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39 KiB
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246 lines
39 KiB
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<document id="5AC95340888E6A92098F45E2A44D6F33" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4665351" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4665351" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1617712206424" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Liu, Liping, Kostopoulos, Dimitris S. & Fortelius, Mikael" docDate="2005" docId="03F587AFFF9BFFC28A89F9E4FBE4FADA" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.27.4.715-733.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 27 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:94524207C6714CF92F879FE43E306202.3:Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="94524207C6714CF92F879FE43E306202" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Microstonyx major" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="720" masterDocId="FFCCFFD7FF9AFFC78878FFE8FFF5FFBF" masterDocTitle="Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey" masterLastPageNumber="733" masterPageNumber="715" pageNumber="716" updateTime="1698900807929" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="7851950474A0814532B4B85C2B6A0CD0">Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="62AE08D9848906EC07260423F988808B">Liu, Liping</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DCD67AD586DFAE477941B732D5950DEA">Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, P. O. Box 643, Beijing, 100044 (China) liuliping @ ivpp. ac. cn</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F17282827F0CFB805741E5A3DB2FD4CC">Kostopoulos, Dimitris S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A80FD4296D61E1B1DC68A78CBA60D4DB">Department of Geology, Laboratory of Paleontology, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR- 54124 (Greece) dkostop @ geo. auth. gr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="767B77A3F35BAB53305DBE9FC62A615D">Fortelius, Mikael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="11BBB47122D60A9F6267C7BECD66F430">Department of Geology, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, Helsinki, FIN- 00014 (Finland) mikael. fortelius @ helsinki. fi</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9B4E5FE60B18951B13EBC1502A8A913A" type="email">fortelius@helsinki.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="0DABCAE7E6BE9D482492DE538C333F34">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1EBEFD034219EC3526C3EBF5A4FD4BF2">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8A596CA4508162FEDA35F31120D42D6C">27</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C3466532FF9BFFC68A89F9E4FBAAF9FA" pageId="1" pageNumber="716" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9BFFC68A89F9E4FBAAF9FA" blockId="1.[753,1133,1548,1605]" pageId="1" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="D0AB81D5FF9BFFC68A89F9E4FBAAF9FA" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="716" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D3AFF9BFFC68A89F9E4FB98F99A" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[753,1133,1548,1573]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9BFFC68A89F9E4FC48F99A" bold="true" box="[753,957,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="716">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF9BFFC68BB5F9E4FB90F99A" author="GERVAIS P." box="[973,1125,1548,1573]" pageId="1" pageNumber="716" refId="ref5291" refString="GERVAIS P. 1848 - 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises. A. Bertrand, Paris, 2 vols, 3 vols." type="journal volume" year="1848">Gervais, 1848</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13672A3CFF9BFFC68B7FF9C4FCABF9FA" box="[775,862,1580,1605]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStartId-0="3.[113,124,1665,1682]" captionStartId-1="4.[113,124,1665,1682]" captionStartId-2="5.[113,124,527,544]" captionStartId-3="5.[676,687,932,949]" captionStartId-4="6.[132,143,1036,1053]" captionTargetBox-0="[236,1111,352,1613]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1140,328,1614]" captionTargetBox-2="[118,626,207,485]" captionTargetBox-3="[730,1128,200,856]" captionTargetBox-4="[205,1071,209,984]" captionTargetId-0="figure-30@3.[178,1209,309,1649]" captionTargetId-1="figure-46@4.[131,1201,286,1642]" captionTargetId-2="figure-950@5.[118,646,175,505]" captionTargetId-3="figure-1031@5.[686,1209,194,878]" captionTargetId-4="figure-1187@6.[174,1157,183,1011]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionText-0="FIG. 1. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, skull AK3-131; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 2. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı; A, lateral view of mandible AK3-126; B, occlusal view of mandible AK11-72; C, occlusal view of mandible AKK-120. Scale bars: 10 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 3. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, dorsal view of atlas AK5-258. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-3="FIG. 4. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, astragalus AK4-88. Scale bar: 2 cm." captionText-4="FIG. 5. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, metapodials; A, AK5-199; B, AKK-82; C, AK5-48. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665353" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665355" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665357" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665359" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665361" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4665353/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4665355/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4665357/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4665359/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4665361/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="716">Figs 1-5</figureCitation>
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; Appendix:
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<tableCitation id="C6DE0302FF9BFFC68B9CF9C4FBA3F9FA" box="[996,1110,1580,1605]" captionStart-0="TABLE" captionStart-1="TABLE" captionStart-2="TABLE" captionStart-3="TABLE" captionStart-4="TABLE" captionStart-5="TABLE" captionStartId-0="14.[113,124,256,273]" captionStartId-1="14.[113,124,769,786]" captionStartId-2="15.[113,124,203,220]" captionStartId-3="15.[113,124,1206,1223]" captionStartId-4="16.[113,124,203,220]" captionStartId-5="17.[113,124,203,220]" captionText-0="TABLE 1. — Measurements of atlases and one indetermined vertebra of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı (in mm). M1, centrum length; M2, centrum width; M3, centrum height; M4, maximal length; M5, maximal width; M6, maximal height; M7, proximal articulation width; M8, proximal articulation height; M9, distal articulation width; M10, distal articulation height." captionText-1="TABLE 2. — Measurements of limb bones of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı (in mm). M1, maximal length; M2, functional length; M3, proximal width; M4, proximal antero-posterior depth; M5, shaft width; M6, antero-posterior depth of shaft; M7, distal width; M8, distal antero-posterior depth; M9, distal articulation width; M10, antero-posterior depth of distal articulation." captionText-2="TABLE 3. — Skull measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı compared with specimens from Pikermi (Greece) and Hezheng (China) (in mm). Data from Gaudry (1862-1867), Liu et al. (2004) and personal data." captionText-3="TABLE 4. — Mandible measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı compared with specimens from Hezheng (China) and Kalimanci (Bulgaria) (in mm). Data from Kostopoulos et al. (2001), Liu et al. (2004)." captionText-4="TABLE 5. — Upper dentition measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı (in mm). L, maximum length of incisor (basal measured), canine and cheek teeth; W1, maximum width of incisor, canine, premolar or first moist width of the molar; W2, second moist width of molar or the height of incisor and canine; W3, width of talon; upper data-line, left toothrow; lower dataline, right toothrow." captionText-5="TABLE 6. — Lower dentition measurements of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı (in mm). L, maximum length of incisor (basal measured), canine and cheek teeth; W1, maximum width of incisor, canine, premolar or first moist width of the molar; W2, second moist width of molar or the height of incisor and canine; W3, width of talonid; upper data-line, left toothrow; lower data-line, right toothrow." pageId="1" pageNumber="716">Tables 1-6</tableCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3466532FF9BFFC58ADCF98EFEAEFEAA" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="717" pageId="1" pageNumber="716" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9BFFC68ADCF98EFBD6F9C2" blockId="1.[676,1119,1638,1701]" box="[676,1059,1638,1661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="716">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D3AFF9BFFC68ADCF98EFC65F9C2" authority="Gervais, 1848" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1848" box="[676,912,1638,1661]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9BFFC68ADCF98EFCF4F9C2" box="[676,769,1638,1661]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="716">Sus major</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF9BFFC68B7FF98EFC65F9C2" author="GERVAIS P." box="[775,912,1638,1661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="716" refId="ref5291" refString="GERVAIS P. 1848 - 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises. A. Bertrand, Paris, 2 vols, 3 vols." type="journal volume" year="1848">Gervais, 1848</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: pl. XII, fig. 2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9BFFC58ADCF966FEAEFEAA" blockId="1.[676,1119,1638,1701]" lastBlockId="2.[113,646,204,1270]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="717" pageId="1" pageNumber="716">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D3AFF9BFFC68ADCF966FCA6F91A" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[676,851,1678,1701]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9BFFC68ADCF966FCA6F91A" box="[676,851,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="716">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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– Kazancı
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<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9BFFC68BB8F966FC12F91A" box="[960,999,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="716">et al</emphasis>
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. 1999: 507. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Skull: AK3-131, skull with all cheek teeth; AK5-501, broken skull with partial face and all cheek teeth.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3466532FF98FFC28809FEF0FBE4FADA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="720" pageId="2" pageNumber="717" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809FEF0FF33FE2B" blockId="2.[113,646,204,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Maxilla: AK7-153, maxilla with all cheek teeth; AK11- 66, right maxilla with P2-M3; AK5-443, juvenile right maxilla with DP3-DP4 and M1; AK5-623, left maxilla with left P3-M3; AK7-100, right maxilla with DP4 and M1.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809FE7EFE12FD62" blockId="2.[113,646,204,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Mandible: AK2-112, left mandible with p2-m3; AK11-72, mandible with both rami and complete dentition; AK11-67, juvenile mandible with both rami, which bears i1 (right), i2 (left) and both side dp3, dp4, m1; AK3-126, left mandible with p3-m3; AK4-187, mandible with both rami, with both side p2-m3, incisor and canine are missing; AK4-251, left mandible with p3-m3; AK5-270, juvenile left mandible with dp2-dp4, m1-m2; AK5-442, left mandible with p2-m3; AKB-51, right mandible with p3-m2; AKK-120, female(x) mandible with both rami and all incisors (di2), canine, and p2-p4 (half left p4); AKK-121, left mandible with m1-m3.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809FD08FE71FCCA" blockId="2.[113,646,204,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Isolated teeth: AK12-5, right I1; AK2-488, left i3; AK4-186, right M3; AK5-624, left I1; AK6-85, a right broken m3; AK7-154, left m2; AK7-183, right m3; AKA-1, right M3; AKK-192, germ fragment of left M2; AKK-286, left m1; AKK-287, left m2; AKK-288, right m2; AKK-83, right I2.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809FC90FDE6FBCC" blockId="2.[113,646,204,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Postcranial: AK3, AK5-236, AK5-258, AK5-346, AK6-91, AK5-628, AK5b-838, atlases; AK6-96, vertebra centrum; AK4-109, left humerus; AK7-184, left distal humerus; AK11-52, right radius; AK3-302, left radius and ulna; AK5-188, left distal radius; AK5-570, AK6-258, left proximal radii; AK5-625, right proximal metacarpal III; AKB-54, left metacarpal III; AKK- 82, right metacarpal III; AK5-48, right metacarpal IV; AK2-489, left tibia; AK4-88, left astragalus; AK5-149, right metatarsal IV; AK5-199, metapodial.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809FB6CFE90FB0A" blockId="2.[113,646,204,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">
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AGE. — Late Miocene, radiometric age 7.1 ± 0.15 Ma (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF98FFC58801FB76FEAFFB0A" author="KARADENIZLI L. & SEYITOG LU G. & SEN S. & ARNAUD N. & SARAC G. & ALCICEK C." box="[121,346,1182,1205]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717" pagination="553 - 566" refId="ref5399" refString="KARADENIZLI L., SEYITOG LU G., SEN S., ARNAUD N., KAZANCi N., SARAC G. F ALCICEK C. 2005. - Mammal bearing late Miocene tuffs of the Akkasdagwi region; distribution, age, petrographical and geochemical characteristics, in SEN S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagwi, late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas 27 (4): 553 - 566 (this volume)." type="journal article" year="2005">
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Karadenizli
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<emphasis id="B928EAABFF98FFC58897FB76FEE3FB0A" box="[239,278,1182,1205]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">et al</emphasis>
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. 2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809FB2EFF4AFB49" blockId="2.[113,646,204,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">
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LOCALITY. — Akkaşdağı, Çankırı-Çorum Basin,
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<collectingCountry id="F34B7629FF98FFC58809FB37FF4DFB49" box="[113,184,1247,1270]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809FAC4FEF7FAFB" blockId="2.[113,646,1324,1477]" box="[113,258,1324,1349]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809FAA4FD95FA7A" blockId="2.[113,646,1324,1477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">According to the mandibular data, seven adult, one young adult and two young individuals compose the local population, which includes one mature male, and at least two mature females.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809FA04FF53F9BA" blockId="2.[113,646,1516,1701]" box="[113,166,1516,1541]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="B928EAABFF98FFC58809FA04FF53F9BA" box="[113,166,1516,1541]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Skull</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58809F9E4FC0BFB1A" blockId="2.[113,646,1516,1701]" lastBlockId="2.[676,1210,204,1189]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">
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There are two skulls in the Akkaşdagwı suid collection, AK3-131 and AK5-501. The latter is only a middle part of a skull with the face partially preserved.Apart from showing clearly that the occiput is very high, it adds little to what is seen in the well preserved skull AK3-131 (
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<figureCitation id="13672A3CFF98FFC58BC7FF24FC08FF5A" box="[959,1021,204,229]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[113,124,1665,1682]" captionTargetBox="[236,1111,352,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-30@3.[178,1209,309,1649]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, skull AK3-131; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665353/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). The latter skull is almost complete but dorso-ventrally compressed, especially in the occipital region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A3CFF98FFC58C23FEE4FB5CFE9A" box="[1115,1193,268,293]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[113,124,1665,1682]" captionTargetBox="[236,1111,352,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-30@3.[178,1209,309,1649]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, skull AK3-131; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665353/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Judging from the completely erupted M3 it belongs to an adult individual. In dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A3CFF98FFC58AD5FE84FD08FE3A" box="[685,765,364,389]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[113,124,1665,1682]" captionTargetBox="[236,1111,352,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-30@3.[178,1209,309,1649]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, skull AK3-131; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665353/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
), the caudal part of the skull is broken at the posterior part of the parietal, and much of the braincase is not preserved. The left zygomatic arch is missing, while the right side is well preserved. The nasals are long, of nearly constant width almost to the tip. In ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A3CFF98FFC58C51FDE4FB88FD9A" box="[1065,1149,524,549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[113,124,1665,1682]" captionTargetBox="[236,1111,352,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-30@3.[178,1209,309,1649]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, skull AK3-131; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665353/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
), the specimen is almost complete from the apices of the premaxillae to the occipital condyles, but the pterygoid process is heavily deformed by compression and difficult to investigate. The right zygomatic arch is robust and extends strongly towards lateral. There are no facial crests, and the anterior rim of the zygomatic arch originates at the anterior end of M3. The orbit is small and far behind M3. The rim of the orbit is incomplete but there is a distinctive, deep lachrymal notch (infraorbital fossa). The occipital condyles and sphenoid surfaces are of typical suid form. Although broken, the jugular processes seem robust and the tympanic bullae are oriented downwards, both suggesting a modern suid form. The choanae open posteriorly, far behind M3. The cheek dentition (P1-M3) is well preserved, but all the canines and incisors are missing. The small and shallow canine alveolus suggests that the canine was small. The alveolar crest is elongated and relatively slender.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58ADCFB24FCFFFB5A" blockId="2.[676,1210,1228,1701]" box="[676,778,1228,1253]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF98FFC58ADCFB24FCFFFB5A" box="[676,778,1228,1253]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Mandible</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC58ADCFB04FCE3F9DA" blockId="2.[676,1210,1228,1701]" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">
|
||
The mandible is the most common element in the Akkaşdagw ı suid collection. The best preserved specimen is labelled as AK3-1 2 6 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A3CFF98FFC58AD7FAA4FCFFFADA" box="[687,778,1356,1381]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[113,124,1665,1682]" captionTargetBox="[189,1140,328,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-46@4.[131,1201,286,1642]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı; A, lateral view of mandible AK3-126; B, occlusal view of mandible AK11-72; C, occlusal view of mandible AKK-120. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665355" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665355/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
), and is certainly associated with the skull AK3-131. The mandible is almost complete except for minor damage, but the canine is unfortunately missing. Two mandibles preserve canines, AK11-72 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A3CFF98FFC58B99FA24FBC1FA5A" box="[993,1076,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[113,124,1665,1682]" captionTargetBox="[189,1140,328,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-46@4.[131,1201,286,1642]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı; A, lateral view of mandible AK3-126; B, occlusal view of mandible AK11-72; C, occlusal view of mandible AKK-120. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665355" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665355/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and AKK- 120 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A3CFF98FFC58A98FA04FCC1F9BA" box="[736,820,1516,1541]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[113,124,1665,1682]" captionTargetBox="[189,1140,328,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-46@4.[131,1201,286,1642]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı; A, lateral view of mandible AK3-126; B, occlusal view of mandible AK11-72; C, occlusal view of mandible AKK-120. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665355" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665355/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The description of the mandibular morphology of the Akkaşdagwı suid is mainly based on specimens AK3-126, AK11-72, and AKK-120.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF98FFC28ADCF984FF04FADA" blockId="2.[676,1210,1228,1701]" lastBlockId="5.[113,646,620,1381]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="720" pageId="2" pageNumber="717">
|
||
The horizontal ramus is shallow and slim, while the ascending ramus is high, about three times the height of the horizontal ramus. The ascending ramus rises gently upwards and backwards, with a mandibular angle of about 120°.The ascent begins well behind m3, so that this tooth is completely visible in lateral view. The glenoid condyle of the mandible is broken at the surface, but what remains clearly shows its robustness. The pointed coronoid process is a little higher than the glenoid condyle, and the mandibular notch is quite shallow. The symphysis is elongated, ending before p2. There seem to be two kinds of canine, but the distinction is not very sharp. The canine in mandible AKK- 120 is short and narrow, almost symmetrical, with a very narrow posterior facet separated from the lateral facets by two crests. Since the tooth is narrow, the boundary of the lateral facets forms a sharp anterior crest. Enamel covers the whole tooth and ends above the alveolus. It is virtually identical with the canine that we described from Hezheng as a female individual (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF9FFFC289ADFB24FD8EFB5A" author="LIU L. P. & KOSTOPOULOS D. S. & FORTELIUS M." box="[469,635,1228,1253]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref5914" refString="LIU L. P., KOSTOPOULOS D. S. F FORTELIUS M. 2004. - Late Miocene Microstonyx remains (Suidae, Artiodactyla) from Hezheng areas. Geobios 37 (1): 49 - 64." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Liu
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9FFFC28A7AFB24FDDAFB5A" box="[514,559,1228,1253]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The canine in mandible AK11-72 is slightly more robust, with an oval transverse section and no obvious crests separating the posterior facet from the lateral ones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF236631FF99FFC48809F969FF59F918" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665353" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4665353" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665353/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="718" startId="3.[113,124,1665,1682]" targetBox="[236,1111,352,1613]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF99FFC48809F969FF59F918" blockId="3.[113,1209,1665,1703]" pageId="3" pageNumber="718">
|
||
FIG. 1. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D3AFF99FFC488C7F969FE2CF92D" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[191,473,1665,1682]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF99FFC488C7F969FEADF92D" box="[191,344,1665,1682]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="718">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF99FFC4891AF969FE20F92D" author="GERVAIS P." box="[354,469,1665,1682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="718" refId="ref5291" refString="GERVAIS P. 1848 - 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises. A. Bertrand, Paris, 2 vols, 3 vols." type="journal volume" year="1848">Gervais, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Akkaşdağı, skull AK3-131;
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF99FFC48A9DF969FD07F92D" bold="true" box="[741,754,1665,1682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="718">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF99FFC48B1BF969FC85F92D" bold="true" box="[867,880,1665,1682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="718">B</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF99FFC48B99F969FC1AF92D" bold="true" box="[993,1007,1665,1682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="718">C</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view. Scale bar: 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF236631FF9EFFC38809F969FD59F918" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665355" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4665355" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665355/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="719" startId="4.[113,124,1665,1682]" targetBox="[189,1140,328,1614]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9EFFC38809F969FD59F918" blockId="4.[113,1210,1665,1703]" pageId="4" pageNumber="719">
|
||
FIG. 2. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D3AFF9EFFC388BFF969FE1CF92D" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[199,489,1665,1682]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="719" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9EFFC388BFF969FE96F92D" box="[199,355,1665,1682]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="719">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF9EFFC38917F969FE10F92D" author="GERVAIS P." box="[367,485,1665,1682]" pageId="4" pageNumber="719" refId="ref5291" refString="GERVAIS P. 1848 - 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises. A. Bertrand, Paris, 2 vols, 3 vols." type="journal volume" year="1848">Gervais, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Akkaşdağı;
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9EFFC38AF8F969FD78F92D" bold="true" box="[640,653,1665,1682]" pageId="4" pageNumber="719">A</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view of mandible AK3-126;
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9EFFC38BBAF969FC3AF92D" bold="true" box="[962,975,1665,1682]" pageId="4" pageNumber="719">B</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view of mandible AK11-72;
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9EFFC388BDF97EFF26F918" bold="true" box="[197,211,1686,1703]" pageId="4" pageNumber="719">C</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view of mandible AKK-120. Scale bars: 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF236631FF9FFFC28809FDE7FE01FD8A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665357" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4665357" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665357/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" startId="5.[113,124,527,544]" targetBox="[118,626,207,485]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9FFFC28809FDE7FE01FD8A" blockId="5.[113,646,527,565]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">
|
||
FIG. 3. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D3AFF9FFFC288B0FDE7FE07FD9F" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[200,498,527,544]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9FFFC288B0FDE7FE9DFD9F" box="[200,360,527,544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF9FFFC2890CFDE7FE1BFD9F" author="GERVAIS P." box="[372,494,527,544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" refId="ref5291" refString="GERVAIS P. 1848 - 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises. A. Bertrand, Paris, 2 vols, 3 vols." type="journal volume" year="1848">Gervais, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Akkaşdağı, dorsal view of atlas AK5-258. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF236631FF9FFFC28ADCFC4CFC27FC75" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665359" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4665359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4665359/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" startId="5.[676,687,932,949]" targetBox="[730,1128,200,856]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9FFFC28ADCFC4CFC27FC75" blockId="5.[676,1209,932,970]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">
|
||
FIG. 4. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D3AFF9FFFC28A83FC4CFBD3FC0A" authority="(Gervais, 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[763,1062,932,949]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9FFFC28A83FC4CFC6EFC0A" box="[763,923,932,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">Microstonyx major</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF9FFFC28BD0FC4CFBD4FC0A" author="GERVAIS P." box="[936,1057,932,949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" refId="ref5291" refString="GERVAIS P. 1848 - 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises. A. Bertrand, Paris, 2 vols, 3 vols." type="journal volume" year="1848">Gervais, 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Akkaşdağı, astragalus AK4-88. Scale bar: 2 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9FFFC28809FA64FF23FA1A" blockId="5.[113,646,1420,1701]" box="[113,214,1420,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9FFFC28809FA64FF23FA1A" box="[113,214,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">Dentition</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9FFFC28809FA44FC46FBFA" blockId="5.[113,646,1420,1701]" lastBlockId="5.[676,1209,1036,1093]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">
|
||
The dental morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D3AFF9FFFC289E6FA44FDEEFA7A" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1926" box="[414,539,1452,1477]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Microstonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9FFFC289E6FA44FDEEFA7A" box="[414,539,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">Microstonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is greatly variable, and has been shown extensively in previous publications (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF9FFFC2891FFA04FD77F9BA" author="VAN DER MADE J. & MONTOYA P. & ALCALA L." box="[359,642,1516,1541]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" pagination="395 - 413" refId="ref6567" refString="VAN DER MADE J., MONTOYA P. F ALCALA L. 1992. - Microstonyx (Suidae, Mammalia) from the upper Miocene of Spain. Geobios 25 (3): 395 - 413." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F85BFF9FFFC2891FFA04FE61F9BA" box="[359,404,1516,1541]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
der Made
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9FFFC28A74FA04FDCDF9BA" box="[524,568,1516,1541]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF9FFFC28809F9E4FE80F99A" author="KOSTOPOULOS D. S. & SPASSOV N. & KOVACHEV D." box="[113,373,1548,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" pagination="411 - 437" refId="ref5735" refString="KOSTOPOULOS D. S., SPASSOV N. F KOVACHEV D. 2001. - Contribution to the study of Microstonyx: evidence from Bulgaria and the SE European populations. Geodiversitas 23 (3): 411 - 437." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Kostopoulos
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9FFFC28979F9E4FEDBF99A" box="[257,302,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B48FF9FFFC289FCF9E4FDD3F99A" author="LIU L. P. & KOSTOPOULOS D. S. & FORTELIUS M." box="[388,550,1548,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref5914" refString="LIU L. P., KOSTOPOULOS D. S. F FORTELIUS M. 2004. - Late Miocene Microstonyx remains (Suidae, Artiodactyla) from Hezheng areas. Geobios 37 (1): 49 - 64." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Liu
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9FFFC289CAF9E4FE2AF99A" box="[434,479,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and literature listed herein), and the Akkaşdagwı suid fits well within the known range. Notable characteristics of the Akkaşdagwı population include a somewhat complicated M3/m3 occlusal pattern, and the main lingual cusp of p4 being placed as far forward as the labial one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9FFFC28ADCFB84FCEBFB3A" blockId="5.[676,1209,1132,1381]" box="[676,798,1132,1157]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EAABFF9FFFC28ADCFB84FCEBFB3A" box="[676,798,1132,1157]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">Postcranials</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE336B9FF9FFFC28ADCFB64FBE4FADA" blockId="5.[676,1209,1132,1381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">
|
||
Late Miocene suid limb bones are rarely described and figured, making it difficult to supply a comparative study of the abundant postcranial material of the Akkaşdagwı suid. In order to facilitate future comparative work we here present figures and measurements of the material (Appendix:
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DE0302FF9FFFC28B5CFAA4FC75FADA" box="[804,896,1356,1381]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="14.[113,124,256,273]" captionText="TABLE 1. — Measurements of atlases and one indetermined vertebra of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı (in mm). M1, centrum length; M2, centrum width; M3, centrum height; M4, maximal length; M5, maximal width; M6, maximal height; M7, proximal articulation width; M8, proximal articulation height; M9, distal articulation width; M10, distal articulation height." pageId="5" pageNumber="720">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DE0302FF9FFFC28BF6FAA4FC6BFADA" box="[910,926,1356,1381]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="14.[113,124,769,786]" captionText="TABLE 2. — Measurements of limb bones of Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı (in mm). M1, maximal length; M2, functional length; M3, proximal width; M4, proximal antero-posterior depth; M5, shaft width; M6, antero-posterior depth of shaft; M7, distal width; M8, distal antero-posterior depth; M9, distal articulation width; M10, antero-posterior depth of distal articulation." pageId="5" pageNumber="720">2</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A3CFF9FFFC28BD2FAA4FBF6FADA" box="[938,1027,1356,1381]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="5.[113,124,527,544]" captionStartId-1="5.[676,687,932,949]" captionStartId-2="6.[132,143,1036,1053]" captionTargetBox-0="[118,626,207,485]" captionTargetBox-1="[730,1128,200,856]" captionTargetBox-2="[205,1071,209,984]" captionTargetId-0="figure-950@5.[118,646,175,505]" captionTargetId-1="figure-1031@5.[686,1209,194,878]" captionTargetId-2="figure-1187@6.[174,1157,183,1011]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIG. 3. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, dorsal view of atlas AK5-258. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 4. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, astragalus AK4-88. Scale bar: 2 cm." captionText-2="FIG. 5. — Microstonyx major (Gervais, 1848) from Akkaşdağı, metapodials; A, AK5-199; B, AKK-82; C, AK5-48. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665357" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665359" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4665361" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4665357/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4665359/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4665361/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="720">Figs 3-5</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |