210 lines
22 KiB
XML
210 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="A519AEAC7A3EE8D40F5722392886A64B" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F50713993AFF8206D3F6D0FC43F9C6" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ovis vigne Blyth 1841" docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="685" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="684" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="DBC3981BF8A21B6DB81B1B1AA687640C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="7B451191B59162A100EABE146C135241">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4829E66AD7354C4612F4BA30041789B7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6F5060B97CA888C89AACD30C6E6E2131">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1943B28827C6DCD91A4880BFD714AACF">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="921FE7ED6AA948E6A9FA1696C1F1579E">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="2E0EB1F5B78CB5E4AF1105B14EE3EBB3" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="875A994A10B97D691D5DDE33D38005FC">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="9B500357A4FCFFB8BF8F73F789B40EB8">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="4F34DB155FED209D7B8D20B8C43F736F">
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<mods:title id="862FB98907420875E46237F5090981C5">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7B654E024332FA1E4A909ACA3B70C341">
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<treatment id="03F50713993AFF8206D3F6D0FC43F9C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636960" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659248" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636960" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713993AFF8206D3F6D0FC43F9C6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713993AFF8206D3F6D0FC43F9C6" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="685" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF8106D3F6D0F9F9F601" box="[1477,1556,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF8106D3F6D0F9F9F601" blockId="113.[1472,2261,2386,2512]" box="[1477,1556,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993AFF8106D3F6D0F9F9F601" box="[1477,1556,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA80993AFF8106D3F6D0F9F9F601" box="[1477,1556,2386,2432]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="112.[105,135,3386,3411]" captionTargetBox="[13,2761,12,3635]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="On following pages: 189. Isfahan Sheep (Ovis isphahanica); 190. Laristan Sheep (Ovis laristanica); 191. Ladakh Urial (Ovis vignei); 192. Punjab Urial (Ovis punjabiensis); 193. Bukhara Urial (Ovis bochariensis); 194. Arabian Wild Sheep (Ovis arabica); 195. Afghan Urial (Ovis cycloceros)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512957/files/figure.png" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">191.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF810533F6D0F8D5F601" box="[1573,1848,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF810533F6D0F8D5F601" blockId="113.[1472,2261,2386,2512]" box="[1573,1848,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993AFF810533F6D0F8D5F601" box="[1573,1848,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993AFF810533F6D0F8D5F601" box="[1573,1848,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Ladakh Urial</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF810479F6D0F7ACF601" box="[1903,2113,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF810479F6D0F7ACF601" blockId="113.[1472,2261,2386,2512]" box="[1903,2113,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993AFF810479F6D0F7ACF601" box="[1903,2113,2386,2432]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993AFF810479F6D0F7ACF601" authority="Blyth, 1841" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1841" box="[1903,2113,2386,2432]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigne">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993AFF810479F6D0F7ACF601" box="[1903,2113,2386,2432]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Owis vignei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF8106D4F610F913F64F" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF8106D4F610F738F626" blockId="113.[1472,2261,2386,2512]" box="[1474,2261,2450,2471]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993AFF8106D4F610F738F626" box="[1474,2261,2450,2471]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993AFF8106D4F610F9E2F626" bold="true" box="[1474,1551,2450,2471]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993AFF81050EF610F974F626" box="[1560,1689,2450,2471]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Mouflon urial</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993AFF8105B9F610F8E7F626" bold="true" box="[1711,1802,2450,2471]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993AFF810402F610F82EF626" box="[1812,1987,2450,2471]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Ladakh-Wildschaf</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993AFF8104CEF610F7DEF626" bold="true" box="[2008,2099,2450,2471]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993AFF810B2AF610F738F626" box="[2108,2261,2450,2471]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Urial de Ladakh</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF8106D7F63BF913F64F" blockId="113.[1472,2261,2386,2512]" box="[1473,1790,2489,2510]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993AFF8106D7F63BF913F64F" box="[1473,1790,2489,2510]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993AFF8106D7F63BF95AF64F" bold="true" box="[1473,1719,2489,2510]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993AFF8105D7F63BF913F64F" box="[1729,1790,2489,2510]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Shapo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF810B3EF583F5F9F59F" box="[2088,2580,2561,2590]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF810B3EF583F5F9F59F" blockId="113.[2084,2675,2561,2981]" box="[2088,2580,2561,2590]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993AFF810B3EF583F72EF59F" bold="true" box="[2088,2243,2561,2590]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993AFF810BC2F583F5E3F59F" authority="Blyth, 1841" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1841" box="[2260,2574,2561,2590]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigne">Ouvis vigne: Blyth, 1841</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF810936F583F74CF5C4" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF810936F583F74CF5C4" blockId="113.[2084,2675,2561,2981]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58993AFF810936F583F74CF5C4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198492" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Astor, Kashmir.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF810B3FF5D2F699F424" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF810B3FF5D2F699F424" blockId="113.[2084,2675,2561,2981]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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Urial taxonomy is controversial; formerly urial species: Ladakh, Punjab (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993AFF810914F5F1F777F53A" authority="Lydekker, 1913" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ouvis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punjabiensis">O. punjabiensis</taxonomicName>
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), Bukhara (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993AFF810A58F51CF5F1F53A" authorityName="Nasonov" authorityYear="1914" box="[2382,2588,2718,2747]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bochariensis">O. bochariensis</taxonomicName>
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), and Afghan (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993AFF810BA6F543F6B5F563" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1842" box="[2224,2392,2753,2786]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cycloceros">O. cycloceros</taxonomicName>
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) recognized here, were usually classified as subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993AFF810943F56BF770F4B0" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">O. orientalis</taxonomicName>
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, or all as subspecies of O. vigne:. (The name
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993AFF810BC3F4B5F6A5F4D9" box="[2261,2376,2871,2904]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">orientalis</taxonomicName>
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is based on a hybrid population in north-central
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993AFF810ADDF4DDF5E9F401" box="[2507,2564,2911,2944]" name="Iran" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Iran</collectingCountry>
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and is not usable.) Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF8106D6F437F6BFF39D" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D993AFF8106D6F437F6BFF39D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512737" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512737/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" targetBox="[1471,2064,2563,2978]" targetPageId="113">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF8106D6F437F6BFF39D" blockId="113.[1471,2672,2997,3454]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993AFF8106D6F437F982F44F" bold="true" box="[1472,1647,2997,3022]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Distribution.</emphasis>
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N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993AFF8105B4F437F906F44F" box="[1698,1771,2997,3022]" name="India" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">India</collectingCountry>
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(restricted to the Ladakh region along the Shyok, Nubra, and Indus river valleys and their tributaries) and
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993AFF810B3FF451F776F475" box="[2089,2203,3027,3060]" name="Pakistan" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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(W bank of the Kunar River from Chitral S to Drosh and areas near the cities of Skardo and Gilgit).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF8106A9F3A0F990F2AF" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF8106A9F3A0F990F2AF" blockId="113.[1471,2672,2997,3454]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993AFF8106A9F3A0F957F3C2" bold="true" box="[1471,1722,3106,3139]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Few measurements available. Tail 10-125 cm, shoulder height up to 91-5 cm (males) and
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993AFF810418F3CCF88DF3EA" box="[1806,1888,3150,3179]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" unit="cm" value="68.0">68 cm</quantity>
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(females). Adult male horn circumferences range from
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993AFF8106D7F3F8F9F9F312" box="[1473,1556,3194,3219]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" unit="cm" value="23.0">23 cm</quantity>
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to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993AFF810551F3F8F973F312" box="[1607,1694,3194,3219]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
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. Horns of males tend to grow upward and then curve backward, but horn shape can vary. Horns of females rarely grow more than
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993AFF810A35F31EF698F338" box="[2339,2421,3228,3257]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
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. Males in the winter coat have a white bib and black neck ruff and usually a two-colored saddle patch, dark in front followed by white. Body pelage in winter is grayish. Diploid chromosome numberis 58.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993AFF8206A9F2B7FE4DFE78" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="685" pageId="113" pageNumber="684" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993AFF8206A9F2B7FE4DFE78" blockId="113.[1471,2672,2997,3454]" lastBlockId="114.[99,1303,275,1608]" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="685" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993AFF8106A9F2B7F9C3F2D7" bold="true" box="[1471,1582,3381,3414]" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">Habitat.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993AFF810549F2B7F944F2D7" box="[1631,1705,3381,3414]" name="India" pageId="113" pageNumber="684">India</collectingCountry>
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, Ladakh Urials occur along river valleys, where they sometimes occupy a narrow band of low hills at elevations of 3000-4250 m, but usually occur in lower habitats. Habitats are characterized by sparse, xerophytic vegetation in alpine scrub communities classified as Arid Mountain Steppe. They use rockier, steep habitats and cliffs as escape terrain and travel corridors. Snow cover is usually light. The higher elevations are occupied by Siberian Ibexes (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869939FF8201F3FE08FC73FE2A" box="[741,926,394,427]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibirica">Capra sibirica</taxonomicName>
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) and Greater Blue Sheep (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869939FF820367FE37FEA6FE53" box="[113,331,437,466]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudois" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nayaur">Pseudois nayaur</taxonomicName>
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). Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) and Snow Leopards (Panthera uncia) are the primary predators.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9939FF820373FD82FDBDFDEE" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059939FF820373FD82FDBDFDEE" blockId="114.[99,1303,275,1608]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179939FF820373FD82FE83FDA0" bold="true" box="[101,366,512,545]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The only available data on food habits are from two rumen samples examined in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959939FF820273FDAAFE43FDC8" box="[357,430,552,585]" name="India" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">India</collectingCountry>
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in May. One stomach contained 50% grasses, the other 60% grasses; the remainder was Ephedra.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9939FF820373FDF8FEACFD3F" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059939FF820373FDF8FEACFD3F" blockId="114.[99,1303,275,1608]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179939FF820373FDF8FF06FD16" bold="true" box="[101,235,634,663]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating occurs in November-December and singletons or twins are born in May—earlyJune.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9939FF820375FD46FEA2FCB5" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059939FF820375FD46FEA2FCB5" blockId="114.[99,1303,275,1608]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179939FF820375FD46FEA3FD64" bold="true" box="[99,334,708,741]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no specific information available for this species, but probably diurnal or crepuscular with most activity in the early morning and evening, as with other urials.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9939FF820373FCBCFED2FC50" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059939FF820373FCBCFED2FC50" blockId="114.[99,1303,275,1608]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179939FF820373FCBCFCDFFCDA" bold="true" box="[101,818,830,859]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no specific information available for this species, but in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959939FF820123FCE0FD93FC02" box="[565,638,866,899]" name="India" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
the population density in 2002 was 0-46 ind/ km? in an area of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09939FF82027CFC0BFE37FC2B" box="[362,474,905,938]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" unit="km" value="1500.0">1500 km</quantity>
|
||
?*. Most populations number less than 50 individuals, thus herds are small.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9939FF820373FC5AFBB4FA50" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059939FF820373FC5AFBB4FA50" blockId="114.[99,1303,275,1608]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179939FF820373FC5AFE2EFC78" bold="true" box="[101,451,984,1017]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I (as O. vigne:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869939FF820084FC5AFC09FC78" box="[914,996,984,1017]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Owis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vignei">vignei</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869939FF82011FFC7DFD4EFBA1" box="[521,675,1023,1056]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="114" pageNumber="731" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">O. orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869939FF8201BAFC7DFD13FBA1" box="[684,766,1023,1056]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Owis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vignei">vignei</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Ladakh Urials are dispersed in small populations of 30-200 individuals, and these small groups are highly vulnerable to extirpation. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959939FF82022FFBCCFE6EFBEE" box="[313,387,1102,1135]" name="India" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, total population numbers were 1000-1500 in the 1980s and had dropped to an estimated
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09939FF8202DFFBF7FDF0FB17" box="[457,541,1141,1174]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" unit="in" value="700.0">700 in</quantity>
|
||
2002. Its status in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959939FF820034FBF7FC78FB17" box="[802,917,1141,1174]" name="Pakistan" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
is probably even more precarious. Habitat loss, degradation, and competition with domestic livestock are threats. Urial habitats have been encroached by agricultural development and human habitation. Other human intrusions include road construction for civilian and military use. Illegal sport and subsistence hunting by military personnel and civilians is a further threat. The lower, undulating habitats along river valleys occupied by Ladakh Urials are preferred sites for agricultural development and livestock grazing. There is an urgent need to develop a community-based conservation program with sustainable methods of rangeland utilization and stricter enforcement of game laws.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9939FF820373FA62FC43F9C6" pageId="114" pageNumber="685" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059939FF820373FA62FC43F9C6" blockId="114.[99,1303,275,1608]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179939FF820373FA62FF13FA78" bold="true" box="[101,254,1504,1529]" pageId="114" pageNumber="685">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Fox & Johnsingh (1997),Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Hess et al. (1997), Lydekker & Dollman (1924), Mallon (1985, 1991), Namagail et al. (2010), Raghavan & Bhatnagar (2003), Roberts (1985, 1997), Schaller (1977), Valdez (1982, 2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |