556 lines
52 KiB
XML
556 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" ID-PMC="PMC4547026" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-55-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" ID-PubMed="26312044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576322" ModsDocID="1314-2003-55-1" checkinTime="1451251384199" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mitchell, John D. & Daly, Douglas C." docDate="2015" docId="3A22FBEB50049E39A63690C6B9586E7E" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 55: 1-92" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 55" docPubDate="2015-08-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" docTitle="Spondias tuberosa Arruda in Koster, Trav. Brazil: 496. 1816." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" masterDocTitle="A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1668141444944" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mitchell, John D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">johndanmitchell@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Daly, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2015-08-05</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>55</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-55-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576322</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152026244" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3A22FBEB50049E39A63690C6B9586E7E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A22FBEB50049E39A63690C6B9586E7E" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName LSID="3A22FBEB-5004-9E39-A636-90C6B9586E7E" authority="Arruda in Koster, Trav. Brazil: 496. 1816." authorityName="Arruda in Koster, Trav. Brazil: 496. 1816." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">Spondias tuberosa Arruda in Koster, Trav. Brazil: 496. 1816.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Leaflets of Spondias species, showing details of the margin (insets): Spondias dulcis (Ayala & Criollo 3982, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Thomas et al. 6823, NY); Spondias mombin (Acevedo 6037, NY); Spondias globosa (Neill & Palacios 7079, NY); Spondias radlkoferi narrow-leaflet form (Crane 458, LL) and broad-leaflet form (Contreras 6976, LL); Spondias purpurea (Grijalva 770, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magin 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carvalho et al. 3767, NY); Spondias venulosa (Stehmann 20855, NY)." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Distributions of Spondias globosa and Spondias tuberosa." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">, 13</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Flowers of Spondias species: Spondias dulcis (Wurdack 315, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Spada 013 / 77, NY); Spondias globosa (Daly et al. 7836, NY); Spondias radlkoferi (Heithaus 119, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magin 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carauta 552, NY); Spondias venulosa (Queiroz 2604, NY)." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">, 15</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Fruits of Neotropical Spondias. Spondias dulcis (dry fruit: Berlin 870, NY; and longisection: unvouchered photo), Spondias macrocarpa (dry fruit: Thomas et al. 6823, NY), Spondias expeditionaria (endocarp and fresh fruit: Lorenzi s. n., NY), Spondias mombin (dry fruit: Mostacedo 2941, NY; endocarp: Moraes 1046, NY), Spondias globosa (fresh fruit [top], dry fruit, and endocarp: Daly et al. 8472, NY), Spondias purpurea (fresh fruit: unvouchered photo; dry fruit: Moreno 2827, NY; endocarp: Magallanes 3887), Spondias admirabilis (dry fruit: Farney et al. 4046, NY), Spondias radlkoferi (dry fruit: Nee 6729, NY; endocarp: Moran 6291, NY), Spondias testudinis (fresh and dry fruit; Daly et al. 7559, NY), Spondias tuberosa (fresh fruit: from Morton, 1987; dry fruit: Mattos Silva 2299, NY), and Spondias venulosa (fresh fruit: from photo in Lorenzi, 1998; dry fruit: Araujo 7828, NY)." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">, 16</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Rio das Contas, km 7 Rio de ContasLivramento do Brumado road,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-13.633333">13°38'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-41.833332">41°50'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 12 Dec 1988, R. M. Harley, B. Stannard, J. R. Pirani, A. Furlan & J. Prado 27127 (neotype: SPF!, here designated; iso-neotypes: CEPEC!, K!, NY!).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Hermaphroditic (sometimes andromonoecious) trees or shrubs</emphasis>
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, often deciduous for extended periods, reproductive size 2-10 m tall
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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11.5-41 cm diam, with dense, low, tortuous branching, often the crown broader than tree height, often the outer branches forming a weeping habit, these sometimes rooting in the ground; short shoots often present and sometimes becoming spinose.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Roots</emphasis>
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tuberous.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Outer bark</emphasis>
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gray, frequently with wavy fissures, surface irregular but relatively smooth, apparently shed in rectangular plates.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Trichomes</emphasis>
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of two types: (1) flexuous to curved white hairs to 0.6 mm long; and (2) erect to ascending hairs to 0.25 mm long.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Leaves</emphasis>
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1-4 (5)-jugate, 6-17 cm long; petiole 1.7-5 cm long, petiole and rachis glabrous or sometimes with sparse to scattered (rarely dense) flexuous hairs; lateral petiolules 0-4 mm long, sometimes reddish, the terminal one 0.3-1.4 cm long, petiolules with sparse to dense flexuous hairs; basal leaflets 2.5-5.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5-3.2 cm, (broadly) elliptic to ovate, the other laterals 2-6.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.2-3.5 cm, (broadly) ovate or sometimes broadly elliptic, terminal leaflet 3-5.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.6-2.7 cm, obovate to (broadly) elliptic, leaflets often plicate; leaflet apex sharply but usually gradually acuminate (then the acumen 2-7 mm) or less often acute to obtuse or rounded, rarely emarginate, mucronate; lateral lamina usually medially and basally (sub)symmetrical, the base obtuse to subcordate, basal insertion usually (sub)symmetrical and excurrent, leaflets chartaceous to membranaceous, both surfaces dull; leaflet margin sometimes slightly revolute and thickened (sometimes red on juvenile leaflets), usually entire, occasionally 1-2 crenulations on a leaflet, densely ciliate with flexuous hairs to 0.4 mm long, especially on young leaflets.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Inflorescences</emphasis>
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terminal, initiated with or before a new flush of leaves or sometimes on branchlets with mature leaves, 5.5-20 cm long, 1-1.4 mm diam near base, broadly branched, secondary axes to 4.8 cm long,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
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axes glabrous or more often provided with sparse erect to ascending hairs or with flexuous hairs, the latter to 1 mm long near base; bracts on axes 1-8.5 mm long, bracteoles to 0.6 (1.5) mm long, all bracts linear to lanceolate and ciliate, sometimes with ascending hairs abaxially; pedicel 2.2-3.5 mm long, portion distal to articulation 1.5-2.4 mm long, with hairs as on axes.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Calyx</emphasis>
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(0.3) 0.4-0.7 mm long overall, aestivation apert, lobes (0.1) 0.25-0.35 mm long, (depressed-)deltate, glabrous or more often provided with pubescence as on pedicel and ciliate, the longer hairs sometimes stiff; petals (1.2) 2-2.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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(0.65) 0.8-1.5 mm, lanceolate to almost elliptic, less often ovate, apex acute, white or cream, abaxial surface glabrous or provided with scattered stiff hairs to 0.25 mm long, petals (slightly) reflexed at anthesis; stamens spreading, antesepalous and antepetalous ones 1.5-2.1 and (1.35) 1.5-1.85 mm long, respectively, the anthers 0.5-0.9 mm long, in dorsiventral view elliptic, in lateral view oblong, yellow, sometimes the antesepalous ones larger than the antepetalous ones,the filaments white; disk 0.2-0.5 mm tall, 0.4 mm thick, summit markedly undulate and outer margin deeply sulcate, (greenish-)yellow, markedly papillate; pistil 0.65-1.1 mm long, subcylindrical overall, divided almost to base into subulate, apically connivent styles 0.45-0.5 mm long, the stigmas extrorse, vertically oblong.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fruits</emphasis>
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2.6-3.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5-2.2 cm (dry, see note below regarding
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="umbu-cajá">umbu-caja</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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), obovoid to subglobose, the apex obtuse to truncate, often the widely separated style scars raised and still evident at maturity, the base usually truncate, sometimes substipitate, maturing (greenish to whitish) yellow, surface smooth and dull; mesocarp thick and fleshy; endocarps 2-2.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.3-2 cm, essentially obliquely obovoid but laterally compressed and very slightly 1-carinate, entirely enveloped by a smooth, skin-like layer that when peeled away reveals a smooth, hard inner layer with four small and one larger peri-apical, fiber-filled, circular pores and two smaller pores straddling the keel near the proximal end; fruits often 1-seeded.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Leaflet venation</emphasis>
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: Fimbrial vein absent; secondary veins in 10-20 pairs, straight, attenuate at both ends, spacing uniform, angle nearly perpendicular, insertion on midvein abruptly decurrent; intersecondaries and epimedial tertiaries absent; intercostal tertiaries with some irregular-reticulate veins but primarily composite-admedial departing from secondaries or the intramarginal vein, usually attenuate at both ends; quaternaries irregular-reticulate and freely ramified, areolation at tertiary and quaternary ranks, FEVs 3-4+-branched, dendritic, terminating in only slightly thickened tracheoid idioblasts (see Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leaf architecture of Spondias purpurea. A Concave-convex tooth B Intramarginal vein (from Madsen 63428, NY)." pageId="47" pageNumber="48">3</figureCitation>
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, p. 253 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Silva, JD" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos do Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="249 - 256" refId="B157" refString="Silva, JD, 1973. Catalogo de nervacao foliar das Anacardiaceae da caatinga - I. Arquivos do Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro 19: 249 - 256" title="Catalogo de nervacao foliar das Anacardiaceae da caatinga - I." volume="19" year="1973">Silva 1973</bibRefCitation>
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); marginal ultimate venation looped; on both surfaces the midvein narrowly prominulous (seldom prominent abaxially or flat adaxially), secondaries and higher-order veins flat to prominulous on both sides, sometimes impressed adaxially, the surface glabrous or when young with dense flexuous hairs, often glabrescent except hairs persisting on midvein and toward leaflet base; adaxial side glabrous or when young with scattered flexuous hairs, glabrescent with age.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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The native range of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
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E to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraíba">Paraiba</normalizedToken>
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and south to Minas Gerais in Brazil; it is also cultivated in SE Brazil (see below).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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This species is a constituent of the arid
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">caatinga</emphasis>
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in NE Brazil, known to flower in Aug-Mar and fruit Oct-May (
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<bibRefCitation author="Machado, ICS" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="57 - 68" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00006.x" refId="B103" refString="Machado, ICS, Barros, LM, Sampaio, EVSB, 1997. Phenology of caatinga species in Serra Talhada, PE, Northeastern Brazil. Biotropica 29: 57 - 68, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00006.x" title="Phenology of caatinga species in Serra Talhada, PE, Northeastern Brazil." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00006.x" volume="29" year="1997">Machado et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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, plus data from exsiccatae).
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<bibRefCitation author="Nadia, TL" journalOrPublisher="(Rhamnaceae), especies frutiferas e endemicas da caatinga Revista Brasileira de Botanica" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="89 - 100" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0100-84042007000100009" refId="B130" refString="Nadia, TL, Machado, IC, Lopes, AV, 2007. Polinizacao de Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) e analise da partilha de polinizadores com Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae), especies frutiferas e endemicas da caatinga Revista Brasileira de Botanica 30: 89 - 100, DOI: 10.1590/S0100-84042007000100009" title="Polinizacao de Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) e analise da partilha de polinizadores com Ziziphus joazeiro Mart." url="10.1590/S0100-84042007000100009" volume="30" year="2007">Nadia et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested that this species can be andromonoecious, and
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<pageBreakToken pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">recent</pageBreakToken>
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observations of the current senior author in Canudos, Bahia, Brazil indicate that this may be correct.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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In
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraíba">Paraiba</normalizedToken>
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state, Brazil, two species of bee and one species of wasp were the principal pollinators of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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flowers (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nadia, TL" journalOrPublisher="(Rhamnaceae), especies frutiferas e endemicas da caatinga Revista Brasileira de Botanica" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="89 - 100" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0100-84042007000100009" refId="B130" refString="Nadia, TL, Machado, IC, Lopes, AV, 2007. Polinizacao de Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) e analise da partilha de polinizadores com Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae), especies frutiferas e endemicas da caatinga Revista Brasileira de Botanica 30: 89 - 100, DOI: 10.1590/S0100-84042007000100009" title="Polinizacao de Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) e analise da partilha de polinizadores com Ziziphus joazeiro Mart." url="10.1590/S0100-84042007000100009" volume="30" year="2007">Nadia et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). The fruits are dispersed principally by mammals (
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<bibRefCitation author="Griz, LLMS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="303 - 321" publicationUrl="10.1017/S0266467401001201" refId="B62" refString="Griz, LLMS, Machado, ICS, 2001. Fruiting phenology and seed dispersal syndromes in caatinga, a tropical dry forest in the northeast of Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17: 303 - 321, DOI: 10.1017/S0266467401001201" title="Fruiting phenology and seed dispersal syndromes in caatinga, a tropical dry forest in the northeast of Brazil." url="10.1017/S0266467401001201" volume="17" year="2001">Griz and Machado 2001</bibRefCitation>
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), notably collared peccaries (
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<bibRefCitation author="Olmos, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="255 - 258" publicationUrl="10.1017/S0266467400007276" refId="B136" refString="Olmos, F, 1993. Diet of sympatric Brazilian caatinga peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari). Journal of Tropical Ecology 9: 255 - 258, DOI: 10.1017/S0266467400007276" title="Diet of sympatric Brazilian caatinga peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari)." url="10.1017/S0266467400007276" volume="9" year="1993">Olmos 1993</bibRefCitation>
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); in anthropic landscapes, cattle can be important dispersal agents (
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<bibRefCitation author="Griz, LLMS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="303 - 321" publicationUrl="10.1017/S0266467401001201" refId="B62" refString="Griz, LLMS, Machado, ICS, 2001. Fruiting phenology and seed dispersal syndromes in caatinga, a tropical dry forest in the northeast of Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17: 303 - 321, DOI: 10.1017/S0266467401001201" title="Fruiting phenology and seed dispersal syndromes in caatinga, a tropical dry forest in the northeast of Brazil." url="10.1017/S0266467401001201" volume="17" year="2001">Griz and Machado 2001</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="common names">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Common names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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Brazil, Bahia:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="cajá">caja</normalizedToken>
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do
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<normalizedToken originalValue="sertão">sertao</normalizedToken>
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(Arbo et al. 7239, GH, NY), imburana (V. Souza 329, NY), caya (Arbo et al. 5776, COL, GH, NY);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
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: umbu, umbuzeiro (Eiten & Eiten 10810, NY); Minas Gerais: imbu verdadeiro (Ratter et al. 2702, E), umbu (Andrade & Figueiredo 115, NY); Pernambuco: imburana de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="cambão">cambao</normalizedToken>
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(Costa 176, NY), imbuzeiro (Costa 17, NY).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="economic botany">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Economic botany.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
In the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
native range, its fruits are often wild-collected or collected from managed (spared) trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Popenoe, W" journalOrPublisher="Hafner Press, New York" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="B147" refString="Popenoe, W, 1948. (facsimile of 1920 edition). Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Hafner Press, New York" title="(facsimile of 1920 edition). Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits" year="1948">Popenoe 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is cultivated in SE Brazil, propagated by cuttings or seeds in home gardens or occasionally in orchards (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lorenzi, H" journalOrPublisher="Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda, Nova Odessa, Brazil" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="B98" refString="Lorenzi, H, Bacher, LB, Sartori, SF, Lacerda, MTC, 2006. Brazilian fruits and cultivated exotics (for consuming in natura). Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda, Nova Odessa, Brazil" title="Brazilian fruits and cultivated exotics (for consuming in natura)" year="2006">Lorenzi et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was illustrated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Piso, W" journalOrPublisher="Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Hackium; et Amstelodami: Apud Lud Elzevirium" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="B146" refString="Piso, W, Markgraf, G, 1648. Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Lugdun. Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Hackium; et Amstelodami: Apud Lud Elzevirium" title="Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Lugdun" year="1648">
|
||
Piso and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Markgraf’s">Markgraf's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1648)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Historia naturalis brasiliae</emphasis>
|
||
, suggesting a long pre-Columbian history of use. The fruit pulp is used primarily to make a popular juice and ice cream, also to make a drink called
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">umbujada</emphasis>
|
||
made by boiling the pulp with milk, curds and sugar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koster, H" journalOrPublisher="Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="B83" refString="Koster, H, 1816. Travels in Brazil. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London" title="Travels in Brazil" year="1816">Koster 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Popenoe, W" journalOrPublisher="Hafner Press, New York" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="B147" refString="Popenoe, W, 1948. (facsimile of 1920 edition). Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Hafner Press, New York" title="(facsimile of 1920 edition). Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits" year="1948">Popenoe 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, both as
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">imbuzada</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lins Neto, EMF" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="11 - 21" publicationUrl="10.1007/s12231-009-9106-3" refId="B94" refString="Lins Neto, EMF, Peroni, N, Albuquerque, UP, 2010. Traditional knowledge and management of umbu (Spondias tuberosa, Anacardiaceae): An endemic species from the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Economic Botany 64: 11 - 21, DOI: 10.1007/s12231-009-9106-3" title="Traditional knowledge and management of umbu (Spondias tuberosa, Anacardiaceae): An endemic species from the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil." url="10.1007/s12231-009-9106-3" volume="64" year="2010">Lins Neto et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fruits and roots are high in Vitamin C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cavalcanti, NB" journalOrPublisher="Revista Ceres" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="421 - 439" refId="B28" refString="Cavalcanti, NB, Lima, JB, Resende, GM, Brito, LTL, 2000. Ciclo reprodutivo do umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) no semi-arido do Nordeste brasileiro. Revista Ceres 47 (272): 421 - 439" title="Ciclo reprodutivo do umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) no semi-arido do Nordeste brasileiro." volume="47" year="2000">Cavalcanti et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The seeds have potential as a source of cooking oil due to the high oil content, high mineral concentration, and fatty acid composition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Borges, SV" journalOrPublisher="Quimica Nova" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="49 - 52" publicationUrl="10.1590/S0100-40422007000100011" refId="B22" refString="Borges, SV, Maia, MCA, Gomes, RCM, Cavalcanti, NB, 2007. Chemical composition of umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr Cam [sic]) seeds. Quimica Nova 1: 49 - 52, DOI: 10.1590/S0100-40422007000100011" title="Chemical composition of umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr Cam [sic]) seeds." url="10.1590/S0100-40422007000100011" volume="1" year="2007">Borges et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The roots have been used as a famine food in times of drought (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nascimento, VT" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="22 - 34" publicationUrl="10.1007/s12231-012-9187-2" refId="B131" refString="Nascimento, VT, Vasconcelos, MAS, Maciel, MIS, Albuquerque, UP, 2012. Famine foods of Brazil's seasonal dry forests: Ethnobotanical and nutritional aspects. Economic Botany 66: 22 - 34, DOI: 10.1007/s12231-012-9187-2" title="Famine foods of Brazil's seasonal dry forests: Ethnobotanical and nutritional aspects." url="10.1007/s12231-012-9187-2" volume="66" year="2012">Nascimento et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Like other species of the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has several medicinal uses. In Bahia, the leaves have been used for medicinal baths and a tea of the bark is used to treat colds and dysentery (Mattos Silva 2301, NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">The species could be a valuable addition to the economic flora and diet of many other dry tropical regions.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="selected specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">BRAZIL</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Bahia</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Uauá">Uaua</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Serra do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jerônimo">Jeronimo</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="23" value="-9.723055">9°43'23"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="56" value="-39.332222">39°19'56"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 30 Mar 2000, Alves et al. s.n. (ALCB 47955) (CEPEC); Mun.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Andaraí">Andarai</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 33 km NE of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mucujé">Mucuje</normalizedToken>
|
||
, toward Nova
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Redenção">Redencao</normalizedToken>
|
||
, approx.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-12.816667">12°49'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-41.2">41°12'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ca. 450 m, 25 Nov 1992, Arbo et al. 5776 (COL, GH, NY); Mun. Candeal, 8 km N of Tanquinho, trail to Ichu, elev. 200-300 m, approx.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="south" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-11.9">11°54'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-39.1">39°06'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 15 Jan 1997, Arbo et al. 7239 (CEPEC, GH, NY); Mun.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Iaçu">Iacu</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Fazenda Lapa,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-12.7">12°42'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-39.933334">39°56'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 26 Feb 1983, Bautista 727 (MG);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Japirá">Japira</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Vila do Barra, 1840, Blanchet 3078 (GH, NY, W)(syntype of S. venulosa); Quijingue, Serra das
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candéias">Candeias</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 5 km W of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Quixabá">Quixaba</normalizedToken>
|
||
do Mandacaru village,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="20" value="-10.922222">10°55'20"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="04" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="59" value="-39.083054">39°04'59"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 350-632 m, 13 Nov 2005, Cardoso et al. 876 (NY); Tucano, Pedra Grande village, road to Serra do Pai Miguel,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="south" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="24" value="-11.123334">11°07'24"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="-38.77361">38°46'25"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 224 m, 20 Dec 2007, Cardoso & Ferreira 2234 (NY); Riacho
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Congú">Congu</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Cachoeira, valley of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraguaçu">Paraguacu</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Jacuipe rivers,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-12.533334">12°32'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-39.083332">39°05'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Nov 1980, Cavalo et al. 942 (NY); Novo Remanso,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-9.283334">9°17'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-41.533333">41°32'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 520 m, (w/o date), Coradin et al. 5945 (K); Andorinha, road to pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="44" value="-10.212222">10°12'44"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="46" value="-39.91278">39°54'46"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 430-470 m, 18 Feb 2006,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="França">Franca</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 5464 (NY); road to Manoel Vitorino from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jequié">Jequie</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-14.0">14°00'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.166668">40°10'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 9 Feb. 1985, Gentry
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">&</pageBreakToken>
|
||
amp; Zardini 49965 (MO, NY); Mun. Paramirim, km 10-16 ParamirimLivramento do Brumado road,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-13.55">13°33'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="42" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-42.2">42°12'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2 Dec 1988, Harley & Taylor 27064 (K, NY, SP); Mun. Rio de Contas, by road 11.5 km from Rio de Contas toward Marcolino Moura,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="52" value="-13.597777">13°35'52"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="41" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="22" value="-41.75611">41°45'22"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1 Nov 2004, Harley et al. 55198 (NY); Mun. Bom
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jesús">Jesus</normalizedToken>
|
||
da Lapa, Rio das
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rãs">Ras</normalizedToken>
|
||
, elev. 450 m, 15 Nov 1991, Hatschbach et al. 55163 (US); Mun.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Glória">Gloria</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Raso da Catarina [ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-9.666667">9°40'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-38.666668">38°40'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], 31 Jan 1982, Rocha et al. 790 (GUA); caatinga near
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caldeirão">Caldeirao</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Oct 1906, Ule 7255 (K).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ceará">Ceara</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: near Lavras da Mangabeira, povoado
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Francisco, 30 Jan 1968, Carauta 552 (GUA, NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
|
||
Santo
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: pasture near corral of Sr. Wilson Machado, km 7, 15 Dec 1992, Folli 1757 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun. Loreto, "Ilha de Balsas," region between Balsas and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Parnaíba">Parnaiba</normalizedToken>
|
||
rivers, ca. 35 km S of Loreto,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="south" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-7.383333">7°23'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="45" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-45.083332">45°05'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 300 m, 9 Feb 1970, Eiten & Eiten 10523 (K, NY), Loreto city, 1 Mar 1970, Eiten & Eiten 10810 (K, NY, US);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Minas Gerais</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Januária">Januaria</normalizedToken>
|
||
, district of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fabião">Fabiao</normalizedToken>
|
||
, road to Abrigo Bichos, 15°00'-14°57'S, 44°24-30'W, 25 Oct 1997, Lombardi 2080 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraíba">Paraiba</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: W of Campina Grande, between Sta. Luzia and Joazeiro (=
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Taperoá">Taperoa</normalizedToken>
|
||
)[ca. 7°12-13'N, 35°52'-36°49'W], 8 Oct 1927, Ginzberger 1489 (WU); Mun. Barra de Santa Rosa, Fazenda Quandu, region of Curimatan, 30 Jan 1970, Souto 43 (RB);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Pernambuco</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun. Venturosa, Parque Pedra Furada,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="34" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-8.575">8°34'30"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="36" direction="west" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-36.879166">36°52'45"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 783 m, 28 Feb 1998, Costa 17 (NY),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bodocó">Bodoco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, near town, 12 Feb 1991, Lisboa & Silva 4521 (MG); Paruaru [Caruaru] (cult.), 4 Nov 1931, D. B. Pickel 590 (GH);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Piauí">Piaui</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun. Teresina, near Rio Paty, 4 Jul 1907, Ducke 799 (MG);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Miguel do Tapuio, 22 May 1979, Fernandes s.n. (EAC 6044)(NY); Mun.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Raimundo Nonato,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fundação">Fundacao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Ruralista, +/- 8-10 km NNE of Curral Novo and 220 km ENE of Petrolina, ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-9.0">9°00'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="42" direction="west" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-42.0">42°00'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 320 m, 22 Jan 1982, Lewis & Pearson 1154 (K);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Rio de Janeiro</emphasis>
|
||
: Jardim
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Botânico">Botanico</normalizedToken>
|
||
(cult.), 2 Oct 1939, Kuhlmann s.n. (RB 40595) (RB); Campos, Atafona (cultivated), Apr 1939, Sampaio 8219(R);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Paulo
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Cajuru, Fazenda Sta. Carlota (cult.?), 13 Nov 1986, Bernacci 174 (SPF).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">UNITED STATES</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Florida</emphasis>
|
||
: Miami-Dade County, Homestead, 611 West Pierce Ave. (cult.), elev. 10 m, 3 May 1928, Fisher s.n. (BRIT).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
We consider this species to be of Least Concern. It is broadly distributed in the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">caatinga</emphasis>
|
||
vegetation of NE Brazil, and even where its habitats are highly disturbed, it is spared because of its highly prized fruits. Moreover, it is cultivated both within and beyond its range. On the other hand, one must consider the possibility that native populations are declining due to disturbance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
This species first appeared in print (as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the appendix of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Koster’s">Koster's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Travels in Brazil</emphasis>
|
||
(1816), in which Koster translated text and a large number of nomina nuda ascribed to "Arrud. Cent. Plant. Pern." These referred to Manuel Arruda
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Câmara’s">Camara's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Centuriae" lsidName="Centuriae plantarum subsp. pernambucensium" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="subSpecies" species="plantarum" subSpecies="pernambucensium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Centuriae plantarum pernambucensium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was never published but formed the foundation for
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pinto, JA" journalOrPublisher="Typographia Perseveranca, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="B145" refString="Pinto, JA, 1873. Diccionario de Botanica Brasileira. Typographia Perseveranca, Rio de Janeiro" title="Diccionario de Botanica Brasileira" year="1873">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pinto’s">Pinto's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1873)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Diccionario de Botanica Brasileira</emphasis>
|
||
(see summary in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirkbride, Jr. JH" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="927 - 937" publicationUrl="10.2307/25065874" refId="B82" refString="Kirkbride, Jr. JH, 2007. A19th Century Brazilian botanical dictionary. Taxon 56: 927 - 937, DOI: 10.2307/25065874" title="A 19 th Century Brazilian botanical dictionary." url="10.2307/25065874" volume="56" year="2007">Kirkbride 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Britten, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Botany, British and Foreign" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="242 - 250" refId="B24" refString="Britten, J, 1896. Arruda's Brazilian plants. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 34: 242 - 250" title="Arruda's Brazilian plants." volume="34" year="1896">Britten 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although no type exists, the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="plant’s">plant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
distribution, common names, and uses leave no doubt as to its identity, so a neotype has been selected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The circumscription of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is complicated by the occurrence in Bahia of an entity - most or all of whose individuals are cultivated - that is recognized by local people as distinct enough to merit a different common name,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="umbu-cajá">umbu-caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cajá-umbu">caja-umbu</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The fruit is indeed distinct: the pyrene is larger (2.7-2.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.8-1.9 cm vs. 2-2.5
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
</pageBreakToken>
|
||
1.3-2 cm); more significantly, the stony endocarp is overlain by a thinner fibrous matrix, moreover the five peri-apical pores are subequal in size (vs. four small and one larger), larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and oblong (vs. circular), and the pyrene has four (vs. 1) keels or trabeculae (beams)(based on
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Mattos Silva et al. 2299</emphasis>
|
||
, NY). The fresh fruit is ca. 4-4.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.2-3.4 cm and the pyrene 2.7-2.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.8-1.9 cm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lorenzi, H" journalOrPublisher="Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda, Nova Odessa, Brazil" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="B98" refString="Lorenzi, H, Bacher, LB, Sartori, SF, Lacerda, MTC, 2006. Brazilian fruits and cultivated exotics (for consuming in natura). Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda, Nova Odessa, Brazil" title="Brazilian fruits and cultivated exotics (for consuming in natura)" year="2006">Lorenzi et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
On the other hand, the vegetative and floral morphology of the material referred to
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="umbu-cajá">umbu-caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is almost indistinguishable from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the leaflets tend to be larger and more broadly ovate, and the apex to be narrowly acuminate. The revolute leaflet base with rather dense long hairs more closely resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias venulosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="venulosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias venulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We are not aware of any differences in habit or in bark morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
The fruits of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="umbu-cajá">umbu-caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are consistently obovoid, but this is within the range of variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s.s.; the fruit surface is sparsely lenticellate, which we have not observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s.s. (Marlon Marchado, pers. comm., 4/2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
In his book on Brazilian fruits,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lorenzi, H" journalOrPublisher="Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda, Nova Odessa, Brazil" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="B98" refString="Lorenzi, H, Bacher, LB, Sartori, SF, Lacerda, MTC, 2006. Brazilian fruits and cultivated exotics (for consuming in natura). Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda, Nova Odessa, Brazil" title="Brazilian fruits and cultivated exotics (for consuming in natura)" year="2006">Lorenzi et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="umbu-cajá">umbu-caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Lorenzi 6074</emphasis>
|
||
, NY) as a separate entity from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, observing that it produces only sterile seeds, that it is propagated only by cuttings, and that it is known only in cultivation in Bahia, Alagoas, and Pernambuco states.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Silva Junior, JF" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="343 - 349" publicationUrl="10.1023/B:GRES.0000023462.99118.00" refId="B158" refString="Silva Junior, JF, Bezerra, JEF, Lederman, IE, Alvez, MA, Melo Neto, ML, 2004. Collecting, ex situ conservation and characterization of 'caja-umbu' (Spondias mombin x Spondias tuberosa) germplasm in Pernambuco State, Brazil. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51: 343 - 349, DOI: 10.1023/B:GRES.0000023462.99118.00" title="Collecting, ex situ conservation and characterization of ' caja-umbu' (Spondias mombin x Spondias tuberosa) germplasm in Pernambuco State, Brazil." url="10.1023/B:GRES.0000023462.99118.00" volume="51" year="2004">
|
||
Silva
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Júnior">Junior</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="umbu-cajá">umbu-caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a hybrid between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Almeida, CCS" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="541 - 547" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00721.x" refId="B4" refString="Almeida, CCS, Carvalho, PCL, Guerra, M, 2007. Karyotype differentiation among Spondias species and the putative hybrid Umbu-caja (Anacardiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 155: 541 - 547, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00721.x" title="Karyotype differentiation among Spondias species and the putative hybrid Umbu-caja (Anacardiaceae)." url="10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00721.x" volume="155" year="2007">Almeida et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined karyology and genomic
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
hybridization of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and concluded that the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="umbu-cajá">umbu-caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(1) is not of hybrid origin and (2) is distinct from both putative parents. In the present treatment, this entity is considered a variant of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias tuberosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Spondias tuberosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unless and until further genetic/molecular investigations suggest otherwise.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Several collections can be referred to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="umbu-cajá">umbu-caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Brazil. Bahia: Mun. Itabuna, city center, 2 Apr 1998, Carvalho & Kersul 6493 (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cajá-umbu">caja-umbu</normalizedToken>
|
||
, NY); Mun. Cruz das Almas, cultivated at EMBRAPA, 14 Feb 2006, Lorenzi 6074 (E, HPL, MO, NY); Mun.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maracás">Maracas</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Fazenda Tanquinho (entrance at km 23 of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="MaracásPalnaltino">MaracasPalnaltino</normalizedToken>
|
||
road), 3 Mar 1988, Mattos Silva et al. 2299 (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cajá-imbu">caja-imbu</normalizedToken>
|
||
, CEPEC, NY), 3 Mar 1988, Mattos Silva et al. 2301 (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="umbu-cajá">umbu-caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
, CEPEC, NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |