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<document id="C059944E4D0410219E34976D90975808" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.275008" ID-GBIF-Dataset="22dec5a8-3bff-4088-9b50-b4ba1ce5494d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="275008" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461096238520" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Godoi, Fabio Siqueira P. &amp; Rafael, José Albertino" docDate="2009" docId="3D3A87E4F158FFD548B4CC17FABCF874" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02148p038.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2148" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Bittacus" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="C103FF9CF159FFD74823C86AFF89FFC2" masterDocTitle="Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): New generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1698589357352" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="78861F1482A038A8F37FAA45E45ADCD5">Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): New generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0FC5A23722FB4399D2C75C217C4C1EB5">Machado, Renato Jose Pires</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="785B0E2ED87CE072E219AA5B09311B05">Godoi, Fabio Siqueira P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7E0C06BA2B617FBCD4B9F4E2FC68433C">Rafael, José Albertino</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BE685D802FE6A98C3351346AB4D9F749">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C203D9E43DCC859158801E0D9256915D">2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="11BA1A2F901866505BA7BDD74AEE9A60" type="volume">
<mods:number id="313663279DBF9874C0F5FBB0540C9DAC">2148</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2DDF717B2C9035742D3441BB28422C82">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A5F0ACC9CA77335633C1D822B3E8599C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.275008</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9C8C705FB3994FB02002C1187B1CFB08" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3D3A87E4F158FFD548B4CC17FABCF874" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6220778" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119620600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6220778" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D3A87E4F158FFD548B4CC17FABCF874" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D3A87E4F158FFD548B4CC17FABCF874" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
<subSubSection id="FD896579F158FFD648B4CC17FB44FAEC" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F158FFD648B4CC17FE30FB55" blockId="1.[151,441,1149,1175]" box="[151,441,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="EE64819EF158FFD648B4CC17FE30FB55" bold="true" box="[151,441,1149,1175]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD648B4CC17FE30FB55" bold="true" box="[151,441,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD648B4CC17FF73FB55" ID-CoL="62FQ2" box="[151,250,1149,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD648B4CC17FF73FB55" bold="true" box="[151,250,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD6491BCC17FE30FB55" box="[312,441,1149,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD6491BCC17FE30FB55" bold="true" box="[312,441,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F158FFD648B4CCACFB44FAEC" blockId="1.[151,1437,1222,2025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD6493BCCADFEF1FB22" box="[280,376,1223,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD6493BCCADFEF1FB22" box="[280,376,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was created for the European species,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64B61CCADFBE4FB22" authority="Muller, 1766" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1766" box="[834,1133,1222,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="italicus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64B61CCADFC30FB22" box="[834,953,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">B. italicus</emphasis>
(Müller, 1766)
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64CADCCADFF56FAC5" authority="Fabricius, 1775" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tipularia">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64CADCCADFA9FFB22" box="[1166,1302,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">B. tipularia</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1775)
</taxonomicName>
. Subsequent to that, the first New World species,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64B12CC87FBD5FAC5" authority="Say, 1823" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[817,1116,1261,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stigmaterus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64B12CC87FC55FAC4" box="[817,988,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">B. stigmaterus</emphasis>
Say, 1823
</taxonomicName>
, was described. Nowadays
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD648B4CD7EFF7EFAEF" box="[151,247,1300,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD648B4CD7EFF7EFAEF" box="[151,247,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most diverse genus of
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64A6FCD7EFD4FFAEC" box="[588,710,1300,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bittacidae</taxonomicName>
, with species in all biogeographical regions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FD896579F158FFD548E6CD50FABCF874" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F158FFD648E6CD50FED1FA0A" blockId="1.[151,1437,1222,2025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD648E6CD50FEEDFA96" author="Navas" box="[197,356,1338,1364]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Navas, L. (1908) Neuropteros nuevos. Memorias de la real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 6 (3), 401 - 423." type="journal article" year="1908">Navás (1908)</bibRefCitation>
proposed the creation of the genus
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64B25CD51FC0AFA96" box="[774,899,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64B25CD51FC0AFA96" box="[774,899,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64B96CD51FA98FA96" authority="Klug, 1838" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1838" box="[949,1297,1338,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64B96CD51FB0AFA96" box="[949,1155,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus chilensis</emphasis>
Klug, 1838
</taxonomicName>
, but Esben-
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD648B4CD0BFEDDFAB9" author="Petersen" box="[151,340,1377,1403]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Esben - Petersen, P. (1921) Mecoptera. Monographic revision. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edmond de Selys Longchamps. Catalogue Systematique et Descriptif. Fasc. 5. 172 pp." type="book" year="1921">Petersen (1921)</bibRefCitation>
considered the differentiating characters proposed by Navás inconsistent and synonymized
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD648B4CDE2FE90FA63" box="[151,281,1416,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD648B4CDE2FE90FA63" box="[151,281,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64943CDE2FE4DFA63" box="[352,452,1416,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64943CDE2FE4DFA63" box="[352,452,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was accepted by subsequent authors (
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD64BD2CDE2FB0BFA60" author="Byers" box="[1009,1154,1416,1442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Byers, G. W. (1972) A new genus of Mecoptera from Brazil. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 45 (3), 341 - 346." type="journal article" year="1972">Byers 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD64CACCDE2FAAAFA60" author="Penny" box="[1167,1315,1416,1442]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Penny, N. D. (1975) Evolution of the extant Mecoptera. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 48, 331 - 350." type="journal article" year="1975">Penny 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD64D12CDE2FEA5FA0A" author="Penny" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Penny, N. D. &amp; Byers, G. W. (1979 a) Chave para as familias e generos da Mecoptera (Insecta) da America, do sul dos Estados Unidos. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 363 - 364." type="journal article" year="1979" yearSuffix="a">Penny &amp; Byers 1979a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD6491ACDC4FEC2FA0A" author="Penny" box="[313,331,1454,1480]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Penny, N. D. &amp; Byers, G. W. (1979 b) A check - list of the Mecoptera of the world. Acta Amazonica, 9 (2), 365 - 388." type="journal article" year="1979" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F158FFD648E6CDBFFD7BF918" blockId="1.[151,1437,1222,2025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
The synonymy between
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD649CBCDBFFDEFFA2C" box="[488,614,1493,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD649CBCDBFFDEFFA2C" box="[488,614,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64A82CDBFFC8BFA2C" box="[673,770,1493,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64A82CDBFFC8BFA2C" box="[673,770,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was questioned by
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD64BCDCDBFFB35FA2D" author="Willmann" box="[1006,1212,1493,1519]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65." type="journal article" year="1983">Willmann (1983)</bibRefCitation>
, who proposed the revalidation of
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64979CD96FE69F9D7" box="[346,480,1532,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64979CD96FE69F9D7" box="[346,480,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and transferred 12 species from
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64BA6CD96FC65F9D7" box="[901,1004,1532,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64BA6CD96FC65F9D7" box="[901,1004,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to it. This author pointed out two characters to support the group: the origin of Rs1+2 forming nearly a right angle and extra costal crossveins present beyond the humeral crossvein. In the same paper the author also used a biogeographical discussion to support his hypothesis, pointing out that
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64ABFCE19FC8AF94E" box="[668,771,1651,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64ABFCE19FC8AF94E" box="[668,771,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broadly distributed in Eurasia and North
<collectingCountry id="CD847662F158FFD64D11CE18FA14F94E" box="[1330,1437,1650,1676]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">America</collectingCountry>
(Laurasian distribution) but does not occur in the Australian region, and thus,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64CA2CEF3FB60F970" box="[1153,1257,1689,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64CA2CEF3FB60F970" box="[1153,1257,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be the predominant genus of
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD649BDCEAAFD9CF918" box="[414,533,1728,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bittacidae</taxonomicName>
in South
<collectingCountry id="CD847662F158FFD64AA6CEAAFD67F918" box="[645,750,1728,1754]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">America</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F158FFD648E6CE8DFB49F859" blockId="1.[151,1437,1222,2025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD648E6CE8DFDABF8C3" author="Collucci" box="[197,546,1767,1793]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Collucci, E. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">Collucci and Amorim (2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD64A0CCE8DFDE4F8C3" author="Collucci" box="[559,621,1767,1793]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Collucci, E. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2001) Descricao de uma nova especie de Thyridates Navas, 1908 de Governador Valadares, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil e redescricao de T. femoralis (Klug, 1836) (Mecoptera, Bittacidae). Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 36, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
) adopted Willmann’s classification, described four new species of
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD648B4CF64FE9CF8E5" box="[151,277,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD648B4CF64FE9CF8E5" box="[151,277,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and transferred another three species from
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64B03CF64FC08F8E5" box="[800,897,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64B03CF64FC08F8E5" box="[800,897,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64B84CF64FBACF8E5" box="[935,1061,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64B84CF64FBACF8E5" box="[935,1061,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These authors pointed out that
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD648B4CF5EFF72F88F" box="[151,251,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD648B4CF5EFF72F88F" box="[151,251,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably Holarctic, while
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64A40CF5EFD6FF88F" box="[611,742,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64A40CF5EFD6FF88F" box="[611,742,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a Neotropical genus. They also proposed another five synapomorphies to emphasize the consistency of the group: fork of Rs more basal than the apex of Sc; crossvein sc-r apical; thyridium evident; pterostigma elongate; and species relatively large.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F158FFD548E6CFC2FEF2FDD4" blockId="1.[151,1437,1222,2025]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,1974]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD648E6CFC2FE3FF800" author="Petrulevicius" box="[197,438,1960,1986]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Petrulevicius, J. F. (2003) Phylogenetic and biogeographical remarks on Thyridates (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with the first fossil record of the taxon. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (suppl. - Fossil Insects), 257 - 265." type="journal article" year="2003">Petrulevičius (2003)</bibRefCitation>
reiterated the consistency of
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F158FFD64B34CFC2FC1FF803" box="[791,918,1960,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F158FFD64B34CFC2FC1FF803" box="[791,918,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="28">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and discussed the characters introduced by
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD648B4CFA5FEE0F82B" author="Willmann" box="[151,361,1999,2025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65." type="journal article" year="1983">Willmann (1983)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F158FFD64985CFA5FC86F82B" author="Collucci" box="[422,783,1999,2025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Collucci, E. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">Collucci and Amorim (2000)</bibRefCitation>
. The author considered two of the characters as least problematic: origin of Rs1+2 making nearly a right angle as proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54C2EC8F2FB6AFF70" author="Willmann" box="[1037,1251,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65." type="journal article" year="1983">Willmann (1983)</bibRefCitation>
, and elongated pterostigma as proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD549C1C8ABFCB4FF19" author="Collucci" box="[482,829,193,219]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Collucci, E. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">Collucci and Amorim (2000)</bibRefCitation>
; he emphasized that the strongest character was the presence of two or three pterostigmal crossveins, which distinguish an elongated pterostigma (
<figureCitation id="2DA82A77F15BFFD54D11C882FAFEFEC0" box="[1330,1399,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1958,1982]" captionTargetBox="[510,1084,197,1925]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[505,1085,197,1925]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fore wing of Bittacus chilensis. A = anal vein; C = costal vein; Cu = cubital vein; h = humeral crossvein; M = medial vein; R = radial vein." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275009/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). In addition to these two characters
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54A1BC964FCA0FEEB" author="Petrulevicius" box="[568,809,270,297]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Petrulevicius, J. F. (2003) Phylogenetic and biogeographical remarks on Thyridates (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with the first fossil record of the taxon. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (suppl. - Fossil Insects), 257 - 265." type="journal article" year="2003">Petrulevičius (2003)</bibRefCitation>
also proposed one more: presence of a forked
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54D74C965FEC9FE8D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Kreuz der Bittaciden</emphasis>
(bifurcations of veins Rs3+4, M1+2 and M3+4, arising at the same level, where the bifurcation in M1+2 becomes more basal, almost at the same level as crossveins rs4-m1+2 and m1+2-m3+4). Based on these three characters the author described a fossil species from
<collectingCountry id="CD847662F15BFFD54B02C9E3FC13FE61" box="[801,922,393,419]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54B8EC9E3FF5CFE0B" authority="Petrulevicius, 2003" authorityName="Petrulevicius" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novokschonovi">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54B8EC9E3FB65FE60" box="[941,1260,393,418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates novokschonovi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54CD6C9E2FF5CFE0B" author="Petrulevicius" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Petrulevicius, J. F. (2003) Phylogenetic and biogeographical remarks on Thyridates (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with the first fossil record of the taxon. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (suppl. - Fossil Insects), 257 - 265." type="journal article" year="2003">Petrulevičius, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and transferred seven African species from
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54AD4C9C5FCD3FE0A" box="[759,858,431,456]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54AD4C9C5FCD3FE0A" box="[759,858,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54BA0C9C5FB8DFE0A" box="[899,1028,431,456]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54BA0C9C5FB8DFE0A" box="[899,1028,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus expanding the geographical distribution of
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54965C9BCFE42FE2D" box="[326,459,470,495]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54965C9BCFE4EFE2D" box="[326,455,470,495]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thyridates</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
He suggested a Gondwanan origin for the group, before it became restricted to the Neotropical region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F15BFFD548E6CA49FB80FD49" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
Although these authors considered
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54A88CA49FCB2FDFE" box="[683,827,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A88CA49FCB2FDFE" box="[683,827,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a valid genus and introduced some putative synapomorphies, other authors have ignored these works and have not accepted
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54C50CA20FB7CFDA1" box="[1139,1269,586,611]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54C50CA20FB7CFDA1" box="[1139,1269,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54D24CA20FA11FDA6" author="Byers" box="[1287,1432,586,612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Byers, G. W. (1996) Descriptions and distributional records of American Mecoptera. IV. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55 (14), 519 - 547." type="journal article" year="1996">Byers 1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD548B4CA1BFF5CFD49" author="Byers" box="[151,213,625,651]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Byers, G. W. (2004) A collection of Mecoptera from Latin America. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 77 (2), 137 - 142." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD548C2CA1BFE7FFD49" author="Byers" box="[225,502,625,651]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Byers, G. W. &amp; Roggero, R. J. (1992) Hanging - flies of Panama (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). In: Quintero, D. &amp; Aiello, A. (eds.). Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: selected studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 594 - 599." type="book chapter" year="1992">Byers &amp; Roggero 1992</bibRefCitation>
), which has caused nomenclatural instability.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F15BFFD548E6CAFDFBA2FB15" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
For the development of this work we have examined specimens of 25 species (see examined specimens below) from the New World, mainly to analyze the three characters pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54C4CCAD7FAEAFD1A" author="Petrulevicius" box="[1135,1379,701,728]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Petrulevicius, J. F. (2003) Phylogenetic and biogeographical remarks on Thyridates (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with the first fossil record of the taxon. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (suppl. - Fossil Insects), 257 - 265." type="journal article" year="2003">Petrulevičius (2003)</bibRefCitation>
. The first one, the origin of Rs1+2 at nearly a right angle, is the most constant character state among the South American species now classified in
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54A1ACB64FD3FFCE5" box="[569,694,782,807]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A1ACB64FD3FFCE5" box="[569,694,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, this character state is not present in all species from South
<collectingCountry id="CD847662F15BFFD548C7CB5FFEC3FC8D" box="[228,330,821,847]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">America</collectingCountry>
and Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD549C2CB5EFD4AFC8D" author="Petrulevicius" box="[481,707,820,847]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Petrulevicius, J. F. (2003) Phylogenetic and biogeographical remarks on Thyridates (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with the first fossil record of the taxon. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (suppl. - Fossil Insects), 257 - 265." type="journal article" year="2003">Petrulevičius 2003</bibRefCitation>
) and also can be found in some Nearctic species of
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54D10CB5FFA1DFC8C" box="[1331,1428,821,846]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54D10CB5FFA1DFC8C" box="[1331,1428,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD548DBCB36FD2FFCB7" authority="MacLachlan, 1881" authorityName="MacLachlan" authorityYear="1881" box="[248,678,859,885]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorostigma">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD548DBCB36FE31FCB7" box="[248,440,860,885]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. chlorostigma</emphasis>
MacLachlan, 1881
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54A90CB36FC75FCB7" authority="Walker, 1853" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1853" box="[691,1020,859,885]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentis">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A90CB36FCD9FCB7" box="[691,848,860,885]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. occidentis</emphasis>
Walker, 1853
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54C2ACB36FAFCFCB7" authority="Westwood, 1846" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1846" box="[1033,1397,859,885]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicornis">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54C2ACB36FB29FCB7" box="[1033,1184,860,885]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. pilicornis</emphasis>
Westwood, 1846
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54DA1CB36FE5DFC5E" authority="Westwood, 1846" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1846" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctiger">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54DA1CB36FE81FC59" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. punctiger</emphasis>
Westwood, 1846
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54A32CBE8FCBEFC5E" authority="Say, 1823" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[529,823,898,924]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stigmaterus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A32CBE8FD33FC59" box="[529,698,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. stigmaterus</emphasis>
Say, 1823
</taxonomicName>
. The second character state, an elongate pterostigma with two or three crossveins, is also variable.
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54A94CBC3FBBFFC01" authority="Byers, 1965" authorityName="Byers" authorityYear="1965" box="[695,1078,937,963]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculosus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A94CBC3FC12FC00" box="[695,923,937,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus maculosus</emphasis>
Byers, 1965
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54C61CBC3FE15FC2B" authority="Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942" authorityName="Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira" authorityYear="1942" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diversinervis">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54C61CBC3FB75FC00" box="[1090,1276,937,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. diversinervis</emphasis>
Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD5498ACBBAFC43FC2B" authority="Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942" authorityName="Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira" authorityYear="1942" box="[425,970,975,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pintoi">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD5498ACBBAFD9CFC2B" box="[425,533,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. pintoi</emphasis>
Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54C2FCBBAFAB1FC2B" authority="Klug, 1838" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1838" box="[1036,1336,975,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femoralis">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54C2FCBBAFB2CFC2B" box="[1036,1189,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. femoralis</emphasis>
Klug, 1838
</taxonomicName>
contain specimens with only one crossvein and sometimes with one crossvein on one side of the body and two or three on the other side. Other genera, such as
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54AA2CC77FD58FBF4" box="[641,721,1053,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Pazius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54AA2CC77FD58FBF4" box="[641,721,1053,1078]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Pazius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54B2ECC77FC2EFBF4" box="[781,935,1053,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Kalobittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54B2ECC77FC2EFBF4" box="[781,935,1053,1078]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Kalobittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also share this character state. The third character, the presence of a forked
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A1ECC2EFCBEFB9F" box="[573,823,1092,1117]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Kreuz der Bittaciden</emphasis>
, occurs practically in all species of
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54CCACC2EFAE0FB9F" box="[1257,1385,1092,1117]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54CCACC2EFAE0FB9F" box="[1257,1385,1092,1117]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD548B4CC00FF7EFB41" box="[151,247,1130,1155]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD548B4CC00FF7EFB41" box="[151,247,1130,1155]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that we have examined, but in the majority of them the bifurcation M1+2 is a little more apical than the others, and does not reach the level of crossveins rs4-m1+2 and m1+2 -m3+4, the opposite of what
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54D23CCF9FF6DFB15" author="Petrulevicius" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Petrulevicius, J. F. (2003) Phylogenetic and biogeographical remarks on Thyridates (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with the first fossil record of the taxon. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (suppl. - Fossil Insects), 257 - 265." type="journal article" year="2003">Petrulevičius (2003)</bibRefCitation>
indicated and exactly the same as occurs in some
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54B11CCD4FC41FB15" box="[818,968,1214,1239]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Kalobittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54B11CCD4FC41FB15" box="[818,968,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Kalobittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F15BFFD548E6CC8EFED2FAB0" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
The biogeographical discussion in
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54A43CC8EFCA2FB3C" author="Willmann" box="[608,811,1252,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Willmann, R. (1983) Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen unter den sudamerikanischen Bittacidae (Insecta: Mecoptera). Zoologische Beitrage Neue Folge, 28, 47 - 65." type="journal article" year="1983">Willmann (1983)</bibRefCitation>
was strongly based on the absence of
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54CD2CC8EFAD8FB3F" box="[1265,1361,1252,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54CD2CC8EFAD8FB3F" box="[1265,1361,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Australian region to explain why
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54A03CD61FD09FAE6" box="[544,640,1291,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A03CD61FD09FAE6" box="[544,640,1291,1316]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could not occur in the Neotropical region. However this conclusion no longer can be considered valid as
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54A77CD5BFC9EFA89" author="Lambkin" box="[596,791,1329,1355]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Lambkin, K. J. (1988) An Australian species of the genus Bittacus Latreille (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 25 (2), 439 - 444." type="journal article" year="1988">Lambkin (1988)</bibRefCitation>
has described the first Australian
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54C91CD5BFA9DFA88" box="[1202,1300,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54C91CD5BFA9DFA88" box="[1202,1300,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54D06CD5BFEC7FAB0" authority="Lambkin, 1988" authorityName="Lambkin" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eremus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54D06CD5BFA12FA88" box="[1317,1435,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. eremus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD548B4CD32FEC7FAB0" author="Lambkin" box="[151,334,1368,1394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Lambkin, K. J. (1988) An Australian species of the genus Bittacus Latreille (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 25 (2), 439 - 444." type="journal article" year="1988">Lambkin, 1988</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F15BFFD548E6CD15FF6FF943" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
The Andes Mountains is one of the most formidable biogeographical barriers for insects in South
<collectingCountry id="CD847662F15BFFD548B4CDCFFE88FA7D" box="[151,257,1445,1471]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">America</collectingCountry>
. The mecopteran fauna in the lowlands west of the Andes is almost completely different than that east of the Andes; only
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54988CDA6FD82FA27" box="[427,523,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54988CDA6FD82FA27" box="[427,523,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in both regions, but with just a single species,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54CA2CDA6FA80FA27" box="[1153,1289,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54CA2CDA6FA80FA27" box="[1153,1289,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on the west side. This species, the basis for
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54A2FCD99FCB2F9CE" authority="Navas, 1908" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1908" box="[524,827,1522,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A2FCD99FD00F9CE" box="[524,649,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54AB9CD98FCBBF9CE" author="Navas" box="[666,818,1522,1548]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Navas, L. (1908) Neuropteros nuevos. Memorias de la real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 6 (3), 401 - 423." type="journal article" year="1908">Navás, 1908</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, has some peculiar characteristics, such as the large body size and large eleventh tergite. When a comprehensive phylogenetic study related to all of these taxa is done we may have to reconsider resurrection of
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54AFCCE2AFCD6F99B" box="[735,863,1600,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54AFCCE2AFCD6F99B" box="[735,863,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but only for this particular species, not for the others.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B52C36F2F15BFFD548E6CEE7FABCF874" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
Because of the inconsistency of the three characters discussed we opt to not accept
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54C86CEE4FAAAF965" box="[1189,1315,1678,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54C86CEE4FAAAF965" box="[1189,1315,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid genus, as Esben-Petersen had concluded in 1921. Thus, we transfer to
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54BF9CEDEFBB3F90F" box="[986,1082,1716,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54BF9CEDEFBB3F90F" box="[986,1082,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all species recently described in
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54896CEB1FEBBF936" box="[181,306,1755,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54896CEB1FEBBF936" box="[181,306,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54961CEB1FC0FF936" authority="Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000" authorityName="Collucci &amp; Amorim" authorityYear="2000" box="[322,902,1754,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunnipenis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54961CEB1FDBCF936" box="[322,565,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus brunnipenis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54A67CEB0FCF4F936" author="Collucci" box="[580,893,1754,1780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Collucci, E. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54BAFCEB0FC7EF936" bold="true" box="[908,1015,1754,1780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9CD4579BF15BFFD54BAFCEB0FC7EF936" box="[908,1015,1754,1780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54C25CEB1FF52F8D9" authority="Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000" authorityName="Collucci &amp; Amorim" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="froehlichi" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54C25CEB1FB1EF936" box="[1030,1175,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. froehlichi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54C84CEB0FF5DF8D9" author="Collucci" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Collucci, E. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD548C0CF6BFEC4F8D9" bold="true" box="[227,333,1793,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9CD4579BF15BFFD548C0CF6BFEC4F8D9" box="[227,333,1793,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD5497FCF6BFCB9F8D9" authority="Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000" authorityName="Collucci &amp; Amorim" authorityYear="2000" box="[348,816,1793,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latreillei" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD5497FCF6BFE69F8D8" box="[348,480,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. latreillei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD549D3CF6BFCA1F8D9" author="Collucci" box="[496,808,1793,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Collucci, E. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2000) Three new species of Thyridates Navas, 1908 (Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from Brazil, with new combinations and some comments about phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 21, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54B1BCF6BFC2BF8D9" bold="true" box="[824,930,1793,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9CD4579BF15BFFD54B1BCF6BFC2BF8D9" box="[824,930,1793,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54B92CF6BFAF4F8D9" authority="Petrulevicius, 2003" authorityName="Petrulevicius" authorityYear="2003" box="[945,1405,1793,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novokschonovi" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54B92CF6BFB09F8D8" box="[945,1152,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. novokschonovi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54CACCF6BFAFCF8D9" author="Petrulevicius" box="[1167,1397,1793,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Petrulevicius, J. F. (2003) Phylogenetic and biogeographical remarks on Thyridates (Mecoptera: Bittacidae), with the first fossil record of the taxon. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 46 (suppl. - Fossil Insects), 257 - 265." type="journal article" year="2003">Petrulevičius, 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54DA7CF6BFF6DF880" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9CD4579BF15BFFD54DA7CF6BFF6DF880" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54902CF42FC92F880" authority="Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2001" authorityName="Collucci &amp; Amorim" authorityYear="2001" box="[289,795,1832,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="willmanni" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54902CF42FE34F883" box="[289,445,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. willmanni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD549EECF42FC9BF880" author="Collucci" box="[461,786,1832,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Collucci, E. &amp; Amorim, D. S. (2001) Descricao de uma nova especie de Thyridates Navas, 1908 de Governador Valadares, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil e redescricao de T. femoralis (Klug, 1836) (Mecoptera, Bittacidae). Contribuicoes Avulsas Sobre a Historia Natural do Brasil, Serie Zoologia, 36, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2001">Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54B00CF42FC1BF880" bold="true" box="[803,914,1832,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9CD4579BF15BFFD54B00CF42FC1BF880" box="[803,914,1832,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="CD847662F15BFFD54B81CF42FC4AF880" box="[930,963,1832,1858]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">As</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54BEFCF42FBC7F883" box="[972,1102,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54BEFCF42FBC7F883" box="[972,1102,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is again synonymized with
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD548B4CF25FF77F8AA" box="[151,254,1871,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD548B4CF25FF77F8AA" box="[151,254,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all of the African species that Petrulevičius transferred to
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54BC2CF25FBEFF8AA" box="[993,1126,1871,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Thyridates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54BC2CF25FBEFF8AA" box="[993,1126,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Thyridates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must again be treated in
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD548B4CF1CFF75F84D" box="[151,252,1910,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD548B4CF1CFF75F84D" box="[151,252,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Bittacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD5492ECF1CFDC7F84D" authority="Navas, 1908" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1908" box="[269,590,1909,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chevalieri">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD5492ECF1CFE22F84D" box="[269,427,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. chevalieri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D1024B03F15BFFD54997CF1FFDC7F84D" author="Navas" box="[436,590,1909,1935]" pageId="2" pageNumber="38" refString="Navas, L. (1908) Neuropteros nuevos. Memorias de la real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 6 (3), 401 - 423." type="journal article" year="1908">Navás, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54A7CCF1CFC47F84D" authority="Byers, 1975" authorityName="Byers" authorityYear="1975" box="[607,974,1909,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrostigma">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A7CCF1CFCA4F84D" box="[607,813,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. erythrostigma</emphasis>
Byers, 1975
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54BFFCF1CFA99F84D" authority="Klug, 1838" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1838" box="[988,1296,1909,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54BFFCF1CFBF3F84D" box="[988,1146,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. nebulosus</emphasis>
Klug, 1838
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54D3DCF1CFEA5F874" authority="Navas, 1914" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oreinus">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54D3DCF1CFA15F84D" box="[1310,1436,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. oreinus</emphasis>
Navás, 1914
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD5491BCFF6FDC5F874" authority="Byers, 1968" authorityName="Byers" authorityYear="1968" box="[312,588,1948,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stanleyi">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD5491BCFF6FE3AF877" box="[312,435,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. stanleyi</emphasis>
Byers, 1968
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54A74CFF6FCF6F874" authority="Klug, 1838" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1838" box="[599,895,1948,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testaceous">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54A74CFF6FD7BF877" box="[599,754,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. testaceous</emphasis>
Klug, 1838
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="72934D71F15BFFD54B9ECFF6FAB8F874" authority="Esben-Petersen, 1913" authorityName="Esben-Petersen" authorityYear="1913" box="[957,1329,1948,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Bittacidae" genus="Bittacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weelei">
<emphasis id="87E7EAE0F15BFFD54B9ECFF6FBA0F877" box="[957,1065,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">B. weelei</emphasis>
Esben-Petersen, 1913
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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