206 lines
21 KiB
XML
206 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="40BE9B575D5A00AB8724A35FC206C917" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139913FFA80375F7BFF70AFA4F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Damaliscus ugandae" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="659" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="659" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="FD4DCF4C8BB5C65B4D2B468AFD783D27" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7C60DBDF20E589BDD87C310040F25DC8">
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<mods:title id="8FFD5343A2C95602EDF63835EB0E1521">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C8F5EB867E9713D87FCB14D7CBAA3CAE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="EB47490FCA75D46C137D00012911BAE7">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2B50CF97C1C7033FE66065D6C5059E08" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="10511ADA9E9D478198A9513938446D1A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D9C95B0CACCA7198F53FD4C2C72E1230">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="64E91A788FA2326629C091C994524BDB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="B1444B29B2303419E891C0E0FCCA080F">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="23CF45C7EBD1C3D42A976D385ABE5731" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="0E2D8A48D630239026D3934FD6B72310">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="F1672D3F3B566FEC53A81B5129681947">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="62C60F6BEB7F413891424304821F442A">
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<mods:title id="C6C7A06F88273694BF0B471E84F8F1B2">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A2ABC928C31845F010935A0A3E74FE50">
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<treatment id="03F507139913FFA80375F7BFF70AFA4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636901" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659414" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636901" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139913FFA80375F7BFF70AFA4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139913FFA80375F7BFF70AFA4F" lastPageNumber="659" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA80375F7BFFF5FF7EA" box="[99,178,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA80375F7BFFF5FF7EA" blockId="88.[94,915,2109,2197]" box="[99,178,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<heading id="D0AB01699913FFA80375F7BFFF5FF7EA" box="[99,178,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809913FFA80375F7BFFF5FF7EA" box="[99,178,2109,2155]" captionStart="Plate 42: Bovidae" captionStartId="86.[89,119,3381,3406]" captionTargetBox="[12,2757,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="152. Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus), 153. Blesbok (Damaliscus phillipsi), 154. Western Tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus), 155. Bangweulu Tsessebe (Damaliscus superstes), 156. Korrigum (Damaliscus korrigum), 157. Tiang (Damaliscus tiang), 158. Uganda Top 1 (Damaliscus ugandae), 159. Ruaha Topt (Damaliscus eurus), 160. Serengeti Topi (Damaliscus jimela), 161. Coastal Topt (Damaliscus topr)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512949/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">158.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA803D5F7BFFE3FF7EA" box="[195,466,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA803D5F7BFFE3FF7EA" blockId="88.[94,915,2109,2197]" box="[195,466,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<heading id="D0AB01699913FFA803D5F7BFFE3FF7EA" box="[195,466,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9913FFA803D5F7BFFE3FF7EA" box="[195,466,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA803D5F7BFFE85F7EA" box="[195,360,2109,2155]" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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Top1
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA8010FF7BFFC7FF7EA" box="[537,914,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA8010FF7BFFC7FF7EA" blockId="88.[94,915,2109,2197]" box="[537,914,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<heading id="D0AB01699913FFA8010FF7BFFC7FF7EA" box="[537,914,2109,2155]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869913FFA8010FF7BFFC7FF7EA" baseAuthorityName="Blaine" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[537,914,2109,2155]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ugandae">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA8010FF7BFFC7FF7EA" box="[537,914,2109,2155]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Damaliscus ugandae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA80349F7FFFCACF713" box="[95,833,2173,2194]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA80349F7FFFCACF713" blockId="88.[94,915,2109,2197]" box="[95,833,2173,2194]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<heading id="D0AB01699913FFA80349F7FFFCACF713" box="[95,833,2173,2194]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA80349F7FFFF41F713" bold="true" box="[95,172,2173,2194]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9913FFA803A2F7FFFED7F713" box="[180,314,2173,2194]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Topi d’Ankole</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA80259F7FFFE47F713" bold="true" box="[335,426,2173,2194]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9913FFA802A3F7FFFDC3F713" box="[437,558,2173,2194]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda-Topi</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA80155F7FFFD73F713" bold="true" box="[579,670,2173,2194]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9913FFA801B0F7FFFD20F713" box="[678,717,2173,2194]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Topi</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA801E1F7FFFCACF713" box="[759,833,2173,2194]" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA801D0F746FC52F688" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA801D0F746FC52F688" blockId="88.[710,1298,2244,2665]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA801D0F746FC8CF760" bold="true" box="[710,865,2244,2273]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869913FFA80095F746FC57F688" authority="Blaine, 1914" authorityName="Blaine" authorityYear="1914" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="korrigum" subSpecies="ugandae">Damaliscus korrigum ugandae Blaine, 1914</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA800C5F75DFCD6F6B1" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA800C5F75DFCD6F6B1" blockId="88.[710,1298,2244,2665]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589913FFA800C5F75DFCD6F6B1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198435" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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Southwestern Ankole,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA801D1F688FCDAF6B1" box="[711,823,2314,2352]" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA801D1F6B8FC8EF6FF" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA801D1F6B8FC8EF6FF" blockId="88.[710,1298,2244,2665]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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Formerly in the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869913FFA8079BF6B8FAE4F6D6" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[1165,1289,2362,2391]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jimela">D. jimela</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA801D0F60BFCD6F59A" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9913FFA801D0F60BFCD6F59A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512668" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512668" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512668/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" targetBox="[92,686,2248,2664]" targetPageId="88">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA801D0F60BFCD6F59A" blockId="88.[710,1298,2244,2665]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA801D0F60BFC9BF627" bold="true" box="[710,886,2441,2470]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Ankole region of SW
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA807ABF60BFD04F64C" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, extending to Rutshuru Plains in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA807F2F632FCC9F675" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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and to the Akagera National Park,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA801D1F678FCD5F59A" box="[711,824,2554,2587]" name="Rwanda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA801D0F5A4FCD5F3E8" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA801D0F5A4FCD5F3E8" blockId="88.[710,1298,2244,2665]" lastBlockId="88.[95,1299,2676,3451]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA801D0F5A4FC3FF5C2" bold="true" box="[710,978,2598,2627]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Few measurements available. Total length 240-268 cm (males) and 230-249 cm (females); weight 136-168 kg (males) and 120-139 kg (females). Relatively smaller than the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869913FFA8014FF51AFD0DF538" box="[601,736,2712,2745]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="korrigum">Korrigum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869913FFA801ECF51AFC74F538" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[762,921,2712,2745]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="korrigum">D. korrigum</taxonomicName>
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) and the Tiang (D. tiang) and, like them, comparatively broad-skulled and with relatively long spreading horns, but the horns are considerably less robust. Sexual dimorphism is relatively great, second only to the now extinct Uasin Gishu (D. seloust). The pelage color of the
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA807AAF48FFF6DF4D7" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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Topi is much darker than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869913FFA8013BF4B7FD59F4D7" box="[557,692,2869,2902]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="korrigum">Korrigum</taxonomicName>
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and Tiang, maroon suffused with an ashy sheen. The legs are deeper cinnamon below the knees and hocks; their upper halves are blue-black. The shoulder and haunch patches are larger and are steel-gray. The facial blaze is blue-black. There is a big difference in horn length between the northern and southern species in the East African species group. The more southerly species from East Africa are well distinguished from one another and from the northern species. The
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA80200F3A3FE69F3C3" box="[278,388,3105,3138]" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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Topi is wider across the zygomatic arches, and has longer, more spreading horns than the Serengeti Topi (D. jimela).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA80349F3EDFB17F339" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA80349F3EDFB17F339" blockId="88.[95,1299,2676,3451]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA80349F3EDFF20F311" bold="true" box="[95,205,3183,3216]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Like other large species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869913FFA80144F3EDFD08F311" box="[594,741,3183,3216]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Damaliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Damaliscus</taxonomicName>
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, this species lives in edaphic grasslands, but this and the extinct
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79913FFA802A6F315FDB7F339" box="[432,602,3223,3256]" country="Kenya" name="Uasin Gishu" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uasin Gishu</collectingRegion>
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Topi are the only topi to live in rolling uplands.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA80349F33CFDF5F287" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA80349F33CFDF5F287" blockId="88.[95,1299,2676,3451]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA80349F33CFE86F35E" bold="true" box="[95,363,3262,3295]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA802D6F33CFDC3F35E" box="[448,558,3262,3295]" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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Topi eats almost entirely grass, avoiding very short grass, and eating very few forbs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA80349F28EFCAAF2FA" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA80349F28EFCAAF2FA" blockId="88.[95,1299,2676,3451]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA80349F28EFF08F2AC" bold="true" box="[95,229,3340,3373]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Breeding.</emphasis>
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There are apparently two calving peaks in the year, unlike other species of the genus, but mating takes place sporadically throughout the year as female groups happen to move through high-density territory areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA80643FE93F76CFEDB" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA80643FE93F76CFEDB" blockId="88.[1365,2569,273,1490]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA80643FE93F9ADFEB3" bold="true" box="[1365,1600,273,306]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Females move across the landscape in high concentrations, whereas males are clustered into territorial grounds known as leks.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA80641FEE2F8DCFB3A" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA80641FEE2F8DCFB3A" blockId="88.[1365,2569,273,1490]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA80641FEE2F7CCFE00" bold="true" box="[1367,2081,352,385]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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The Ishasha population of
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA80AA4FEE2FA94FE29" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
Topi, in the Queen Elizabeth National Park,lives at high density (up to 47 ind/ km?), and moves across the plains in concentrations of up to 2000 individuals, the males establishing territories whenever they settle down for a few hours or days. Territorial males are as close as
|
||
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|
||
apart. In Akagera National Park, the territorial grounds (leks) are not so haphazard, but are seasonal, in large open plains; 100 males can be spaced from as much as
|
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apart on the periphery to
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||
apart near the center. Some individual males reclaim the same territory each year for two to three years in a row. Central territories get so overused that their occupants have to leave them to graze, which they do very hurriedly before returning. Females and young live in herds of 200-300, even up to 1000, moving around the lek accompanied by hundreds of bachelor males; most females enter the lek individually or in small groups when in estrus, and they compete with each other fiercely for the attention of the highest quality males. Late in the rains, after the breeding season, all members of the local population migrate together to a dry season range. In Akagera National Park,
|
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA8059DFC30F910FC4E" box="[1675,1789,946,975]" name="Rwanda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, during the 1970s, males in the south defended large resource-based territories, whereas those in the north defended tiny resource-poor mating territories on leks. By the late 1980s the pattern in the north had changed, and had also become that of resource-defense territories. The males that had earlier held territories in the lek were heavier than the resource-defenders (average weight 159-3 kg vs. 145-5 kg), presumably related to the decreased intensity of competition that they were now experiencing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA80641FB47FA56FA26" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA80641FB47FA56FA26" blockId="88.[1365,2569,273,1490]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA80641FB47F958FB63" bold="true" box="[1367,1717,1221,1250]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (under D. korrigumjimela). In the late 1970s there were nearly 5000
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA80B67FB6AF70DFA88" box="[2161,2272,1256,1289]" name="Uganda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
Topi in Queen Elizabeth National Park, and although subsequently depleted by poaching, the population has recovered. The population in Akagera National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA80B91FAB5F71AFAD9" box="[2183,2295,1335,1368]" name="Rwanda" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, has also recovered from poaching during the civil war in the 1990s. The status in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959913FFA80A0FFADCF642FAFE" box="[2329,2479,1374,1407]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9913FFA8064EFA37F70AFA4F" box="[1368,2279,1461,1486]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059913FFA8064EFA37F70AFA4F" blockId="88.[1365,2569,273,1490]" box="[1368,2279,1461,1486]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179913FFA8064EFA37FA1CFA4F" bold="true" box="[1368,1521,1461,1486]" pageId="88" pageNumber="659">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baimford & Blakeman (1991), Estes (1991a, 1991b), Kingdon (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |