181 lines
20 KiB
XML
181 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="9EF768296DA44C8876F4031F873C19BB" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399DCFF6703DBF8FCF949FADD" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Cephalophus spadix True 1890" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="722" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="722" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="815B86601D8CBDBB120EA41B87FE2A6B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="02E70DDEABA481317CDB202CAF67C433">
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<mods:title id="A5A5A3CC0AD3FCC791A0C63A614D4D01">Bovidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="B6195423F398E180800FC096438C2857" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AB0C5E5B9A997C32DF6052E0C24472E4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="18118A52833B1B44054A6664DCBBE733">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="FA0A0DF3BAA2591AB79399D1E3B81F43" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9E9AB3366FCEE8744A016D2125F08A81">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0FCF82AB5787E751FA1C02DFAC6B9E83">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BA1DC662195424A896A633B1552F6BF8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="D93F69A13D6404B635683B99D832EBBF">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="94359853BE2B53C963989A60D110364D" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="E5451C409920CE495E7E98E5C9B27995">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="060C8A1D792504902AC90A4944A1831B">
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<mods:placeTerm id="9EC745D5DA442C72E73CE7BA0342CFF0">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="0E854C635423D29365C6648BF7DE173E">
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<mods:title id="9541DF9272A6518E3FD0577AD83F9409">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4D08C98666A3295DE0E1F29925D62502">
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<mods:start id="3A57F17CD84A04BAB279FB9DAE2FFCB6">444</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="EB24593978417FAAD8BABDBD7D9F193D">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DFC9CA73204F3DBF12CC88F83A61BA59" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="722280AC5CC433FB965B88973DB0E1A7" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D03C1D31FC7B6ACF23BC46356B03BE63" type="Zenodo-Dep">6512484</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F5071399DCFF6703DBF8FCF949FADD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773191" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773191" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399DCFF6703DBF8FCF949FADD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399DCFF6703DBF8FCF949FADD" lastPageNumber="722" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6703DBF8FCFEF2F82D" box="[205,287,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6703DBF8FCFEF2F82D" blockId="151.[203,1061,1918,2008]" box="[205,287,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DCFF6703DBF8FCFEF2F82D" box="[205,287,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099DCFF6703DBF8FCFEF2F82D" box="[205,287,1918,1964]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="148.[118,148,3353,3378]" captionTargetBox="[11,2769,12,3635]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="On following pages: 245. Eastern Bay Duiker (Cephalophus castaneus); 246. Jentink’s Duiker (Cephalophus jentinki); 247. Western Yellow-backed Duiker (Cephalophus silviculton; 248. Eastern Yellow-backed Duiker (Cephalophus curticeps); 249. Abbott's Duiker (Cephalophus spadix); 250. Black Duiker (Cephalophus niger); 251. Ogilby’s Duiker (Cephalophus ogilbyi); 252. White-legged Duiker (Cephalophus crusalbum): 253. Brooke's Duiker (Cephalophus brookel); 254. Peters's Duiker (Cephalophus callipygus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512971/files/figure.png" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">249.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF67023BF8FCFD97F82D" box="[301,634,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF67023BF8FCFD97F82D" blockId="151.[203,1061,1918,2008]" box="[301,634,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DCFF67023BF8FCFD97F82D" box="[301,634,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DCFF67023BF8FCFD97F82D" box="[301,634,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Abbott's Duiker</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6701D5F8FCFBC9F82D" box="[707,1060,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6701D5F8FCFBC9F82D" blockId="151.[203,1061,1918,2008]" box="[707,1060,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DCFF6701D5F8FCFBC9F82D" box="[707,1060,1918,1964]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DCFF6701D5F8FCFBC9F82D" ID-CoL="69J2P" authority="True, 1890" authorityName="True" authorityYear="1890" box="[707,1060,1918,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadix">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF6701D5F8FCFBC9F82D" box="[707,1060,1918,1964]" italics="true" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Cephalophus spadix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6703DAF83CFBF6F852" box="[204,1051,1982,2003]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6703DAF83CFBF6F852" blockId="151.[203,1061,1918,2008]" box="[204,1051,1982,2003]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DCFF6703DAF83CFBF6F852" box="[204,1051,1982,2003]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF6703DAF83CFEF4F852" bold="true" box="[204,281,1982,2003]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DCFF670234F83CFE1BF852" box="[290,502,1982,2003]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Céphalophe d'Abbott</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF67011CF83CFD88F852" bold="true" box="[522,613,1982,2003]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DCFF670178F83CFD14F852" box="[622,761,1982,2003]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Abbot-Ducker</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF67001AF83CFC8AF852" bold="true" box="[780,871,1982,2003]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DCFF670067F83CFBF6F852" box="[881,1051,1982,2003]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Duiker de Abbott</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF670024F87DFA96F7A1" box="[818,1403,2047,2080]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF670024F87DFA96F7A1" blockId="151.[818,1407,2047,2474]" box="[818,1403,2047,2080]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF670024F87DFC23F7A1" bold="true" box="[818,974,2047,2080]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DCFF6700CAF87DFA9BF7A1" ID-CoL="69J2P" authority="True, 1890" authorityName="True" authorityYear="1890" box="[988,1398,2047,2080]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spadix">Cephalophus spadix True, 1890</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF670022F7A5FBE3F7C9" box="[820,1038,2087,2120]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF670022F7A5FBE3F7C9" blockId="151.[818,1407,2047,2474]" box="[820,1038,2087,2120]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899DCFF670022F7A5FBE3F7C9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198443" box="[820,1038,2087,2120]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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Mt
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799DCFF670075F7A5FBE6F7C9" box="[867,1035,2087,2120]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF670022F7CCFC3DF764" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF670022F7CCFC3DF764" blockId="151.[818,1407,2047,2474]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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Closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DCFF67072CF7CCFB30F7EE" box="[1082,1245,2126,2159]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="151" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvicultor">C. silvicultor</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DCFF67063FF7CCFC95F717" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curticeps">C. curticeps</taxonomicName>
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, and may represent a relict population that has undergone speciation. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF670025F776FC1EF602" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99DCFF670025F776FC1EF602" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512853" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512853/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" targetBox="[201,795,2059,2475]" targetPageId="151">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF670025F776FC1EF602" blockId="151.[818,1407,2047,2474]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF670025F776FC0EF68C" bold="true" box="[819,995,2292,2317]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Endemic to
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DCFF6707B4F776FACFF68C" box="[1186,1314,2292,2317]" name="Tanzania" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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; localized in the Uluguru-Uzungwe Mts, Rungwe Mts, Usambara Mts, Mt
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799DCFF6707C6F6C1FA9AF6DD" box="[1232,1399,2371,2396]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
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, and Mt Meru.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF670025F60FFBBAF478" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF670025F60FFBBAF478" blockId="151.[818,1407,2047,2474]" lastBlockId="151.[205,1408,2481,3457]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF670025F60FFBC6F62B" bold="true" box="[819,1067,2445,2474]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 97-140 cm, tail 8-13 cm, shoulder height 66-74 cm; weight 50-60 kg. Abbott’s Duiker is smaller than the Western Yellow-backed Duiker (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DCFF67001BF65AFC5AF678" box="[781,951,2520,2553]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="151" pageNumber="764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvicultor">C. silvicultor</taxonomicName>
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), but is otherwise similar in general form. The legs are relatively short and sturdy, and the neck is thick. Overall color is a dark chestnut brown or black, becoming darker and more intense towards the hindquarters. There is a thin dorsal stripe faintly darker than the rest of the coat. The belly, lower flanks, and insides of the legs are paler brown than the back, occasionally with a reddish hue. A small pale gray patch may be present on the back near the base of the tail. The tail lacks a terminal tuft of hair. The face and throat are grayish-white except for the dark brown forehead and the bright white upper lip. A prominent bushy crest at the top of the head is one of the most distinctive characters of Abbott’s Duiker. The crest extends well past the horns in some specimens, and may range in color from dark brown or maroon to bright rufous. The ears are rounded, pale brown outside and even paler inside. Horns are present in both sexes; they are long, thin, and slender, and lack conspicuous thickening at their base. Reported horn lengths are 8-12 cm. Dental formulais10/3,C0/1,P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6703D8F47CFA94F200" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6703D8F47CFA94F200" blockId="151.[205,1408,2481,3457]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF6703D8F47CFED0F39E" bold="true" box="[206,317,3070,3103]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Dense montane evergreen forest and high-elevation swamps. Abbott’s Duiker is most common at 1300-2700 m in
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799DCFF6701C1F3A8FC96F3C6" box="[727,891,3114,3143]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
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National Park. Occasional sightings occur in scrub and moorland at higher elevations (up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099DCFF6700F0F3CFFBBDF3EF" box="[998,1104,3149,3182]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
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); Abbott’s Duiker will also descend to farmland to feed and has been recorded at
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099DCFF67071BF3F6FB8CF314" box="[1037,1121,3188,3221]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
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in a semi-deciduous forest. In the Udzungwa Mountains, it is seen in forests dominated by Parinari excelsa, Celtis gomphophylla, Bombax rodhognaphalon, Lettowianthus stellatus, Tabernaemontana pachysiphon, Tarenna pavettoides, Ficus sp., Dracaena
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DCFF670080F370FB73F28A" authority="Anthocleista" authorityName="Anthocleista" box="[918,1182,3314,3339]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">mannii, Anthocleista</taxonomicName>
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grandiflora, and Macaranga capensis. It is restricted to wetter, swampier areas, and is thus usually found on eastern-facing slopes. Even where locally common,it exists at low densities: maximum population density in the Udzungwa Mountains is estimated to be 1-3 ind/km®.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6706D4FE96F672FE7B" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6706D4FE96F672FE7B" blockId="151.[1472,2676,276,1374]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF6706D4FE96F92AFEB4" bold="true" box="[1474,1735,276,309]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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No detailed dietary studies have been conducted. Abbott’s Duiker is thought to be mainly frugivorous, although the diet may also include flowers, green shoots, and herbage. It has been recorded feeding on the leaves of balsam (/mpatiens elegantissima), as well as plucking green moss from rocks. A camera-trap in the Udzungwa Mountains photographed an Abbott’s Duiker holding an amphibian in its mouth, suggesting that it, like other duiker species, eats animal matter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6706D4FD86F8C1FD16" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6706D4FD86F8C1FD16" blockId="151.[1472,2676,276,1374]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF6706D4FD86F9A5FDA0" bold="true" box="[1474,1608,516,545]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Breeding.</emphasis>
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There is very little specific information available for this species. Infants have been recorded in September—October, but it is possible that the species breeds throughout the year. Reproductive parameters are likely similar to those of the Western Yellow-backed Duiker.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6706D6FD1FF8A7FCB4" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6706D6FD1FF8A7FCB4" blockId="151.[1472,2676,276,1374]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF6706D6FD1FF95DFD3F" bold="true" box="[1472,1712,669,702]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Abbott's Duiker appears to be primarily nocturnal, spending the day resting in dense forest undergrowth or among ferns. Camera-traps have photographed Abbott’s Duikers primarily at night (19:00 h-06:00 h), although one crepuscular observation was made.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6706D4FCBDF8ADFC78" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6706D4FCBDF8ADFC78" blockId="151.[1472,2676,276,1374]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF6706D4FCBDF76AFCDD" bold="true" box="[1474,2183,831,860]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Presumed to be solitary. Pathways through dense habitat are regularly used, and hunters set snares along such paths to capture this species. Although generally retiring, Abbott’s Duiker has been known to kill dogs if cornered with no means of escape. If pressed, individuals may take to water when fleeing from a threat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6706D5FC7DF65FFA8D" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6706D5FC7DF65FFA8D" blockId="151.[1472,2676,276,1374]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF6706D5FC7DF8CCFBA1" bold="true" box="[1475,1825,1023,1056]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Its distribution is extremely restricted and fragmented, making Abbott’s Duiker vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation as a result of logging and human settlement. Hunting is also a major threat. The total population is estimated at 1500 individuals, with a declining trend. It is believed to have become extinct in some localities in recent decades; protected areas, notably
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E799DCFF67046EFB46F7F1FB64" box="[1912,2076,1220,1253]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
|
||
National Park and Udzungwa Mountains National Park, are important to the ongoing survival of Abbott’s Duiker.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DCFF6706D2FA99F949FADD" pageId="151" pageNumber="722" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DCFF6706D2FA99F949FADD" blockId="151.[1472,2676,276,1374]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799DCFF6706D2FA99F9B0FAB5" bold="true" box="[1476,1629,1307,1332]" pageId="151" pageNumber="722">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
East (1999), Kingdon (1982, 1997), Moyer et al. (2008), Rovero et al. (2005), Walther (1990a), Wilson (1987, 2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |