229 lines
26 KiB
XML
229 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="A3A943920F8B75813FE437A20FAA2F4C" ID-CLB-Dataset="3260" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5732526" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ee529066-6276-4c2d-9478-8a08a272b5aa" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5732526" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1600870871577" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="720CC525FFF84549EDA2F9296AE0F3F8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Cistugidae_710.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Cistugo seabrae Thomas 1912" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="714" masterDocId="8E35BD5DFFF94548ED13FF8F634AFFED" masterDocTitle="Cistugidae" masterLastPageNumber="715" masterPageNumber="710" pageNumber="714" updateTime="1698845874871" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="9796AAF9B6A53322E218142F499128D2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E20E82702BA273340B45BB8ED09AFA20">
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<mods:title id="128C5301A64D35B12C84A04502D4100D">Cistugidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CE3542061A570CC533634E5E61A9CD11" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="9209715B8818465E3999E3F97176B522">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="DD975011F8CDB12A12892673F2BB6488">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F9D3AD976036577C89FAB8760C22957D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="D6B42323661E00F2AB60378099144972">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="E7753C23280D80F09FD32185B573A808" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="4320D71ED591745CA4838EEAAC89721F">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="CF95321D13E07A85D7DA3E4B6BE84A18">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="9285B4D7DDE655A687F94D49F4FFE2C1">
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<mods:title id="2B32F4141E3BFFEB978A6FF1BC145A55">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="9F3E0E465AFCA5320B0844EA9DDF6EAD">710</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="E20CB6754B3D3D15473783750EA45C57">715</mods:end>
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<treatment id="720CC525FFF84549EDA2F9296AE0F3F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5732532" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190873467" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5732532" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:720CC525FFF84549EDA2F9296AE0F3F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/720CC525FFF84549EDA2F9296AE0F3F8" lastPageNumber="714" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<heading id="A152C35FFFF84549EDA2F9296387F939" box="[177,205,1702,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<figureCitation id="629E68B6FFF84549EDA2F9296387F939" box="[177,205,1702,1748]" captionStart="Plate 54" captionStartId="1.[783,848,1349,1374]" captionTargetBox="[14,2785,14,1274]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Plate 54 Wing-gland Bats Species Accounts" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6554085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6554085/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<figureCitation id="629E68B6FFF84549EDA2F929638FF939" box="[177,197,1702,1748]" captionStart="Plate 54" captionStartId="1.[783,848,1349,1374]" captionTargetBox="[14,2785,14,1274]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Plate 54 Species Accounts" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6554085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6554085/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">1</figureCitation>
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.
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</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549EDCFF92961AAF939" box="[220,736,1702,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549EDCFF92961AAF939" blockId="1.[171,1105,1702,1831]" box="[220,736,1702,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<heading id="A152C35FFFF84549EDCFF92961AAF939" box="[220,736,1702,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<vernacularName id="74A6041DFFF84549EDCFF92961AAF939" box="[220,736,1702,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Angolan Wing-gland Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549EE3BF929677EF939" box="[808,1076,1702,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549EE3BF929677EF939" blockId="1.[171,1105,1702,1831]" box="[808,1076,1702,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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||
<heading id="A152C35FFFF84549EE3BF929677EF939" box="[808,1076,1702,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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||
<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EE3BF929677EF939" ID-CoL="VLHN" authority="Thomas, 1912" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[808,1076,1702,1748]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seabrae">
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<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549EE3BF929677EF939" box="[808,1076,1702,1748]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Cistugo seabrae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549EDBEF96A602BF8CF" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549EDBEF96A671AF917" blockId="1.[171,1105,1702,1831]" box="[173,1104,1765,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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||
<heading id="A152C35FFFF84549EDBEF96A671AF917" box="[173,1104,1765,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549EDBEF96A63B3F917" bold="true" box="[173,249,1765,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="74A6041DFFF84549EC11F96A62ECF917" box="[258,422,1765,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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Cistugo d’/
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<collectingCountry id="82B234A3FFF84549EC7AF96A62ECF917" box="[361,422,1765,1786]" name="Angola" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Angola</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549ECAFF96A615CF917" bold="true" box="[444,534,1765,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="74A6041DFFF84549EF0DF96A6189F917" box="[542,707,1765,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Angola-Mausohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549EFCBF96A6079F917" bold="true" box="[728,819,1765,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="74A6041DFFF84549EE2DF96A60DCF917" box="[830,918,1765,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Ratonero</vernacularName>
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cistugo de
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<collectingCountry id="82B234A3FFF84549E91EF96A671AF917" box="[1037,1104,1765,1786]" name="Angola" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Angola</collectingCountry>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549EDBEF882602BF8CF" blockId="1.[171,1105,1702,1831]" box="[173,865,1805,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<heading id="A152C35FFFF84549EDBEF882602BF8CF" box="[173,865,1805,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549EDBEF88262EEF8CF" bold="true" box="[173,420,1805,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="74A6041DFFF84549ECB8F882612BF8CF" box="[427,609,1805,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Angolan Hairy Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="74A6041DFFF84549EF7CF882602BF8CF" box="[623,865,1805,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Seabra’s Wing-gland Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549EE03F8DD6615F89E" box="[784,1375,1874,1907]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549EE03F8DD6615F89E" blockId="1.[784,1376,1874,2301]" box="[784,1375,1874,1907]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549EE03F8DD60E6F89E" bold="true" box="[784,940,1874,1907]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EEADF8DD6610F89E" ID-CoL="VLHN" authority="Thomas, 1912" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[958,1370,1874,1907]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seabrae">Cistugo seabrae Thomas, 1912</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549EE01F8F360A4F82C" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549EE01F8F360A4F82C" blockId="1.[784,1376,1874,2301]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<materialsCitation id="4ACD7E6EFFF84549EE01F8F360A4F82C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3712887301" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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“Mossamedes [= Mocamedes],” south-western
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<collectingCountry id="82B234A3FFF84549EE97F82760A1F82C" box="[900,1003,1960,1985]" name="Angola" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Angola</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549EE02F85F6778F62D" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549EE02F85F6778F62D" blockId="1.[784,1376,1874,2301]" lastBlockId="1.[168,1377,2310,3483]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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Specific epithet is sometimes misspelled
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EE01F8786020F7FD" box="[786,874,2039,2064]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seabrai">seabrai</taxonomicName>
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. Because ofits unique wing glands,
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EE01F7946026F7D5" box="[786,876,2075,2104]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seabrae">seabrae</taxonomicName>
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was originally included in its own genus
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EE7DF7CD6080F7B2" box="[878,970,2114,2143]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cistugo</taxonomicName>
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but later considered a subgenus of
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EE67F7E16082F76A" box="[884,968,2158,2183]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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. Karyological studies further showed that it differed from all
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549E9F0F71A667FF743" box="[1251,1333,2197,2222]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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by having higher chromosome number (2n = 50) and all acrocentric autosomal complement (FN = 48). Molecular reconstructions based on several mitochondrial and nuclear genes not only supported distinctness of
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EE7DF6A16080F6A6" box="[878,970,2350,2379]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cistugo</taxonomicName>
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at the generic level but also showed that it deserved familial-level divergence. Phylogenetically,
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549E94CF6DA67BAF69F" box="[1119,1264,2389,2418]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cistugidae</taxonomicName>
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is basal to
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EDC2F60F62FFF674" box="[209,437,2432,2457]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Vespertilionidae</taxonomicName>
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radiation and only contains two species, C.
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<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549E920F60F67C4F674" box="[1075,1166,2432,2457]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seabrae">seabrae</taxonomicName>
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and C. lesueur that are very closely related and possibly conspecific. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549EDB9F64462CFF5DB" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="distribution">
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<caption id="AEDA24BBFFF84549EDB9F64462CFF5DB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5732528" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5732528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5732528/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" targetBox="[169,760,1884,2298]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549EDB9F64462CFF5DB" blockId="1.[168,1377,2310,3483]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549EDB9F6446213F605" bold="true" box="[170,345,2507,2536]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Endemic to SW Africa; known to occurin scattered areas from type locality on SW coast of
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<collectingCountry id="82B234A3FFF84549ECA1F67C615CF5FD" box="[434,534,2547,2576]" name="Angola" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Angola</collectingCountry>
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S across W
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<collectingCountry id="82B234A3FFF84549EFD1F67C607DF5FD" box="[706,823,2547,2576]" name="Namibia" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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to N parts of
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<collectingRegion id="3861BAD1FFF84549E910F67C6617F5FD" box="[1027,1373,2547,2576]" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Northern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="82B234A3FFF84549EDDCF59662CBF5DB" box="[207,385,2585,2614]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549EDB9F5C964DEF8C8" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="description">
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<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549EDB9F5C964DEF8C8" blockId="1.[168,1377,2310,3483]" lastBlockId="1.[1444,2656,1564,3097]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
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<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549EDB9F5C962EDF5B2" bold="true" box="[170,423,2630,2655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 40-54 mm, tail 32-40 mm, ear 10-13 mm, hindfoot 5-6 mm, forearm 30-1-35-4 mm; weight 2:5—
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<quantity id="3D5DD9D6FFF84549EE25F5E26030F56B" box="[822,890,2669,2694]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" unit="g" value="4.2">4.2 g</quantity>
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. Tibia lengths are 12:2—-13-9 mm, and wingspans are 200-220 mm. The Angolan Wing-gland Batis very small, without noseleaf and tail nearly entirely enclosed in interfemoral membrane (only one-half of last vertebra protruding from uropatagium). Ears are rounded, relatively large, and not funnel-shaped, reaching nose tip when held forward; outer margin is deeply notched at mid-height. Tragus is straight, elongated (reaching ear notch) with relatively broad base (c.2-8 mm), andtapering toward tip; frontal margin is straight; and external parts are distinctly convex. Wing membraneis attachedto base oftoe. Uropatagiumis essentially naked, bordered by elongated and unkeeled calcar reaching halfwayto tail tip. Hindfoot is very small, less than one-halfoftibia length. Thumb is short, without thickened structure at its base and bearing small claw. Penis is very short (c.
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<quantity id="3D5DD9D6FFF84549E9EAF47C6605F3FD" box="[1273,1359,3059,3088]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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) and cylindrical. Dorsal pelageis moderately dense, yellowish brown, orange-brown, or grayish brown, with hair bases much darker, blackish. Ventral pelageis lighter, beige, or cream-colored, with darker bases near root ofhairs. Naked parts ofskin (face, ears, and membranes) are dark brown. As detailed in the original description, the Angolan Wing-gland Bat resembles small species of
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||
<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EFEAF3366006F33B" box="[761,844,3257,3286]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
byits general bodytype, tragus shape, and dentition, but presenceof 2-3 translucent glands close to distal parts offorearm of each wing is unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EF3AF28761CDF2C8" box="[553,647,3336,3365]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cistugo</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the Angolan Wing-gland Bat, these glands are locatedcloseto radius, but their exact locations on plagiopatagium arevariable. Skull size 1s diminutive (greatest lengths 12:2-13-2 mm), with weak dentition (uppertooth rowlength 4-8-5-5 mm) and no apparent sagittal or occipital crests. Condylo-incisive length is usually less than 12:
|
||
<quantity id="3D5DD9D6FFF84549EA5FF99364EEF9D4" box="[1868,1956,1564,1593]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Presence of two equally small upper premolars, the second being variably intruded into tooth row, distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549E473F9CB6AF6F98C" box="[2400,2492,1604,1633]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cistugo</taxonomicName>
|
||
from most vespertilionid bats; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EBCCF9E06478F965" box="[1759,1842,1647,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, first upper premolar is proportionally larger than second. Other similarsized vespertilionids, such as small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549E5D8F9196A12F942" box="[2251,2392,1686,1711]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Neoromicia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neoromicia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have onlya single small upper premolar and also possess rounded tips to tragus. Lower canine has distinct lingual ridge that extends nearlyto tip, which is unique to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549E427F96A6ADBF913" box="[2356,2449,1765,1790]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cistugo</taxonomicName>
|
||
bats. All lower molars are myotodont, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DA50FB0FFF84549EA2EF88364DAF8C8" box="[1853,1936,1804,1829]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549E8BAF8BB6B48F876" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549E8BAF8BB6B48F876" blockId="1.[1444,2656,1564,3097]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549E8BAF8BB655DF8A0" bold="true" box="[1449,1559,1844,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Rocky habitats; arid and semiarid regions with sparse vegetation, but often near open water; and anthropogenic habitats such as citrus orchards or shade trees in villages, mostly below elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="3D5DD9D6FFF84549EA89F80D64B4F876" box="[1946,2046,1922,1947]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549E8BBF828697DF7D7" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549E8BBF828697DF7D7" blockId="1.[1444,2656,1564,3097]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549E8BBF82865FFF829" bold="true" box="[1448,1717,1959,1988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Angolan Wing-gland Bats are insectivorous, but exact diet composition is unknown. Wing morphology and echolocation characteristics are typical of a bat feeding on the edge ofcluttered habitats. Angolan Wing-gland Bats fly low aboveground and close to vegetation, apparently to glean small insects from leaves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549E8BBF7CA6A86F764" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549E8BBF7CA6A86F764" blockId="1.[1444,2656,1564,3097]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549E8BBF7CA6564F78F" bold="true" box="[1448,1582,2117,2146]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Litter size of the Angolan Wing-gland Bat is likely one young, as in other related species, but no precise data on patterns of reproduction are known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549E8B5F71C64CCF5D4" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549E8B5F71C64CCF5D4" blockId="1.[1444,2656,1564,3097]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549E8B5F71C65DBF75D" bold="true" box="[1446,1681,2195,2224]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Angolan Wing-gland Bats are nocturnal and seenflying shortlyafter sunset, suggesting relatively early night-time activity. They have been observed resting in an unused building at midnight, indicating that main periods of hunting activityin early and late night are interspersed byresting, as is typical of other insectivorous bats. Roosting habits of Angolan Wing-gland Bats are largely unknown, but caves orcrevices are likely their natural roosting sites. Some captured bats were active during austral winter, suggesting that they might not hibernate. Echolocationcalls are typical of lowduty echolocating bats, with strongly FM initial component terminating with short CF component. Call parameters (mean + SD) recorded in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3861BAD1FFF84549E5C2F6406978F601" box="[2257,2610,2511,2540]" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Northern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="82B234A3FFF84549E8BBF679651FF5FE" box="[1448,1621,2550,2579]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
are: peak frequencyof 48-5 + 0-7 kHz, bandwidth of 24-4 + 10-8 kHz, and duration of 3-1 + 0-7 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549E8B4F5CA6A18F58F" box="[1447,2386,2629,2658]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549E8B4F5CA6A18F58F" blockId="1.[1444,2656,1564,3097]" box="[1447,2386,2629,2658]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549E8B4F5CA6B29F58F" bold="true" box="[1447,2147,2629,2658]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549E8B4F5E26472F498" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549E8B4F5E26472F498" blockId="1.[1444,2656,1564,3097]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549E8B4F5E2644DF567" bold="true" box="[1447,1799,2669,2698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Angolan Wing-gland Bats are known fromscattered localities distributed overa large area covering habitats that are not likely to be impacted by anthropogenic changes, except very locally where mining operations can threaten their survival. Although they are rare in museumcollections, some populations can be locally common, for examplein orchards bordering largerivers. The Angolan Wing-gland Bat has not been reported in anylegally protected area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B2BF27B8FFF84549E8B4F4056AE0F3F8" pageId="1" pageNumber="714" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA1A7433FFF84549E8B4F4056AE0F3F8" blockId="1.[1444,2656,1564,3097]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="C8D1A821FFF84549E8B4F4056575F472" bold="true" box="[1447,1599,2954,2975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="714">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bickham et al. (2004), Eick et al. (2005), Gunnell et al. (2017), Herselman & Norton (1985), Hood & Smith (1984), Kearney (2013k), Kearney & Van Schalkwyk (2009), Lack et al. (2010), Monadjem, Jacobs & Griffin (2017), Rautenbach et al. (1993), Schoeman & Jacobs (2008), Seamark & Kearney (2006), Seamark et al. (2012), Shortridge (1942), Simmons (2005), Stadelmann, Jacobs et al. (2004), Thomas (1912a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |