398 lines
38 KiB
XML
398 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766" ID-GBIF-Dataset="43d18445-d3e8-4e30-bdcd-7f82bde7616a" ID-PMC="PMC6687670" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-868-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="679C0640C93B545BAD44B1013B0B12E5" ID-PubMed="31406482" ID-ZooBank="ED7FD98F964D402FAB705FC9B4CA4851" ModsDocID="1313-2970-868-1" checkinTime="1564724838606" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Paez, Nadia B. & Ron, Santiago R." docDate="2019" docId="B9F89C8F7B745416A627F30BCFF4654B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 868: 1-112" docOrigin="ZooKeys 868" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766" docTitle="Pristimantis phoxocephalus Lynch 1979" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FFB7FFF73E69FFFBFFD8FF95FFBEB241" masterDocTitle="Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668167659737" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Paez, Nadia B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ron, Santiago R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>868</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>112</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.868.26766</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-868-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">ED7FD98F964D402FAB705FC9B4CA4851</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">679C0640C93B545BAD44B1013B0B12E5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159293052" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B9F89C8F7B745416A627F30BCFF4654B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9F89C8F7B745416A627F30BCFF4654B" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="b9f89c8f-7b74-5416-a627-f30bcff4654b" authority="Lynch, 1979" authorityName="Lynch" authorityYear="1979" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis phoxocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">Pristimantis phoxocephalus (Lynch, 1979)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eleutherodactylus phoxocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">Eleutherodactylus phoxocephalus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 62" refId="B36" refString="Lynch, JD, 1979. Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador. . Miscellaneous Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 66: 1 - 62" title="Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" volume="66" year="1979">Lynch 1979</bibRefCitation>
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. Holotype KU 142075.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Preserved holotypes of Pristimantis phoxocephalus and P. riveti. Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of: A Pristimantis phoxocephalus (KU 142075) B Pristimantis riveti (MNHNP 1902.357). Shown at the same scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322415" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 23A</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis phoxocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">Pristimantis phoxocephalus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611051104" author="Heinicke, MP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="10092 - 10097" refId="B25" refString="Heinicke, MP, Duellman, WE, Hedges, SB, 2007. Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 10092 - 10097" title="Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal." url="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611051104" volume="104" year="2007">Heinicke et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common name">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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English: Cotopaxi Rain Frog. Spanish:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cutín">Cutin</normalizedToken>
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silbador.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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This and the following sections are based on specimens of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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listed in Suppl. material 2. A species of the
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis phoxocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group having the following combination of characters: (1) dorsum shagreen with scattered small tubercles; faint middorsal fold; head with a middorsal row of two or more small tubercles; dorsolateral folds absent; anterior half of flanks with or without inconspicuous longitudinal lateral folds; skin on venter areolate to coarsely areolate; discoidal fold present or absent; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus prominent, its upper and posterolateral margin covered by supratympanic fold; (3) snout moderately long, acuminate with a fleshy keel in dorsal view, protruding in profile; (4) upper eyelid with small distinct rounded tubercles; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low to prominent, oblique, moderately separated, posteromedial to choanae; (6) vocals slits, vocal sac and large nuptial pads present in adult males; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs of digits broadly expanded, rounded to elliptical; (8) fingers with lateral fringes; (9) small distinct ulnar tubercles (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Preserved holotypes of Pristimantis phoxocephalus and P. riveti. Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of: A Pristimantis phoxocephalus (KU 142075) B Pristimantis riveti (MNHNP 1902.357). Shown at the same scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322415" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 23A</figureCitation>
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); (10) heel bearing a small, subconical tubercle surrounded by smaller tubercles; outer edge of tarsus bearing a row of low subconical tubercles; inner edge of tarsus bearing a small inconspicuous fold followed by small subconical tubercles; (11) inner metatarsal ovoid, elevated, 4-6 times the size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles low, numerous; (12) toes with broad lateral fringes; basal webbing between toes present; Toe V longer or much longer than Toe III (disc on Toe III reaches the middle to distal edge of penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, disc on Toe V reaches the middle to distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV); toe discs smaller than those on fingers, rounded to elliptical (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Palmar and plantar surfaces of Pristimantis lutzae sp. nov., Pristimantis multicolor sp. nov., Pristimantis nangaritza sp. nov., and Pristimantis phoxocephalus. Photographs of hand and foot of the holotypes (except for P. phoxocephalus) of the following species: A Pristimantis lutzae sp. nov.: QCAZ 37546, female B Pristimantis multicolor sp. nov.: QCAZ 47213, male C Pristimantis nangaritza sp. nov.: QCAZ 41710, female D Pristimantis phoxocephalus: QCAZ 58463, female from the type locality. All specimens are shown at the same scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322400" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
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); (13) in life, dorsal coloration is cream, yellow, or brown with or without reddish or olive tones; dorsum with or without a longitudinal middorsal band, scapular W-shaped marking, chevrons, white or black flecking or pale botches; head with or without black or brown interorbital band, canthal stripe, supratympanic stripes, and labial bars; flanks with the same color or lighter than dorsum; groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, and concealed surfaces of tarsus and shanks yellow with black reticulations; ventral surfaces of thighs yellow; venter white with brown midline and reticulations; iris copper with or without a faint medial horizontal brown to reddish brown streak, with thin black reticulations (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Color variation in live individuals of Pristimantis phoxocephalus. A QCAZ 58461 (male, SVL 29.9 mm) B QCAZ 58463 (female, SVL 36.1 mm) C QCAZ 58470 (male, SVL 26.7 mm) D QCAZ 58472 (female, SVL 34.2 mm). Dorsolateral view on the left, ventral view on the right." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322418" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
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); (14) average SVL in adult females: 36.9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2.2 mm (34.2-39.9 mm;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
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= 5); in adult males: 23.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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2.9 mm (20.9-27.9 mm;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
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= 4).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322418" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 26" startId="F26">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Figure 26. Color variation in live individuals of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis phoxocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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QCAZ 58461 (male, SVL 29.9 mm)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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QCAZ 58463 (female, SVL 36.1 mm)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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QCAZ 58470 (male, SVL 26.7 mm)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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QCAZ 58472 (female, SVL 34.2 mm). Dorsolateral view on the left, ventral view on the right.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comparisons">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with other species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis phoxocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is most similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. atillo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="atillo">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. atillo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. jimenezi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="jimenezi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. jimenezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. teslai" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="teslai">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. teslai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. totoroi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="totoroi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. totoroi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. verrucolatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verrucolatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verrucolatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. However, the coloration of the groins and concealed surfaces of thighs (yellow coloration with dark brown to black reticulations) distinguishes it from the species above (orange in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. atillo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="atillo">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. atillo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; different shades of brown with light brown to yellow flecks, spots or blotches in the other species). It can be further distinguished from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. jimenezi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="jimenezi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. jimenezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by having an advertisement call with shorter inter-note interval and a lower frequency of the second harmonic and final frequency of the note (Table 6).
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis teslai" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teslai">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis teslai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. has a tuberculate dorsum while in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is shagreen.
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis torresi" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torresi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis torresi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. differs from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in having a golden to beige iris with a red to reddish-brown medial streak (copper with or without a faint red streak in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and a wider head relative to its body (males
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Z</emphasis>
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= -2.56285,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">p</emphasis>
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= 0.0104, HW/SVL = 33.4-34.4% in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 34.2-37.8% in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. torresi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torresi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. torresi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.; females
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Z</emphasis>
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= -2.08893,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">p</emphasis>
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= 0.0367, HW/SVL = 33.1-37.3% in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 36.7-38.5% in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. torresi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torresi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. torresi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.).
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis totoroi" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="totoroi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis totoroi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. is the most similar and geographically closest species; both species differ by the coloration of the groins and iris (copper with or without a brown streak in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; golden with a red streak in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. totoroi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="totoroi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. totoroi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.) and by the presence of more distinctive tubercles and dermal folds in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. totoroi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="totoroi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. totoroi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. The advertisement call of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. totoroi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="totoroi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. totoroi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. has shorter inter-note intervals than
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Table 6).
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis verrucolatus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucolatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis verrucolatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by having large tubercles and warts on flanks and by its advertisement call. Calls of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. verrucolatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verrucolatus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verrucolatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. have one note (3-9 in
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) that lasts more than the notes of the calls of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and the dominant frequency, second harmonic frequency, and final and initial frequency of the notes are lower (Table 6;
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of advertisement calls of Pristimantis jimenezi sp. nov., P. phoxocephalus, P. totoroi sp. nov. and P. verrucolatus sp. nov. A Pristimantis jimenezi: QCAZ 46977 B Pristimantis phoxocephalus: non-collected individual from Pilalo (type locality). C Pristimantis totoroi: non-collected individual from Cashca Totoras (type locality) D Pristimantis verrucolatus: QCAZ 46981. Oscillograms are shown above spectrograms. X axis for time (s); Y axis for frequency (kHz) in spectrograms." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322398" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="variation">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Variation.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Variation in live and preserved individuals is shown in
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Color variation in live individuals of Pristimantis phoxocephalus. A QCAZ 58461 (male, SVL 29.9 mm) B QCAZ 58463 (female, SVL 36.1 mm) C QCAZ 58470 (male, SVL 26.7 mm) D QCAZ 58472 (female, SVL 34.2 mm). Dorsolateral view on the left, ventral view on the right." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322418" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 26</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Color variation in preserved individuals of Pristimantis phoxocephalus. A Dorsal view of (from left to right): QCAZ 58463 (female), QCAZ 58472 (female), QCAZ 58470 (male), QCAZ 58468 (male), QCAZ 58461 (male). B Ventral view of the same specimens. See Suppl. material 2 for locality data. All specimens are shown at the same scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322419" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">27</figureCitation>
|
|
. This section is based on 23 individuals of the QCAZ collection collected at the type locality and its surroundings. Photographs are available from 12 individuals. Coloration in life is mentioned in parenthesis. Skin on dorsum is shagreen with scattered prominent tubercles; dorsum bears a faint middorsal fold; a middorsal row of two or more tubercles is present on the head; lateral folds are inconspicuous or absent. Folds and tubercles in juveniles are more prominent and larger than those in adults. In preservative, middorsal fold, lateral folds, and tubercles on dorsum can be lost. Dorsal coloration varies from cream, light gray and light brown to dark brown (cream, pale yellow or light to dark brown with or without reddish or olive tones). Dorsum can have a scapular W-shaped marking, chevrons, longitudinal middorsal band, pale blotches, and black or white flecking. Dorsal markings in juveniles are more evident than those in adults. Groins, anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, and concealed surfaces of tarsus and shanks are uniformly white (yellow) in juveniles. Adults bear dark brown to black reticulations outlining well-defined pale (yellow) spots. Dorsal surfaces of thighs bear dark oblique bars, well defined on juveniles, ill-defined or absent on adults. Ventral surfaces of thighs are white or cream (yellow). Venter is white with a light brown midline (reddish cream) extending to the throat; throat is white (cream, sometimes yellow in males). Iris is copper with black reticulations in adults; sclera varies from cream to light blue. Juveniles have a faint medial horizontal red streak.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322419" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 27" startId="F27">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Figure 27. Color variation in preserved individuals of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis phoxocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsal view of (from left to right): QCAZ 58463 (female), QCAZ 58472 (female), QCAZ 58470 (male), QCAZ 58468 (male), QCAZ 58461 (male).
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
|
Ventral view of the same specimens. See Suppl. material 2 for locality data. All specimens are shown at the same scale.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="advertisement call">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Advertisement call.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Based on recordings of two non-collected individuals at the type locality of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(November 17, 2014; 19h26; <10 °C). Advertisement calls of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
consist of a series of 3-9 sharp notes (
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of advertisement calls of Pristimantis jimenezi sp. nov., P. phoxocephalus, P. totoroi sp. nov. and P. verrucolatus sp. nov. A Pristimantis jimenezi: QCAZ 46977 B Pristimantis phoxocephalus: non-collected individual from Pilalo (type locality). C Pristimantis totoroi: non-collected individual from Cashca Totoras (type locality) D Pristimantis verrucolatus: QCAZ 46981. Oscillograms are shown above spectrograms. X axis for time (s); Y axis for frequency (kHz) in spectrograms." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322398" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
|
). Notes last on average 0.154 s (range 0.133-0.175 s), silences between them, 0.135 s (range 0.110-0.159 s). The exact middle of the note presents the highest energy. The dominant and fundamental frequency of the notes is 2578 Hz. The note increases its frequency from beginning to end (2587-2452 Hz on average). Descriptive statistics for bioacoustic parameters are shown in Table 6.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution, natural history, and conservation status.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis phoxocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is known from its type locality,
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pilaló">Pilalo</normalizedToken>
|
|
, Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador, at 2340-2820 m a.s.l. (
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Pristimantis, subgenus Huicundomantis. Records are based on specimens deposited at the Museum of Zoology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Candidate species numbers correspond to those of the text and Figure 3. Locality information is shown in Suppl. material 2. Abbreviations: CCS = confirmed candidate species, UCS = unconfirmed candidate species." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322394" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|
), which corresponds to Western Montane Forest. Individuals collected for this study were found by day inside bromeliads at 2-4 m above the ground. These bromeliads were on scattered trees within pastures.
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 62" refId="B36" refString="Lynch, JD, 1979. Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador. . Miscellaneous Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 66: 1 - 62" title="Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" volume="66" year="1979">Lynch (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
provides more ecological data for specimens collected at the type locality.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Currently,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is considered to be a Least Concern species (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Rodriguez, L" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org" refId="B54" refString="Rodriguez, L, Martinez, JL, Ron, SR, Coloma, LA, Almeida, D, 2004. . http://www.iucnredlist.org" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org" year="2004">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 2004
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) under the assumptions: (i) Extent of Occurrence <20000 km2, (ii) common and adaptable species with a presumed large population, (iii) unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for a more threatened category. After assessing the identity of this species, herein we assign it to the Critically Endangered Red List category following the B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) IUCN criteria because: (i) it is known from one locality whose habitat is constantly degrading due to human settlements and cattle raising, (ii) Extent of Occurrence <100 km2, (iii) Area of Occupancy <10 km2.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Until now,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been considered a single highly polymorphic species (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 62" refId="B36" refString="Lynch, JD, 1979. Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador. . Miscellaneous Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 66: 1 - 62" title="Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16268" volume="66" year="1979">Lynch 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7951" author="Lynch, JD" journalOrPublisher="Special Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas," pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 236" refId="B40" refString="Lynch, JD, Duellman, WE, 1997. Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in western Ecuador. Systematics, ecology, and biogeography. . Special Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 23: 1 - 236" title="Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in western Ecuador. Systematics, ecology, and biogeography." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7951" volume="23" year="1997">Lynch and Duellman 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Duellman, WE" journalOrPublisher="Natur- und Tier-Verlag, Naturwissenschaft, Muenster" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B16" refString="Duellman, WE, Lehr, E, 2009. Terrestrial breeding frogs (Strabomantidae) in Peru. . Natur- und Tier-Verlag, Naturwissenschaft, Muenster" title="Terrestrial breeding frogs (Strabomantidae) in Peru." year="2009">Duellman and Lehr 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). We show that most populations previously ascribed to
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
represent other species (e.g.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis atillo" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atillo">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis atillo</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. jimenezi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="jimenezi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. jimenezi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. teslai" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="teslai">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. teslai</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov.,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. torresi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torresi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. torresi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov.,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. totoroi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="totoroi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. totoroi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov.,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. verrucolatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verrucolatus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verrucolatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. (CCS2),
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. (UCS2),
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. (UCS3)). To determine the true identity of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, we made collections at the type locality (
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pilaló">Pilalo</normalizedToken>
|
|
, Cotopaxi Province, see Suppl. material 2 for the list of specimens). Surprisingly, sequences from
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pilaló">Pilalo</normalizedToken>
|
|
fell in two distinct clades, indicating the presence of two species. One juvenile (QCAZ 58425), collected at 2258 m, is actually
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. totoroi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="totoroi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. totoroi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov. All other specimens (e.g., QCAZ 58463) are
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sensu stricto.</emphasis>
|
|
Examination of photographs of the holotype KU 142075 (
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Preserved holotypes of Pristimantis phoxocephalus and P. riveti. Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of: A Pristimantis phoxocephalus (KU 142075) B Pristimantis riveti (MNHNP 1902.357). Shown at the same scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.868.26766.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/322415" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 23A</figureCitation>
|
|
) showed unequivocally that it is conspecific with the specimens from the highland population. We included in our analysis sequences of "
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
" from two localities of Peru (
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kañaris">Kanaris</normalizedToken>
|
|
in Ferrenafe Province, Warmicocha-Cochapamba road in Chachapoyas Province); they do not belong to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Huicundomantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Huicundomantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Huicundomantis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Suppl. material 3) and likely represent an undescribed species. Hence,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. phoxocephalus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoxocephalus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phoxocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is endemic to Ecuador and has a restricted distribution.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |