381 lines
44 KiB
XML
381 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="23015CDAC612A3941CA68E2A08F6982B" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d92ae3c0-1a83-4964-9160-e141f9ab5c17" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-PMC="PMC8018707" ID-PubMed="32230093" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3697554" ID-ZooBank="D934167E-7D2E-41E1-8FFD-24B34C55ABB6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583398561978" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zhang, Jing, Brockmann, Ernst, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui & Grishin, Nick V." docDate="2020" docId="AC6A87E0FFB167305BB5CF8A8B5C2522" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4748.1.10.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4748 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Agyllia Grishin, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="095B9432-5CCE-4CBF-8EB6-B9711FDABA25" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="187" masterDocId="5053FF98FFB567355B22C96D8E592251" masterDocTitle="A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini)" masterLastPageNumber="194" masterPageNumber="182" pageNumber="186" updateTime="1698724915800" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="88B72BF115E0AC5DF56059EBA2A51942" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="EBE43157C327DF470B34FF20DF37AC30">
|
||
<mods:title id="B257090CDEF01C9D267CBA7CD4DC7E34">A genomic perspective on the taxonomy of the subtribe Carcharodina (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Carcharodini)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="83B4F9C7D6AF10289681AD1322891689" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="CBCD9317449B45AD7AC9DF95E939F67C">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E484FEE2EE7CDE87CEE05DCE40DC5833">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="BEE495B00BAA8B89A0DC4E04D34B706E">Zhang, Jing</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="6E5A0F668843E2A2DA2F15E778DB0FD2" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="AC397C4500B7E3ECA99B550DCB71C09F">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="44EE0C679E3F8625EC34BB5AA62985D5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="63988DFDD1EE6EB2EAE087AD70E93117">Brockmann, Ernst</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="DBE0750D29538DB460BBC9BEE881DCEF" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E54A31811CE932C80646580ACD2E793B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="365D92ACC5D25379CC5CC927829B7FC7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1154F9ADDD9328918933A60035B5D78B">Cong, Qian</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="9F3C264947CCFBAF190378A68DF5A4F1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E9AD7C24AB27FAE1DB0F51D948F3461C">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="DE8BB87D4BF92C36031FDD6D6061022B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="0C6932C47047276A6EB5242283C002D3">Shen, Jinhui</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="3195ECBE123710308C8AA7A0C07307DE" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="4AD4E9038B1A67BC6C159BAA2C05E468">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="8A58790E2E94B0943A2B9DBB45B93DE1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="8283762F828D8BBE4708729D8DC73530">Grishin, Nick V.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="DB70A30BDDF9EAD6313EFFAA81D19A84">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="1D5EC58DBD9C2EB1F85EEBCDC7800CA6" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="757763610B5A8E84895F127ACF49ECDC">
|
||
<mods:title id="DD916D65E9B5EFB9CE183919A2CD60B6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="BAD790AA52896AF3684145B8E35AB34F">
|
||
<mods:date id="DA8255ECFD3016E107DF8BF5367347D6">2020</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="AF14B2A38D9155E5BC15A36C7F76F771" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="D3AE310E02D5CFACB4A6A1224EB524D6">2020-03-05</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="26845ED4B9AD743DA9B47BBDDFA70816" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="3E7DC4291B7C62258688D87AD8FDB581">4748</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="9B813F9140CB4DB2036A7D34C2C32AAF" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="B40F449F62C2137791D329ECCFDD3CF6">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="EE0C2663F4AF74835D85AAA929799CEE" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="A3F64851A3C797022C4D8899646142CD">182</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="92E1CAD7489DCA36958BDFD129297FA9">194</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="70EA0AFF0B0F38FE61A9851261B59FFE">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F70816B0969EAA59E131D56E6F968400" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.10</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5C6C098E426C2B9AB22F3FBB0823D28B" type="GBIF-Dataset">d92ae3c0-1a83-4964-9160-e141f9ab5c17</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1CCE20797D5B8440B9FBD626546D73CE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E660342AA4029F9F10A2FC58DC5ED0EF" type="PMC">PMC8018707</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B73F357DA383ACD13A9594FE959EEE55" type="PubMed">32230093</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="859D3853715B919E5448E7B22825D64F" type="Zenodo-Dep">3697554</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4906942A6DD0714FC2E1D6781B83F238" type="ZooBank">D934167E-7D2E-41E1-8FFD-24B34C55ABB6</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="AC6A87E0FFB167305BB5CF8A8B5C2522" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3704228" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162443458" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3704228" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:095B9432-5CCE-4CBF-8EB6-B9711FDABA25" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC6A87E0FFB167305BB5CF8A8B5C2522" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<subSubSection id="6CD9657DFFB167315BB5CF8A8D132515" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB167315BB5CF8A8FEF2553" blockId="4.[151,438,1767,1794]" box="[151,438,1767,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<heading id="7F34819AFFB167315BB5CF8A8FEF2553" bold="true" box="[151,438,1767,1794]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315BB5CF8A8FEF2553" bold="true" box="[151,438,1767,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315BB5CF8A8F0E2550" authority="Grishin" authorityName="Grishin" box="[151,343,1767,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Agyllia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov." tribe="Carcharodini">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315BB5CF8A8EB42553" bold="true" box="[151,237,1767,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Agyllia</emphasis>
|
||
Grishin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0D84579FFFB167315A46CF858FEF2553" box="[356,438,1768,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB167315BB5CE468D132515" blockId="4.[151,842,1835,1860]" box="[151,842,1835,1860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
||
http://zoobank.org/
|
||
<uuid id="50650C23FFB167315A79CE468D132515" box="[347,842,1835,1860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">095B9432-5CCE-4CBF-8EB6-B9711FDABA25</uuid>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6CD9657DFFB167315BB5CE1F8CBD25DD" box="[151,740,1905,1932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB167315BB5CE1F8CBD25DD" blockId="4.[151,1437,1905,2041]" box="[151,740,1905,1932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315BB5CE1F8F6D25DD" bold="true" box="[151,308,1905,1932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB167315BB5CE1F8E8B25DD" box="[151,210,1906,1932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315A1ECE1E8C2C25DD" ID-CoL="986QW" authority="Trimen, 1889" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1889" box="[316,629,1906,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315A1ECE1E8F8E25DD" box="[316,471,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Pyrgus agylla</emphasis>
|
||
Trimen, 1889
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="BCF82A73FFB1673159A7CE1F8C8E25DD" box="[645,727,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1426,1451]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,186,1400]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1423,181,1401]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Specimens of Ernsta and Agyllia. Dorsal and ventral views are on the left and right, respectively. DNA sample IDs are given, other data are in the Tab. S1: a. Ernsta colotes the type species of the genus Ernsta gen. n., NVG-18054F06; b. Ernsta delagoae, the type species of the subgenus Delaga subgen. n., NVG-18054F08; c. Agyllia agylla, the type species of the genus Agyllia gen. n., NVG-19039F03." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3697558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3697558/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Fig. 2c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6CD9657DFFB167305BE5CEF88F7E23DA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB167305BE5CEF88D652312" blockId="4.[151,1437,1905,2041]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,153,1907]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315BE5CEF88F1B25E1" bold="true" box="[199,322,1941,1968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Keys to
|
||
<quantity id="E33B9B13FFB167315A8BCEFB8F8D25E1" box="[425,468,1942,1968]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB167315AFECEFB8CED25E1" author="de Jong, R." box="[476,692,1942,1969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" pagination="23 - 146" refId="ref8814" refString="de Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor entomologie, 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article" year="1978">de Jong (1978: 28)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, constituting his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB167315854CEFB8D8625E1" baseAuthorityName="Trimen" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[886,991,1942,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Agyllia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB167315854CEFB8D8625E1" box="[886,991,1942,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="186">asterodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Morphologically differs from close relatives by the following characters. Out of three spots in forewing discal cell, rectangular middle spot (the largest) closer to streak-like spot at distal end of cell than to well-developed and rounded basal spot; no dorsal white spots at base of CuA
|
||
<subScript id="B84734B3FFB067305AEDC9C78F8E22E9" attach="left" box="[463,471,170,184]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">2</subScript>
|
||
-1A+2A cell (space 1B). Ventral hindwing with a straight median white band, i.e., a white spot in cell Rs-M
|
||
<subScript id="B84734B3FFB067305ABBC9A38FF8228D" attach="left" box="[409,417,206,220]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">1</subScript>
|
||
(space 6) joins the central spot (discal cell) to the outer (and not inner) spot in cell Sc+R
|
||
<subScript id="B84734B3FFB067305E4FC9A38B2C228D" attach="left" box="[1389,1397,206,220]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">1</subScript>
|
||
-Rs (space 7). In male genitalia, uncus deeply incised; valva with large costal process and harpe (=cucullus) lacks a fold covering the costal process. In DNA COI barcode region, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: A307T, A352T, T364C, C401T, T403A, T500C, and A502T.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB067305BE5C8218F7E23DA" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305BE5C8218F862336" bold="true" box="[199,479,332,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Derivation of the name.</emphasis>
|
||
The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular derived from the name of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB067305BB5C81C8E9E23DA" box="[151,199,369,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6CD9657DFFB067305BE5C8F98B5C2522" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB067305BE5C8F98F192382" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305BE5C8F98FCC23FE" bold="true" box="[199,405,404,431]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Species included:</emphasis>
|
||
Encompasses
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305918C8F88CFA23FE" baseAuthorityName="Trimen" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[570,675,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Agyllia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asterodia">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305918C8F88CFA23FE" box="[570,675,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">asterodia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species groups as it was defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB067305F1BC8F88ABD23FE" author="de Jong, R." box="[1081,1252,405,431]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" pagination="23 - 146" refId="ref8814" refString="de Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor entomologie, 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article" year="1978">de Jong (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Full species list is given below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB067305BE5C8B08CDA2146" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">
|
||
Second, we observe that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305AC7C8B08C2E23A6" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[485,631,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carcharodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305AC7C8B08C2E23A6" box="[485,631,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Carcharodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not monophyletic. Only one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305F66C8B08E81204A" authority="(Verity, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Verity" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carcharodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tripolina">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305F66C8B08B1823A6" box="[1092,1345,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Carcharodus tripolina</emphasis>
|
||
(Verity, 1925)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB067305AB3CB6C8F98204A" box="[401,449,513,539]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305989CB6C8A72204A" authority="(Esper, 1780)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[683,1067,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carcharodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alceae">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305989CB6C8DD2204A" box="[683,907,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Carcharodus alceae</emphasis>
|
||
(Esper, 1780)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These results are consistent with the recent treatment by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB067305A81CB488C152011" author="Coutsis, J. G." box="[419,588,549,576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" pagination="66 - 75" refId="ref8678" refString="Coutsis, J. G. (2016) The male and female genital structures of skippers currently placed in the genus Carcharodus Hubner, [1819] and their taxonomic significance (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Pyrginae). Phegea, 44, 66 - 75." type="journal article" year="2016">Coutsis (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who placed all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305865CB488D80206E" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[839,985,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carcharodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305865CB488D80206E" box="[839,985,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Carcharodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305F7ACB488B20206E" authority="Ragusa, 1919" authorityName="Ragusa" authorityYear="1919" box="[1112,1401,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Reverdinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305F7ACB488A8C206E" box="[1112,1237,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Reverdinus</emphasis>
|
||
Ragusa, 1919
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In our trees,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305A25CB248FDD2032" authorityName="Ragusa" authorityYear="1919" box="[263,388,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Reverdinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305A25CB248FDD2032" box="[263,388,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Reverdinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the same cluster with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305995CB248D9B2032" authority="Tutt, 1906" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" box="[695,962,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305995CB248D112032" box="[695,840,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Muschampia</emphasis>
|
||
Tutt, 1906
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the branch length separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305E1FCB248EE720D6" authorityName="Ragusa" authorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Reverdinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305E1FCB248EE720D6" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Reverdinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305A63CB008F8B20D6" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" box="[321,466,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305A63CB008F8B20D6" box="[321,466,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Muschampia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not significantly larger than the branch lengths separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305F5ACB008B5020D6" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" box="[1144,1289,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305F5ACB008B5020D6" box="[1144,1289,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Muschampia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from each other. Thus, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305ADBCBFC8D4320FA" authority="Ragusa, 1919" authorityName="Ragusa" authorityYear="1919" box="[505,794,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Reverdinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305ADBCBFC8C2F20FA" box="[505,630,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Reverdinus</emphasis>
|
||
Ragusa, 1919
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305F30CBFC8AFA20FA" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" box="[1042,1187,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305F30CBFC8AFA20FA" box="[1042,1187,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Muschampia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, we see that genus names previously given to various groups currently placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB0673058E5CBD88A01209E" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" box="[967,1112,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB0673058E5CBD88A01209E" box="[967,1112,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Muschampia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indeed denote monophyletic groups within the genus and we suggest to treat these groups as subgenera:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB0673058F9CBB48B6A20A2" authority="Strand, 1928" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1928" box="[987,1331,729,755]" class="Insecta" genus="Warrenohesperia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB0673058F9CBB48AC220A2" box="[987,1179,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Warrenohesperia</emphasis>
|
||
Strand, 1928
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305E1FCBB48F522146" authority="Tutt, 1906" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Sloperia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305E1FCBB48BC520A2" box="[1341,1436,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Sloperia</emphasis>
|
||
Tutt, 1906
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305A63CB938C782146" authority="Warren, 1926" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1926" box="[321,545,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tuttia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305A63CB938FDB2146" box="[321,386,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Tuttia</emphasis>
|
||
Warren, 1926
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="BCF82A73FFB067305912CB908C2B2146" box="[560,626,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1656,1681]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,179,1627]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,179,1629]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic trees of Carcharodina. The trees are constructed from nucleotide sequences of protein-coding regions from: a. nuclear genome; b. Z-chromosome; c. mitochondrial genome. Statistical significance values are shown by each node. d. COI barcode distance diagram is shown to emphasize on close relationships within Carcharodina. In panels a) and b), vertical green (yellow-shaded) line defines genera: each clade crossed by the line is a genus in our treatment; vertical thin gray (blue-shaded) line defines subgenera. Branches in Carcharodina are colored by genus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3697556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3697556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB067305BE5CA4C8A40219A" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">
|
||
Third, we find that “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305A96CA4C8C1C216A" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" box="[436,581,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305A96CA4C8C1C216A" box="[436,581,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Muschampia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305978CA4C8DEB216A" authority="(Eversmann, 1841)" baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[602,946,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hesperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrellum">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305978CA4C8C96216A" box="[602,719,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">cribrellum</emphasis>
|
||
(Eversmann, 1841)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB0673058C9CA4C8A42216A" box="[1003,1051,801,827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305E31CA4F8E96210E" authority="Tutt, 1906" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Favria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305E31CA4F8B06216A" box="[1299,1375,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Favria</emphasis>
|
||
Tutt, 1906
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not monophyletic with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305ADCCA288CD6210E" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" box="[510,655,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305ADCCA288CD6210E" box="[510,655,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Muschampia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Instead, it is a confident sister of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305F03CA288ADA210E" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1879" box="[1057,1155,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305F03CA288ADA210E" box="[1057,1155,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Gomalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in nuclear genome trees (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BCF82A73FFB067305B82CA048E8421D5" box="[160,221,873,900]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1656,1681]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,179,1627]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,179,1629]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic trees of Carcharodina. The trees are constructed from nucleotide sequences of protein-coding regions from: a. nuclear genome; b. Z-chromosome; c. mitochondrial genome. Statistical significance values are shown by each node. d. COI barcode distance diagram is shown to emphasize on close relationships within Carcharodina. In panels a) and b), vertical green (yellow-shaded) line defines genera: each clade crossed by the line is a genus in our treatment; vertical thin gray (blue-shaded) line defines subgenera. Branches in Carcharodina are colored by genus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3697556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3697556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
ab). Its phylogenetic position is not very strongly supported in the mitogenome tree (88% bootstrap,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BCF82A73FFB067305E1DCA048BD421D2" box="[1343,1421,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1656,1681]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,179,1627]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,179,1629]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic trees of Carcharodina. The trees are constructed from nucleotide sequences of protein-coding regions from: a. nuclear genome; b. Z-chromosome; c. mitochondrial genome. Statistical significance values are shown by each node. d. COI barcode distance diagram is shown to emphasize on close relationships within Carcharodina. In panels a) and b), vertical green (yellow-shaded) line defines genera: each clade crossed by the line is a genus in our treatment; vertical thin gray (blue-shaded) line defines subgenera. Branches in Carcharodina are colored by genus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3697556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3697556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1c</figureCitation>
|
||
), but it is well-separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305AFCCAE08C3621F6" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" box="[478,623,909,935]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Muschampia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305AFCCAE08C3621F6" box="[478,623,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Muschampia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species has been a puzzle and is uniquely characterized by spined mid-tibiae. Therefore we reinstate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305939CADF8C3E219A" authorityName="Tutt" authorityYear="1906" box="[539,615,946,971]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Favria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305939CADF8C3E219A" box="[539,615,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Favria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus, currently monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB067305BE5CAB88B5626F2" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">
|
||
Fourth, we see that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB067305AEECAB88C7721BE" box="[460,558,981,1007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305976CABB8DF621BE" authority="Picard, 1949" authorityName="Picard" authorityYear="1949" box="[596,943,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Tavetana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeanneli">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305976CABB8D4321BE" box="[596,794,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Tavetana jeanneli</emphasis>
|
||
Picard, 1949
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="BCF82A73FFB06730589CCAB88A5921BE" box="[958,1024,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,979,1004]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,354,945]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,345,954]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Gomalia jeanneli holotype. The specimen is in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Dorsal and ventral views are on the left and right, respectively. The largest scale bar refers to the specimen, labels are shown at 1/3 of specimen size and genitalia enlarged twice compared to the specimen. DNA sample ID NVG-18079B11." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3697560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3697560/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is not a dark form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305FDFCAB88F182645" authority="(Trimen, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Trimen" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elma">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305FDFCAB88BC521BE" box="[1277,1436,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Gomalia elma</emphasis>
|
||
(Trimen, 1862)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as currently considered, but a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB0673059BACA948CA32642" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1879" box="[664,762,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB0673059BACA948CA32642" box="[664,762,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Gomalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species well removed from it. COI barcodes of the two species differ by nearly 7% (45 base pairs). Moreover, the differences in genitalia of the Indian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305FB9CD708F3E260A" authority="Moore, 1879" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="elma" subSpecies="albofasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305FB9CD708E96260A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Gomalia elma albofasciata</emphasis>
|
||
Moore, 1879
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see plate 23, D
|
||
<quantity id="E33B9B13FFB06730593DCD2C8C13260A" box="[543,586,1089,1115]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB067305972CD2C8C85260A" author="Evans, W. H." box="[592,732,1089,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" refId="ref8924" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia, and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 502 pp., 553 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105941" type="book" year="1949">Evans, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the African nominal subspecies (plate
|
||
<quantity id="E33B9B13FFB067305FEACD2C8B58260A" box="[1224,1281,1089,1115]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB067305E2ACD2C8BCD260A" author="Evans, W. H." box="[1288,1428,1089,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" refId="ref8880" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, xii + 212 pp., 230 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) argue for the species status of the Indian taxon. Most notably, ampulla of male genitalic valva is expanded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305EA1CD088F7826F2" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305EA1CD088F7826F2" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">C. albofasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305A99CDE48C4826F2" baseAuthorityName="Trimen" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[443,529,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gomalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elma">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305A99CDE48C4826F2" box="[443,529,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">C. elma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which costa smoothly transitions to a tooth-like ending of harpe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB067305BE5CDC08F322792" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">
|
||
Furthermore, we elevate to species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305944CDC08DB02699" authority="(Staudinger, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[614,1001,1197,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305944CDC08D502696" box="[614,777,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Spialia lugens</emphasis>
|
||
(Staudinger, 1886)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305F05CDC08BC52696" authority="(Reverdin, 1927)" baseAuthorityName="Reverdin" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1063,1436,1197,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carnea">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305F05CDC08A962696" box="[1063,1231,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Spialia carnea</emphasis>
|
||
(Reverdin, 1927)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
formerly considered subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305905CDBC8DC326BA" authority="(Hubner, [1823])" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[551,922,1232,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305905CDBC8C9726BA" box="[551,718,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Spialia orbifer</emphasis>
|
||
(Hübner, [1823])
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Sequencing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305F76CDBC8AE226BA" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1108,1211,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305F76CDBC8AE226BA" box="[1108,1211,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">S. lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305FD5CDBC8B3A26BA" baseAuthorityName="Reverdin" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1271,1379,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carnea">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305FD5CDBC8B3A26BA" box="[1271,1379,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">S. carnea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB067305E4ECDBC8BC526BA" box="[1388,1436,1233,1259]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E607F814FFB067305A74CD988FC5275E" box="[342,412,1269,1295]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Berlin</collectingRegion>
|
||
Museum für Naturkunde reveals 2.2%-3.2% difference in COI barcode from nominotypical populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305A1DCC748FF32762" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[319,426,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305A1DCC748FF32762" box="[319,426,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">S. orbifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distinct barcodes combined with the differences in facies suggest species-level status for these taxa.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305A30CC508FF62706" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[274,431,1341,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305A30CC508FF62706" box="[274,431,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Spialia lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the two other species by the larger size, darker wing above with faint or absent submarginal sports, rarely, and mostly in females, better developed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB0673058BFCC0C8A18272A" author="de Jong, R." box="[925,1089,1377,1403]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" pagination="23 - 146" refId="ref8814" refString="de Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor entomologie, 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article" year="1978">de Jong, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305F77CC0C8A99272A" baseAuthorityName="Reverdin" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1109,1216,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Spialia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carnea">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305F77CC0C8A99272A" box="[1109,1216,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">S. carnea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by warm reddish to brown-yellow color of hindwing below and reduced submarginal spots on hindwing below in cells M
|
||
<subScript id="B84734B3FFB067305B92CCD78EE12799" attach="left" box="[176,184,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">1</subScript>
|
||
-M
|
||
<subScript id="B84734B3FFB067305BF8CCD78EBB2799" attach="left" box="[218,226,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">2</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="B84734B3FFB067305A10CCD78F632799" attach="left" box="[306,314,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">2</subScript>
|
||
-M
|
||
<subScript id="B84734B3FFB067305A7ECCD78F3D2799" attach="left" box="[348,356,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">3</subScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB067305BE5CCA08A8C247E" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">
|
||
Finally, difference in male genitalia, notably the shape of uncus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB0673058B6CCA08A6D27B6" author="de Jong, R." box="[916,1076,1485,1511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" pagination="23 - 146" refId="ref8814" refString="de Jong, R. (1978) Monograph of the genus Spialia Swinhoe (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Tijdschrift voor entomologie, 121, 23 - 146." type="journal article" year="1978">de Jong, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40524B07FFB067305F1CCCA08A9527B6" author="Evans, W. H." box="[1086,1228,1485,1511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" refId="ref8880" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, xii + 212 pp., 230 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB067305E4BCCA38FEE245A" authority="(Higgins, 1924)" baseAuthorityName="Higgins" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ernsta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifida">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305E4BCCA38EA6245A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Ernsta bifida</emphasis>
|
||
(Higgins, 1924)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3C34D75FFB06730599DCC9F8DB6245A" authority="(Butler, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[703,1007,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ernsta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB06730599DCC9F8D14245A" box="[703,845,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Ernsta zebra</emphasis>
|
||
(Butler, 1888)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not its subspecies. Taken together, the data we obtained suggest the following taxonomic arrangement of the subtribe Carcharodina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="247C36F6FFB067305BE5CF558B5C2522" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B7EAE4FFB067305BE5CF558D042402" bold="true" box="[199,861,1592,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Taxonomic arrangement of the subtribe Carcharodina.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on our analysis, the list of species arranged into genera and subgenera is given below. Synonymic names are included for genera and subgenera. Names treated as synonyms (genera and names of
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB06730590BCFEC8C0024CA" box="[553,601,1665,1691]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species that are considered to be synonyms) are preceded by “=”: not followed by daggers are subjective junior synonyms; † objective junior synonyms; ‡ unavailable names (such as homonyms and nomina nuda); “preocc.” indicates preoccupied, the taxonomic order (all insects) of the senior name is shown in brackets. Synonyms are attributed to subgenera.
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB06730583FCF808D0C2556" box="[797,853,1773,1799]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species (TS) for genera and subgenera are listed and underlined. For
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB067305A6FCE7C8F24257A" box="[333,381,1809,1835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species that are considered to be synonyms, valid names are shown in parenthesis. For valid genera and subgenera (not their synonyms), names of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB067305803CE588D08251E" box="[801,849,1845,1871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species or names which
|
||
<typeStatus id="FB788854FFB067305F48CE588AC3251E" box="[1130,1178,1845,1871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="187">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species are considered to be synonyms of, are underlined in the list. Subspecies names are not listed pending further studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |