treatments-xml/data/03/85/87/038587AEFFE6FFAF303F02FFFC1FD7F5.xml

<document id="E85CC3BADB59D85D8074F9720BFCBD02" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.170178" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a04a166d-dde9-4a5c-a116-198b06eaafea" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="170178" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459751443612" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kraus, Fred" docDate="2005" docId="038587AEFFE6FFAF303F02FFFC1FD7F5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01061p028.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1061" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Nactus acutus Kraus, 2005, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FFBCFFD6FFF6FFBA3137070BFFD2D533" masterDocTitle="The genus Nactus (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae): a phylogenetic analysis and description of two new species from the Papuan Region" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698211870861" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="F267086F10D1A823431DDD441AFD4F52">The genus Nactus (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae): a phylogenetic analysis and description of two new species from the Papuan Region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E3E26CC51871C2AB8F5EE64F7DD60411">Kraus, Fred</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="C183BA6AB09CCAE4655C0400F8D153DD">2005</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0DB81D4FFE6FFAA303F02FFFDCBD33D" bold="true" box="[264,537,1524,1550]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE6FFAA303F02FFFDCBD33D" bold="true" box="[264,537,1524,1550]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE6FFAA303F02FFFE66D33D" box="[264,436,1524,1550]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE6FFAA303F02FFFE66D33D" bold="true" box="[264,436,1524,1550]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nactus acutus</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="13172A3DFFE6FFAA303F011CFE8AD302" box="[264,344,1559,1585]" captionStart="FIGURE 5. A" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[343,1243,329,1739]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Nactus sphaerodactylodes, Sudest Island, photo by G. Shea, and B) Nactus acutus, Rossel Island, photo by F. Kraus, in life, showing distinctive appearance of each." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170183/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
B, 6
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE6FFAA303F016CFBD1D3E2" blockId="16.[264,1323,1639,1745]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="5497881AFFE6FFAA303F016CFEA1D3B3" box="[264,371,1639,1664]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE6FFAA303F016CFEA1D3B3" box="[264,371,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
: 
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20755 (field tag FK 10213), non­reproductive male, collected by F. Kraus on ridge on S side of Mt. Rossel, Rossel Island, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE18507FFFE6FFAA35180184FB01D39A" box="[1071,1235,1679,1705]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="1" value="154.2246">154.22459 E</geoCoordinate>
, 
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elevation, Milne Bay Province, 
<collectingCountry id="F33B7628FFE6FFAA334B01BCFCB0D3E2" box="[636,866,1719,1745]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FF921078FFE6FFAA325901BCFC2DD3E2" box="[878,1023,1719,1745]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2004-05-08">8 May 2004</date>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE7FFAB303F012FFCEAD36D" blockId="17.[264,1322,1572,1630]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE7FFAB303F012FFE58D30F" bold="true" box="[264,394,1572,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
A) Dorsal, B) lateral, and C) ventral views of head, and D) ventral view of pre­cloacal region for holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE7FFAB30CD014CFD5DD36D" box="[506,655,1607,1630]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE7FFAB30CD014CFD5DD36D" box="[506,655,1607,1630]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nactus acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, BPBM 20755.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3366533FFE7FFA8300F01A4FBA1D16F" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE7FFA8300F01A4FB34D49D" blockId="17.[264,1323,1711,1900]" lastBlockId="18.[264,1323,284,430]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE7FFAB300F01A4FE7DD3FB" box="[312,431,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: A medium (
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) species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE7FFAB325801A4FC13D3FB" box="[879,961,1711,1736]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE7FFAB325801A4FC13D3FB" box="[879,961,1711,1736]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nactus</emphasis>
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lacking dorsal tubercles and enlarged postnasals; and having granular, largely tricarinate dorsal and ventral scales; lamellate, unexpanded subdigital lamellae; 16 lamellae under the 4th toe; claws lying within four scales; granular postmentals; elongate first infralabials; a single row of scales between the orbit and supralabials; 5 supralabials to center of eye and 7 to rictus; 7 infralabials; keeled scales on the tail; elongate, slit­like ear opening; relatively narrow head (HW/HL = 0.64); long, narrow snout (EN/SV = 0.087, IN/SV = 0.033, EN/IN = 2.7); small eye (EE/SV = 0.055) and interorbital distance (ID/SV =0.063); relatively narrow tail (TW/TL = 0.10); four sternal/xiphisternal ribs; and uniformly dark gray dorsal color.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE4FFA8300F06EFFBA1D16F" blockId="18.[264,1323,484,1116]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA8300F06EFFD17D4CE" box="[312,709,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Comparison with other species</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE4FFA833E806EFFC43D4CE" box="[735,913,484,509]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA833E806EFFC43D4CE" box="[735,913,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nactus acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE4FFA8342706EFFE31D71B" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphaerodactylodes">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA8342706EFFE31D71B" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. sphaerodactylodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its larger size; 16 (vs. 10–13) lamellae under 4th toe; relatively narrow head, snout, and tail; relatively small eye and interorbital distance; carinate (vs. smooth) scales on tail; absence of enlarged postnasals; and narrow ear opening. From all other members of the genus except 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE4FFA8339D058CFCAFD793" box="[682,893,647,672]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coindemirensis">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA8339D058CFCAFD793" box="[682,893,647,672]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. coindemirensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE4FFA832BB058CFC28D793" box="[908,1018,647,672]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA832BB058CFC28D793" box="[908,1018,647,672]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in 1) lacking rows of enlarged tubercles on the body, 2) having the claws lie within four (vs. two or three) scales, and 3) having elongate infralabials such that the mental extends no further posteriorly than the center of the first infralabials (vs. to or past suture with 2nd infralabial) and the suture between the first and second infralabials lies behind the center of the second supralabial (vs. at beginning of second supralabial). From 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE4FFA832E70459FB74D658" box="[976,1190,850,875]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coindemirensis">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA832E70459FB74D658" box="[976,1190,850,875]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. coindemirensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE4FFA8358F0459FAF8D658" box="[1208,1322,850,875]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA8358F0459FAF8D658" box="[1208,1322,850,875]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in its elongate first infralabial as well as in having granular (vs. imbricate) ventral scales, carinate (vs. smooth) dorsal and ventral scales, lamellate (vs. granular) distal subdigital scales, unexpanded (vs. expanded) proximal subdigital lamellae, and 7 (vs. 10–11) infralabials. From the closely related 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE4FFA8321104F9FC0AD138" box="[806,984,1010,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vankampeni">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA8321104F9FC0AD138" box="[806,984,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. vankampeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE4FFA832DE04F9FB89D138" box="[1001,1115,1010,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA832DE04F9FB89D138" box="[1001,1115,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs in having tricarinate (vs. multicarinate) dorsal and ventral keeling, one (vs. two) scale row between orbit and supralabials, and four (vs. five) sternal/xiphisternal ribs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3366533FFE4FFAE300F0399FB36D655" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE4FFA8300F0399FD80D198" box="[312,594,1170,1195]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Description of 
<typeStatus id="5497881AFFE4FFA830DA0399FD80D198" box="[493,594,1170,1195]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: A non­reproductive male with right lateral incision; part of liver removed. Animal of medium (SV = 
<quantity id="4CD49B5DFFE4FFA833C303B1FCB2D1E7" box="[756,864,1210,1236]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.66" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="36.6">36.6 mm</quantity>
, TrL = 15.5) size. Head relatively long (HL/SV = 0.28) and narrow (HW/HL = 0.64), somewhat depressed (HH/HL = 0.37), not very distinct from neck (
<figureCitation id="13172A3DFFE4FFA8331A0201FD59D017" box="[557,651,1290,1316]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[350,1240,337,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[345,1243,329,1545]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. A) Dorsal, B) lateral, and C) ventral views of head, and D) ventral view of pre­cloacal region for holotype of Nactus acutus, BPBM 20755." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170184/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). Loreal and interorbital region slightly inflated; canthus rostralis absent. Snout relatively long (SN/HL = 0.43), much longer than eye diameter (SN/EY = 2.2), depressed (
<figureCitation id="13172A3DFFE4FFA833790251FD44D047" box="[590,662,1370,1396]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[350,1240,337,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[345,1243,329,1545]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. A) Dorsal, B) lateral, and C) ventral views of head, and D) ventral view of pre­cloacal region for holotype of Nactus acutus, BPBM 20755." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170184/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B). Eye relatively large (EY/HL = 0.20); pupil vertical, with entire margins; supraciliaries small, conical, not well differentiated from adjacent granules. Ear opening a small, elongate, oblique slit (Ear/HL = 0.069); distance between ear and eye 1.5 times eye diameter. Rostral less than half (
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) as high as wide (
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), highest just medial to nares and shallowly depressed between these points; length (
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) greater than height; partially divided dorsally by shallow rostral groove. Two enlarged supranasals separated by a single granular internasal. Rostral in contact with first supralabials, two supranasals, and single internasal. External nares oval, long dimension running antero­posteriorly; each bordered by rostral, supranasal, first supralabial, and nasal. First supralabial has an extension that reaches dorsally to behind the posteriormost limit of the naris. Nasal bordered posteriorly by two (right) or three (left) small granular scales; enlarged postnasals absent. One row of small scales separates orbit from supralabials. Mental subtriangular, wider (
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) than long (
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). No enlarged postmentals (
<figureCitation id="13172A3DFFE5FFA9309E0617FE27D405" box="[425,501,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[350,1240,337,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[345,1243,329,1545]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. A) Dorsal, B) lateral, and C) ventral views of head, and D) ventral view of pre­cloacal region for holotype of Nactus acutus, BPBM 20755." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170184/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C); mental bordered posteriorly by eight tiny granules. Infralabials bordered by tiny granules, these somewhat larger along middle of series than posteriorly or anteriorly. Supralabials to mid­orbital position five on each side, to start of granules six on each side. Infralabials seven. Scale rows between center of orbits ~42.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE5FFA9300F06B7FCBAD745" blockId="19.[264,1324,284,1590]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Body rather slender (TrL/SV = 0.42), lacking ventrolateral folds (
<figureCitation id="13172A3DFFE5FFA9355506B7FB7ED4E5" box="[1122,1196,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURE 5. A" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[343,1243,329,1739]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Nactus sphaerodactylodes, Sudest Island, photo by G. Shea, and B) Nactus acutus, Rossel Island, photo by F. Kraus, in life, showing distinctive appearance of each." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170183/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B). Dorsal scales on head, body, and limbs tiny, conical, juxtaposed granules; each wider than long and with three sharp keels; granules on venter same. Exceptions are the top of snout and anterior of chin, which have unicarinate scales. Organs on posterior end of each scale 3–6. Enlarged tubercles absent on head, body, and limbs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE5FFA9300F058FFBABD7DD" blockId="19.[264,1324,284,1590]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Precloacal pores absent (
<figureCitation id="13172A3DFFE5FFA9336D058FFD72D7AD" box="[602,672,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1572,1596]" captionTargetBox="[350,1240,337,1525]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[345,1243,329,1545]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. A) Dorsal, B) lateral, and C) ventral views of head, and D) ventral view of pre­cloacal region for holotype of Nactus acutus, BPBM 20755." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170184/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
D). Granules in precloacal and femoral regions equal to or slightly enlarged relative to those on abdomen; granules posterior to this conspicuously smaller. No precloacal groove. Scales on palms and soles rounded, smooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE5FFA9300F05F7FBBDD6ED" blockId="19.[264,1324,284,1590]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Fore­ and hindlimbs relatively short, stout (FA/SV = 0.11, CS/SV = 0.16). Digits short, only modestly reflected at basal interphalangeal joints; all with robust, slightly recurved claws. Subdigital lamellae narrow, smooth, rounded, and slightly expanded distally. Lamellae on manus 
<date id="FF921078FFE5FFA930C3047FFD5FD6BD" box="[500,653,884,910]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1912-07-11" valueMax="1912-11-09" valueMin="1912-07-11">7­11­12­11­9</date>
on right, 
<date id="FF921078FFE5FFA933C8047FFC7BD6BD" box="[767,937,884,910]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1913-07-12" valueMax="1913-11-10" valueMin="1913-07-12">7­11­13­12­10</date>
on left; on pes 
<date id="FF921078FFE5FFA9356B047FFAD4D6BD" box="[1116,1286,884,910]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1913-09-16" valueMax="1913-11-15" valueMin="1913-09-16">9­11­13­16­15</date>
on right, 
<date id="FF921078FFE5FFA930780497FE2BD685" box="[335,505,924,950]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1914-08-16" valueMax="1914-11-15" valueMin="1914-08-16">8­11­14­16­15</date>
on left. Relative lengths of digits on manus I &lt;V &lt;II &lt;III &lt;IV; on pes I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV. No interdigital webbing present on manus or pes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE5FFA9300F04E7FC03D14D" blockId="19.[264,1324,284,1590]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tail relatively short (TL/SV = 0.87), with moderately wide base (TW/TL = 0.10), tapering to a point, slightly constricted at base. Cloacal sacs small, external orifices small, approximately 3 scales in width, situated near lateral margins of vent. Scales of tail large, flat, tricarinate, imbricate; enlarged postcloacal spurs absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE5FFA9300F0387FBADD0D5" blockId="19.[264,1324,284,1590]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE5FFA9300F0387FDE4D196" box="[312,566,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Color in preservative</emphasis>
: Dorsal granules medium or dark brown, with a few scattered granules of lighter brown; keels usually darker than remainder of scale. Interstitial skin darker brown. Overall appearance to the naked eye is of a uniformly dark brown color. Rostral and labials chocolate brown with narrow unpigmented strips along margins. Granules of venter much like those on dorsum except that scattered granules and (more commonly) clusters of 3–4 granules are unpigmented, imparting to the venter a dark gray appearance speckled with light gray spots. Unpigmented scales on chin and throat typically in larger clusters, giving the impression of larger light gray spots on a dark ground. Tail black, with some scattered unpigmented scales on ventral side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE5FFA9300F02FFFC22D305" blockId="19.[264,1324,284,1590]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE5FFA9300F02FFFE1DD33E" box="[312,463,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Color in life</emphasis>
: “Charcoal gray with lighter gray flecks ventrally. Iris brown; tongue pink.” No trace of a dorsal pattern was evident in life (
<figureCitation id="13172A3DFFE5FFA932B00117FC1ED305" box="[903,972,1564,1590]" captionStart="FIGURE 5. A" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[343,1243,329,1739]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Nactus sphaerodactylodes, Sudest Island, photo by G. Shea, and B) Nactus acutus, Rossel Island, photo by F. Kraus, in life, showing distinctive appearance of each." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170183/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE5FFAE300F0167FDB9D4CD" blockId="19.[264,1321,1644,1870]" lastBlockId="20.[264,1323,284,510]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE5FFA9300F0167FE7DD3B6" box="[312,431,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Osteology</emphasis>
: The following is based on X­rays of the 
<typeStatus id="5497881AFFE5FFA9329B0167FBC4D3B5" box="[940,1046,1644,1670]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Frontal with a narrow supraorbital waist that is one­fourth as wide as its posterior margin and half as wide as the parietals; anterior margin strongly tridentate. Parietals paired, longer than wide. Premaxillae with 13 teeth loci. Maxillae extend posterior to approximately mid­orbit, each with approximately 30–35 teeth loci. Quadrate long, narrow, slightly curved. Cranial vault filled with endolymphatic space as far forward as to include the posterior parietals; endolymphatic sacs extend from just behind quadrate posteriorly to reach first ribs; ducts to endolymphatic space of cranial vault obvious on right side. Phalangeal formula 2­3­4­5­ 3 for manus, 2­3­4­5­4 for pes. Presacral vertebrae 26, three of which are cervical vertebrae lacking ribs; two sacral vertebrae; anteriormost eight caudal vertebrae with lateral processes, those on the first five caudal vertebrae thick and obliquely oriented, remainder thin and transverse.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE2FFAE300F053FFB36D655" blockId="20.[264,1323,564,870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE2FFAE300F053FFE4AD77E" box="[312,408,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ecology</emphasis>
: The sole specimen was collected in a sticky trap placed in a partially protected hollow leading under a large rock. The 
<typeStatus id="5497881AFFE2FFAE32560557FC41D745" box="[865,915,604,630]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
locality is a wind­blown ridge in cloud forest (
<quantity id="4CD49B5DFFE2FFAE3094058FFE2FD7AD" box="[419,509,644,670]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 m</quantity>
canopy) near the top of Rossel Island. Understory here is dense, with many gingers and tree ferns; progress through the vegetation is very difficult. Soil is muddy on the slopes but with pockets of humus, especially on the ridgeline; the area is highly unstable and prone to landslides. The site remained moist during our stay but almost all moisture was due to fog drip from the clouds blowing over the ridge. This location and the dominant vegetation of the site were described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B49FFE2FFAE352E0447FB32D655" author="Brass" box="[1049,1248,844,870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="27" refString="Brass, L. J. (1959) Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 79. Summary of the Fifth Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1956 - 1957). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 118, 5 - 69." type="journal article" year="1959">Brass (1959: 57)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF536630FFE2FFAE303F0143FE22D3FB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170185/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[321,1266,969,1558]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE2FFAE303F0143FE22D3FB" blockId="20.[264,1323,1608,1736]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE2FFAE303F0143FE59D353" bold="true" box="[264,395,1608,1632]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Map of the offshore islands of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, showing the known locations for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE2FFAE30DF0160FCD0D3B1" box="[488,770,1643,1666]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphaerodactylodes">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE2FFAE30DF0160FCD0D3B1" box="[488,770,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Nactus sphaerodactylodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE2FFAE320F0160FC4CD3B1" box="[824,926,1643,1666]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE2FFAE320F0160FC4CD3B1" box="[824,926,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N. acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Closed circle is type locality for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE2FFAE34250160FE1DD396" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphaerodactylodes">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE2FFAE34250160FE1DD396" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N. sphaerodactylodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; open circles are other locations for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE2FFAE32600185FBECD396" box="[855,1086,1678,1701]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphaerodactylodes">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE2FFAE32600185FBECD396" box="[855,1086,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N. sphaerodactylodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; closed square is type locality for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE2FFAE30B301BAFE38D3FB" box="[388,490,1713,1736]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE2FFAE30B301BAFE38D3FB" box="[388,490,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">N. acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3366533FFE2FFAF300F002FFC1FD7F5" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE2FFAE300F002FFC14D256" blockId="20.[264,1321,1827,1893]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE2FFAE300F002FFE67D20E" box="[312,437,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Etymology</emphasis>
: The name is a masculine Latin adjective meaning “sharp” and is in reference to the long, pointed snout of the species (
<figureCitation id="13172A3DFFE2FFAE326B0040FC70D256" box="[860,930,1867,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 5. A" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[343,1243,329,1739]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Nactus sphaerodactylodes, Sudest Island, photo by G. Shea, and B) Nactus acutus, Rossel Island, photo by F. Kraus, in life, showing distinctive appearance of each." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170183/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336B8FFE3FFAF300F0617FC1FD7F5" blockId="21.[264,1323,284,710]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE3FFAF300F0617FE51D406" box="[312,387,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Range</emphasis>
: Known only from the 
<typeStatus id="5497881AFFE3FFAF33A20617FD15D405" box="[661,711,284,310]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
locality on the eastern end of Rossel Island (
<figureCitation id="13172A3DFFE3FFAF35E40617FAC8D405" box="[1235,1306,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="20.[264,367,1608,1632]" captionTargetBox="[321,1266,969,1558]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[321,1267,969,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 7. Map of the offshore islands of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, showing the known locations for Nactus sphaerodactylodes and N. acutus. Closed circle is type locality for N. sphaerodactylodes; open circles are other locations for N. sphaerodactylodes; closed square is type locality for N. acutus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170185/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Rossel Island rises only another 
<quantity id="4CD49B5DFFE3FFAF33BB064FFD1BD46D" box="[652,713,324,350]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="80.0">80 m</quantity>
in elevation beyond the 
<typeStatus id="5497881AFFE3FFAF32C5064FFBF6D46D" box="[1010,1060,324,350]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
locality and the large majority of reptiles and amphibians collected by us at the 
<typeStatus id="5497881AFFE3FFAF32D40667FBC7D4B5" box="[995,1045,364,390]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
locality also occurred widely at lower elevations. Despite this, considerable effort on our part failed to disclose another specimen. It may be that 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE3FFAF338406B7FC8CD4E6" box="[691,862,444,469]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE3FFAF338406B7FC8CD4E6" box="[691,862,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nactus acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is ecologically associated with large boulders. We found much of the forest on Rossel to be heavily strewn with boulder fields apparently resulting from earlier landslides, among which effective collecting of reptiles and amphibians was virtually impossible. Hence, it is possible that this species will prove to have a wider range on the island but may be difficult to locate for ecological reasons. Alternatively, but seemingly less likely given the elevational tolerance of its congeners, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D3BFFE3FFAF3427058FFE86D7F6" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Nactus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="B958EAAAFFE3FFAF3427058FFE86D7F6" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">N. acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be restricted to the cloud forest of Rossel Island.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>