305 lines
33 KiB
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305 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.113.1402" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4bdc4525-26a2-480f-87bb-f4d0436e9898" ID-PMC="PMC3187628" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-113-1" ID-PubMed="21976991" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-113-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 113" ModsDocTitle="Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic, with descriptions of new species of Solemyidae, Lucinidae and Vesicomyidae" checkinTime="1451250231973" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Olive, Graham, Rodrigues, Clara F. & Cunha, Marina R." docDate="2011" docId="BBE97655F025CA418ED647468FCCEEE4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 113: 1-38" docOrigin="ZooKeys 113" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.113.1402" docTitle="Solemya ((Petrasma)) elarraichensis Olive, Rodrigues & Cunha, 2011, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="C04A2C57FFE1EA27FFDE6818FFF2FF88" masterDocTitle="Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic, with descriptions of new species of Solemyidae, Lucinidae and Vesicomyidae" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1668151773651" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic, with descriptions of new species of Solemyidae, Lucinidae and Vesicomyidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Olive, Graham</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rodrigues, Clara F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cunha, Marina R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>113</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>38</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.113.1402</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.113.1402</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-113-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152030050" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BBE97655F025CA418ED647468FCCEEE4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BBE97655F025CA418ED647468FCCEEE4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:32A6013D-4378-462A-BABA-4AFC4D26FB1E" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya ((Petrasma)) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="(Petrasma)">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 23
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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4
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Holotype: one specimen, TTR14, stn AT528GR, El Arraiche field, Kidd MV,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.421734">35°25.304'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-6.732867">06°43.972'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 489m, 03 August 2004, NMWZ.2010.4.1
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Paratypes: ten specimens, same data as holotype, NMWZ.2010.4.2; seven specimens, TTR15, stn AT569GR, El Arraiche field, Mercator MV,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.29862">35°17.917'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-6.645283">06°38.717'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 358m, 25 July 2007, DBUA.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Other material examined: eight juveniles specimens, same data as holotype; two specimens, TTR12, stn AT407GR, El Arraiche field, Pen Duick Escarpment,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.294918">35°17.695'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-6.7847">06°47.082'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 560m, 15 July 2002; three specimens, TTR14, stn AT560B, El Arraiche field, Kidd MV,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.42177">35°25.306'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-6.7329335">06°43.976'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 498m, 8 August 2004; one specimen, TTR15, stn AT586GR, Western Moroccan field,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Meknès">Meknes</normalizedToken>
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MV,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="34.985767">34°59.146'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-7.073">07°04.380'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 701m, 28 July 2005; four specimens, TTR16, stn AT604GR, Western Moroccan field, Yuma MV,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.430332">35°25.820'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-7.1055">07°06.330'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 1030m, 29 May 2006; two specimens, TTR16, stn AT607GR, Western Moroccan field, Ginsburg MV,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.37795">35°22.677'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-7.0829835">07°04.979'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 983m, 29 May 2006.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="measurements">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Measurements (in mm)</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<table pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Station</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Length</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Height</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan="1">Posterior Length</th>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Shell (Figs 2, 3): to 35mm in length. Fragile. Equivalve. Inequilateral, beaks situated at 1/4 length of shell from posterior margin. Outline subcylindrical, compressed, length about 2.6 times height, slightly deeper towards the anterior, dorsal and ventral margins subparallel, anterior margin more broadly rounded than anterior, posterior dorsal margin projecting a little. Beaks indistinct, umbos sunken. Hinge teeth absent. Ligament primarily internal, supported by a prominent chondrophore that extends only slightly as a chondrophore ridge around the posterior adductor, lacking posterior and anterior extensions but a small roughly heart shaped area is present in front of the chondrophore and this is also visible externally just behind the beaks. Periostracum persistent and extending well beyond the shell margin, initially yellowish brown in colour but darkening with growth to a dark chestnut brown. Sculpture of weak radial ridges, 5-6 over the posterior and 10-12 over median and anterior. Adductor scars impressed, dorsal part of posterior scar angulate where bounded by chondrophore ridge, anterior adductor scar larger, spatulate in outline.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anatomy (Figs 3G, 4): The posterior siphonal opening is surrounded by a series of papillae: A single large dorsal papilla (dp) lies above two smaller but still large papillae (dmp) on the dorsal margin of the opening, below these is a short smooth section (sa) followed by a series of papillae increasing in size towards the ventral margin, there are 6 primary papillae (psp) on either side and a single ventral median papillae, between these on the inner side are smaller papillae (ssp); a pair of subsiphonal ridges (ssr) are present below the siphonal crown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">The mantle edge is fused from the posterior siphon for half the length of the ventral margin where there is a large anterior pedal gape. The mantle edge surrounding the rear of the foot bears a few tabulate papillae (pgp). The anterior dorsal mantle edge is prominently papillate (dap) and there is a single papilla on the junction of the mantle edge anterior of the anterior adductor muscle (admp). The foot is very large with a broad oval sole, this fringed by large papillae, all equal in size. The ctenidium is large with numerous laminar filaments attached to a prominent gill axis. The palps are short, twisted and flattened with cup shaped terminations. The gut is present but difficult to examine due to its small dimensions but the hind gut and rectum were easily visible.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis is presently only known from the mud volcano fields in the Gulf of Cadiz, Eastern Atlantic. The majority of specimens have been taken from the El Arraiche field off the coast of Morocco in Kidd,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fíuza">Fiuza</normalizedToken>
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and Mercator MVs and the Pen Duick Escarpment at depths between 358-560m. A few specimens have been taken from the Western Moroccan field at the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Meknès">Meknes</normalizedToken>
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, Yuma, Ginsburg and Darwin MVs at the slightly deeper range of 700-1115m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">elarraichensis, denoting the geographic origin of the type locality; the El Arraiche field.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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The form of the ligament, which is primarily internal, supported by a chondrophore and lacks any lateral or anterior extensions, confirms the placement of
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
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in the subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Petrasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrasma" order="Solemyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Petrasma</taxonomicName>
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Dall, 1908 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Taylor, JD" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Nature" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="75 - 104" title="Ancient chemosynthetic bivalves: systematics of Solemyidae from eastern and southern Australia (Mollusca: Bivalvia). In: Davie PJF, Philips JA (Eds) Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland." volume="54" year="2008">Taylor et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). Some of the specimens carry an initial identification of "cf.
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya togata" order="Solemyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="togata">Solemya togata</taxonomicName>
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" as might be expected from the proximity to the Mediterranean but the ligament of
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya sentosus subsp. s" order="Solemyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="sentosus" subSpecies="s">Solemya s.s.</taxonomicName>
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has prominent anterior extensions (Fig. 3E).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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The subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Petrasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrasma" order="Solemyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Petrasma</taxonomicName>
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is not known from the North-East Atlantic but is represented in the Western Atlantic by three species. Two species are known from near shore waters off the northeast coast of the USA:
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) velum" order="Solemyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="velum" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) velum</taxonomicName>
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(Say, 1822) and
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) borealis" order="Solemyida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="borealis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) borealis</taxonomicName>
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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Totten, 1834). The third,
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) occidentalis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Deshayes, GP" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="137 - 143" title="Note sur differents Mollusques de la Guadeloupe, Envoyes par M. Schramm." volume="6" year="1857">Deshayes 1857</bibRefCitation>
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) is known from the warm waters of Florida, Caribbean and S. America (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mikkelsen, PM" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" title="Seashells of Southern Florida - Living Marine Mollusks of the Florida Keys and Adjacent Regions: Bivalves." year="2008">Mikkelsen and Bieler 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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We note that the curvature of the chondrophore and chondrophore ridge is circular in
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) velum" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="velum" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) velum</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 3F) but angular in
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
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(Figs 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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). Furthermore, the siphonal papillae of
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) velum" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="velum" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) velum</taxonomicName>
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are by comparison less in number and reduced in development (Morse 1913,
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<bibRefCitation author="Taylor, JD" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Nature" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="75 - 104" title="Ancient chemosynthetic bivalves: systematics of Solemyidae from eastern and southern Australia (Mollusca: Bivalvia). In: Davie PJF, Philips JA (Eds) Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland." volume="54" year="2008">Taylor et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<bibRefCitation author="Abbott, RT" journalOrPublisher="Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" title="American Seashells; the marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North. America." year="1974">Abbott (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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following Morse (1913) noted that the siphon of
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) borealis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="borealis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) borealis</taxonomicName>
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differed markedly from that of
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) velum" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="velum" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) velum</taxonomicName>
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, confirming that siphonal characters were important for distinguishing species. In
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) borealis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="borealis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) borealis</taxonomicName>
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, the ventral-most dorsal marginal papillae are very large, and as big as the dorsal papilla, and much larger than any of the ventral papillae. This contrasts with the condition in
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
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where the ventral-most dorsal marginal papillae are smaller than the dorsal papilla and where the ventral papillae are fewer in number and distinctly increasing in size ventrally, with the ventral-most papillae equal in size to the dorsal marginal papillae.
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<bibRefCitation author="Conway, NM" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="601 - 613" title="Characterization and site description of Solemya borealis (Bivalvia: Solemyidae), another bivalve-bacteria symbiosis." url="doi:10.1007/BF00346178" volume="112" year="1992">Conway et al. (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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, following Barnard (in Reid 1980) suggested that
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) borealis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="borealis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) borealis</taxonomicName>
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lacked a gut and this would be in contrast with
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) velum" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="velum" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) velum</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The character of the ligament and chondrophore are rather similar in
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<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) borealis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="borealis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abbott, RT" journalOrPublisher="Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" title="American Seashells; the marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North. America." year="1974">Abbott (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mikkelsen, PM" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" title="Seashells of Southern Florida - Living Marine Mollusks of the Florida Keys and Adjacent Regions: Bivalves." year="2008">Mikkelsen and Bieler (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
note that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) occidentalis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks any perceptible chondrophore ridge and give this as the main characteristic separating
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) occidentalis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) velum" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="velum" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) velum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, therefore, also from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Ecologically
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) velum" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="velum" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) velum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) borealis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="borealis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very different from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that they are not associated with deep-water methane seeps. In contrast they are found in sublittoral or shallow shelf settings with high organic enrichment (Morse 1913 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Conway, NM" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="601 - 613" title="Characterization and site description of Solemya borealis (Bivalvia: Solemyidae), another bivalve-bacteria symbiosis." url="doi:10.1007/BF00346178" volume="112" year="1992">Conway et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mikkelsen, PM" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" title="Seashells of Southern Florida - Living Marine Mollusks of the Florida Keys and Adjacent Regions: Bivalves." year="2008">Mikkelsen and Bieler (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
give a similar habitat for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) occidentalis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Deshayes, 1857) noting its occurrence in mangrove channels and around sewage outfalls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Given the above differences in habitat and form we conclude that none of the Atlantic species is amphi-Atlantic, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) pervernicosa" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pervernicosa" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) pervernicosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kuroda, 1948, which is considered to be amphi-Pacific by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kamenev, GM" journalOrPublisher="Malacologia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="233 - 261" title="North Pacific species of the genus Solemya Lamarck, 1818 (Bivalvia: Solemyidae), with notes on Acharax johnsoni (Dall, 1891)." volume="51" year="2009">Kamenev (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. If any of the Western Atlantic species were amphi-Atlantic it is unclear why, in the Eastern Atlantic, they should be absent from their typical settings (which are plentiful) and found only in deep water methane seeps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Other North Atlantic species referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Solemya</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya grandis" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="grandis">Solemya grandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill and Bush, 1898 and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya caribbaea" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caribbaea">Solemya caribbaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Vokes, 1970 are excluded here because both belong to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Acharax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acharax" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Acharax</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Abbott, RT" journalOrPublisher="Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" title="American Seashells; the marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North. America." year="1974">Abbott 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
A solemyid living at a pockmark, at a depth of 1607m, has been reported from the Eastern Mediterranean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rodrigues, CF" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenchaften," pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="281 - 287" title="Distinct symbiont lineages in three thyasirid species (Bivalvia: Thyasiridae) from the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean sea." url="doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0766-3" volume="98" year="2011">Rodrigues et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately the small, single specimen was damaged and its taxonomic affinities remain unclear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
In conclusion, there are sufficient morphological and ecological grounds for considering the Gulf of Cadiz species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Petrasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petrasma" order="Solemyida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Petrasma</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be new to science
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Figure 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
from Kidd MV;
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
lateral and dorsal views of holotype
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
lateral and dorsal views of medium sized paratype E lateral view of small paratype. F paired valves from Pen Duick Escarpment G paired valves from Mercator MV H lateral view of specimen from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Meknès">Meknes</normalizedToken>
|
||
MV I lateral view of shell from Yuma MV.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
Internal views of ligament, scale bars = 5mm.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. from A Kidd MV B Pen Duick Escarpment C Mercator MV D Yuma MV. E
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya togata" order="Solemyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="togata">Solemya togata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Mediterranean F
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) velum" order="Solemyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="velum" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) velum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Rhode Island (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor, JD" journalOrPublisher="Steenstrupia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="127 - 140" title="New lucinid bivalves from hydrocarbon seeps of the Western Atlantic (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Lucinidae)." volume="30" year="2009">Taylor et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). c, chondrophore; cr chondrophore ridge; pa, posterior adductor scar; r, resilium. G posterior siphon of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. dp, dorsal papilla; dmp, dorsal marginal papillae; psp, primary siphonal papillae; sa, smooth area; ssp, secondary siphonal papillae; ssr, subsiphonal ridge; vp, ventral papilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis" order="Solemyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="elarraichensis" subGenus="Petrasma">Solemya (Petrasma) elarraichensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., Pen Duick, stn. AT407GR, 560m. Anatomy. A whole animal viewed from left side B papillae on dorsal anterior mantle edge C single, large papilla in dorsal median position D posterior dorsal dissection showing rectum passing through heart E marginal papillae on foot F papillae on mantle edge surrounding pedal gape G palp. aa, anterior adductor muscle. ct, ctenidium. dap, dorsal anterior papillae. dmp, dorsal median papilla. f, foot. h, heart. k, kidney. me, mantle edge. pa, posterior adductor muscle. pgp, papillae surrounding pedal gape. pp, palp. r, rectum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |