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<document id="C8D3027BBF2A939A7CA56813D07DCB23" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274383" ID-GBIF-Dataset="531b9f94-a000-4f02-b758-10699995e6cf" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274383" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459888658446" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C. &amp; Padial, José M." docDate="2008" docId="03B587DCE57DFF976D8B3E5AFD653E9F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01823p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1823" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Psychrophrynella usurpator Riva, Chaparro &amp; Padial, 2008, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="FF8CFFA4E57FFF926D1C3C2DFFB13F55" masterDocTitle="A new, long-standing misidentified species of Psychrophrynella Hedges, Duellman &amp; Heinicke from Departamento Cusco, Peru (Anura: Strabomantidae)" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="42" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1698227919025" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="B49337F3D3804199BF6A2804298FF9EC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="FCFA5BE92D8709D78C9DFC858F4F6C77">
<mods:title id="577A7A026296408B91BAA75D50CA081F">A new, long-standing misidentified species of Psychrophrynella Hedges, Duellman &amp; Heinicke from Departamento Cusco, Peru (Anura: Strabomantidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="F265BC64B737E95C3D7B2FC9CC5DC8B4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F04B6E93D69A5D97625C2554A120030F">
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<mods:namePart id="9E645C5F5831AAFB58A0CE893ECE7B63">Riva, Ignacio De La</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="850D2512EE6AF6AE818E4D1142D38602">Chaparro, Juan C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="64C0732FA798A1B76FC1D0EAAD8EEE7A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="62FBA75E014CA4908E0FCAA4F8609C11">
<mods:roleTerm id="0E6B2CEAC65BA61DA93272BE2BF476D9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="23DB2E9F19F8A271D406CE979630C992">Padial, José M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="EC9F4C068D306250C10BCFD1EFF44F25">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F0BECBAA025CA7F26C85AB4AB89F9D72">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="7329FC38A71899A49C2BC9CACFCC10B5">
<mods:date id="6032905741EC0915E918084548808682">2008</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="9C5044383AA49F2213BDD0419631D37E" type="volume">
<mods:number id="330776C90A4F4CE1540002D655499009">1823</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="6C425354552C2D155C5E385574CDB10A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="159F642F16133A014AD9D6BD77E49132" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274383</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1506D89CB682EF138890276B78E1AC62" type="GBIF-Dataset">531b9f94-a000-4f02-b758-10699995e6cf</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4DCEDCD0588AC880CC5E6698377BD716" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="36157F384957FDA9C1F44F447C4E24B3" type="Zenodo-Dep">274383</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B587DCE57DFF976D8B3E5AFD653E9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679873" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119371745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5679873" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B587DCE57DFF976D8B3E5AFD653E9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B587DCE57DFF976D8B3E5AFD653E9F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<subSubSection id="C3066541E57DFF906D8B3E5AFEA93DE1" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57DFF906D8B3E5AFD373DC4" blockId="2.[151,646,631,692]" box="[151,646,631,657]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<heading id="D0EB81A6E57DFF906D8B3E5AFD373DC4" bold="true" box="[151,646,631,657]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906D8B3E5AFD373DC4" bold="true" box="[151,646,631,657]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906D8B3E5AFE563DC4" box="[151,487,631,657]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906D8B3E5AFE563DC4" bold="true" box="[151,487,631,657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Psychrophrynella usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25B57A3E57DFF906CEA3E5AFD373DC4" box="[502,646,631,657]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57DFF906D8B3EB7FEA93DE1" blockId="2.[151,646,631,692]" box="[151,280,666,692]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
(
<figureCitation id="13272A4FE57DFF906D833EB7FEBF3DE1" box="[159,270,666,692]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,255,1372,1396]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,255,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox-0="[426,1160,797,1344]" captionTargetBox-1="[415,1171,1103,1720]" captionTargetBox-2="[429,1156,504,1028]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[426,1161,797,1345]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[415,1171,1103,1721]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[429,1157,504,1028]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Living specimen of Psychrophrynella usurpator sp. nov. (MHNC 4642, paratype) from Pantillacocha, N slope of Abra Acjanacu, Departamento Cusco, Peru. Photograph by JCC." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Palmar and plantar surfaces of holotype (KU 138939) of Psychrophrynella usurpator sp. nov. The arrow points the prominent, oblique tarsal tubercle. Photograph by JMP." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Specimen of Psychrophrynella usurpator sp. nov. (KU 173323) with yellow middorsal stripe. Photograph by WED." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/274384/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/274385/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/274386/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3066541E57DFF906D8B3EC7FBC83C99" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57DFF906D8B3EC7FDF13C01" blockId="2.[151,1437,746,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906D8B3EC7FEA13C51" bold="true" box="[151,272,746,772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<typeStatus id="54A78868E57DFF906D8B3EC7FEBA3C51" box="[151,267,746,772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
KU 138939, adult female, one of a series collected by W. E. Duellman, T. H. Fritts, I. Ceballos, and
<collectingCountry id="F30B765AE57DFF906D8B3F3FFF1E3C79" box="[151,175,786,812]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">O</collectingCountry>
. Ochoa on
<date id="FFA2100AE57DFF906C243F3FFE4F3C79" box="[312,510,786,812]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" value="1971-01-16">16 January 1971</date>
at N slope of Abra Acjanacu,
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906E723F3FFC0B3C79" box="[878,954,786,812]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="km" value="29.0">29 km</quantity>
NNE Paucartambo (
<geoCoordinate id="EE28500DE57DFF9069A83F3FFAA53C79" box="[1204,1300,786,812]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="-13.2">13º12’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE28500DE57DFF90683E3F3FFA3F3C79" box="[1314,1422,786,812]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="-71.61667">71º37’W</geoCoordinate>
), Departamento Cusco,
<collectingCountry id="F30B765AE57DFF906C803F17FE643C01" box="[412,469,826,852]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906CFC3F17FD8D3C01" box="[480,572,826,852]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="3400.0">3400 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57DFF906DD93F4FFBC83C99" blockId="2.[151,1437,746,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906DD93F4FFEFB3C29" bold="true" box="[197,330,866,892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<typeStatus id="54A78868E57DFF906DD93F4FFEF53C29" box="[197,324,866,892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
KU 138937–8, 138940–9, and 138951–62, same data as
<typeStatus id="54A78868E57DFF906EFA3F4FFBE13C29" box="[998,1104,866,892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
;
<collectionCode id="ED0DAE0FE57DFF9069403F4FFB053C29" box="[1116,1204,866,892]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/25c9-tsqt" name="Musee d'Histoire Naturelle - La Chaux-de-Fonds" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">MHNC</collectionCode>
(Museo de Historia Natural de Cusco) 4642–3, collected by J. C. Chaparro on
<date id="FFA2100AE57DFF906E563FA7FBAA3CF1" box="[842,1051,906,932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" value="2003-02-19">19 February 2003</date>
at Pantillacocha, Kosñipata Valley, Provincia Paucartambo (
<geoCoordinate id="EE28500DE57DFF906CF43F9FFDF43C99" box="[488,581,946,972]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="-13.2">13º12’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE28500DE57DFF906F563F9FFD0B3C99" box="[586,698,946,972]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" precision="925" value="-71.55">71º33’W</geoCoordinate>
), Departamento Cusco,
<collectingCountry id="F30B765AE57DFF906EC93F9FFBBF3C99" box="[981,1038,946,972]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF9069053F9FFBC73C99" box="[1049,1142,946,972]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.539" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="3539.0">3539 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3066541E57DFF906DD93FF7FB003889" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57DFF906DD93FF7FCBF3BB1" blockId="2.[151,1437,746,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906DD93FF7FEF43CA1" bold="true" box="[197,325,986,1012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
(1) Medium size (maximum SVL
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906FFE3FF7FCFD3CA1" box="[738,844,986,1012]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.41" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="24.1">24.1 mm</quantity>
in females), body moderately robust; legs moderately long (TL + FL 78–87% SVL in females); (2) tympanic membrane absent; tympanic annulus visible through the skin; (3) first finger slightly shorter than second (
<figureCitation id="13272A4FE57DFF906E9F3807FC7C3B11" box="[899,973,1066,1092]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,1103,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[415,1171,1103,1721]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Palmar and plantar surfaces of holotype (KU 138939) of Psychrophrynella usurpator sp. nov. The arrow points the prominent, oblique tarsal tubercle. Photograph by JMP." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274385/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); (4) tips of digits barely swollen, not expanded laterally; (5) webbing of toes and lateral fringes absent; (6) two metatarsal tubercles; an oblique, prominent, elongate inner tarsal tubercle, clearly separated from inner metatarsal tubercle; tarsal fold absent (
<figureCitation id="13272A4FE57DFF906D83388FFF593BE9" box="[159,232,1186,1212]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,1103,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[415,1171,1103,1721]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Palmar and plantar surfaces of holotype (KU 138939) of Psychrophrynella usurpator sp. nov. The arrow points the prominent, oblique tarsal tubercle. Photograph by JMP." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274385/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); (7) dorsal skin and ventral skin smooth; (8) snout rounded in dorsal view and in profile; (9) dorsum gray to brown; (10) venter brown flecked with cream.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57DFF906DDA38DFFB003889" blockId="2.[151,1437,746,2012]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
At the
<typeStatus id="54A78868E57DFF906C0038DFFEFE3A59" box="[284,335,1266,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
locality,
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906CA338DEFDE23A59" box="[447,595,1267,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906CA338DEFDE23A59" box="[447,595,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">P. usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is syntopic with
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906E3A38DEFBAC3A59" box="[806,1053,1267,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Bryophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cophites">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906E3A38DEFBAC3A59" box="[806,1053,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Bryophryne cophites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF90689A38DEFEBA3A61" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF90689A38DEFEBA3A61" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">P. usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by being more robust, lacking a visible tympanic annulus, having Finger I shorter than Finger II, and having dorsal and ventral skin areolate (see Fig.
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906FE0396FFC863A09" box="[764,823,1346,1372]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4384" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="96.0">96 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3BE57DFF906E22396FFB903A09" author="Hedges" box="[830,1057,1346,1372]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. &amp; Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article" year="2008">Hedges et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
, and
<figureCitation id="13272A4FE57DFF906941396FFB103A09" box="[1117,1185,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1372,1396]" captionTargetBox="[426,1160,797,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[426,1161,797,1345]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Living specimen of Psychrophrynella usurpator sp. nov. (MHNC 4642, paratype) from Pantillacocha, N slope of Abra Acjanacu, Departamento Cusco, Peru. Photograph by JCC." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274384/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
Fig.
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF90698E396FFB103A09" box="[1170,1185,1346,1372]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
</figureCitation>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3BE57DFF9069D9396FFF663AD1" author="Lehr" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" refString="Lehr, E. &amp; Catenazzi, A. (2008) A new species of Bryophryne (Anura: Strabomantidae) from southern Peru. Zootaxa, 1784, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2008">Lehr &amp; Catenazzi, 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Within
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906C5E3946FDA03AD1" box="[322,529,1387,1412]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906C5E3946FDA03AD1" box="[322,529,1387,1412]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Psychrophrynella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906F3C3946FD003AD1" box="[544,689,1387,1412]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906F3C3946FD003AD1" box="[544,689,1387,1412]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">P. usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique in having a prominent, elongate, oblique tarsal tubercle. For
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906DEA39BEFD7B3AF9" authority="Lynch &amp; Duellman (1997)" authorityName="Lynch &amp; Duellman" authorityYear="1997" box="[246,714,1426,1452]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906DEA39BEFE3D3AF9" box="[246,396,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Pristimantis,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3BE57DFF906C8839BFFD7B3AF9" author="Lynch" box="[404,714,1426,1452]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" refString="Lynch J. D. &amp; Duellman, W. E. (1997) Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae) in western Ecuador: systematics, ecology, and biogeography. University of Kansas Natural History Museum Special Publications, 23, 1 - 236." type="journal article" year="1997">Lynch &amp; Duellman (1997)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
described a tarsal fold as &quot;a more or less clearly defined ridge extending a variable distance proximal to the inner metatarsal tubercle&quot;, and distinguished it from a tarsal tubercle when it is within one length of the inner metatarsal tubercle and if it appears to be connected to it. In
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906D8B3A26FE9C3971" box="[151,301,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906D8B3A26FE993971" box="[151,296,1547,1572]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">P. usurpator</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the tarsal tubercle is usually clearly separated from the inner metatarsal tubercle and it is not a simple dermal structure but a true tubercle; however, it may be prolongated as a fine rim toward the inner side of the tarsus, forming a structure similar to a tarsal fold (but perhaps not homologous to it). Another species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906D8B3AAEFE3939C9" authority="Lynch" authorityName="Lynch" box="[151,392,1666,1692]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bagrecito">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906D8B3AAEFE9339C9" box="[151,290,1667,1692]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">P. bagrecito</emphasis>
(Lynch)
</taxonomicName>
, from Río Marcapata below Marcapata, ca.
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906E9A3AAFFC5039C9" box="[902,993,1666,1692]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7399999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="2740.0">2740 m</quantity>
, Departamento Cusco (approximately
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906D8B3A87FF503991" box="[151,225,1706,1732]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="km" value="90.0">90 km</quantity>
airline SE of Abra Acjanacu), also has a tarsal tubercle, but it is smaller and sickle-shaped; in addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906D8B3AFEFE9339B9" box="[151,290,1747,1772]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bagrecito">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906D8B3AFEFE9339B9" box="[151,290,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">P. bagrecito</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller (maximum SVL of males
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906FCD3AFFFC8C39B9" box="[721,829,1746,1772]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.63" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="16.3">16.3 mm</quantity>
, females 18.6;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3BE57DFF906EF03AFFFBCE39B9" author="Lynch" box="[1004,1151,1746,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1986) New species of minute leptodactylid frogs from the Andes of Ecuador and Peru. Journal of Herpetology, 20, 423 - 431." type="journal article" year="1986">Lynch, 1986</bibRefCitation>
) than
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF9069D43AFEFAE639B9" box="[1224,1367,1747,1772]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF9069D43AFEFAE639B9" box="[1224,1367,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">P. usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(20.3 and
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906DD63AD7FE863841" box="[202,311,1786,1812]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.41" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="24.1">24.1 mm</quantity>
, respectively). The second geographically closest species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906EEC3AD6FB063841" authority="Lehr" authorityName="Lehr" box="[1008,1207,1786,1812]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boettgeri">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906EEC3AD6FBC93841" box="[1008,1144,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">P. boettgeri</emphasis>
Lehr
</taxonomicName>
occurs in Departamento Puno, approximately
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906CFA3B0FFDF13869" box="[486,576,1826,1852]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="km" value="220.0">220 km</quantity>
(airline) SE of Abra Acjanacu.
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906EA73B0EFAB73869" box="[955,1286,1827,1852]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906EA73B0EFAB73869" box="[955,1286,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Psychrophrynella usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906D8B3B66FEAC3831" box="[151,285,1867,1892]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boettgeri">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906D8B3B66FEAC3831" box="[151,285,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">P. boettgeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having smooth ventral skin (areolate in
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906E123B66FC133831" box="[782,930,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">P. b o e t t g e r i),</emphasis>
a tarsal tubercle (absent), larger size (maximum SVL
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906C3E3B5FFEC238D9" box="[290,371,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1214" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="24.1">24.1 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906C673B5EFDBE38D9" box="[379,527,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906C673B5EFDBA38D9" box="[379,523,1907,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">P. usurpator</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57DFF906F0B3B5FFDD838D9" box="[535,617,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6735999999999995" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="18.4">18.4 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906F6D3B5EFCB838D9" box="[625,777,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906F6D3B5EFD4A38D9" box="[625,763,1907,1932]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boettgeri">P. boettgeri</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
and lacking dorsolateral folds (present). Seventeen species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF906DE93BB6FE7538E1" box="[245,452,1947,1972]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF906DE93BB6FE7538E1" box="[245,452,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Psychrophrynella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known from
<collectingCountry id="F30B765AE57DFF906FBF3BB7FD4838E1" box="[675,761,1946,1972]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F30B765AE57DFF906E123BB7FC8338E1" box="[782,818,1946,1972]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">De</collectingCountry>
la
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3BE57DFF906E433BB7FC5038E1" author="Riva" box="[863,993,1946,1972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" refString="Chaparro, J. C., De la Riva, I., Padial, J. M., Ochoa, J. A. &amp; Lehr, E. (2007) A new species of Phrynopus from Departamento Cusco, southern Peru (Anura: Brachycephalidae). Zootaxa, 1618, 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="2007">Riva 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3BE57DFF906EEE3BB7FB5338E1" author="Hedges" box="[1010,1250,1946,1972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. &amp; Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article" year="2008">
Hedges
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF90694A3BB6FB2738E1" box="[1110,1174,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
); besides some morphological and color pattern differences, none has a tarsal tubercle, as in
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57DFF9069003BEEFB003889" box="[1052,1201,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57DFF9069003BEEFB1C3889" box="[1052,1197,1987,2012]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">P. usurpator</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3066541E57CFF966DD93CBAFB663E7F" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57CFF916DD93CBAFAEC3DB7" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57CFF916DD93CBAFD963FE4" bold="true" box="[197,551,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
Description of the
<typeStatus id="54A78868E57CFF916CA83CBAFD933FE4" box="[436,546,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Body moderately robust; dorsal skin smooth with some scattered minute tubercles; ventral skin smooth; no dorsolateral or pectoral folds; head wider than long, its width 30% of SVL; head length 29% of SVL; head length 94% of head width; snout rounded in dorsal view and in profile; nostrils not protuberant, directed laterally, closer to snout than to eyes; canthus rostralis moderately sharp, slightly concave in dorsal view, convex in profile; eye-nostril distance 81% of eye length; loreal region barely concave, interorbital region flat, lacking cranial crests; no tubercles on upper eyelid; tympanic membrane absent; tympanic annulus visible through skin; supratympanic fold weak; three conical postrictal tubercles on left side, two on right side; tongue large, oval, not notched; choanae round, small, widely spaced; vomerine odontophores absent. Limbs moderately long; tips of digits barely swollen, not expanded laterally; ulnar tubercles and fold absent; thenar tubercle single, oval, flattened, smaller than round palmar tubercle; fingers moderately long, not fringed; subarticular tubercles round, those at the bases of proximal phalanges swollen; first finger slightly shorter than second, relative length of fingers 1&lt;2&lt;4&lt;3; tibia length 41% of SVL; an inner, oblique tarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold; two metatarsal tubercles, the oval inner one approximately same size as conical outer one; supernumerary tubercles small, poorly defined; subarticular tubercles of toes round, moderately large; toes not webbed, lateral folds absent; relative length of toes 1&lt;2&lt;5&lt;3&lt;4; foot length 46% of SVL.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF636642E57CFF916D8B3971FC143AC3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[426,1160,797,1344]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57CFF916D8B3971FC143AC3" blockId="3.[151,1436,1372,1430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57CFF916D8B3971FEAA3A21" bold="true" box="[151,283,1372,1396]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Living specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57CFF916F1D3971FC9E3A26" box="[513,815,1372,1395]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57CFF916F1D3971FC9E3A26" box="[513,815,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">Psychrophrynella usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57CFF916E243971FC213A21" bold="true" box="[824,912,1372,1396]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25B57A3E57CFF916E243971FC213A21" box="[824,912,1372,1396]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(MHNC 4642, paratype) from Pantillacocha, N slope of Abra Acjanacu, Departamento Cusco, Peru. Photograph by JCC.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57CFF916DD939E4FF6039D1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1481,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57CFF916DD939E4FD773AB6" bold="true" box="[197,710,1481,1507]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
Measurements (in mm) of the
<typeStatus id="54A78868E57CFF916F4839E4FD733AB6" box="[596,706,1481,1507]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Snout-vent length, 24.1; head length (from rictus to tip of snout), 7.0; head width (at level of rictus), 7.4; internarial distance, 2.8; eye-nostril distance (straight line distance between anterior corner of orbital opening and posterior margin of external nares), 2.6; eye diameter, 3.1; tibia length, 10.0; foot length (from proximal margin of inner metatarsal tubercle to tip of fourth toe), 11.0.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57CFF916DD93ABCFD113819" blockId="3.[151,1437,1481,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57CFF916DD93ABCFE7839FE" bold="true" box="[197,457,1681,1707]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">Color and variation.</emphasis>
In preservative, the
<typeStatus id="54A78868E57CFF916FD83ABFFC9B39F9" box="[708,810,1682,1708]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
has dorsum, head, extremities, and groin uniformly chocolate brown; throat and venter brown, paler than dorsum, with beige flecks; ventral surfaces of thighs uniformly brown; dark brown stripe from tip of snout to above insertion of hind limb, outlined by fine cream line; pale cream transversal line above the vent. Overall, color in life is similar, but no particular data are available on the color of the living
<typeStatus id="54A78868E57CFF916F2D3B1FFD2D3819" box="[561,668,1842,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57CFF966DD93B77FB663E7F" blockId="3.[151,1437,1481,2028]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,298]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="45">
Living specimens have “venter bluish-gray with brown reticulations; throats in males dull grayish-brown; iris dark brown with gold flecks; dorsal coloration highly variable but predominately dark brown with orange and dull red markings; some have tan and/or gray markings” (W. E. Duellman’s field notes on the series KU 138937–64).
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3BE57CFF916C2A3BFFFE6638B9" author="Lynch" box="[310,471,2002,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1975) A review of the Andean leptodactylid frog genus Phrynopus. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 35, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="1975">Lynch (1975)</bibRefCitation>
stated that, in life, the dorsal ground color varies from dull brown, tan, tannishorange, to reddish; if dorsal markings are present, they are dull red, tan, or gray; also, there may be an orange or yellow middorsal stripe (
<figureCitation id="13272A4FE57BFF966CF93CEDFD9E3F8F" box="[485,559,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox="[429,1156,504,1028]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[429,1157,504,1028]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Specimen of Psychrophrynella usurpator sp. nov. (KU 173323) with yellow middorsal stripe. Photograph by WED." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274386/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
; see also Fig.
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57BFF966FC33CEDFC9D3F8F" box="[735,812,192,218]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="100.0">100 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3BE57BFF966E293CEDFB943F8F" author="Hedges" box="[821,1061,192,218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. &amp; Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182." type="journal article" year="2008">
Hedges
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57BFF966E8A3CEDFC623F8C" box="[918,979,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008
</bibRefCitation>
); the venter is bluish-gray with brown reticulations, and males have dull grayish-brown throats; the iris is dark brown with gold flecks. Males have vocal sacs and vocal slits, but no nuptial pads. For morphometric variation, see
<tableCitation id="C69E0371E57BFF9669663D3DFB633E7F" box="[1146,1234,272,298]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,351,375]" captionTargetBox="[159,1197,442,1020]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometrics of Psychrophrynella usurpator sp. nov. Means followed by ranges in parentheses. For abbreviations, see text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF636642E57BFF966D8B3D72FEE03ECC" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="DF636642E57BFF966D8B3D72FEE03ECC">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF636642E57BFF966D8B3D72FEE03ECC" ID-Table-UUID="DF636642E57BFF966D8B3D72FEE03ECC" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF636642E57BFF966D8B3D72FEE03ECC" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[159,1197,442,1020]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57BFF966D8B3D72FEE03ECC" blockId="4.[151,1436,351,409]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57BFF966D8B3D72FEB93E22" bold="true" box="[151,264,351,375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometrics of
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57BFF966CC43D4DFCB53E22" box="[472,772,352,375]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57BFF966CC43D4DFCB53E22" box="[472,772,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Psychrophrynella usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57BFF966E173D72FCD03E22" bold="true" box="[779,865,351,375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25B57A3E57BFF966E173D72FCD03E22" box="[779,865,351,375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Means followed by ranges in parentheses. For abbreviations, see text.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57BFF966F503D97FB343CA9" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<table id="F91CC46AE57B006D6D833D97FB1C3CA9" box="[159,1197,442,1020]" gridcols="3" gridrows="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833D97FB1C3E84" box="[159,1197,442,465]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503D97FD4F3E84" box="[588,766,442,465]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Females (n = 7)</th>
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63D97FB1C3E84" box="[1018,1197,442,465]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Males (n = 8)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833DC8FB1C3EA9" box="[159,1197,485,508]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833DC8FEB43EA9" box="[159,261,485,508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">SVL</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503DC8FD4F3EA9" box="[588,766,485,508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">23.4 (22.7–24.1)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63DC8FB1C3EA9" box="[1018,1197,485,508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">20.0 (19.5–20.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833E3DFB1C3D72" box="[159,1197,528,551]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833E3DFEB43D72" box="[159,261,528,551]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">HL</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503E3DFD4F3D72" box="[588,766,528,551]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">8.0 (7.0–8.7)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63E3DFB1C3D72" box="[1018,1197,528,551]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">7.5 (7.3–7.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833E17FB1C3D04" box="[159,1197,570,593]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833E17FEB43D04" box="[159,261,570,593]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">HW</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503E17FD4F3D04" box="[588,766,570,593]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">7.7 (7.4–7.9)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63E17FB1C3D04" box="[1018,1197,570,593]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">7.2 (7.1–7.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833E48FB1C3D29" box="[159,1197,613,636]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833E48FEB43D29" box="[159,261,613,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">IND</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503E48FD4F3D29" box="[588,766,613,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">2.7 (2.7–2.8)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63E48FB1C3D29" box="[1018,1197,613,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">2.0 (1.9–2.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833EBDFB1C3DF2" box="[159,1197,656,679]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833EBDFEB43DF2" box="[159,261,656,679]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">END</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503EBDFD4F3DF2" box="[588,766,656,679]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">2.5 (2.4–2.6)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63EBDFB1C3DF2" box="[1018,1197,656,679]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">2.1 (1.9–2.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833E97FB1C3D84" box="[159,1197,698,721]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833E97FEB43D84" box="[159,261,698,721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">ED</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503E97FD4F3D84" box="[588,766,698,721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">3.1 (3.1–3.2)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63E97FB1C3D84" box="[1018,1197,698,721]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">3.0 (2.9–3.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833EC8FB1C3DA9" box="[159,1197,741,764]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833EC8FEB43DA9" box="[159,261,741,764]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">TL</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503EC8FD4F3DA9" box="[588,766,741,764]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">9.8 (9.5–10.1)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63EC8FB1C3DA9" box="[1018,1197,741,764]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">8.6 (8.5–8.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833F3DFB1C3C72" box="[159,1197,784,807]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833F3DFEB43C72" box="[159,261,784,807]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">FL</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503F3DFD4F3C72" box="[588,766,784,807]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">10.3 (9.8–11.1)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63F3DFB1C3C72" box="[1018,1197,784,807]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">9.3 (9.2–9.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833F17FB1C3C04" box="[159,1197,826,849]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833F17FEB43C04" box="[159,261,826,849]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">HL/SVL</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503F17FD4F3C04" box="[588,766,826,849]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.3 (0.3–0.4)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63F17FB1C3C04" box="[1018,1197,826,849]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.4 (0.4–0.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833F48FB1C3C29" box="[159,1197,869,892]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833F48FEB43C29" box="[159,261,869,892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">HW/SVL</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503F48FD4F3C29" box="[588,766,869,892]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.3 (0.3–0.3)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63F48FB1C3C29" box="[1018,1197,869,892]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.4 (0.4–0.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833FBDFB1C3CF2" box="[159,1197,912,935]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833FBDFEB43CF2" box="[159,261,912,935]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">END/ED</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503FBDFD4F3CF2" box="[588,766,912,935]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.8 (0.8–0.8)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63FBDFB1C3CF2" box="[1018,1197,912,935]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.7 (0.6–0.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833F97FB1C3C84" box="[159,1197,954,977]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833F97FEB43C84" box="[159,261,954,977]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">TL/SVL</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503F97FD4F3C84" box="[588,766,954,977]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.4 (0.4–0.4)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63F97FB1C3C84" box="[1018,1197,954,977]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.4 (0.4–0.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352C3488E57B006D6D833FC8FB1C3CA9" box="[159,1197,997,1020]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<th id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6D833FC8FEB43CA9" box="[159,261,997,1020]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">FL/SVL</th>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6F503FC8FD4F3CA9" box="[588,766,997,1020]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.4 (0.4–0.5)</td>
<td id="76FD5DF4E57B006D6EE63FC8FB1C3CA9" box="[1018,1197,997,1020]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">0.5 (0.5–0.5)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF636642E57BFF966D8B3AFCFCE2385E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274385/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[415,1171,1103,1720]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57BFF966D8B3AFCFCE2385E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1745,1803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57BFF966D8B3AFCFEAA39BC" bold="true" box="[151,283,1745,1769]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Palmar and plantar surfaces of holotype (KU 138939) of
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57BFF966E893AFFFB7539BC" box="[917,1220,1746,1769]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57BFF966E893AFFFB7539BC" box="[917,1220,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Psychrophrynella usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57BFF9669D03AFCFA9239BC" bold="true" box="[1228,1315,1745,1769]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25B57A3E57BFF9669D03AFCFA9239BC" box="[1228,1315,1745,1769]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
The arrow points the prominent, oblique tarsal tubercle. Photograph by JMP.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3066541E57BFF976DD93B13FD653E9F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57BFF966DD93B13FD7C3884" blockId="4.[151,1436,1854,2001]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57BFF966DD93B13FDB1380D" bold="true" box="[197,512,1854,1880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
The species is known only from elevations of
<quantity id="4CE49B2FE57BFF9669373B12FB7E380C" box="[1067,1231,1855,1881]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4045" metricValueMax="3.539" metricValueMin="3.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="3404.5" valueMax="3539.0" valueMin="3270.0">3270–3539 m</quantity>
in the vicinity of the
<typeStatus id="54A78868E57BFF966DDE3B4AFF4438D4" box="[194,245,1895,1921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
locality (
<figureCitation id="13272A4FE57BFF966C7E3B4AFE1A38D4" box="[354,427,1895,1921]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1934,1958]" captionTargetBox="[428,1163,1145,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[418,1174,1133,1928]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Map of western South America showing the type locality of Psychrophrynella usurpator sp. nov. in southern Peru." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274387/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="46">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Abra Acjanacu is a high pass in the Cordillera de Paucartambo, which is the easternmost Andean range facing the Amazonian lowlands in Departamento Cusco.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3BE57BFF9669313BA2FB4938FC" author="Duellman" box="[1069,1272,1935,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) New species of leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Cosnipata Valley, Peru. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91, 418 - 430." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
described the locality and provided a detailed map of the area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA336CAE57AFF976DD93CB5FD653E9F" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,458]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">
Individuals are commonly found under rocks in humid puna.
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57AFF976E8B3CB5FB503FE4" box="[919,1249,152,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57AFF976E8B3CB5FB503FE4" box="[919,1249,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Psychrophrynella usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found syntopically with
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57AFF976C4D3CEDFD0D3F8F" authority="Lynch" authorityName="Lynch" box="[337,700,192,218]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Bryophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cophites">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57AFF976C4D3CEDFDFC3F8C" box="[337,589,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Bryophryne cophites</emphasis>
(Lynch)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57AFF976FCD3CEDFB6B3F8F" authority="Duellman &amp; Fritts" authorityName="Duellman &amp; Fritts" box="[721,1242,192,218]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Gastrotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="excubitor">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57AFF976FCD3CEDFC6E3F8C" box="[721,991,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Gastrotheca excubitor</emphasis>
Duellman &amp; Fritts
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57AFF9769F23CEDFE373E57" authority="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" authorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Gastrotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marsupiata">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57AFF9769F23CEDFA2A3F8C" box="[1262,1435,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">G. marsupiata</emphasis>
(Duméril &amp; Bibron)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57AFF976CDF3CC5FD7F3E57" authority="De" authorityName="De" box="[451,718,232,258]" class="Amphibia" family="Ceratophryidae" genus="Telmatobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timens">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57AFF976CDF3CC5FD153E54" box="[451,676,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Telmatobius timens</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F30B765AE57AFF976FB03CC5FD7F3E57" box="[684,718,232,258]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">De</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
la Riva, Aparicio &amp; Ríos (W. E. Duellman, pers. comm.).
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57AFF976DD93D22FEE33E7C" bold="true" box="[197,338,271,297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name is a sustantive in apposition and it is the Latin word for usurper. The name refers to the fact that this species has been using a name that actually belongs to frogs of another genus.
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57AFF976DD93D72FE8F3E2C" bold="true" box="[197,318,351,377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</emphasis>
Calls of
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D49E57AFF976CB53D4DFD453E2C" box="[425,756,352,377]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Psychrophrynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="usurpator">
<emphasis id="B968EAD8E57AFF976CB53D4DFD453E2C" box="[425,756,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="47">Psychrophrynella usurpator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have not been analyzed. Individuals were heard calling in mid-afternoon, and the call is a series of short, quickly repeated, moderately high notes (W. E. Duellman’s field notes). No data are available on life history.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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