841 lines
121 KiB
XML
841 lines
121 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="390CD1B2BAC1D4787BFB833C6BAC0676">Immature stages, host plants and natural enemies of Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with DNA sequence data and a new synonym and notes on some Indian species of Epilachnini</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="B515632C95A26E865763FAB6757BB481">ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli 620102, Tamil Nadu, India. Coleoptera Section, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom. & anuradha. chelliah @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8534 - 9345</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="BA051B373C358FCAEDFA6AC75D862A26">ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, PB No. 2491, HA Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India. & swathirs 0696 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9357 - 1659</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03F587984C6EFFEADC807F1ABB66221D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4912413" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182632163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4912413" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587984C6EFFEADC807F1ABB66221D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F587984C6EFFEADC807F1ABB66221D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="543" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DC807F1ABC632241" authority="(Mulsant)" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[151,599,546,573]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
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<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DC807F1ABFE02240" bold="true" box="[151,468,546,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Henosepilachna implicata</emphasis>
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(Mulsant)
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<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DC807F7FBF36221C" box="[151,258,583,609]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox-0="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetBox-1="[171,1410,190,1906]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetId-0="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@4.[171,1416,181,1918]" captionTargetId-2="figure-17@5.[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Henosepilachna circularis (Korschefsky): a) male, dorsal view; b) male, lateral view; c) abdominal postcoxal line; d–g) male genitalia: d) tegmen, ventral view; e) tegmen, lateral view; f) penis; g) penis apex; h–o) variations in the male genita- lia of H. implicata (collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu): h–l) penis guide in lateral view; m–o) penis capsule." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Henosepilachna implicata, variants collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766842" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766844" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4766842/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4766844/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DD1A7F7EBF29221C" box="[269,285,582,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,2007,2031]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,849,1984]" captionTargetId="figure-331@7.[161,1427,849,1984]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distribution of H. implicata in peninsular India (based on data from examined material and literature)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766848/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DD3E7F7FBF03221C" box="[297,311,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Life stages of H. implicata: a, b) eggs; c) freshly hatched larvae; d, e) early stage larva; f–j) full grown larva; k–l) pupa; m–o) adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766850/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">6</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DC807FB3BC0622DE" authority="Mulsant, 1850: 837" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="837" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,562,651,675]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
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<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DC807FB3BF5222DE" box="[151,358,651,675]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Epilachna implicata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2DD7B7FB3BC0622DE" author="Mulsant, E." box="[364,562,651,675]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 1104" refId="ref5659" refString="Mulsant, E. (1850) Species des Coleopteres trimeres securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, Lyon, Series 2, 2, 1 - 1104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8953" type="journal article" year="1850">Mulsant, 1850: 837</bibRefCitation>
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.-
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFD109F4C6EFFE2DE2B7FB3BCC522DE" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[572,753,651,675]" page="657" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" year="1959">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2DE2B7FB3BCC522DE" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[572,753,651,675]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" pagination="656 - 660" refId="ref5293" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1959) Identity of the ladybeetle, Epilachna implicata Mulsant, from India (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 56 (3), 656 - 660." type="journal article" year="1959">Kapur, 1959: 657</bibRefCitation>
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(redescription).
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DC807F92BD6922BF" authority=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz, 2003: 154" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityPageNumber="154" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,861,682,706]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
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<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DC807F92BF9622BF" box="[151,418,682,706]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Henosepilachna implicata</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2DDB87F92BD6922BF" author="Jadwiszczak, A. & Wegrzynowicz, P." box="[431,861,682,706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" refId="ref5267" refString="Jadwiszczak, A. & Wegrzynowicz, P. (2003) World Coccinellidae Part 1: Epilachninae. Mantis, Olsztyn, 264 pp." type="book" year="2003">Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003: 154</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6EFFE2DC807FF0BCDB229C" blockId="2.[151,916,651,767]" box="[151,751,712,737]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFD109F4C6EFFE2DC807FF0BC7C229C" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[151,584,712,737]" page="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" year="1933">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DC807FF0BC7C229C" authority="Korschefsky, 1933: 3" authorityName="Korschefsky" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,584,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DC807FF0BF5C229D" box="[151,360,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Epilachna circularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2DD797FF0BC7C229C" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[366,584,712,737]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref5458" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1933) Entomological investigations on the spike disease of sandal (16). Coccinellidae (Col.). Indian Forest Records, 19 (6), 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1933">Korschefsky, 1933: 3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DE457FF1BCDB229C" bold="true" box="[594,751,713,737]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">New synonym.</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6EFFE2DC807FDFBD562282" blockId="2.[151,916,651,767]" box="[151,866,743,767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4C11A04C6EFFE2DC807FDFBD562282" box="[151,866,743,767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFD109F4C6EFFE2DC807FDFBD6B2282" author="Jadwiszczak, A. & Wegrzynowicz, P." box="[151,863,743,767]" page="141" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" year="2003">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DC807FDFBD6B2282" authority=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz, 2003: 141" authorityName="Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityPageNumber="141" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,863,743,767]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DC807FDFBF902282" box="[151,420,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Henosepilachna circularis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2DDA67FDFBD6B2282" author="Jadwiszczak, A. & Wegrzynowicz, P." box="[433,863,743,767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" refId="ref5267" refString="Jadwiszczak, A. & Wegrzynowicz, P. (2003) World Coccinellidae Part 1: Epilachninae. Mantis, Olsztyn, 264 pp." type="book" year="2003">Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003: 141</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34665054C6EFFE2DC807E15BCAF2462" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6EFFE2DC807E15BCAF2462" blockId="2.[151,1437,813,1992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DC807E15BF27233A" box="[151,275,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DC807E15BF3E233A" bold="true" box="[151,266,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Length:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2DD697E15BC122335" box="[382,550,813,840]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.785" metricValueMax="5.17" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="4.785" valueMax="5.17" valueMin="4.4">4.40–5.17 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2DE927E15BD1A2335" box="[645,814,813,840]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.055" metricValueMax="4.36" metricValueMin="3.75" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="4.055" valueMax="4.36" valueMin="3.75">3.75–4.36 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DF2C7E15BA51233A" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" box="[827,1125,813,839]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DF2C7E15BA51233A" box="[827,1125,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Henosepilachna implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
outwardly resembles other 28-spotted species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DD9C7E69BC752316" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1961" box="[395,577,849,875]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DD9C7E69BC752316" box="[395,577,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Henosepilachna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DEB57E6ABDAA2316" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[674,926,850,875]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigintioctopunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DEB57E6ABDAA2316" box="[674,926,850,875]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. vigintioctopunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DFC27E6ABA7B2316" baseAuthorityName="Dieke" baseAuthorityYear="1947" box="[981,1103,850,875]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DFC27E6ABA7B2316" box="[981,1103,850,875]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. septima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2D8D67E6ABB5C2316" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[1217,1384,849,875]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillanima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2D8D67E6ABB5C2316" box="[1217,1384,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. pusillanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(occasionally 28-spotted).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DD887E4DBCD523F2" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[415,737,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillanima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DD887E4DBCD523F2" box="[415,737,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Henosepilachna pusillanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Length:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2DF467E4DBDCC23ED" box="[849,1016,885,912]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.77" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="4.64" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="4.77" valueMax="4.9" valueMin="4.64">4.64–4.90 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2D8447E4DBACC23ED" box="[1107,1272,885,912]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.015" metricValueMax="4.17" metricValueMin="3.86" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="4.015" valueMax="4.17" valueMin="3.86">3.86–4.17 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2D92F7E4EBF0D23CE" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigintioctopunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2D92F7E4EBF0D23CE" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. vigintioctopunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Length:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2DDBC7EA1BC6623C9" box="[427,594,921,948]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.455" metricValueMax="4.95" metricValueMin="3.96" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="4.455" valueMax="4.95" valueMin="3.96">3.96–4.95 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2DEB87EA1BD6123C9" box="[687,853,921,948]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.56" metricValueMax="3.91" metricValueMin="3.21" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="3.56" valueMax="3.91" valueMin="3.21">3.21–3.91 mm</quantity>
|
||
) are usually smaller but fall within the overall size range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DCEB7E86BFBD23AA" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" box="[252,393,957,983]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DCEB7E86BFBD23AA" box="[252,393,957,983]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DDED7E86BC4023AA" baseAuthorityName="Dieke" baseAuthorityYear="1947" box="[506,628,958,983]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DDED7E86BC4023AA" box="[506,628,958,983]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. septima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Length:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2DEF37E85BDBF23A5" box="[740,907,957,984]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.86" metricValueMax="5.65" metricValueMin="4.07" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="4.86" valueMax="5.65" valueMin="4.07">4.07–5.65 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2DFF17E85BABF23A5" box="[998,1163,957,984]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.975" metricValueMax="4.49" metricValueMin="3.46" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="3.975" valueMax="4.49" valueMin="3.46">3.46–4.49 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is occasionally slightly larger in size than
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DD747EDABD172386" box="[355,803,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DD747EDABFC62386" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" box="[355,498,993,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">H. implicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DDEB7ED9BD172386" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" box="[508,803,993,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">Henosepilachna implicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is highly variable and can be reliably distinguished from these other species only by the male genitalia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34665054C6EFFE7DCD07911BECA2368" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="540" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6EFFE2DCD07911BD022646" blockId="2.[151,1437,813,1992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DCD07911BF79243E" bold="true" box="[199,333,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Description</emphasis>
|
||
: Body broad oblong oval to elongate oval, usually larger in size; male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2D87F7911BA832439" box="[1128,1207,1065,1092]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a robust body, more rounded and convex than female, female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DEA27975BD30241A" box="[693,772,1101,1127]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
) elongate oval, broadest around shoulders, more distinctly narrowed towards apex; dorsum densely pubescent. Head and pronotum reddish brown; ground colour of elytra generally dull reddish with a pinkish tinge or testaceous brown or much darker, greyish black to almost blackish with a dark greenish tinge. Pronotum with 5–7 black spots, elytra with 26–28 black spots, elytral spots usually ringed with yellowish-orange or reddish halos (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DEBE79E5BD15248A" box="[681,801,1245,1271]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 1a–b</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DF3B79E5BD52248A" box="[812,870,1245,1271]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[171,1410,190,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[171,1416,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Henosepilachna circularis (Korschefsky): a) male, dorsal view; b) male, lateral view; c) abdominal postcoxal line; d–g) male genitalia: d) tegmen, ventral view; e) tegmen, lateral view; f) penis; g) penis apex; h–o) variations in the male genita- lia of H. implicata (collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu): h–l) penis guide in lateral view; m–o) penis capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766842/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">2a–b</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DF6679E5BD932485" box="[881,935,1245,1272]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Henosepilachna implicata, variants collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766844/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">3a–f</figureCitation>
|
||
); rarely spots larger, darkly pigmented (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2D97379E5BEFF2561" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Henosepilachna implicata, variants collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766844/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 3e, f</figureCitation>
|
||
) and / or lacking distinct halos (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DE2E7839BCBA2561" box="[569,654,1281,1308]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Henosepilachna implicata, variants collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766844/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 3b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral side yellowish brown with a pair of dark maculae on lateral sides of metaventrite, abdominal ventrites 2–4 laterally distinctly spotted in male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2D82B781DBAB92542" box="[1084,1165,1317,1343]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1c</figureCitation>
|
||
), with paler spots in female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DCC87871BF062519" box="[223,306,1353,1380]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1d</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdominal postcoxal line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DE687871BCDF251E" box="[639,747,1353,1379]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1c–e</figureCitation>
|
||
) apically incomplete; ventrite 5 apically broadly emarginate and ventrite 6 emarginate in male; ventrite 5 subtruncate and ventrite 6 medially split in female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2D8FF7855BB0825F5" box="[1256,1340,1389,1416]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1d</figureCitation>
|
||
). Apical angles of elytra rounded. Male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DE7278A9BCE025D6" box="[613,724,1425,1451]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 1f–i</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DEF778A9BD2E25D1" box="[736,794,1425,1452]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[171,1410,190,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[171,1416,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Henosepilachna circularis (Korschefsky): a) male, dorsal view; b) male, lateral view; c) abdominal postcoxal line; d–g) male genitalia: d) tegmen, ventral view; e) tegmen, lateral view; f) penis; g) penis apex; h–o) variations in the male genita- lia of H. implicata (collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu): h–l) penis guide in lateral view; m–o) penis capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766842/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">2h–o</figureCitation>
|
||
) as illustrated, penis guide in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2D8EB78A9BB6125D6" box="[1276,1365,1425,1451]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 1f</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2D97678A9BBA025D1" box="[1377,1428,1425,1452]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[171,1410,190,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[171,1416,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Henosepilachna circularis (Korschefsky): a) male, dorsal view; b) male, lateral view; c) abdominal postcoxal line; d–g) male genitalia: d) tegmen, ventral view; e) tegmen, lateral view; f) penis; g) penis apex; h–o) variations in the male genita- lia of H. implicata (collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu): h–l) penis guide in lateral view; m–o) penis capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766842/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">2h–l</figureCitation>
|
||
) broadest basally, progressively narrowed and apically inwardly produced, in ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2D884788DBAD025B2" box="[1171,1252,1461,1487]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2D8DF788DBAD025B2" box="[1224,1252,1461,1487]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="g" value="1.0">1g</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) cylindrical and subparallel up to two-thirds of its length, gradually narrowed and triangular in apical third, apex blunt; penis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2D97878E1BE802665" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1h</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a characteristic apical emargination (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DEB678C5BCD92665" box="[673,749,1533,1560]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1i</figureCitation>
|
||
), penis capsule well developed, variable as illustrated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2D97378C5BE812646" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 1h</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DCD67B19BF322646" box="[193,262,1569,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[171,1410,190,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[171,1416,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Henosepilachna circularis (Korschefsky): a) male, dorsal view; b) male, lateral view; c) abdominal postcoxal line; d–g) male genitalia: d) tegmen, ventral view; e) tegmen, lateral view; f) penis; g) penis apex; h–o) variations in the male genita- lia of H. implicata (collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu): h–l) penis guide in lateral view; m–o) penis capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766842/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA49B6B4C6EFFE2DCD67B19BED32646" box="[193,231,1569,1595]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
|
||
–o
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Female genitalia: Coxites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DE517B19BCBB2641" box="[582,655,1569,1596]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" captionTargetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[255,1333,181,1905]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Henosepilachna implicata (Mulsant): a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1j</figureCitation>
|
||
) as illustrated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6EFFE2DCD07B7EBC7126B6" blockId="2.[151,1437,813,1992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DCD07B7EBF3C261D" bold="true" box="[199,264,1606,1632]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Notes</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2DD0E7B7DBFFC261D" author="Mulsant, E." box="[281,456,1605,1632]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 1104" refId="ref5659" refString="Mulsant, E. (1850) Species des Coleopteres trimeres securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, Lyon, Series 2, 2, 1 - 1104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8953" type="journal article" year="1850">Mulsant (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DE437B7EBCD62622" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" box="[596,738,1605,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DE437B7EBCD62622" box="[596,738,1605,1631]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DF697B7EBA492622" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[894,1149,1606,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigintioctopunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DF697B7EBA492622" box="[894,1149,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. vigintioctopunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and described the differences in the position and size of elytral spots by which these two species can be separated.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2D8877B51BB6C26FE" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[1168,1368,1641,1667]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" refId="ref5145" refString="Crotch, G. R. (1874) A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London, 311 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8975" type="book" year="1874">Crotch (1874: 87)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed this species as a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DDDD7BB6BD7A26D5" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[458,846,1677,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigintioctopunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DDDD7BB6BCF326DA" box="[458,711,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. vigintioctopunctata</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2DF4E7BB5BA3526DA" author="Dieke, G. H." box="[857,1025,1677,1703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 183" refId="ref5187" refString="Dieke, G. H. (1947) Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens. lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 106 (15), 1 - 183." type="journal article" year="1947">Dieke’s (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
monograph on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2D8A27BB5BB7326DA" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[1205,1351,1677,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epilachninae">Epilachninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
s.l. did not provide any detail of
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DDA67B8ABC7126B6" box="[433,581,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DDA67B8ABC7526B6" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" box="[433,577,1713,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">H. implicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6EFFE2DCD07BEDBC9227B5" blockId="2.[151,1437,813,1992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DCD07BEDBFDB2692" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" box="[199,495,1749,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DCD07BEDBFDB2692" box="[199,495,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Henosepilachna implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DEE37BEEBDAF2692" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[756,923,1749,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillanima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DEE37BEEBDAF2692" box="[756,923,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. pusillanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DFBC7BEDBA10268D" box="[939,1060,1749,1776]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1962,1986]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,181,1930]" captionTargetId="figure-19@6.[264,1322,181,1939]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Other common pestiferous Indian Henosepilachna spp. coexisting with H. implicata: a, b) Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata; c, d) H. pusillanima; e–h) H. septima." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766846/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 4c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
) in having similar female genital coxites, but it differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DDAA7BC2BC56276E" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[445,610,1785,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillanima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DDAA7BC2BC56276E" box="[445,610,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. pusillanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“by having the elytra more rounded and less produced apically, the sutural angles are less broadly rounded and the sides of the elytra are straight declivous, without the weak lateral explanation or ‘gutter’” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2DD4F7A79BC092726" author="Booth, R. G. & Pope, R. D." box="[344,573,1857,1884]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" pagination="343 - 370" refId="ref4937" refString="Booth, R. G. & Pope, R. D. (1989) A review of the type material of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) described by F. W. Pope and by E. Mulsant in the Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford. Entomologica Scandinavica, 20 (3), 343 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631289 X 00366" type="journal article" year="1989">Booth & Pope 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It also looks similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DF467A7ABDFE2726" baseAuthorityName="Dieke" baseAuthorityYear="1947" box="[849,970,1858,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DF467A7ABDFE2726" box="[849,970,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. septima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DFCE7A79BA652721" box="[985,1105,1857,1884]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1962,1986]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,181,1930]" captionTargetId="figure-19@6.[264,1322,181,1939]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Other common pestiferous Indian Henosepilachna spp. coexisting with H. implicata: a, b) Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata; c, d) H. pusillanima; e–h) H. septima." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766846/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 4e–h</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is occasionally much darker with distinct halos around elytral spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6EFFE2DEBE7A5DBD1427FD" box="[681,800,1893,1920]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1962,1986]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,181,1930]" captionTargetId="figure-19@6.[264,1322,181,1939]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Other common pestiferous Indian Henosepilachna spp. coexisting with H. implicata: a, b) Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata; c, d) H. pusillanima; e–h) H. septima." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766846/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">Figs. 4f–h</figureCitation>
|
||
), but with different female genital coxites.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6EFFE2D9137A5EBBA827FD" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[1284,1436,1893,1920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" pagination="656 - 660" refId="ref5293" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1959) Identity of the ladybeetle, Epilachna implicata Mulsant, from India (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 56 (3), 656 - 660." type="journal article" year="1959">Kapur (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E7882C4C6EFFE2DD5E7AB1BF8427DE" box="[329,432,1929,1955]" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DDC17AB2BC5627DE" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" box="[470,610,1929,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DDC17AB2BC5627DE" box="[470,610,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and illustrated the genitalia with a detailed account of the differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DCF67A96BF5927BA" authorityName=": Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" box="[225,365,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DCF67A96BF5927BA" box="[225,365,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6EFFE2DDB47A96BC9427BA" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[419,672,1966,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigintioctopunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6EFFE2DDB47A96BC9427BA" box="[419,672,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="535">H. vigintioctopunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2366064C6FFFE3DC807AB0BF982794" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766838" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4766838" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766838/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" startId="3.[151,250,1928,1952]" targetBox="[255,1333,182,1886]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6FFFE3DC807AB0BF982794" blockId="3.[151,1437,1928,2025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6FFFE3DC807AB0BF2727DD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1928,1952]" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6FFFE3DD0F7AB1BCBB27DC" authority="(Mulsant)" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[280,655,1929,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="536" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6FFFE3DD0F7AB1BC1627DC" box="[280,546,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="536">Henosepilachna implicata</emphasis>
|
||
(Mulsant)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a) female, dorsal view; b) male, dorsal view; c) abdomen, male; d) abdomen, female; e) abdominal postcoxal line; f–i) male genitalia: f) tegmen, lateral view; g) tegmen, ventral view; h) penis; i) penis apex; j) female genitalia: coxites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2366064C68FFE4DC807AAFBAD2278A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766842" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4766842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766842/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="537" startId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[171,1410,190,1906]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C68FFE4DC807AAFBAD2278A" blockId="4.[151,1436,1943,2039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="537">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C68FFE4DC807AAFBF2727D2" bold="true" box="[151,275,1943,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="537">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C68FFE4DD0E7AAFBCF427D2" authority="(Korschefsky)" baseAuthorityName="Korschefsky" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[281,704,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="537" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C68FFE4DD0E7AAFBC1127D2" box="[281,549,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="537">Henosepilachna circularis</emphasis>
|
||
(Korschefsky)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a) male, dorsal view; b) male, lateral view; c) abdominal postcoxal line; d–g) male genitalia: d) tegmen, ventral view; e) tegmen, lateral view; f) penis; g) penis apex; h–o) variations in the male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C68FFE4DCC57AD8BF65278A" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[210,337,2015,2039]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="537" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C68FFE4DCC57AD8BF65278A" box="[210,337,2015,2039]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="537">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu): h–l) penis guide in lateral view; m–o) penis capsule.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2366064C69FFE5DC807B9EBDD926C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4766844" box="[151,1005,1702,1727]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766844/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" startId="5.[151,250,1702,1726]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1678]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C69FFE5DC807B9EBDD926C2" blockId="5.[151,1005,1702,1727]" box="[151,1005,1702,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5DC807B9EBF2726C3" bold="true" box="[151,275,1702,1726]" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5DD0E7B9FBC1F26C2" box="[281,555,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C69FFE5DD0E7B9FBC1226C2" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[281,550,1703,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">Henosepilachna implicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
variants collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C69FFE5DCD07BD5BBBD279D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1773,2016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">
|
||
The male genitalia of the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C69FFE5DE867BD6BA25277A" authority="(Korschefsky, 1933)" baseAuthorityName="Korschefsky" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[657,1041,1773,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5DE867BD6BD15277A" box="[657,801,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">H. circularis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C69FFE5DF257BD5BA3D277A" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[818,1033,1773,1799]" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref5458" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1933) Entomological investigations on the spike disease of sandal (16). Coccinellidae (Col.). Indian Forest Records, 19 (6), 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1933">Korschefsky, 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C69FFE5D8347BD5BAAA2775" box="[1059,1182,1773,1800]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[171,1410,190,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[171,1416,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Henosepilachna circularis (Korschefsky): a) male, dorsal view; b) male, lateral view; c) abdominal postcoxal line; d–g) male genitalia: d) tegmen, ventral view; e) tegmen, lateral view; f) penis; g) penis apex; h–o) variations in the male genita- lia of H. implicata (collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu): h–l) penis guide in lateral view; m–o) penis capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766842/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">Figs. 2d–g</figureCitation>
|
||
) collected from Pune, Maharashtra, were found to fall within the overall range of intraspecific variations found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C69FFE5D8D47A2ABB662756" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[1219,1362,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5D8D47A2ABB662756" box="[1219,1362,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C69FFE5D9737A29BEE5272D" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[171,1410,190,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[171,1416,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Henosepilachna circularis (Korschefsky): a) male, dorsal view; b) male, lateral view; c) abdominal postcoxal line; d–g) male genitalia: d) tegmen, ventral view; e) tegmen, lateral view; f) penis; g) penis apex; h–o) variations in the male genita- lia of H. implicata (collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu): h–l) penis guide in lateral view; m–o) penis capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766842/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">Figs. 2h–o</figureCitation>
|
||
) collected from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, confirming that they are conspecific. The Indian material was also compared with the reference collections at BMNH and ZSIK for further confirmation. Based on these,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C69FFE5D9187A62BBA8270E" baseAuthorityName="Korschefsky" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[1295,1436,1881,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5D9187A62BBA8270E" box="[1295,1436,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">H. circularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here reduced to a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C69FFE5DE447A46BCD427EA" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[595,736,1917,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5DE447A46BCD427EA" box="[595,736,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5DEE77A45BDA727EA" bold="true" box="[752,915,1917,1943]" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">new synonym</emphasis>
|
||
). The male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C69FFE5D8B47A46BF9927C6" authority="Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz (2003)" authorityName="Jadwiszczak & Wegrzynowicz" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diekei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5D8B47A46BB3D27EA" box="[1187,1289,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">H. diekei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C69FFE5D9077A45BF9927C6" author="Jadwiszczak, A. & Wegrzynowicz, P." pageId="5" pageNumber="538" refId="ref5267" refString="Jadwiszczak, A. & Wegrzynowicz, P. (2003) World Coccinellidae Part 1: Epilachninae. Mantis, Olsztyn, 264 pp." type="book" year="2003">Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5DEBC7A9ABD0927C6" box="[683,829,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C69FFE5DEBC7A9ABD0C27C6" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[683,824,1953,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">H. implicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but the former is mainly a southeast Asian species and also known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B761E4C69FFE5DD4B7AFDBFFE27A2" box="[348,458,1989,2015]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
and its host plants belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C69FFE5DF187AFDBDBE27A2" box="[783,906,1989,2015]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C69FFE5DFA87AFDBBB1279D" authority="(Matsubayashi et al. 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Matsubayashi" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[959,1413,1989,2016]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
||
Acanthaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C69FFE5D84A7AFDBB49279D" author="Matsubayashi, K. W. & Kahono, S. & Hartini, S. & Fujiyama, N. & Katakura, H." box="[1117,1405,1989,2016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="538" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref5594" refString="Matsubayashi, K. W., Kahono, S., Hartini, S., Fujiyama, N. & Katakura, H. (2016) Redescription of the phytophagous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna diekei and descriptions of two related species from Indonesia (Coccinellidae, Coccinellinae, Epilachnini). Insecta Matsumurana, New Series, 72, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Matsubayashi
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C69FFE5D9167AFEBB0627A2" box="[1281,1330,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="538">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2366064C6AFFE6DC807A92BC83279B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766846" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4766846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766846/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" startId="6.[151,250,1962,1986]" targetBox="[264,1322,181,1930]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6AFFE6DC807A92BC83279B" blockId="6.[151,1436,1962,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6AFFE6DC807A92BF3927BF" bold="true" box="[151,269,1962,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
. Other common pestiferous Indian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6AFFE6DE607A93BD7927BF" box="[631,845,1963,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6AFFE6DE607A93BD2827BE" box="[631,796,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Henosepilachna</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
coexisting with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6AFFE6DFE27A93BA4027BE" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[1013,1140,1963,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6AFFE6DFE27A93BA4027BE" box="[1013,1140,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a, b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6AFFE6D8A17A93BF1D279B" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigintioctopunctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6AFFE6D8A17A93BF1D279B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; c, d)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6AFFE6DD7D7AF7BC35279A" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[362,513,1999,2023]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillanima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6AFFE6DD7D7AF7BC35279A" box="[362,513,1999,2023]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">H. pusillanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; e–h)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6AFFE6DE557AF7BC87279B" baseAuthorityName="Dieke" baseAuthorityYear="1947" box="[578,691,1999,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septima">H. septima</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6BFFE7DCD07DAFBADA21D0" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DCD07DAFBFC720CC" baseAuthorityName="Korschefsky" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[199,499,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DCD07DAFBFC720CC" box="[199,499,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Henosepilachna circularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, originally described from South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B761E4C6BFFE7DF6D7DAFBD8020CC" box="[890,948,151,177]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6BFFE7DFD27DAFBAAA20CC" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[965,1182,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref5458" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1933) Entomological investigations on the spike disease of sandal (16). Coccinellidae (Col.). Indian Forest Records, 19 (6), 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1933">Korschefsky, 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is much darker with greyish black elytra having black spots ringed with orange-yellow halos in live specimens and these halos are usually more prominent than those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DE097DE7BC9F2084" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[542,683,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DE097DE7BC9F2084" box="[542,683,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only major difference in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7D8117DE7BAA12084" baseAuthorityName="Korschefsky" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[1030,1173,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7D8117DE7BAA12084" box="[1030,1173,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">H. circularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6BFFE7D8B27DE7BB292087" box="[1189,1309,223,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[171,1410,190,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[171,1416,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Henosepilachna circularis (Korschefsky): a) male, dorsal view; b) male, lateral view; c) abdominal postcoxal line; d–g) male genitalia: d) tegmen, ventral view; e) tegmen, lateral view; f) penis; g) penis apex; h–o) variations in the male genita- lia of H. implicata (collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu): h–l) penis guide in lateral view; m–o) penis capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766842/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Figs. 2a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
) is that the nonpersistent spots ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ (as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6BFFE7DEC67C3BBD622160" author="Dieke, G. H." box="[721,854,259,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="1 - 183" refId="ref5187" refString="Dieke, G. H. (1947) Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna (sens. lat.) in Asia, Europe, and Australia. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 106 (15), 1 - 183." type="journal article" year="1947">Dieke 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are almost fully orange and lack the usually fully developed black spots with halos found in
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DE7A7C1FBD34213C" box="[621,768,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DE7A7C1FBCCF213C" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[621,763,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">H. implicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Occasionally, nonpersistent spots ‘a’ and ‘c’ are orange with a pale black median speck or a small spot, but nonpersistent spot ‘b’ is nearly always fully orange or yellow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7D9967C73BF3721F4" baseAuthorityName="Korschefsky" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7D9967C73BF3721F4" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">H. circularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DD277C57BFF021F4" box="[304,452,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DD277C57BF8B21F4" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[304,447,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">H. implicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
usually all the elytral spots present are black with reddish or orange or yellowish halos and only the size of the spots is variable and very rarely some spots are absent or reduced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6BFFE7D8987CABBAD521D0" box="[1167,1249,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1435,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Henosepilachna implicata, variants collected from Trichy, Tamil Nadu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766844/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Fig. 3a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6BFFE7DCD07C8FBA462264" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B343CD34C6BFFE7DCD07C8FBA592264" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3127701301" country="India" county="South" location="Coorg" municipality="North Salem" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Karnataka">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6BFFE7DCD07C8FBF9D21AC" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[199,425,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref5458" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1933) Entomological investigations on the spike disease of sandal (16). Coccinellidae (Col.). Indian Forest Records, 19 (6), 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1933">Korschefsky (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not mention the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E7882C4C6BFFE7DEB67C8FBCE521AC" box="[673,721,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">type</typeStatus>
|
||
depository of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DF6A7C8FBA3F21AC" baseAuthorityName="Korschefsky" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[893,1035,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DF6A7C8FBA3F21AC" box="[893,1035,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">E. circularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and only listed the localities from where his study material was collected and all these places, namely
|
||
<location id="8E8360554C6BFFE7DFB77CE3BDD12188" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587984C6EFFEADC807F1ABB66221D:8E8360554C6BFFE7DFB77CE3BDD12188" box="[928,997,475,501]" country="India" county="South" municipality="North Salem" name="Coorg" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" stateProvince="Karnataka">Coorg</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<location id="8E8360554C6BFFE7DFE17CE3BA562188" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587984C6EFFEADC807F1ABB66221D:8E8360554C6BFFE7DFE17CE3BA562188" box="[1014,1122,475,501]" country="India" county="South" municipality="North Salem" name="Fraserpet" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" stateProvince="Karnataka">Fraserpet</location>
|
||
) (in the state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F86C4C6BFFE7D9377CE3BBA1218B" box="[1312,1429,475,502]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and
|
||
<location id="8E8360554C6BFFE7DCD07CC7BF0E2264" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587984C6EFFEADC807F1ABB66221D:8E8360554C6BFFE7DCD07CC7BF0E2264" box="[199,314,511,537]" country="India" county="South" municipality="North Salem" name="Jawalagiri" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" stateProvince="Karnataka">Jawalagiri</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="8E8360554C6BFFE7DD787CC7BF842264" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587984C6EFFEADC807F1ABB66221D:8E8360554C6BFFE7DD787CC7BF842264" box="[367,432,511,537]" country="India" county="South" municipality="North Salem" name="Aiyur" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" stateProvince="Karnataka">Aiyur</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B87ACF44C6BFFE7DDA97CC7BC652267" box="[446,593,511,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">North Salem</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
) (in the state of Tamil Nadu), are in
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62824E024C6BFFE7DFFF7CC7BA1D2264" box="[1000,1065,511,537]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">South</collectingCounty>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B761E4C6BFFE7D8277CC7BA592264" box="[1072,1133,511,537]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6BFFE7DCD07F1BBECA2368" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DCD07F1BBFF22240" bold="true" box="[199,454,546,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DCD07F1BBF892240" bold="true" box="[199,445,546,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Specimens examined</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B761E4C6BFFE7DDCC7F1BBC042240" box="[475,560,547,573]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">INDIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Madurai 1982 Sp. A/ on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DF7D7F1BBA1D2240" box="[874,1065,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Luffa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aegyptiaca">Luffa aegyptiaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ female, genitalia on coverslip/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DC807F7FBF47221C" box="[151,371,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">Henosepilachna sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
, det. T.G. Vazirani, 1982/ Pres. By Comm. Inst. Ent. B.M. 1982-1/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7D87A7F7FBBAC221C" authority="Muls." authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[1133,1432,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">Epilachna implicata Muls.</taxonomicName>
|
||
, det. R.G. Booth, 1988, comp. with
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E7882C4C6BFFE7DE367F53BC6522F8" box="[545,593,619,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">type</typeStatus>
|
||
in OUM” (BMNH); “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B761E4C6BFFE7DF5D7F53BD9422F8" box="[842,928,619,645]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">INDIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: T. Nadu, Coimbatore 1988/ on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7D9107F53BBA822F8" box="[1287,1436,619,645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Cucurbita" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Cucurbita sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
CIEA 20142/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DD267FB7BC3522D4" authority="Muls." authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[305,513,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">E. implicata Muls.</taxonomicName>
|
||
, det. R.G.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C6BFFE7DE617FB7BCCC22D4" author="Booth, R. G. & Pope, R. D." box="[630,760,655,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="343 - 370" refId="ref4937" refString="Booth, R. G. & Pope, R. D. (1989) A review of the type material of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) described by F. W. Pope and by E. Mulsant in the Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford. Entomologica Scandinavica, 20 (3), 343 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631289 X 00366" type="journal article" year="1989">Booth 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
/ Pres. By Comm. Inst. Ent. BM 1989-1” (BMNH); “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B761E4C6BFFE7D9547FB7BBAD22D4" box="[1347,1433,655,681]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">INDIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Katrain, 10.viii.72, on brinjal, C.I. Veg. Res. Stn, CIEA 6150/?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DF487F8BBAB822B0" authority="Muls." authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[863,1164,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">Epilachna implicata Muls.</taxonomicName>
|
||
, det. R.G. Booth, 1988” (BMNH);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F86C4C6BFFE7DD1B7FEFBFA1228C" box="[268,405,727,753]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Tiruchirappalli: Ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DE947FEFBD3B228C" box="[643,783,727,753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Coccinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Coccinia sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Coll. R. Thanigairaj, several laboratory reared specimens (NRCB).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34665054C6BFFE7DCD07E26BD992344" box="[199,941,798,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6BFFE7DCD07E26BD992344" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,825]" box="[199,941,798,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DCD07E26BF672344" bold="true" box="[199,339,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B761E4C6BFFE7DD757E27BF942344" box="[354,416,799,825]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F86C4C6BFFE7DDBD7E27BC152344" box="[426,545,799,825]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F86C4C6BFFE7DE3B7E27BC882344" box="[556,700,799,825]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F86C4C6BFFE7DED17E27BD7F2344" box="[710,843,799,825]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C6BFFE7DF4D7E27BDAB2344" box="[858,927,798,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,2007,2031]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,849,1984]" captionTargetId="figure-331@7.[161,1427,849,1984]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distribution of H. implicata in peninsular India (based on data from examined material and literature)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766848/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2366064C6BFFE7DC807AEFBB132792" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766848" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4766848" box="[151,1319,2007,2032]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766848/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" startId="7.[151,250,2007,2031]" targetBox="[161,1427,849,1984]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C6BFFE7DC807AEFBB132792" blockId="7.[151,1319,2007,2032]" box="[151,1319,2007,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DC807AEFBF27278D" bold="true" box="[151,275,2007,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C6BFFE7DDA17AE0BC012792" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[438,565,2007,2031]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C6BFFE7DDA17AE0BC012792" box="[438,565,2007,2031]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in peninsular India (based on data from examined material and literature).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2366064C64FFE8DC807BCDBF78274C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766850" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4766850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766850/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" startId="8.[151,250,1781,1805]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1757]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C64FFE8DC807BCDBF78274C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1781,1841]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C64FFE8DC807BCDBF272770" bold="true" box="[151,275,1781,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Life stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C64FFE8DDBC7BCEBC1E2770" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[427,554,1781,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C64FFE8DDBC7BCEBC1E2770" box="[427,554,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a, b) eggs; c) freshly hatched larvae; d, e) early stage larva; f–j) full grown larva; k–l) pupa; m–o) adult.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34665054C64FFEADCD07A58BB66221D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="543" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C64FFE9DCD07A58BD1F2118" blockId="8.[151,1437,1887,2022]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C64FFE8DCD07A58BF7F2707" bold="true" box="[199,331,1887,1914]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Host plants</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C64FFE8DD4C7A67BC0E2707" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[347,570,1887,1914]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref5458" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1933) Entomological investigations on the spike disease of sandal (16). Coccinellidae (Col.). Indian Forest Records, 19 (6), 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1933">Korschefsky (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C64FFE8DEA27A58BD752704" baseAuthorityName="Korschefsky" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[693,833,1887,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="circularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C64FFE8DEA27A58BD752704" box="[693,833,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">E. circularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from material collected on the leaves of sandal (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C64FFE8D97E7A58BF1227E0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Santalaceae" genus="Santalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="album">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C64FFE8D97E7A58BF1227E0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Santalum album</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C64FFE8DD777ABBBCAC27E3" author="Chatterjee, N. C. & Bose, M." box="[352,664,1923,1950]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref5097" refString="Chatterjee, N. C. & Bose, M. (1933) Entomological investigations on the spike disease of sandal (17). Coccinellidae (Col.). Supplementary data. Indian Forest Records, 19 (7), 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1933">Chatterjee and Bose (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that it was collected on healthy and spike disease affected sandal and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C64FFE8DD027A9FBFE927BC" box="[277,477,1959,1985]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" genus="Ziziphus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oenoplia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C64FFE8DD027A9FBFE927BC" box="[277,477,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Ziziphus oenoplia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Miller (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C64FFE8DE7E7A9FBCC827BF" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[617,764,1959,1986]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rhamnaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The recorded host plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C64FFE8D85D7A90BAE227BC" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[1098,1238,1959,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C64FFE8D85D7A90BAE227BC" box="[1098,1238,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C64FFE8DCA37AF3BF062798" box="[180,306,1995,2021]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(potato, eggplant, tomato) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C64FFE8DE9B7AF3BD182798" box="[652,812,1995,2021]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C64FFE8DF2C7AF3BA022798" box="[827,1078,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C64FFE8DF2C7AF3BA062798" box="[827,1074,1995,2021]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Momordica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="charantia">Momordica charantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ivy gourd) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C64FFE8D8AA7AF4BB72279B" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[1213,1350,1995,2022]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="656 - 660" refId="ref5293" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1959) Identity of the ladybeetle, Epilachna implicata Mulsant, from India (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 56 (3), 656 - 660." type="journal article" year="1959">Kapur 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schaefer 1983). In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F86C4C65FFE9DD3A7DAFBF8120CC" box="[301,437,151,177]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B761E4C65FFE9DE1D7DAFBC7220CC" box="[522,582,151,177]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, all stages are commonly collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DFEA7DAFBAF420CC" box="[1021,1216,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Coccinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DFEA7DAFBAF420CC" box="[1021,1216,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Coccinia grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9D8F77DAFBBA720CC" box="[1248,1427,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Coccinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9D8F77DAFBBA720CC" box="[1248,1427,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Coccinia indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DD167D83BFBA20A8" box="[257,398,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Coccinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DD167D83BF5220A8" box="[257,358,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Coccinia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
It was also observed to breed on sponge gourd (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DFA47D83BAD520A8" authority="M. Roem." authorityName="M. Roem." box="[947,1249,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Luffa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DFA47D83BA5C20A8" box="[947,1128,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Luffa cylindrica</emphasis>
|
||
M. Roem.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9D8FE7D83BAC820A9" box="[1257,1276,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">=</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9D9147D83BEE42087" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Luffa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aegyptiaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9D9147D83BBA820A9" box="[1283,1436,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">L. aegyptiaca</emphasis>
|
||
Mill.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) during winter months (November–February) (unpublished data). Few specimens collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9D9147DE7BBA82084" box="[1283,1436,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Cucurbita" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9D9147DE7BB412084" box="[1283,1397,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Cucurbita</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and eggplant (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DD2D7C3BBC2B2160" box="[314,543,259,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DD2D7C3BBC2B2160" box="[314,543,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Solanum melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (label data) were also examined. One male and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5AFD074C65FFE9D8587C3BBAF82160" box="[1103,1228,259,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
were collected on mango (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DCE47C1FBF82213C" box="[243,438,295,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Mangifera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DCE47C1FBF82213C" box="[243,438,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Mangifera indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DDF77C1FBCB3213F" box="[480,647,295,322]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on separate occasions from Trichy,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4998F86C4C65FFE9D8097C1FBA91213C" box="[1054,1189,295,321]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and it is not clear if it is a host plant because immature stages were not observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C65FFE9DCD07C57BB5222F8" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DCD07C57BFB321F4" bold="true" box="[199,391,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Immature stages</emphasis>
|
||
: Eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DDE57C57BC4921F4" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[498,637,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DDE57C57BC4921F4" box="[498,637,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C65FFE9DE9B7C57BD3621F7" box="[652,770,367,394]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Life stages of H. implicata: a, b) eggs; c) freshly hatched larvae; d, e) early stage larva; f–j) full grown larva; k–l) pupa; m–o) adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766850/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Figs. 6a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
) are laid in large groups of 25–80 on the leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9D9207C57BE8321D0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Coccinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9D9207C57BBA821F4" box="[1335,1436,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Coccinia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which appears to be the most preferred host plant. Early instar larvae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C65FFE9DFC87CABBA6121D3" box="[991,1109,403,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Life stages of H. implicata: a, b) eggs; c) freshly hatched larvae; d, e) early stage larva; f–j) full grown larva; k–l) pupa; m–o) adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766850/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Figs. 6c–e</figureCitation>
|
||
) are yellow with dark brown spiny processes on the dorsal and lateral sides and gradually turn darker. Fully developed larva (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C65FFE9D8C27C8FBB7021AF" box="[1237,1348,439,466]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Life stages of H. implicata: a, b) eggs; c) freshly hatched larvae; d, e) early stage larva; f–j) full grown larva; k–l) pupa; m–o) adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766850/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Figs. 6f–i</figureCitation>
|
||
) is pale yellowish grey with dark brown to almost black dorsal and lateral processes with spiny projections, which are much longer than those found in
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DDD37CC7BD402264" box="[452,884,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DDD37CC7BCF72265" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[452,707,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigintioctopunctata">H. vigintioctopunctata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DED97CC7BD402264" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[718,884,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillanima">H. pusillanima</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DFBC7CC7BA102265" baseAuthorityName="Dieke" baseAuthorityYear="1947" box="[939,1060,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DFBC7CC7BA102265" box="[939,1060,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">H. septima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is medially much wider. The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C65FFE9DCC87F1BBF672243" box="[223,339,547,574]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1435,181,1757]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Life stages of H. implicata: a, b) eggs; c) freshly hatched larvae; d, e) early stage larva; f–j) full grown larva; k–l) pupa; m–o) adult." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766850/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Figs. 6k–l</figureCitation>
|
||
) is pale creamy yellow with dark brown to black markings, that are occasionally paler or much darker than usual. Both larvae and adults make a characteristic, semicircular to circular laceration on the leaves adjacent to their feeding territory, which appears to be unique to this species among South Indian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9D8CA7F53BB5622F8" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[1245,1378,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Epilachnini">Epilachnini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2366064C65FFE9DC807A0CBF2927E9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766852" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4766852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766852/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" startId="9.[151,250,1844,1868]" targetBox="[151,1435,669,1821]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C65FFE9DC807A0CBF2927E9" blockId="9.[151,1436,1844,1940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DC807A0CBF272730" bold="true" box="[151,275,1844,1869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DDBE7A0DBC1C2731" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[425,552,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DDBE7A0DBC1C2731" box="[425,552,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a, b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DE707A0CBDF92731" authority="(Ferriere)" baseAuthorityName="Ferriere" box="[615,973,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovulorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DE707A0CBD572731" box="[615,867,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Quadrastichus ovulorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Ferrière)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female; c, d)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9D84C7A0CBB6C2731" box="[1115,1368,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovulorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9D84C7A0CBB6C2731" box="[1115,1368,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Quadrastichus ovulorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male; e) larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DD117A61BFB1270D" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[262,389,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DD117A61BFB1270D" box="[262,389,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitized by
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DE087A60BD34270D" box="[543,768,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DE087A60BCB0270D" box="[543,644,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pediobius</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DE837A60BD34270D" baseAuthorityName="Crawford" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[660,768,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveolatus">foveolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; f)
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DF337A60BDAD270D" box="[804,921,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Pebiobius?</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DF8E7A60BAB4270D" authority="(Crawford)" baseAuthorityName="Crawford" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[921,1152,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C65FFE9DF8E7A60BA31270D" box="[921,1029,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">foveolatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Crawford)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a larval-pupal parasitoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C65FFE9DC807A45BF2D27E9" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,281,1916,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">H. implicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C66FFEADCD07DAEBFE121D1" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADCD07DAEBFB320CD" bold="true" box="[199,391,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
: One egg parasitoid,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADE977DAEBA6120CD" authority="(Ferriere, 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Ferriere" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[640,1109,150,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovulorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADE977DAEBDAD20CD" box="[640,921,150,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Quadrastichus ovulorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Ferrière, 1930)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C66FFEAD8717DAEBAEB20CC" box="[1126,1247,150,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,669,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-271@9.[151,1435,669,1821]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Parasitoids of H. implicata: a, b) Quadrastichus ovulorum (Ferrière), female; c, d) Quadrastichus ovulorum, male; e) larva of H. implicata parasitized by Pediobius?foveolatus; f) Pebiobius?foveolatus (Crawford), a larval-pupal parasitoid of H. implicata." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766852/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Figs. 7a–d</figureCitation>
|
||
) and one larvalpupal parasitoid
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADD4E7D82BFE920A9" box="[345,477,186,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADD4E7D82BFFD20A9" box="[345,457,186,212]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pediobius</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADDCA7D82BD1220A9" authority="(Crawford, 1912)" baseAuthorityName="Crawford" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[477,806,186,212]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADDCA7D82BC6020A9" box="[477,596,186,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">foveolatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Crawford, 1912)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C66FFEADF2E7D82BDBD20A8" box="[825,905,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,669,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-271@9.[151,1435,669,1821]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Parasitoids of H. implicata: a, b) Quadrastichus ovulorum (Ferrière), female; c, d) Quadrastichus ovulorum, male; e) larva of H. implicata parasitized by Pediobius?foveolatus; f) Pebiobius?foveolatus (Crawford), a larval-pupal parasitoid of H. implicata." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766852/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Fig. 7f</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADFB37D82BA7720A9" box="[932,1091,186,212]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEAD8477D82BAE520A8" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1104,1233,186,213]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were commonly observed to parasitize
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADD847DE7BD2C2085" box="[403,792,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADD847DE7BC172085" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[403,547,222,248]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">H. implicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADE397DE6BD2C2085" baseAuthorityName="Crawford" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[558,792,222,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveolatus">Pediobius foveolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is “so variable as to be difficult to characterize” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C66FFEAD9527DE6BEE42161" author="Kerrich, G. J." pageId="10" pageNumber="543" pagination="113 - 199" refId="ref5336" refString="Kerrich, G. J. (1973) A revision of the tropical and subtropical species of the eulophid genus Pediobius Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 29 (3), 113 - 199." type="journal article" year="1973">Kerrich 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the specimens reared in this study are not identified unequivocally as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEAD8377C3BBA9B2161" baseAuthorityName="Crawford" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1056,1199,258,284]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEAD8377C3BBA9B2161" box="[1056,1199,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">P. foveolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because though they largely agree with the description given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C66FFEADE6D7C1EBD16213D" author="Kerrich, G. J." box="[634,802,294,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" pagination="113 - 199" refId="ref5336" refString="Kerrich, G. J. (1973) A revision of the tropical and subtropical species of the eulophid genus Pediobius Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 29 (3), 113 - 199." type="journal article" year="1973">Kerrich (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, there are some subtle differences. These two parasitoids have been recorded in association with several pestiferous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADF287C72BDF42119" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[831,960,330,356]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Epilachnini">Epilachnini</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEAD83F7C73BF4E21F5" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEAD83F7C73BB1E2119" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1064,1322,331,356]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigintioctopunctata">H. vigintioctopunctata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEAD9207C73BEDC21F5" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillanima">H. pusillanima</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADCE27C57BF4321F5" box="[245,375,366,392]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocellata">H. ocellata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADDA17C57BC0521F5" baseAuthorityName="Dieke" baseAuthorityYear="1947" box="[438,561,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADDA17C57BC0521F5" box="[438,561,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">H. septima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34B761E4C66FFEADE4E7C56BCA721F5" box="[601,659,366,392]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C66FFEADEB37C56BD6521F5" author="Schaefer, P. W." box="[676,849,366,392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refId="ref5825" refString="Schaefer, P. W. (1983) Natural enemies and host plants of species in the Epilachninae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): A World List. Bulletin 445. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 42 pp." type="book" year="1983">Schaefer, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4B7F4C66FFEADF487C57BDDF21F5" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[863,1003,366,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" refId="ref5736" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2019) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed 9 February 21)" type="url" year="2019">Noyes 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; label data) and exert some degree of control on their populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3368E4C66FFEADCD07C8EBB66221D" blockId="10.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADCD07C8EBF5021AD" bold="true" box="[199,356,438,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADCD07C8EBF6F21AC" bold="true" box="[199,347,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">COI barcode</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Mitochondrial COI partial gene sequence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADF4C7C8FBDD221AD" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[859,998,438,464]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADF4C7C8FBDD221AD" box="[859,998,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was obtained from the progeny of field collected and subsequently laboratory reared specimens. At present, DNA sequence data is not available for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEAD9427CE3BED12265" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEAD9427CE3BED12265" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and we found no comparable sequences in GenBank. In the phylogenetic tree constructed for COI sequences by using the Maximum Likelihood method (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13672A0B4C66FFEADE947F1ABCF22241" box="[643,710,546,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox="[250,1345,650,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-226@10.[228,1360,632,1633]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Maximum Likelihood tree based on COI sequences for selected Henosepilachna species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766854" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4766854/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADECC7F1BBD532241" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1850" box="[731,871,546,572]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Epilachna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADECC7F1BBD532241" box="[731,871,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">H. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(GenBank
|
||
<accessionNumber id="940FAB6D4C66FFEADFF17F1ABA512240" box="[998,1125,546,573]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MT985166" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">MT985166</accessionNumber>
|
||
) was embedded in the same subclade as a sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4D0D4C66FFEADDC17F7FBC48221D" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[470,636,582,608]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Henosepilachna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillanima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B928EA9C4C66FFEADDC17F7FBC48221D" box="[470,636,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">H. pusillanima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with supporting value of 91, confirming they are close relatives.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |