195 lines
19 KiB
XML
195 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="0107FA86792A0AC30922B6AF84E815ED" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399CFFF740373F81EFA0EFC8B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Capricornis thar" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="703" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="703" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7A849EEFB3715ADFFA7E7597ADA3ED3C">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="391C8F9A84B8AF1B5E9B7F3799836270">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="879D33053B334EEBBAAA46A6EF4AF30C">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="7CCB67C700D81E01E54B14DA67AB5463">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="EB521CD6F5674B6652D3F893EA38A1BB" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="CCB18256F980DB53BD059AC3E4DA1B71">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="35B3A669067513E84A3D81C08CE8C34D">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="524C952685127BE7D6B206D63ED0072C">
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<mods:title id="A5E7B864121B5F7B42D0AD93D2B9986F">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FC8CD266E609604A932C6AEBA2B0E7B2">
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<treatment id="03F5071399CFFF740373F81EFA0EFC8B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636978" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659319" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636978" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399CFFF740373F81EFA0EFC8B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399CFFF740373F81EFA0EFC8B" lastPageNumber="703" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740373F81EFF5BF84F" box="[101,182,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740373F81EFF5BF84F" blockId="132.[98,938,1948,2077]" box="[101,182,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<heading id="D0AB016999CFFF740373F81EFF5BF84F" box="[101,182,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099CFFF740373F81EFF5BF84F" box="[101,182,1948,1998]" captionStart="Plate 49: Bovidae" captionStartId="132.[100,130,3425,3450]" captionTargetBox="[12,2767,15,3638]" captionTargetPageId="131" captionText="220. Sumatran Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis), 221. Himalayan Serow (Capricornis thar), 222. White-maned Serow (Capricornis milneedwardsi), 223. Indochinese Serow (Capricornis maritimus), 224. Burmese Red Serow (Capricornis rubidus), 225. Japanese Serow (Capricornis crispus), 226. Formosan Serow (Capricornis swinhoei), 227. Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512965/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">221.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF7403DEF81EFDD8F84F" box="[200,565,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF7403DEF81EFDD8F84F" blockId="132.[98,938,1948,2077]" box="[200,565,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<heading id="D0AB016999CFFF7403DEF81EFDD8F84F" box="[200,565,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CFFF7403DEF81EFDD8F84F" box="[200,565,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Himalayan Serow</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF74016AF81EFC70F84F" box="[636,925,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF74016AF81EFC70F84F" blockId="132.[98,938,1948,2077]" box="[636,925,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<heading id="D0AB016999CFFF74016AF81EFC70F84F" box="[636,925,1948,1998]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CFFF74016AF81EFC70F84F" ID-CoL="QSFX" baseAuthorityName="Hodgson" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[636,925,1948,1998]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capricornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thar">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF74016AF81EFC70F84F" box="[636,925,1948,1998]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Capricornis thar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740372F85DFD5EF79A" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740372F85DFC45F875" blockId="132.[98,938,1948,2077]" box="[100,936,2015,2036]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<heading id="D0AB016999CFFF740372F85DFC45F875" box="[100,936,2015,2036]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740372F85DFF5CF875" bold="true" box="[100,177,2015,2036]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CFFF7403ACF85DFE6BF875" box="[186,390,2015,2036]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Serow de I'Himalaya</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF74028AF85DFE1AF875" bold="true" box="[412,503,2015,2036]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CFFF740117F85DFD95F875" box="[513,632,2015,2036]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Nepal-Serau</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF74019BF85DFD05F875" bold="true" box="[653,744,2015,2036]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CFFF7401E4F85DFCCFF875" box="[754,802,2015,2036]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Sirao</vernacularName>
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del Himalaya
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740375F784FD5EF79A" blockId="132.[98,938,1948,2077]" box="[99,691,2054,2075]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<heading id="D0AB016999CFFF740375F784FD5EF79A" box="[99,691,2054,2075]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740375F784FEB7F79A" bold="true" box="[99,346,2054,2075]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CFFF740275F784FDEAF79A" box="[355,519,2054,2075]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Nepalese Serow</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99CFFF740103F784FD5EF79A" box="[533,691,2054,2075]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Western Serow</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF7401DDF7CBFAFFF7EB" box="[715,1298,2121,2154]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF7401DDF7CBFAFFF7EB" blockId="132.[715,1301,2121,2547]" box="[715,1298,2121,2154]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF7401DDF7CBFC8BF7EB" bold="true" box="[715,870,2121,2154]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CFFF740061F7CBFAE0F7EB" authority="Hodgson, 1831" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1831" box="[887,1293,2121,2154]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thar">Antilope thar Hodgson, 1831</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF7401DAF7F7FCC8F713" box="[716,805,2165,2194]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF7401DAF7F7FCC8F713" blockId="132.[715,1301,2121,2547]" box="[716,805,2165,2194]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899CFFF7401DAF7F7FCC8F713" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198397" box="[716,805,2165,2194]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CFFF7401DAF7F7FCCCF713" box="[716,801,2165,2194]" name="Nepal" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF7401DAF71AFBBFF624" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF7401DAF71AFBBFF624" blockId="132.[715,1301,2121,2547]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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Previously classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CFFF7407EDF71AFC9FF761" baseAuthorityName="Bechstein" baseAuthorityYear="1799" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="132" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumatraensis">C. sumatraensis</taxonomicName>
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. There 1s a very enigmatic, strongly red-colored serow, perhaps a new species, in the Garo, Mishmi, and Naga Hills (
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799CFFF740034F6BBFC90F6D7" box="[802,893,2361,2390]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Assam</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CFFF740099F6BBFC30F6D7" box="[911,989,2361,2390]" name="India" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">India</collectingCountry>
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), which has been mistaken for
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CFFF740048F6E3FC08F6FF" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[862,997,2401,2430]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capricornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="132" pageNumber="773" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubidus">C. rubidus</taxonomicName>
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but is actually much closer to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699CFFF740059F606FC48F624" box="[847,933,2436,2469]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thar">C. thar</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF7401DDF629FBFAF59B" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99CFFF7401DDF629FBFAF59B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512797" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512797/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" targetBox="[97,692,2128,2544]" targetPageId="132">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF7401DDF629FBFAF59B" blockId="132.[715,1301,2121,2547]" lastBlockId="132.[93,1303,2553,3333]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF7401DDF629FC97F64D" bold="true" box="[715,890,2475,2508]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Distribution.</emphasis>
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S slopes of the Himalayas, from Kashmir (N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CFFF7400C2F650FBF0F672" box="[980,1053,2514,2547]" name="India" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">India</collectingCountry>
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) in the W to
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799CFFF7407FDF650FF75F59B" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Assam</collectingRegion>
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(NE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CFFF7403F0F67BFEDDF59B" box="[230,304,2553,2586]" name="India" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">India</collectingCountry>
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) in the E; possibly also in the Hill States of NE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CFFF7400DFF67BFBF9F59B" box="[969,1044,2553,2586]" name="India" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740375F5A3FEFFF487" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740375F5A3FEFFF487" blockId="132.[93,1303,2553,3333]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740375F5A3FE8FF5C3" bold="true" box="[99,354,2593,2626]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 140-170 cm, tail 11.5-16 cm, shoulder height 90-100 cm; weight 85-140 kg. Male horn length 16-34 cm, male horn girth 10-15 cm. Prominent long ears and preorbital gland. Female horns have thinner horn girth. General body color dark black; paler underparts; creamy white legs below the knee. Coarse hair, a long mane mixed with black and white hairs, mid-dorsal stripe sometimesvisible.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740374F493FD67F398" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740374F493FD67F398" blockId="132.[93,1303,2553,3333]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740374F493FF3CF4AF" bold="true" box="[98,209,2833,2862]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Himalayan Serows occur in precipitous areas where crevices and boulders afford security cover. Usually found in densely vegetated habitats including temperate broadleaf, coniferous, and subalpine forests, bamboo thickets, and thickly forested gorges. The Himalayan Serow occurs in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CFFF7401BFF400FCE3F422" box="[681,782,2946,2979]" name="Bhutan" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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at elevations of 150-3500 m in subtropical broadleaf forest, and in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CFFF740130F428FD95F44A" box="[550,632,2986,3019]" name="Nepal" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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at 2500-3500 m on slopes with a 20-40% gradient; it is not observed above
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099CFFF7402E3F453FDB2F473" box="[501,607,3025,3058]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
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. Tall vegetation provides forage and thermal and security cover. Populations are disjunct.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740374F39DFD76F3C1" box="[98,667,3103,3136]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740374F39DFD76F3C1" blockId="132.[93,1303,2553,3333]" box="[98,667,3103,3136]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740374F39DFE85F3C1" bold="true" box="[98,360,3103,3136]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Principally a browser.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740374F3C5FDDBF30F" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740374F3C5FDDBF30F" blockId="132.[93,1303,2553,3333]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740374F3C5FF04F3E9" bold="true" box="[98,233,3143,3176]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating is in October-November; typically, single young are born in May-June. Gestation is about 210 days.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740377F317FDDEF337" box="[97,563,3221,3254]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740377F317FDDEF337" blockId="132.[93,1303,2553,3333]" box="[97,563,3221,3254]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740377F317FEA1F337" bold="true" box="[97,332,3221,3254]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Usually diurnal.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740374F33EFB43F284" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740374F33EFB43F284" blockId="132.[93,1303,2553,3333]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740374F33EFCF7F35C" bold="true" box="[98,794,3260,3293]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Usually observed in small groups of less than ten. In
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599CFFF74025DF366FE72F284" box="[331,415,3300,3333]" name="Nepal" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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, density is 1-2 ind/km?*. Maximum density is 2 ind/km?.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740648FE90F8F3FDEC" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740648FE90F8F3FDEC" blockId="132.[1373,2578,274,778]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740648FE90F92CFEB2" bold="true" box="[1374,1729,274,307]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Surveys to determine population status and distribution are needed. In some areas probably locally common, but rugged terrain and tall vegetation make sighting animals difficult, which precludes assessing populations. Illegal hunting is probably mortality factor in areas adjacent to human settlements. Encroaching and existing agricultural development, uncontrolled tree cutting resulting in land degradation and fragmentation, and livestock competition are causes of declining populations. Domestic goats feed in rugged terrain, degrading habitats in areas not accessible to other livestock.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99CFFF740649FDF9FA0EFC8B" pageId="132" pageNumber="703" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599CFFF740649FDF9FA0EFC8B" blockId="132.[1373,2578,274,778]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799CFFF740649FDF9FA15FD15" bold="true" box="[1375,1528,635,660]" pageId="132" pageNumber="703">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Akonda (1997), Aryal (2008, 2009a, 2009b), Duckworth et al. (2008), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Fox & Johnsingh (1997), Gaston et al. (1983), Groves & Grubb (1985, 2011), Grubb (2005), Schaller (1977), Smith & Xie (2008), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Wangchuk et al. (2004), Wegge & Oli (1997), Wollenhaupt et al. (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |