" box="[1168,1226,1531,1556]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFB7CFA15AD1F5621" box="[1243,1344,1529,1556]" captionStart="FIGURE 105" captionStartId="43.[151,250,843,868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,823]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,823]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 105. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (105) Wing. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430672/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
): length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFF30F9F2A97D560C" box="[151,290,1565,1593]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="2.65" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="2.5">2.5–2.8 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB3442DFED0F9F2AA5D560C" box="[375,514,1565,1593]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 mm</quantity>
; very slightly fumose overall, veins yellowish, markedly developed pigmentation at junction of r-m cross vein as well as humeral and other basal cross veins; basal medial cell minute to absent; a:b ratio 1.0:2.4; distal 2/3 of costa with spines, dense apically, Rs not divided apically (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFBE6F989ACFC56B4" box="[1089,1187,1638,1665]" captionStart="FIGURES 106, 107" captionStartId="43.[151,264,1564,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,890,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,890,1544]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURES 106, 107. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (106) Wing veins showing non-branched Rs. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (107) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430676/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
); M 
<subScript id="17A7349FFFB3442DFB68F997AC8856B3" attach="left" box="[1231,1239,1656,1670]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">1</subScript>
appears doubled; CuA barely sinuous; CuP extended nearly to wing margin, as does A 
<subScript id="17A7349FFFB3442DFC2DF973ABCD569F" attach="right" box="[906,914,1692,1706]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">1</subScript>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFC38F965ABAC5691" box="[927,1011,1674,1700]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Haltere</emphasis>
: stem clear, knob tan. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFB4CF964AD7F5691" box="[1259,1312,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Legs</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFA89F965ADD05691" box="[1326,1423,1674,1700]" captionStart="FIGURES 106, 107" captionStartId="43.[151,264,1564,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,890,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,890,1544]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURES 106, 107. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (106) Wing veins showing non-branched Rs. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (107) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430676/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 107</figureCitation>
): forelegs evenly pale; mid and hind legs blackish brown; hind legs slightly darker; hind basitarsus parallel-sided with ventral row of stout spines; calcipala subequal in length and breadth, as wide as tarsomere; pedisulcus not markedly developed, but obvious; tarsomere II 2.0–2.3× longer than distal width; claws, smoothly tapered, not markedly curved, basal tooth well developed and broad, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFD46F8F4AAA45701" box="[737,763,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">ca</emphasis>
. 0.5× as long as talon, with distinct basal notch, heel small (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFF07F8D1A95D576D" box="[160,258,1854,1880]" captionStart="FIGURES 108–112" captionStartId="44.[151,264,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,193,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[214,1374,181,1887]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURES 108–112. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female paratype. (108) Tarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (109) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (111) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (112) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 113. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male paratype. (113) Dorsal view. Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335623/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 108</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFEB1F8D1A9DF576D" box="[278,384,1854,1880]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Abdomen</emphasis>
: mottled dark brown overall, paler anteriorly; basal scale dark brown, vestiture of long dense hair extended to segment IV; tergites markedly poorly sclerotized, barely discernable from remainder of dorsum, broader in posterior segments; vestiture better expressed on posterior segments. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB3442DFBB1F869ACDF5795" box="[1046,1152,1926,1952]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Genitalia</emphasis>
: markedly small; sternite VIII with no distinct medial region, vestiture of microtrichia, large strong hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB3442DFF07F821A95C57DD" box="[160,259,1998,2024]" captionStart="FIGURES 108–112" captionStartId="44.[151,264,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,193,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[214,1374,181,1887]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURES 108–112. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female paratype. (108) Tarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (109) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (111) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (112) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 113. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male paratype. (113) Dorsal view. Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335623/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 109</figureCitation>
), lightly pigmented, vestiture of triads of microtrichia and strong hairs, medial edges of valves slightly diverged—straight to slightly concave, bluntly triangular apically; cercus in lateral view elongated with faint medial depression, anal lobes smaller, with vestiture of long hairs (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB2442CFC80FF52ABD850E2" box="[807,903,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 108–112" captionStartId="44.[151,264,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,193,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[214,1374,181,1887]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURES 108–112. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female paratype. (108) Tarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (109) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (111) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (112) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 113. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male paratype. (113) Dorsal view. Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335623/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 110</figureCitation>
); genital fork (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB2442CFB8EFF52ACD950E2" box="[1065,1158,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 108–112" captionStartId="44.[151,264,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,193,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[214,1374,181,1887]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURES 108–112. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female paratype. (108) Tarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (109) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (111) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (112) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 113. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male paratype. (113) Dorsal view. Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335623/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 111</figureCitation>
) well expressed, anterior arm thickened, flattened laterally, no indication of membranous lateral areas, lateral arms broad, no indication of knee-bend, apodeme absent, lateral plates triangular, small; spermatheca irregularly ovoid to spherical (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB2442CFA8AFEEAADD0512A" box="[1325,1423,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURES 108–112" captionStartId="44.[151,264,1907,1932]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,193,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[214,1374,181,1887]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURES 108–112. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female paratype. (108) Tarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (109) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (111) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (112) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 113. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male paratype. (113) Dorsal view. Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335623/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 112</figureCitation>
), externally slightly tuberculate producing mottle effect, internal fine spines present, clear membranous area at junction with spermathecal duct small with series of raised cuticular rings.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFB2442CFF30F994AD5656EE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335619/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" startId="41.[151,264,1659,1684]" targetBox="[151,1436,383,1640]" targetPageId="41">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB2442CFF30F994AD5656EE" blockId="41.[151,1436,1659,1756]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFF30F994A90656A1" bold="true" box="[151,345,1659,1684]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURES 99–102</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB2442CFEC3F994AA3A56A6" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[356,613,1659,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFEC3F994AA3A56A6" box="[356,613,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. (99) Holotype, frontal view. (Stradbroke Island). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (100) Habitus. (Stradbroke Island). Arrow indicates wing spot (w s). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (101) Frontal view of head. Paratype. Cleared. (Stradbroke Island). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (102) Antenna. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB2442FFF60F8E5AD3854F2" blockId="41.[151,1437,1802,2044]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1437,153,1223]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFF60F8E5A91F5711" box="[199,320,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Adult male</emphasis>
(numerous reared specimens, Stradbroke Island). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFCCBF8E5ABF95711" box="[876,934,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Body</emphasis>
: pinned (Fig. 113), head dark, thorax yellowish brown; in alcohol, overall colour darker, head dark red, thorax greyish brown, abdomen black (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB2442CFB5EF8C1AD0A577D" box="[1273,1365,1838,1864]" captionStart="FIGURES 114, 115" captionStartId="45.[151,264,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[214,1347,191,665]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[199,1389,174,683]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 114, 115. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male. (114) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (115) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430678/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig 114</figureCitation>
); total body length 1.8–2.0 mm. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFE12F8BDA9AD5759" box="[437,498,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB2442CFDA6F8BDAA3D5759" box="[513,610,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIGURES 114, 115" captionStartId="45.[151,264,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[214,1347,191,665]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[199,1389,174,683]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 114, 115. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male. (114) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (115) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430678/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 115</figureCitation>
): width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB2442CFD1CF8BDAB3E5759" box="[699,865,1874,1900]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.35" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="8.299999999999999" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.835" valueMax="0.84" valueMin="0.83">0.83–0.84 mm</quantity>
; depth 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB2442CFC17F8BDAC0A5759" box="[944,1109,1874,1900]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.45" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="8.299999999999999" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.845" valueMax="0.86" valueMin="0.83">0.83–0.86 mm</quantity>
; relatively large in relation to thorax. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFF4BF898A97E57A5" box="[236,289,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Eyes</emphasis>
: upper ommatidia dark reddish orange, enlarged, diameter 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB2442CFC15F89AAC4857A5" box="[946,1047,1909,1936]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFB85F898AC6357A5" box="[1058,1084,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">ca</emphasis>
. 12–15 across and down; lower ommatidia black to blackish orange, markedly smaller, diameter 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB2442CFCCBF875AB8E5781" box="[876,977,1946,1972]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFC7BF874ABA15781" box="[988,1022,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">ca.</emphasis>
26 across and down. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFB48F875AD165781" box="[1263,1353,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Clypeus</emphasis>
: black; width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB2442CFF78F851A9D957ED" box="[223,390,1982,2008]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.175" valueMax="0.18" valueMin="0.17">0.17–0.18 mm</quantity>
; vestiture of fine black hairs. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB2442CFD7DF851AB6857ED" box="[730,823,1982,2008]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB2442CFCEFF851ABF457EC" box="[840,939,1982,2009]" captionStart="FIGURES 116–119" captionStartId="45.[151,264,1931,1956]" captionTargetBox="[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 116–119. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male. (116) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (117) Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Gonocoxa (gc) and gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (119) Genitalia, slide mounted, showing aedea- gal membrane (a m), paramere connector (p c), paramere (p) and ventral plate (v p). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430682/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 116</figureCitation>
): total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB2442CFBEFF852ACB057ED" box="[1096,1263,1981,2008]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="5.8999999999999995" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.63" valueMax="0.67" valueMin="0.59">0.59–0.67 mm</quantity>
; overall evenly light brown; scape short, pedicel as long as broad, flagellomere I longer than wide, flagellomeres II–V quadratic in shape, apical three flagellomeres slightly longer than wide. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFCF9FF76ABBE5086" box="[862,993,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: insubstantial; length 0.2× head depth; maxillary palp 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB1442FFEE0FF53A9F150E2" box="[327,430,188,215]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity>
long, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomeres III &amp; IV subequal in length, palpomere IV elongated and as long as III &amp; IV combined, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.8:2.0, sensory vesicle small, spherical, occupying 0.2× palpomere length, opening 0.33× vesicle width; lacinia small, lacking teeth, but with apical hairs; mandible not observed. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFDDDFEC6AA945176" box="[634,715,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Thorax</emphasis>
: markedly domed, lateral outline semicircular; length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB1442FFA9AFEC6ADC75176" box="[1341,1432,297,323]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB1442FFF79FEA2A9695152" box="[222,310,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
; postpronotal lobe with longish fine pale hairs, antepronotal lobe with patch of sparse fine pale hairs, proepisternum bare; scutum evenly greyish yellow (tan), vestiture of evenly sparse longish fine pale hairs, longer anteriorly and in scutellar depression; scutellum yellower than scutum with markedly long yellow hairs laterally, postpronotal lobe concolourous with scutum; pleuron greyish yellow, anepisternal membrane bare, katepisternum dark brown, sulcus distinct, but shallow. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFDC2FE31AAC051C2" box="[613,671,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Wing</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB1442FFD5BFE32ABD951C2" box="[764,902,477,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8499999999999996" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="2.8499999999999996" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.8">
2.8 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFCB8FE32AB7251C2" bold="true" box="[799,813,477,503]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">–</emphasis>
2.9 mm
</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB1442FFC7EFE32AC3B51C2" box="[985,1124,477,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="1.2" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.3 mm</quantity>
; membrane slightly fumose at apex; a:b ratio 1.0:2.6; veins slightly yellowish, costa with well expressed spines, more so distally, r-m cross vein junction darkly pigmented, as are basal humeral and other cross veins (appear as two spots), Rs shows no sign of bifurcation or thickening distally, M 
<subScript id="17A7349FFFB1442FFD88FDB5AA68525D" attach="left" box="[559,567,602,616]" fontSize="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">1</subScript>
thickened and appears slightly doubled, CuA slightly sinuous, CuP extended nearly to wing margin. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFE04FD82A9A852B2" box="[419,503,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Haltere</emphasis>
: stem pale, knob tan. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFD52FD81AB7552B2" box="[757,810,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Legs</emphasis>
: overall bicoloured, pale and black, hind leg with tibia darker coloured distally; hind basitarsus margins parallel; ventral row of stout spines, sparse; calcipala well developed, narrower than basitarsus, with deep dorsal notch; pedisulcus not markedly developed; tarsomere II 2.3× as long as apical width; tarsal claw small and finely expressed, with truncated basal tooth and smaller basal projection, grappling pad of 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFEFDFD11A92B5322" box="[346,372,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca</emphasis>
. 23 teeth (as for other species). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFD46FD12AB145322" box="[737,843,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Abdomen</emphasis>
: black dorsally and posteriorly, pale anteroventrally, vestiture of markedly long golden hairs, more so anteriorly; basal scale not markedly pigmented, hairs golden, extended to posterior of tergite II; tergites not markedly sclerotized, increased in width posteriorly and more fully pigmented; pleural cuticle concertinaed; sternites moderately developed, sternite II absent. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFBCCFC86AC8A53B6" box="[1131,1237,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB1442FFB43FC86AD1953B6" box="[1252,1350,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURES 116–119" captionStartId="45.[151,264,1931,1956]" captionTargetBox="[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 116–119. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male. (116) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (117) Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Gonocoxa (gc) and gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (119) Genitalia, slide mounted, showing aedea- gal membrane (a m), paramere connector (p c), paramere (p) and ventral plate (v p). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430682/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 117</figureCitation>
): small, not heavily pigmented; cerci well developed and distinct; gonocoxa, in ventral view, 2.3× longer than basal width, strengthened posteromedially, extended beyond junction with gonostylus, vestiture of long black sparse hairs, microtrichia, posteromedial margin scalloped; gonostylus short, in ventral view curved, in lateral view cone shaped (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB1442FFF07FC16A95C5426" box="[160,259,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURES 116–119" captionStartId="45.[151,264,1931,1956]" captionTargetBox="[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 116–119. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male. (116) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (117) Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Gonocoxa (gc) and gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (119) Genitalia, slide mounted, showing aedea- gal membrane (a m), paramere connector (p c), paramere (p) and ventral plate (v p). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430682/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 118</figureCitation>
), approximately 1.5× longer than basal width, strengthened along inner edge, two insubstantial short, blunt, apical spines; ventral plate (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB1442FFDBEFBF2AA275402" box="[537,632,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURES 116–119" captionStartId="45.[151,264,1931,1956]" captionTargetBox="[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[184,1403,785,1911]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURES 116–119. Austrocnephia fuscoflava male. (116) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (117) Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Gonocoxa (gc) and gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (119) Genitalia, slide mounted, showing aedea- gal membrane (a m), paramere connector (p c), paramere (p) and ventral plate (v p). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430682/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 119</figureCitation>
) small, 2.0× wider than long, posteromedial apex directed slightly ventrally, appearing as shallow medial concavity, curved laterally, slightly convex anteromedially, vestiture of sparse coarse hairs medially, basal arms finely expressed, paramere connection not markedly expressed; median sclerite poorly expressed—two widely separated short sclerotized arms projected ventrally; parameres plate-like, lightly expressed, slightly crenulated along inner edge, spines absent; aedeagal membrane adorned with microtrichia.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFB1442FFF30F889AB195796" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335621/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" startId="42.[151,264,1894,1919]" targetBox="[151,1436,1245,1875]" targetPageId="42">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB1442FFF30F889AB195796" blockId="42.[151,1437,1894,1956]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFF30F889A968574A" bold="true" box="[151,311,1894,1919]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURES 103</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFEE1F889A933574A" bold="true" box="[326,364,1894,1919]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">104</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB1442FFEDCF888AA20574A" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[379,639,1895,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB1442FFEDCF888AA20574A" box="[379,639,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. (103) Maxillary palp, lacinia and mandible. Insert—mandible apex. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (104) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFB0442EFF30FCA4AC605356" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430672" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3430672" box="[151,1087,843,868]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430672/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" startId="43.[151,250,843,868]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,823]" targetPageId="43">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB0442EFF30FCA4AC605356" blockId="43.[151,1087,843,868]" box="[151,1087,843,868]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFF30FCA4A9795351" bold="true" box="[151,294,843,868]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 105</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFE95FCA3AA6C5351" box="[306,563,844,868]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
female. (105) Wing. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFB0442EFF30F9F3AA8D566D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430676" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3430676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430676/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" startId="43.[151,264,1564,1589]" targetBox="[151,1436,890,1544]" targetPageId="43">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB0442EFF30F9F3AA8D566D" blockId="43.[151,1437,1564,1625]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFF30F9F3A96B5600" bold="true" box="[151,308,1564,1589]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURES 106</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFEE7F9F3A9395600" bold="true" box="[320,358,1564,1589]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">107</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFED5F9F2AA2C5600" box="[370,627,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
female. (106) Wing veins showing non-branched Rs. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (107) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB0442BFF60F967AC7957F2" blockId="43.[151,1436,1670,2021]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1436,1605,1991]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFF60F967A95D5694" box="[199,258,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Pupa</emphasis>
(based on numerous specimens). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFDDCF968AAEA5694" box="[635,693,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Body</emphasis>
: female length 2.5–3.0 mm, male length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB0442EFBD8F968AD575697" box="[1151,1288,1671,1698]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="2.7" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="2.6">2.6–2.8 mm</quantity>
; clear yellow cuticle overall. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFEE1F944A9DC56F0" box="[326,387,1707,1733]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Head</emphasis>
: cephalic plates smooth, frons of female bluntly rounded with ratios of basal width to vertex width, and height 1.0:1.3 and 1.0:1.5 respectively (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB0442EFD45F920AB1956DC" box="[738,838,1743,1769]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–123" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1462,1487]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,181,1442]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 120–123. Austrocnephia fuscoflava pupa. (120) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (121) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (122) Male cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (123) Gill. Tips of some filaments broken. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335625/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 121</figureCitation>
), male ovoid; ratios 1.0:1.7 and 1.0:2.7 respectively (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB0442EFF07F91CA95C5738" box="[160,259,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–123" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1462,1487]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,181,1442]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 120–123. Austrocnephia fuscoflava pupa. (120) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (121) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (122) Male cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (123) Gill. Tips of some filaments broken. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335625/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 122</figureCitation>
); cuticle lacks pattern; in male, frontal and facial setae present, the former small and fine, the latter substantial and curved, in female facial setae present, frontal setae varied —either present on extreme lateral edge, or absent but on epicranial area; epicranial setae present, closely applied beside antennal sheath; antenna sheath of female extended beyond margin of ocular shield, not so in male. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFCCEF8B0ABE5574C" box="[873,954,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Thorax</emphasis>
: notum markedly domed, smooth, but with faint pattern, dorsal setae short, substantial, curled at tip. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFCBDF86CAB1957A8" box="[794,838,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Gill</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB0442EFCF3F86CABEF57A8" box="[852,944,1923,1949]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–123" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1462,1487]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,181,1442]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 120–123. Austrocnephia fuscoflava pupa. (120) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (121) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (122) Male cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (123) Gill. Tips of some filaments broken. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335625/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig 123</figureCitation>
): total length 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFBECF86BAC3A57A8" box="[1099,1125,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB0442EFBD3F86DAC8457AB" box="[1140,1243,1922,1950]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
; 15–20 brownish grey filaments arising from three or four short basal trunks, paler apically, arranged in antler-like fashion directed anteriorly; filament surface reticulated basally, pseudoannulated distally. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB0442EFC6EF824AC6C57D0" box="[969,1075,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB0442EFBE5F824ACFA57D0" box="[1090,1189,1995,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 124" captionStartId="48.[151,250,798,823]" captionTargetBox="[184,1375,187,741]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,181,778]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 124. Austrocnephia fuscoflava pupa. (124) Abdominal armature. Arrow indicates pleurite (plt). Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335627/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 124</figureCitation>
): overall, cuticle clear and well sclerotized, with distinct pale yellow sclerites, markedly so for anterior tergites; tergites III &amp; IV connect to the respective sternites with wrinkled cuticle, no pleurites; but pleurites present and well expressed on segments V–VII, pleurite V larger and connected to both tergite and sternite, those of VI &amp; VII smaller and isolated; sternites VI &amp; VII separated medially; abdomen with minute rounded tubercles to absent. Abdominal armature moderately well developed; tergite I with fine hairs; tergite II with 4+4 poorly developed anteriorly directed hooks; tergites III &amp; IV each with 4+4 central anteriorly directed long thin recurved hooks (similar to the ventral hooks), tergite IV with 1+1 lateral hooks, smaller than the more central hooks; tergites V–VIII each with spine comb anteriorly and posterior double pair of fine hairs on each side; segment IX with sharply tapered and slightly curved terminal spines, with other terminal setae simple, long and curved; sternite IV &amp; V with 3+3 (2+2 stronger central and 1+1 poorly developed lateral); sternite VI with 2+2; sternite VII with 1+1 anteriorly directed simple recurved hooks; pleurites VI &amp; VII with 1+1 anteriorly directed, poorly expressed, simple, recurved hooks.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFB74429FF30F89CA99F57C2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335623/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" startId="44.[151,264,1907,1932]" targetBox="[214,1374,193,1887]" targetPageId="44">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB74429FF30F89CA99F57C2" blockId="44.[151,1437,1907,2040]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB74429FF30F89CA93857B9" bold="true" box="[151,359,1907,1932]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">FIGURES 108–112</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB74429FED2F89BAA2757B9" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[373,632,1908,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB74429FED2F89BAA2757B9" box="[373,632,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female paratype. (108) Tarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (109) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Anal lobe (a l) and cercus (c). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (111) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (112) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB74429FDE7F854AA9157E1" bold="true" box="[576,718,1979,2004]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 113</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB74429FD7DF853AB8457E1" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[730,987,1980,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB74429FD7DF853AB8457E1" box="[730,987,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male paratype. (113) Dorsal view. Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFB64428FF30FD51A95F52CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3430678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430678/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,264,702,727]" targetBox="[214,1347,191,665]" targetPageId="45">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB64428FF30FD51A95F52CF" blockId="45.[151,1436,702,763]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB64428FF30FD51A96C52E2" bold="true" box="[151,307,702,727]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURES 114</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB64428FEE7FD51A93A52E2" bold="true" box="[320,357,702,727]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">115</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB64428FED6FD50AA2D52E2" box="[369,626,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
male. (114) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (115) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFB64428FF30F864AC9557DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430682" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3430682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430682/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,264,1931,1956]" targetBox="[184,1403,785,1911]" targetPageId="45">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB64428FF30F864AC9557DE" blockId="45.[151,1436,1931,2028]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB64428FF30F864A93A5791" bold="true" box="[151,357,1931,1956]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURES 116–119</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB64428FED5F863AA2A5791" box="[370,629,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
male. (116) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (117) Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Gonocoxa (gc) and gonostylus (gs). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (119) Genitalia, slide mounted, showing aedea- gal membrane (a m), paramere connector (p c), paramere (p) and ventral plate (v p). Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFB5442BFF30FA59A8995623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335625/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" startId="46.[151,264,1462,1487]" targetBox="[151,1436,196,1438]" targetPageId="46">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB5442BFF30FA59A8995623" blockId="46.[151,1436,1462,1558]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB5442BFF30FA59A93855FA" bold="true" box="[151,359,1462,1487]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">FIGURES 120–123</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB5442BFED4FA59AA2B55FB" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[371,628,1462,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB5442BFED4FA59AA2B55FB" box="[371,628,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa. (120) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (121) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (122) Male cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (123) Gill. Tips of some filaments broken. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB4442AFF60FF76ACF850E2" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFF60FF76A9415086" box="[199,286,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Cocoon</emphasis>
. Close fitting, may cover complete pupa, but variable in shape; irregular weave, silk fibers fine, dark brown; considerable extraneous material (algal filaments, sand, etc.) incorporated (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB4442AFB9FFF52ACC450E2" box="[1080,1179,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–123" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1462,1487]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,181,1442]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 120–123. Austrocnephia fuscoflava pupa. (120) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (121) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (122) Male cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (123) Gill. Tips of some filaments broken. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335625/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 120</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB4442AFF60FF0DAA195506" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFF60FF0DA95550CE" box="[199,266,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Larva</emphasis>
(based on numerous last instar larvae). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFD69FF0EAB5750CE" box="[718,776,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB4442AFCB0FF0EAB2550CE" box="[791,890,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURES 125–127" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1954,1979]" captionTargetBox="[163,1436,978,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,881,1934]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 125–127. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (125) Habitus, last instar. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (126) Head, dorsal view, last instar. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (127) Mandible apex showing subapical (sb t) and spinous (sp t) teeth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335629/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 125</figureCitation>
): total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB4442AFBB0FF0FACFF50CE" box="[1047,1184,224,251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="6.9" valueMax="7.3" valueMin="6.5">6.5–7.3 mm</quantity>
, evenly light grey and brown, markedly expanded posteroventrally. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFD39FEEAAA84512A" box="[670,731,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB4442AFD4AFEEAAB0C5115" box="[749,851,261,288]" captionStart="FIGURES 125–127" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1954,1979]" captionTargetBox="[163,1436,978,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,881,1934]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 125–127. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (125) Habitus, last instar. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (126) Head, dorsal view, last instar. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (127) Mandible apex showing subapical (sb t) and spinous (sp t) teeth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335629/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 126</figureCitation>
): mottled medium brown, head spot pattern poorly expressed, but tending to positive; length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB4442AFDCBFEC6AB4E5176" box="[620,785,297,323]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.35" metricValueMax="9.3" metricValueMin="7.4" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.835" valueMax="0.93" valueMin="0.74">0.74–0.93 mm</quantity>
, maximum width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB4442AFC7AFEC6ACDC5176" box="[989,1155,297,323]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.4" metricValueMin="6.1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.675" valueMax="0.74" valueMin="0.61">0.61–0.74 mm</quantity>
; distance between antennal bases 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB4442AFEA2FEA2A9F45152" box="[261,427,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="3.5999999999999996" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.37" valueMax="0.38" valueMin="0.36">0.36–0.38 mm</quantity>
; apotome broad, ecdysial lines distinct and divergent until posterior of stemmata, cervical sclerites distinct, separate from postocciput and situated medially. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFC24FE9EABBF51BE" box="[899,992,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Antenna</emphasis>
: apex not extended to end of labral fan stem; total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB4442AFECEFE7AAA4E519A" box="[361,529,405,431]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.295" valueMax="0.32" valueMin="0.27">0.27–0.32 mm</quantity>
, overall brown; basal article short and clear proximally, darker brown distally, medial article and distal articles darker brown than remainder, basal article markedly shorter than medial article, proportional lengths of basal, medial, and apical articles 1.0:1.4:2.0, apical article relatively longer than others of the genus. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFEB7FDEEA9D8522E" box="[272,391,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Labral fan</emphasis>
: stem short and broad, pigmentation ranging from pale to light brown, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFB01FDEDAC9F522E" box="[1190,1216,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ca</emphasis>
. 36–38 dark brown fine rays, ten posterior rays finer than others, length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB4442AFD49FDCAAB18520A" box="[750,839,549,575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
, mid-ray width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB4442AFC5AFDCAAC3A520A" box="[1021,1125,549,575]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
; no microtrichial pattern as such—all of similar length (
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB4442AFE72FDA6AA625256" box="[469,573,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.02">0.02 mm</quantity>
) and markedly longer than ray width. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFC55FDA6AC025256" box="[1010,1117,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB4442AFBCAFDA6AC8E5256" box="[1133,1233,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURES 125–127" captionStartId="48.[151,264,1954,1979]" captionTargetBox="[163,1436,978,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,881,1934]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 125–127. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (125) Habitus, last instar. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (126) Head, dorsal view, last instar. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (127) Mandible apex showing subapical (sb t) and spinous (sp t) teeth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335629/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 127</figureCitation>
): well pigmented; brushes typical; outer teeth markedly short; apical tooth moderately developed; subapical teeth small and subequal in length, blunt; 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFEFDFD7DA924529E" box="[346,379,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ca.</emphasis>
7 spinous teeth, first subequal in length to apical tooth, others slightly decreased in length proximally; serrations and sensillum well expressed; blade region slightly convex. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFBFFFD5AACF052FA" box="[1112,1199,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Maxilla</emphasis>
: heavily pigmented; palp cone-shaped, 2.6× as long as basal width; hair tuft at base of palp not markedly developed. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFB54FD36ADC352C6" box="[1267,1436,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Postgenal cleft</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB4442AFF07FD12A95E5322" box="[160,257,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURES 128, 129" captionStartId="49.[151,264,841,866]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,815]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[151,1436,181,815]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 128, 129. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (128) Ventral head cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (129) Hypostoma, note lateral serrations (l s). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335631/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 128</figureCitation>
): shallowly V-shaped, with irregular anterior edge; postgenal bridge concolourous with genae. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFABAFD11ADC25322" box="[1309,1437,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Hypostoma</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB4442AFF07FCCEA95C530E" box="[160,259,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURES 128, 129" captionStartId="49.[151,264,841,866]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,815]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[151,1436,181,815]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURES 128, 129. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (128) Ventral head cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (129) Hypostoma, note lateral serrations (l s). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335631/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 129</figureCitation>
): darkly pigmented; tooth 0 not prominent, but distinct, subequal to tooth 3, teeth 1 &amp; 2 shorter and less prominent, tooth 4 longer and flanged medially, teeth 5–7 markedly small and not obvious, tooth 8 more basal, small and directed laterally; all teeth as a unit with parallel sides; serrations lightly expressed on convex lateral edge of hypostoma; four to six hypostomal setae on each side, anterior ones more substantial; ratio of hypostoma: genal bridge: postgenal cleft 1.0:1.5:0.7. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFD83FC5EAA2A53FE" box="[548,629,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Thorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB4442AFD22FC5EAAB553FE" box="[645,746,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURES 130, 131" captionStartId="50.[151,264,1029,1054]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1009]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,381,1009]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURES 130, 131. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (130) Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (131) Anal sclerite showing anterior arms (a a), campaniform sensilla (c s), posteroventral arms (pv a) and circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335633/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 130</figureCitation>
): gill histoblast broadly rounded with four or five substantial dark trunks visible basally, all directed ventrally then broadly posteriorly, then curled anteroventrally, with pale filament endings then turned dorsally along anterior edge of histoblast. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFC74FC16ACF45426" box="[979,1195,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Prothoracic proleg</emphasis>
: well developed and elongated with sharply V-shaped lateral plates; lappets absent. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFCFAFBF2AB985402" box="[861,967,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Abdomen</emphasis>
: evenly expanded from anterior to posterior segments, but markedly expanded posteroventrally at segments VII &amp; VIII. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFBB4FBAEACE2546E" box="[1043,1213,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rectal papillae</emphasis>
: three simple lobes, well developed. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFEE9FB8AAA54544A" box="[334,523,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ventral tubercles</emphasis>
: absent. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFDCAFB8AAAA5544A" box="[621,762,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Anal sclerite</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB4442AFCAEFB8AAB35544A" box="[777,874,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURES 130, 131" captionStartId="50.[151,264,1029,1054]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1009]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,381,1009]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURES 130, 131. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (130) Pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (131) Anal sclerite showing anterior arms (a a), campaniform sensilla (c s), posteroventral arms (pv a) and circlet of hooks. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335633/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
): anterior arms flared, strengthened laterally; main body of sclerite not markedly developed, posteromedial clear area open, posterolateral arms absent, posteroventral arms finely expressed and tapered, numerous campaniform sensillae anterolateral of posteroventral arm; seven or eight campaniform sensilla between the posteroventral arms and circlet of hooks; posteromedial extensions into circlet of hooks junction absent. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFE4FFB19AAC1553A" box="[488,670,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Posterior circlet</emphasis>
: well developed and directed posteriorly, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFBD1FB19ACC8553A" box="[1142,1175,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ca.</emphasis>
130 row of hooks with 13–15 hooks per row (total 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFE6AFAF5A9B05506" box="[461,495,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ca.</emphasis>
1,820).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB4442AFF60FAD1AB275562" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,1979]" box="[199,888,1341,1367]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFF60FAD1A8A05562" box="[199,255,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Eggs</emphasis>
. Laid in mats on trailing grass. Typical triangular shape.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFB4442AFF60FA8EA909561A" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB4442AFF60FA8EAA3C55AA" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFF60FA8EA917554E" bold="true" box="[199,328,1377,1403]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Etymology</emphasis>
. Not expressly given by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB4442AFDC4FA8EAC5C5549" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[611,1027,1377,1404]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="231 - 270" refId="ref55714" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1948) Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Australian Journal of Scientific Research, Series B, Biological Sciences, 1, 231 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / BI 9480231" type="journal article" year="1948">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1948: 236)</bibRefCitation>
, but no doubt in reference to the tan colour (dark blonde) of the adult scutum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB4442AFF60FA46A909561A" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFF60FA46A95355F6" bold="true" box="[199,268,1449,1475]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Types</emphasis>
. 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B3C87FFB4442AFEBCFA46A909561A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2274831407" collectingDate="1947-11-28" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="E. N. Marks" location="Stradbroke Island" municipality="Minjerribah'" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54988878FFB4442AFEBCFA46A9DD55F6" box="[283,386,1449,1475]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFEBCFA46A9DD55F6" box="[283,386,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
. The female 
<typeStatus id="54988878FFB4442AFDB1FA46AA2755F6" box="[534,632,1449,1475]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFB4442AFD20FA46AA9055F6" box="[647,719,1449,1475]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ANIC</collectionCode>
) was examined and photographed by LHG-A in 2007 (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB4442AFA9CFA46ADCF55F6" box="[1339,1424,1449,1475]" captionStart="FIGURES 99–102" captionStartId="41.[151,264,1659,1684]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,383,1640]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,381,1640]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURES 99–102. Austrocnephia fuscoflava female. (99) Holotype, frontal view. (Stradbroke Island). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (100) Habitus. (Stradbroke Island). Arrow indicates wing spot (w s). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (101) Frontal view of head. Paratype. Cleared. (Stradbroke Island). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (102) Antenna. Paratype. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335619/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
). Exact labeling not recorded. The type locality (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB4442AFD0DFA22AC6055DD" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[682,1087,1485,1512]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="231 - 270" refId="ref55714" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1948) Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Australian Journal of Scientific Research, Series B, Biological Sciences, 1, 231 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / BI 9480231" type="journal article" year="1948">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1948: 236</bibRefCitation>
) is merely given as “Dunwich, Stradbroke Island”; the original collection was by 
<collectorName id="26D6530CFFB4442AFD60FA1EAB0E563E" box="[711,849,1521,1547]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">E. N. Marks</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate id="EFD9E9F2FFB4442AFCFAFA1EABA9563E" box="[861,1014,1521,1547]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1947-11-28">
<date id="FF9D101AFFB4442AFCFAFA1EABA9563E" box="[861,1014,1521,1547]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1947-11-28">28 Nov. 1947</date>
</collectingDate>
. 
<location id="8EFC6001FFB4442AFBA7FA1EAC99563E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87CCFFB34437FF30FDCAAD2B5176:8EFC6001FFB4442AFBA7FA1EAC99563E" box="[1024,1222,1521,1547]" municipality="Minjerribah'" name="Stradbroke Island" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Stradbroke Island</location>
is also now known as ‘ 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8ACA0FFB4442AFF1DF9FAA90D561A" box="[186,338,1557,1583]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Minjerribah’</collectingMunicipality>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFB4442AFF60F9D5ABED5732" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB4442AFF60F9D5ABED5732" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<typeStatus id="54988878FFB4442AFF60F9D5A9665666" box="[199,313,1594,1619]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFF60F9D5A9665666" box="[199,313,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB4442AFEEEF9D6AA155666" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." box="[329,586,1593,1619]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref52542" refString="Bugledich, E. - M. A. (1999) Simuliidae. In: Wells, A. &amp; Houston, W. W. K. (Eds.), Diptera: Nematocera, Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 30.1. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 325 - 337." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bugledich (1999: 328)</bibRefCitation>
listed 
<specimenCount id="9D25FD53FFB4442AFD3EF9D6AAAB5666" box="[665,756,1593,1619]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="male">10 male</specimenCount>
and nine female 
<typeStatus id="54988878FFB4442AFC1AF9D6AC775666" box="[957,1064,1593,1619]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
in the ANIC with two male and two female specimens in the Natural History Museum, London. There were 16 ANIC specimens available for our examination, including six 
<typeStatus id="54988878FFB4442AFE63F96EAA6956AE" box="[452,566,1665,1691]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
:- three males [Dunwich/ em. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFB4442AFCD0F96EABB456AE" box="[887,1003,1664,1691]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1947-10-12">12 Oct. 47</date>
] [
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB4442AFC58F96EAC0056AE" authorityName="A. Rothfels" authorityYear="1979" box="[1023,1119,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cnephia</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB4442AFBCBF96EAD6056AE" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" authorityYear="1948" box="[1132,1343,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="tonnoiri" variety="fuscoflava">tonnoiri fuscoflava</taxonomicName>
/ M&amp;M/ 
<typeStatus id="54988878FFB4442AFF30F94AA979568A" box="[151,294,1701,1727]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
. {male symbol}] [Aust. Nat./ Ins. Coll.] [ANIC Database No./ 29 
<date id="FF9D101AFFB4442AFBB9F94BAC28568A" box="[1054,1143,1700,1727]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="21-03-18">031821</date>
–823]. The first numbered is now mounted on a microscope slide. Three females with data as for males, but with female symbol and [ANIC Database No./ 29 
<date id="FF9D101AFFB4442AFEC7F903A9E85732" box="[352,439,1772,1799]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="24-03-18">031824</date>
–03826]. The first is now mounted on a slide.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFB44434FF60F8FFACE85597" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB4442AFF60F8FFAAF5578E" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,1979]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFF60F8FFAA73571E" bold="true" box="[199,556,1808,1835]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Additional material examined</emphasis>
. Three pinned females [Dunwich, Q./ 
<date id="FF9D101AFFB4442AFC7DF8FEAC66571E" box="[986,1081,1808,1835]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" value="1951-08-11">11. 8. 51</date>
/ {female symbol}] [Aust. Nat./ Ins. Coll.]. A further eighteen (
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFB4442AFE4EF8DAAA6E577A" box="[489,561,1845,1871]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ANIC</collectionCode>
) slide mounts of all stages were examined, plus topotype material (
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FFB4442AFAB1F8DAADC3577A" box="[1302,1436,1845,1871]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Queensland</collectingRegion>
Museum) and considerable newer material collected in 1996 by JKM, and that recently in 2015, collected by DCC and JKM. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFEADF892A99A57A2" box="[266,453,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Alcohol material</emphasis>
: All stages [
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFB4442AFDEDF892AACE57A2" box="[586,657,1917,1943]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ANIC</collectionCode>
Database No./ 29 026741–026744]; [
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFB4442AFB88F893ACDD57A2" box="[1071,1154,1916,1943]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">UASM</collectionCode>
#/370832–370834]. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB4442AFAC3F892A8B7578E" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Slide mounts</emphasis>
: All stages [
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFB4442AFED5F84EA99A578E" box="[370,453,1953,1979]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">UASM</collectionCode>
#/ 370835–370846].
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFAB4435FF30FCF1ADCC5303" box="[151,1427,798,823]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335627/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[151,250,798,823]" targetBox="[184,1375,187,741]" targetPageId="48">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFAB4435FF30FCF1ADCC5303" blockId="48.[151,1427,798,823]" box="[151,1427,798,823]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAB4435FF30FCF1A9795302" bold="true" box="[151,294,798,823]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 124</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFAB4435FE95FCF0AA6C5302" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[306,563,799,823]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAB4435FE95FCF0AA6C5302" box="[306,563,799,823]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa. (124) Abdominal armature. Arrow indicates pleurite (plt). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFAB4435FF30F84DADD857EB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335629/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[151,264,1954,1979]" targetBox="[163,1436,978,1934]" targetPageId="48">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFAB4435FF30F84DADD857EB" blockId="48.[151,1436,1954,2015]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAB4435FF30F84DA937578E" bold="true" box="[151,360,1954,1979]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">FIGURES 125–127</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFAB4435FED2F84DAA28578F" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[373,631,1954,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAB4435FED2F84DAA28578F" box="[373,631,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva. (125) Habitus, last instar. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (126) Head, dorsal view, last instar. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (127) Mandible apex showing subapical (sb t) and spinous (sp t) teeth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFAA4434FF30FCA6AA1753B0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335631/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" startId="49.[151,264,841,866]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,815]" targetPageId="49">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFAA4434FF30FCA6AA1753B0" blockId="49.[151,1437,841,902]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FF30FCA6A96A5357" bold="true" box="[151,309,841,866]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">FIGURES 128</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FEE4FCA6A9365357" bold="true" box="[323,361,841,866]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">129</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFAA4434FED1FCA5AA265357" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[374,633,842,866]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FED1FCA5AA265357" box="[374,633,842,866]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva. (128) Ventral head cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (129) Hypostoma, note lateral serrations (l s). Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFAA4434FF60FC5CA8915502" blockId="49.[151,1437,947,2019]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FF60FC5CA91953FB" bold="true" box="[199,326,947,974]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Bionomics</emphasis>
. In the original description, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFAA4434FD2AFC5BAC6F53FA" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[653,1072,948,975]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="231 - 270" refId="ref55714" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1948) Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Australian Journal of Scientific Research, Series B, Biological Sciences, 1, 231 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / BI 9480231" type="journal article" year="1948">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1948: 236)</bibRefCitation>
noted that eggs were unknown. We have examined, however, a sample collected in 1951: the eggs are laid as a mat on grass leaves and are of normal triangular shape. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFAA4434FE12FC13AB085423" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[437,855,1020,1046]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="231 - 270" refId="ref55714" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1948) Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Australian Journal of Scientific Research, Series B, Biological Sciences, 1, 231 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / BI 9480231" type="journal article" year="1948">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1948: 239)</bibRefCitation>
further noted that larvae of all ages were abundant in clear, moderately fast, somewhat brown water flowing in a narrow man-made channel, plus in a small, sunlit, natural stream just before it discharged onto a beach, both streams with sand substrate. Larvae were attached to vegetation, submerged sticks and logs, and especially to barely-submerged long grass blades. Pupae were in similar situations as the larvae and covered by irregular cocoons with extraneous material incorporated (
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FA9FFB62AD055493" box="[1336,1370,1165,1190]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFAA4434FAC8FB63A89954FF" captionStart="FIGURES 120–123" captionStartId="46.[151,264,1462,1487]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,181,1442]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURES 120–123. Austrocnephia fuscoflava pupa. (120) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (121) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (122) Male cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (123) Gill. Tips of some filaments broken. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335625/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 120</figureCitation>
). This is a notable feature for pupae of this species. No adults were originally collected from the 
<typeStatus id="54988878FFAA4434FA85FB5EAD0C54FE" box="[1314,1363,1201,1227]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
locality and there were no records of any biting. Given that Stradbroke Island is a tourist location and biting, as far as known, not been reported, the species may be autogenous, or highly ornithophilic as are most 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFAA4434FB55FB17AD0C5527" authorityName="A. Rothfels" authorityYear="1979" box="[1266,1363,1272,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FB55FB17AD0C5527" box="[1266,1363,1272,1298]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-grade taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFAA4434FF60FAAEACE85597" blockId="49.[151,1437,947,2019]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
More recent collections generally corroborate the original data. Of interest is that much of the newer material was collected from fast water (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFAA4434FE5EFA8BAA01554B" box="[505,606,1380,1406]" captionStart="FIGURES 132" captionStartId="52.[151,264,1546,1571]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,273,1527]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURES 132. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (132) Typical habitat of A. fuscoflava immatures. Capembah Stream, Strad- broke Island. Image JKM. FIGURES 133–135. Austrocnephia orientalis female. (133) Holotype, frontal view. Image by LHG- A. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (134) Head. (Hume Highway). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (135) Mandible (mnd) and lacinia (lc). (Hume Highway). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430689/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
). Given collections from Stradbroke Island contain a full array of stages over an extended period of months, the probability that 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFAA4434FCB1FA67ABF35597" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[790,940,1416,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FCB1FA67ABF35597" box="[790,940,1416,1442]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A. fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is multivoltine is high.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFAA4434FF60FA44AB0B57AF" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFAA4434FF60FA44ABE6573E" blockId="49.[151,1437,947,2019]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FF60FA44A90255F3" bold="true" box="[199,349,1451,1478]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFAA4434FEC9FA43A98B55F3" box="[366,468,1452,1478]" captionStart="FIGURE 197" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1987,2012]" captionTargetBox="[258,1329,1147,1936]" captionTargetId="figure@75.[228,1359,1112,1965]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 197. Distribution of Austrocnephia tonnoiri species-group (A. fuscoflava, A. orientalis, A. tonnoiri)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335675/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 197</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFAA4434FE4DFA43AB5155F3" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[490,782,1452,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FE4DFA43AB5155F3" box="[490,782,1452,1478]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Austrocnephia fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally known only from Stradbroke Island (aka Minjerribah) near Brisbane (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFAA4434FE44FA3FABD755DE" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[483,904,1488,1515]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="231 - 270" refId="ref55714" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1948) Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Australian Journal of Scientific Research, Series B, Biological Sciences, 1, 231 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / BI 9480231" type="journal article" year="1948">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1948: 236</bibRefCitation>
). No other simuliid species has been reported from the island. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFAA4434FEF7FA1BAA0E563B" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." box="[336,593,1524,1550]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref52542" refString="Bugledich, E. - M. A. (1999) Simuliidae. In: Wells, A. &amp; Houston, W. W. K. (Eds.), Diptera: Nematocera, Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 30.1. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 325 - 337." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bugledich (1999: 328)</bibRefCitation>
listed distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFAA4434FCE4FA1BAB87563B" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[835,984,1524,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FCE4FA1BAB87563B" box="[835,984,1524,1550]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A. fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as widespread, from the NE coastal, SE coastal, NSW, QLD, TAS, VIC, but no such material is in the ANIC (DAC pers. obs., 2014). We assume that this given distribution is in error. Still, a single pupa collected by H. Zwick from Cement Creek, 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FFAA4434FB0BF9D3AD545663" box="[1196,1291,1596,1622]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Victoria</collectingRegion>
, was considered possibly that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFAA4434FE20F98FAA42564F" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[391,541,1632,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FE20F98FAA42564F" box="[391,541,1632,1658]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A. fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have re-examined the specimen, but could not make a firm identification. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFAA4434FF30F96BAA6056AB" author="Mackerras, I. M. &amp; Mackerras, M. J." box="[151,575,1668,1694]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="372 - 405" refId="ref55766" refString="Mackerras, I. M. &amp; Mackerras, M. J. (1949) Revisional notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 73, 372 - 405. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35069387 # page / 454 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1949">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1949: 384)</bibRefCitation>
gave Little Nerang River as a locality, but later 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FBD4F96CAC2356AB" bold="true" box="[1139,1148,1667,1694]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">(</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFAA4434FBDAF96BA95256F7" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950: 170</bibRefCitation>
) retracted that. Moulton, however, collected 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFAA4434FCBDF947ABEE56F7" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[794,945,1704,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FCBDF947ABEE56F7" box="[794,945,1704,1730]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A. fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material in 2002 from the mainland north of Brisbane, at Cooloola Creek, Rainbow Beach Road (
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFAA4434FCB1F924ABD156D3" box="[790,910,1739,1766]" degrees="26.0050" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="5" value="-26.005">S26.0050º</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFAA4434FC32F924AC7F56D3" box="[917,1056,1739,1766]" degrees="153.0590" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="5" value="153.059">E153.0590º</geoCoordinate>
), so the species is likely to occur elsewhere, but not as widespread as indicated by Bugledich (
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FCF4F91FABF7573F" box="[851,936,1776,1802]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">loc. cit.</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFAA4434FF60F8FBAB0B57AF" blockId="49.[151,1437,947,2019]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
The exact position of the 
<typeStatus id="54988878FFAA4434FE4AF8FAAA41571A" box="[493,542,1813,1839]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
locality is unknown. Moulton’s 1996 Stradbroke material and that recently in 2015, collected by DCC and JKM was from Capembah Creek, Myora Springs Environmental Park (
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFAA4434FA82F8D7ADC35767" box="[1317,1436,1848,1874]" degrees="27.4687" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="5" value="-27.4687">S27.4687º</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFAA4434FF30F8B4A9405743" box="[151,287,1883,1910]" degrees="153.4257" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="5" value="153.4257">E153.4257º</geoCoordinate>
) (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFAA4434FE91F8B3A9C55743" box="[310,410,1884,1910]" captionStart="FIGURES 132" captionStartId="52.[151,264,1546,1571]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,273,1527]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURES 132. Austrocnephia fuscoflava larva. (132) Typical habitat of A. fuscoflava immatures. Capembah Stream, Strad- broke Island. Image JKM. FIGURES 133–135. Austrocnephia orientalis female. (133) Holotype, frontal view. Image by LHG- A. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (134) Head. (Hume Highway). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (135) Mandible (mnd) and lacinia (lc). (Hume Highway). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430689/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
). The stream is generally with sandy substrate and of low gradient, but near the road there was a fast stretch and small waterfall that yielded specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFAA4437FF60F84BAD2B5176" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFAA4437FF60F84BAA2B50CE" blockId="49.[151,1437,947,2019]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1437,153,323]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FF60F84BA969578B" bold="true" box="[199,310,1956,1982]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Remarks</emphasis>
. Number of hooks (
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFAA4434FDBCF84AAA69578B" box="[539,566,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca</emphasis>
. 1,800) in the posterior circlet of the Stradbroke Island material is unusually low for the genus and in keeping with the lower velocity inferred for habitats of the original collections—streams with sand substrates. As noted previously, this agrees with the correlation detailed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFA94437FBC1FF76AD325086" author="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A." box="[1126,1389,153,179]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref56631" refString="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A. (2000) An ecological classification of primary labral fans of filter-feeding black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 99 - 205" type="journal article" year="2000">Palmer &amp; Craig (2000)</bibRefCitation>
and others, regarding number of hooks and velocity of flow. That, as also noted elsewhere, is at variance with the abdominal shape—adapted for fast water.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFA94437FF60FEEAAD2B5176" blockId="50.[151,1437,153,323]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
An interesting point regarding slides prepared by the Mackerras’s of the 
<date id="FF9D101AFFA94437FBA2FEEAACFE512A" box="[1029,1185,261,287]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1947-10">October 1947</date>
material, is that some slides, originally labeled as 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFA94437FE70FEC6AA365176" authorityName="Roubaud" authorityYear="1906" box="[471,617,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Prosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFA94437FE70FEC6AA365176" box="[471,617,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Prosimulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., has that crossed out and relabeled 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFA94437FB8CFEC6AD2B5176" box="[1067,1396,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFA94437FB8CFEC6AD2F5176" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" authorityYear="1948" box="[1067,1392,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tonnoiri" subSpecies="fuscoflava">Cnephia tonnoiri fuscoflava</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>