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<mods:title id="EA3B2CE399E63447832C6EA6DE02F561">On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the southwest coast of Florida, USA</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FF0360DBFDD12ED4" ID-CoL="76JN9" authority="Goldfuss, 1820" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,557,153,180]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
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<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF0360DBFE922ED3" bold="true" box="[151,366,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FEE160DBFDD12ED4" author="Goldfuss, G. A." box="[373,557,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref134220" refString="Goldfuss, G. A. (1820) Handbuch der Zoologie. I. Abtheilung. Johann Leonhard Schrag, Nurnberg, 696 pp." type="book" year="1820">Goldfuss, 1820</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF036140FEB02F7D" box="[151,332,258,282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF036163FEB02F5F" box="[151,332,288,312]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria gibbosa</emphasis>
L. 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FEF96162FDFC2F5E" author="Agassiz, L." box="[365,512,288,313]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref122582" refString="Agassiz, L. (1860) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. III. Little, Brown, Boston, 301 pp." type="book" year="1860">Agassiz, 1860</bibRefCitation>
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: pl. 15, figs. 1, 2.—L. 
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<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FD776162FC542F5F" author="Agassiz, L." box="[739,936,288,313]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref122614" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862: 278</bibRefCitation>
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.—A. 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FC706162FB562F5E" author="Agassiz, A." box="[996,1194,288,313]" page="186" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1865">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FC706162FB562F5E" author="Agassiz, A." box="[996,1194,288,313]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref122477" refString="Agassiz, A. (1865) Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. No. II. North American Acalephae. Sever &amp; Francis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 234 pp." type="book" year="1865">Agassiz, 1865: 186</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FF036102FE8D2F30" ID-CoL="76JLF" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,369,320,343]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF036102FE8D2F30" box="[151,369,320,343]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria symmetrica</emphasis>
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. 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FEE1617DFE6C2F30" bold="true" box="[373,400,319,343]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">—</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FE04617CFDA92F30" author="Jaderholm, E." box="[400,597,318,343]" page="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FE04617CFDA92F30" author="Jaderholm, E." box="[400,597,318,343]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref136721" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1896) Ueber aussereuropaische Hydroiden des zoologischen Museums der Universitat Upsala. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 21, Afdelning 4, 6, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1896">Jäderholm, 1896: 5</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF03611CFEBA2F11" box="[151,326,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
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.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FEF0611CFDE72F11" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[356,539,349,374]" page="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FEF0611CFDE72F11" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[356,539,349,374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 230" refId="ref141633" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910 a) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer, 1910a: 25</bibRefCitation>
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, text-fig. 2, pl. 1, fig. 5.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FCB2611FFC2D2F11" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[806,977,349,374]" page="87" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1943">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FCB2611FFC2D2F11" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[806,977,349,374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="75 - 98" refId="ref133351" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1943) Distribution records of some hydroids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, with description of new genera and new species. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 22, 75 - 98." type="journal article" year="1943">Fraser, 1943: 87</bibRefCitation>
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FC48611CFBCA2F11" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[988,1078,349,374]" page="84" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1944">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FC48611CFBCA2F11" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[988,1078,349,374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">1944: 84</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FBC0611FFB072F11" author="Menzel, R. W." box="[1108,1275,349,374]" page="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1956">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FBC0611FFB072F11" author="Menzel, R. W." box="[1108,1275,349,374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref142179" refString="Menzel, R. W. (Ed.) (1956) Annotated check-list of the marine fauna and flora of the St. George's Sound - Apalachee Bay region, Florida Gulf coast. Florida State University Oceanographic Institute Contributions, 61, 1 - 78." type="journal article" year="1956">Menzel, 1956: 2</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.— 
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<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FA8F611CFF1F2FF2" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref137169" refString="Joyce, E. A. Jr. (1961) The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 116 pp." type="book" year="1961">Joyce, 1961: 45</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FE0A613EFDC72FF3" author="Shier, C. F." box="[414,571,380,405]" page="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FE0A613EFDC72FF3" author="Shier, C. F." box="[414,571,380,405]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref149825" refString="Shier, C. F. (1965) A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 128 pp." type="book" year="1965">Shier, 1965: 28</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 14.
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<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FF0361DEFF092FD4" ID-CoL="7PC6Q" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,245,412,435]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF0361DEFF092FD4" box="[151,245,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FE8761D8FE202FD4" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[275,476,410,435]" page="137" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FE8761D8FE202FD4" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[275,476,410,435]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="136 - 138" refId="ref153718" refString="Wallace, W. S. (1909) A collection of hydroids made at the Tortugas, during May, June, and July, 1908. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book, 7, 136 - 138." type="journal article" year="1909">Wallace, 1909: 137</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FF0361F8FF092FB6" ID-CoL="7PC6Q" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,245,442,465]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF0361F8FF092FB6" box="[151,245,442,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria</emphasis>
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sp. 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FE8D61F8FECE2FB5" bold="true" box="[281,306,442,466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">—</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FEA661F8FE282FB5" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[306,468,441,466]" page="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FEA661F8FE282FB5" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[306,468,441,466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref137169" refString="Joyce, E. A. Jr. (1961) The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 116 pp." type="book" year="1961">Joyce, 1961: 44</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFCBF147FD1B61FBFCD22FB5" author="Shier, C. F." box="[655,814,441,466]" page="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FD1B61FBFCD22FB5" author="Shier, C. F." box="[655,814,441,466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref149825" refString="Shier, C. F. (1965) A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 128 pp." type="book" year="1965">Shier, 1965: 30</bibRefCitation>
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, pls. 15, 16.
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locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFCBF147FEA86242FE882C7D" box="[316,372,512,538]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Italy</collectingCountry>
: 
<location id="133A05F7FFCBF147FEEA6242FDD92C7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E4CE23AFFCBF149FF0360DBFABD2988:133A05F7FFCBF147FEEA6242FDD92C7D" box="[382,549,512,538]" country="Italy" name="Gulf of Naples" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gulf of Naples</location>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FDF46242FCF42C7C" author="Calder, D. R." box="[608,776,512,539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref127887" refString="Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3648.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Calder 2013: 7</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFCBF147FF536261FD3A2DE5" blockId="7.[151,1437,511,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF536261FE442C59" bold="true" box="[199,440,547,574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Material examined.</emphasis>
Naples (
<collectionCode id="70F4CBE9FFCBF147FDB86266FDAD2C59" box="[556,593,548,574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FL</collectionCode>
), Doctors Pass, north jetty, channel side, on boulder, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFCBF147FB7D6266FA6B2C59" box="[1257,1431,548,574]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="1" seconds="29.14" value="26.17476">26°10’29.14”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFCBF147FF036205FEB62C05" box="[151,330,583,610]" degrees="81" direction="west" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="1" seconds="53.45" value="-81.81485">81°48’53.45”W</geoCoordinate>
, ELWS, 
<date id="625B75ECFFCBF147FE24620AFD702C05" box="[432,652,584,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2017-12-06">06 December 2017</date>
, two colony fragments, up to 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFCBF147FC77620AFBCC2C04" box="[995,1072,584,611]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="3.7">3.7 cm</quantity>
high, without gonophores, coll. D. Calder, 
<collectionCode id="70F4CBE9FFCBF147FE84622EFE962CE1" box="[272,362,620,646]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B4345.— 
<materialsCitation id="A68D5971FFCBF147FE486229FF1E2CA9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2430643571" collectingDate="2018-01-02" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="D. Calder" location="Sanibel Island" municipality="Lighthouse Point" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="B4346" specimenCount="1">
<location id="133A05F7FFCBF147FE486229FD7C2CE1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E4CE23AFFCBF149FF0360DBFABD2988:133A05F7FFCBF147FE486229FD7C2CE1" box="[476,640,619,646]" municipality="Lighthouse Point" name="Sanibel Island" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sanibel Island</location>
, beach at 
<collectingMunicipality id="F63EC956FFCBF147FD7A622EFC4C2CE1" box="[750,944,620,646]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lighthouse Point</collectingMunicipality>
, on tube of the polychaete 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FB4F622FFA6A2CE1" baseAuthorityName="Bosc" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1243,1430,621,646]" class="Polychaeta" family="Onuphidae" genus="Diopatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="cuprea">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FB4F622FFA6A2CE1" box="[1243,1430,621,646]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diopatra cuprea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ELWS, 
<date id="625B75ECFFCBF147FF6562D2FE4C2CCD" box="[241,432,656,683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2018-01-02">
<collectingDate id="721F8C04FFCBF147FF6562D2FE4C2CCD" box="[241,432,656,683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2018-01-02">02 January 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
, two colony fragments, up to 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFCBF147FC9162D2FCAE2CCC" box="[773,850,656,683]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="1.7">1.7 cm</quantity>
high, without gonophores, coll. 
<collectorName id="BB1036FAFFCBF147FB5262D3FAC92CCD" box="[1222,1333,656,683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D. Calder</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode id="70F4CBE9FFCBF147FAD662D2FA602CCD" box="[1346,1436,656,682]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="4643FB57FFCBF147FF0362F6FF1E2CA9" box="[151,226,692,718]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B4346</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.— 
<materialsCitation id="A68D5971FFCBF147FE9662F6FBDC2C95" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2430643634" collectingDate="2018-03-16" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="D. Calder" latitude="26.455833" location="Fort Myers Beach" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-81.962494" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="B4347" specimenCount="1">
<location id="133A05F7FFCBF147FE9662F6FE2C2CA9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E4CE23AFFCBF149FF0360DBFABD2988:133A05F7FFCBF147FE9662F6FE2C2CA9" box="[258,464,692,719]" latitude="26.455833" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-81.962494" name="Fort Myers Beach" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fort Myers Beach</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFCBF147FE4F62F6FD9A2CA9" box="[475,614,692,718]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="15" seconds="21" value="26.455833">26°27’21”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFCBF147FDE562F1FCFD2CA9" box="[625,769,691,718]" degrees="81" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-81.962494">81°57’45”W</geoCoordinate>
, detached at water’s edge, 
<date id="625B75ECFFCBF147FBBD62F6FB2A2CA9" box="[1065,1238,692,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2018-03-16">
<collectingDate id="721F8C04FFCBF147FBBD62F6FB2A2CA9" box="[1065,1238,692,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2018-03-16">16 March 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
, 18° C, 34‰, two colonies, up to 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFCBF147FED0629AFE762C94" box="[324,394,728,755]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
high, without gonophores, coll. 
<collectorName id="BB1036FAFFCBF147FD6D629BFC9B2C95" box="[761,871,728,755]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D. Calder</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode id="70F4CBE9FFCBF147FCE0629AFC322C95" box="[884,974,728,754]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="4643FB57FFCBF147FC41629AFBDC2C95" box="[981,1056,728,754]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B4347</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.— 
<materialsCitation id="A68D5971FFCBF147FBD5629AFCF42D5D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2430643712" collectingDate="2018-03-28" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="D. Calder" latitude="26.443888" location="Sanibel Island" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-82.02667" municipality="Lighthouse Point" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="B4348" specimenCount="1">
<location id="133A05F7FFCBF147FBD5629AFB1A2C95" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E4CE23AFFCBF149FF0360DBFABD2988:133A05F7FFCBF147FBD5629AFB1A2C95" box="[1089,1254,728,754]" latitude="26.443888" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-82.02667" municipality="Lighthouse Point" name="Sanibel Island" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sanibel Island</location>
, beach at 
<collectingMunicipality id="F63EC956FFCBF147FAC2629AFEE32D71" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lighthouse Point</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFCBF147FEB862BEFE442D71" box="[300,440,764,790]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="15" seconds="38" value="26.443888">26°26’38”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFCBF147FE5162BEFDA82D71" box="[453,596,764,790]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="01" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="15" seconds="36" value="-82.02667">82°01’36”W</geoCoordinate>
, on stranded 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FD7A62BEFCA72D71" baseAuthorityName="Kaehler &amp; Hughes" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[750,859,764,790]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FD7A62BEFCA72D71" box="[750,859,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thalassia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="625B75ECFFCBF147FCFF62BEFBE02D71" box="[875,1052,764,790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2018-03-28">
<collectingDate id="721F8C04FFCBF147FCFF62BEFBE02D71" box="[875,1052,764,790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2018-03-28">28 March 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
, 21° C, 35‰, one colony, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFCBF147FADA62BEFA602D70" box="[1358,1436,764,791]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="1.1">1.1 cm</quantity>
high, with gonophores, coll. 
<collectorName id="BB1036FAFFCBF147FE4A6363FDB22D5D" box="[478,590,800,827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D. Calder</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode id="70F4CBE9FFCBF147FDCF6362FD492D5D" box="[603,693,800,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="4643FB57FFCBF147FD2A6362FCF42D5D" box="[702,776,800,826]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B4348</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.— 
<materialsCitation id="A68D5971FFCBF147FCBD6362FD3D2DE5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2430643671" collectingDate="2018-08-27" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="D. Calder" elevation="1" latitude="26.456028" location="Fort Myers Beach" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-81.94295" municipality="Salty Sam's Marina" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="B4418" specimenCount="1">
<location id="133A05F7FFCBF147FCBD6362FC072D5D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E4CE23AFFCBF149FF0360DBFABD2988:133A05F7FFCBF147FCBD6362FC072D5D" box="[809,1019,800,827]" latitude="26.456028" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-81.94295" municipality="Salty Sam's Marina" name="Fort Myers Beach" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fort Myers Beach</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="F63EC956FFCBF147FB9C6362FB172D5D" box="[1032,1259,800,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Salty Sam’s Marina</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFCBF147FB636362FA6B2D5D" box="[1271,1431,800,826]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="1" seconds="21.7" value="26.456028">26°27’21.7”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFCBF147FF036301FEC02D39" box="[151,316,835,862]" degrees="81" direction="west" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="1" seconds="34.6" value="-81.94295">81°56’34.6”W</geoCoordinate>
, on floating dock, &lt;
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFCBF147FD8D6306FDA72D38" box="[537,603,836,863]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="0.1">
<elevation id="9DC8B41FFFCBF147FD8D6306FDA72D38" box="[537,603,836,863]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="0.1">0.1 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 29° C, 25‰, 
<date id="625B75ECFFCBF147FD6C6306FC572D39" box="[760,939,836,862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2018-08-27">
<collectingDate id="721F8C04FFCBF147FD6C6306FC572D39" box="[760,939,836,862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2018-08-27">27 August 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
, several colony fragments, up to 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFCBF147FA8D6306FAA12D38" box="[1305,1373,836,863]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
high, with gonophores, coll. 
<collectorName id="BB1036FAFFCBF147FE0D632BFDFB2DE5" box="[409,519,872,899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D. Calder</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode id="70F4CBE9FFCBF147FD86632AFD902DE5" box="[530,620,872,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="4643FB57FFCBF147FDE0632AFD3D2DE5" box="[628,705,872,898]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B4418</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFCBF149FF5363CEFABD2988" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFCBF147FF5363CEFB142B69" blockId="7.[151,1437,511,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF5363CEFEC72DC1" bold="true" box="[199,315,908,934]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks.</emphasis>
Hydroids identified as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FDD363CFFC392DC1" authority="Goldfuss, 1820" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[583,965,908,934]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FDD363CFFCED2DC1" box="[583,785,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FC8D63CEFC392DC1" author="Goldfuss, G. A." box="[793,965,908,934]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref134220" refString="Goldfuss, G. A. (1820) Handbuch der Zoologie. I. Abtheilung. Johann Leonhard Schrag, Nurnberg, 696 pp." type="book" year="1820">Goldfuss, 1820</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are widespread, conspicuous, distinctive, often abundant, and easily collected in shallow, warm waters along the Atlantic coast of North America. This relatively large species was one of the earliest hydroids to be reported from the region, having been discovered in the eastern 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFCBF147FE8E63BAFE4E2A75" box="[282,434,1016,1042]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">United States</collectingCountry>
as early as the 1850s by 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FD4263BAFC9F2A75" author="Ayres, W. O." box="[726,867,1015,1042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="193 - 195" refId="ref123776" refString="Ayres, W. O. (1852) Description of a new species of polyp from Long Island, allied to Tubularia, under the name of Globiceps tiarella Ayres. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 4, 193 - 195. [sometimes dated as 1854, a note at the bottom of p. 193 of this article indicates that it was published in June, 1852]" type="journal article" year="1852">Ayres (1852</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FC0563BAFBA02A75" authorityName="Ayres" authorityYear="1854" box="[913,1116,1016,1042]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Globiceps" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FC0563BAFBA02A75" box="[913,1116,1016,1042]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Globiceps tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FBE163BAFAFF2A75" author="Leidy, J." box="[1141,1283,1015,1042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="135 - 152" refId="ref138904" refString="Leidy, J. (1855) Contributions towards a knowledge of the marine invertebrate fauna, of the coasts of Rhode Island and New Jersey. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 135 - 152." type="journal article" year="1855">Leidy (1855</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FAA563BBFF112A51" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1855" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Eucoryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FAA563BBFF112A51" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eucoryne elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FEA2645EFE102A51" author="McCrady, J." box="[310,492,1051,1078]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 221" refId="ref141751" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady (1859</bibRefCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FE6C645EFDED2A51" bold="true" box="[504,529,1052,1078]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">as</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FD8D645FFD262A51" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[537,730,1052,1078]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FD8D645FFD262A51" box="[537,730,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). As noted in introductory remarks above, it was also the first hydroid to have been reported from the southwest coast of 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFCBF147FCD46402FC6D2A3D" box="[832,913,1088,1114]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Florida</collectingRegion>
(by L. 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FC7D6402FB792A3D" author="Agassiz, L." box="[1001,1157,1088,1114]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref122582" refString="Agassiz, L. (1860) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. III. Little, Brown, Boston, 301 pp." type="book" year="1860">Agassiz 1860</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FB076402FB322A3D" author="Agassiz, L." box="[1171,1230,1088,1114]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref122614" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">1862</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FB6F6403FA8E2A3D" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1860" box="[1275,1394,1088,1114]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FB6F6403FA8E2A3D" box="[1275,1394,1088,1114]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. gibbosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). A frequent component of shallow fouling communities in tropical and temperate regions, 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FBE76427FB142A19" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[1139,1256,1124,1150]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FBE76427FB142A19" box="[1139,1256,1124,1150]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is held to be an invasive species with a particularly wide geographic distribution. Barcoding techniques have recently provided evidence of a complex of cryptic species within hydroids identified as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FC3D64EFFBE12AA1" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[937,1053,1196,1222]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FC3D64EFFBE12AA1" box="[937,1053,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FBBF64EEFAEF2AA1" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Odegard, D. &amp; Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A." box="[1067,1299,1195,1223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="0144762" refId="ref142586" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Odegard, D., Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A. (2015) Barcoding techniques help tracking the evolutionary history of the introduced species Pennaria disticha (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). PLoS ONE, 10 (12), e 0144762. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0144762" type="journal article" year="2015">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FB0E64EFFB362AA1" box="[1178,1226,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FA8964EEFA9A2AA1" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y." box="[1309,1382,1196,1222]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref142510" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. (2018 a) Phylogenetics and species delimitation of two Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria): Turritopsis (McCrady, 1857) and Pennaria (Goldfuss, 1820). Marine Biodiversity, [published online, no assigned volume or pages] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0891 - 8" type="book" year="2018">2018a</bibRefCitation>
), but the taxonomy and nomenclature of the various lineages presently remain unresolved. While a name change may be necessary in the future, current usage of the binomen 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FD7B64B7FC982B69" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[751,868,1268,1294]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FD7B64B7FC982B69" box="[751,868,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is maintained for the species here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFCBF147FF53655AFCC32849" blockId="7.[151,1437,511,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The hydroid stage of this species, often identified in the western North Atlantic region as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FB47655BFF272B31" authority="(Ayres, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FB47655BFABE2B55" box="[1235,1346,1304,1330]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. tiarella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FAC7655AFF2F2B31" author="Ayres, W. O." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="193 - 195" refId="ref123776" refString="Ayres, W. O. (1852) Description of a new species of polyp from Long Island, allied to Tubularia, under the name of Globiceps tiarella Ayres. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 4, 193 - 195. [sometimes dated as 1854, a note at the bottom of p. 193 of this article indicates that it was published in June, 1852]" type="journal article" year="1852">Ayres, 1852</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, has been widely utilized in morphological, experimental, and ecological studies. Many of the distribution records listed below are based on specimens utilized in such work. If that hydroid proves to be a species distinct from the European 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FEE165C7FE172BF9" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[373,491,1412,1438]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FEE165C7FE172BF9" box="[373,491,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and morphological differences in colonies from the two regions have indeed been noted (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FF7765EAFE7C2BA5" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[227,384,1448,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="136 - 138" refId="ref153718" refString="Wallace, W. S. (1909) A collection of hydroids made at the Tortugas, during May, June, and July, 1908. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book, 7, 136 - 138." type="journal article" year="1909">Wallace 1909</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FE1F65EBFDDE2BA5" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[395,546,1448,1475]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 230" refId="ref141633" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910 a) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FDB865EAFCCB2BA5" author="Brinckmann-Voss, A." box="[556,823,1448,1474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref125497" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, Monografia 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
), the name 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FC2165EBFBDC2BA5" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[949,1056,1448,1474]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FC2165EBFBDC2BA5" box="[949,1056,1448,1474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will be upheld as valid for at least one population here. The possible existence of cryptic species in 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FCE2658FFB6D2B81" authority="Goldfuss, 1820" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[886,1169,1484,1510]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FCE2658FFC222B81" box="[886,990,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FC72658EFB6D2B81" author="Goldfuss, G. A." box="[998,1169,1484,1510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref134220" refString="Goldfuss, G. A. (1820) Handbuch der Zoologie. I. Abtheilung. Johann Leonhard Schrag, Nurnberg, 696 pp." type="book" year="1820">Goldfuss, 1820</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
on the east coast of the 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFCBF147FF0365B2FED0286D" box="[151,300,1520,1546]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">United States</collectingCountry>
is suggested from the molecular work of 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FD6265B2FC1F286D" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Odegard, D. &amp; Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A." box="[758,995,1519,1546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="0144762" refId="ref142586" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Odegard, D., Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A. (2015) Barcoding techniques help tracking the evolutionary history of the introduced species Pennaria disticha (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). PLoS ONE, 10 (12), e 0144762. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0144762" type="journal article" year="2015">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FCF665B3FC6E286D" box="[866,914,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. (2015
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FC7965B2FBCF286D" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y." box="[1005,1075,1520,1546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref142510" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. (2018 a) Phylogenetics and species delimitation of two Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria): Turritopsis (McCrady, 1857) and Pennaria (Goldfuss, 1820). Marine Biodiversity, [published online, no assigned volume or pages] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0891 - 8" type="book" year="2018">2018a</bibRefCitation>
) and from earlier morphological accounts such as those of 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FE2D6656FDA62849" author="Hargitt, C. W." box="[441,602,1556,1582]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="387 - 415" refId="ref134953" refString="Hargitt, C. W. (1900) A contribution to the natural history and development of Pennaria tiarella McCr. American Naturalist, 34, 387 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 277648" type="journal article" year="1900">Hargitt (1900)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FD046657FCC62849" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[656,826,1556,1583]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 230" refId="ref141633" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910 a) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer (1910a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFCBF147FF53667BFAB02834" blockId="7.[151,1437,511,2015]" box="[199,1356,1592,1619]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
More detailed accounts of this species are given elsewhere (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FCF2667AFC082835" author="Calder, D. R." box="[870,1012,1592,1618]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref127147" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FC6B667AFBC62835" author="Calder, D. R." box="[1023,1082,1592,1618]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 91" refId="ref127840" refString="Calder, D. R. (2010) Some anthoathecate hydroids and limnopolyps (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Hawaiian archipelago. Zootaxa, 2590 (1), 1 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2590.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FBD1667AFB7C2835" author="Calder, D. R." box="[1093,1152,1592,1618]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref127887" refString="Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3648.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FB18667AFABC2834" author="Schuchert, P." box="[1164,1344,1592,1619]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="325 - 410" refId="ref149365" refString="Schuchert, P. (2006) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 113, 325 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80356" type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFCBF147FF53661EFD1B2928" blockId="7.[151,1437,511,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF53661EFE282811" bold="true" box="[199,468,1627,1654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Reported distribution.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FE4F661EFD2E2811" box="[475,722,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gulf coast of Florida.</emphasis>
Key West (L. 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FCE2661EFBEF2811" author="Agassiz, L." box="[886,1043,1628,1654]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref122582" refString="Agassiz, L. (1860) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. III. Little, Brown, Boston, 301 pp." type="book" year="1860">Agassiz 1860</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 15, figs. 1, 2, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FB6B661FFF3028FD" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1860" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FB6B661FFF3028FD" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria gibbosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; L. 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FF6D66C2FE3128FD" author="Agassiz, L." box="[249,461,1664,1690]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref122614" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz 1862: 280</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FE6366C3FD3C28FD" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1860" box="[503,704,1664,1690]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FE6366C3FD3C28FD" box="[503,704,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria gibbosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; A. 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FD7A66C2FC3E28FD" author="Agassiz, A." box="[750,962,1663,1690]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref122477" refString="Agassiz, A. (1865) Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. No. II. North American Acalephae. Sever &amp; Francis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 234 pp." type="book" year="1865">Agassiz 1865: 186</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FC7966C3FB4928FD" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1860" box="[1005,1205,1664,1690]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FC7966C3FB4928FD" box="[1005,1205,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria gibbosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FB5066C2FA6B28FD" author="Jaderholm, E." box="[1220,1431,1663,1690]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref136721" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1896) Ueber aussereuropaische Hydroiden des zoologischen Museums der Universitat Upsala. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 21, Afdelning 4, 6, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1896">Jäderholm 1896: 5</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FF2266E7FE5428D9" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1879" box="[182,424,1701,1726]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF2266E7FE5428D9" box="[182,424,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria symmetrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FE2366E7FD9728D9" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[439,619,1700,1727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="75 - 98" refId="ref133351" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1943) Distribution records of some hydroids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, with description of new genera and new species. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 22, 75 - 98." type="journal article" year="1943">Fraser 1943: 87</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FD0366E7FCA428D9" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[663,856,1700,1726]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FD0366E7FCA428D9" box="[663,856,1700,1726]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Dry 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFCBF147FC2C66E7FBE628D8" box="[952,1050,1701,1727]" name="Haiti" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FBBD66E6FAFC28D9" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[1065,1280,1700,1726]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="136 - 138" refId="ref153718" refString="Wallace, W. S. (1909) A collection of hydroids made at the Tortugas, during May, June, and July, 1908. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book, 7, 136 - 138." type="journal article" year="1909">Wallace 1909: 137</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FAB866E7FA6828D9" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[1324,1428,1701,1726]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FAB866E7FA6828D9" box="[1324,1428,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FF03668BFECD2885" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[151,305,1736,1763]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 230" refId="ref141633" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910 a) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910a</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 1, fig. 5, text-fig. 2, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FDF1668BFCDA2885" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[613,806,1736,1762]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FDF1668BFCDA2885" box="[613,806,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FCA2668BFC1B2885" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[822,999,1736,1763]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 86</bibRefCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FC62668AFBF32885" bold="true" box="[1014,1039,1736,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">as</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FB82668BFB2B2885" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1046,1239,1736,1762]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FB82668BFB2B2885" box="[1046,1239,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Florida Reefs (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FF0B66AEFE9C2961" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[159,352,1772,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 230" refId="ref141633" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910 a) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910a: 27</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FE1D66AFFDB42961" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[393,584,1772,1798]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FE1D66AFFDB42961" box="[393,584,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FDDC66A9FDAD2961" bold="true" box="[584,593,1771,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">)</emphasis>
.—St. George Sound—Apalachee Bay region (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FBCE66AEFAF72961" author="Menzel, R. W." box="[1114,1291,1771,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 78" refId="ref142179" refString="Menzel, R. W. (Ed.) (1956) Annotated check-list of the marine fauna and flora of the St. George's Sound - Apalachee Bay region, Florida Gulf coast. Florida State University Oceanographic Institute Contributions, 61, 1 - 78." type="journal article" year="1956">Menzel 1956: 2</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FAA066AFFF14294D" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FAA066AFFF14294D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Seahorse Key (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FE286752FD94294D" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[444,616,1808,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref137169" refString="Joyce, E. A. Jr. (1961) The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 116 pp." type="book" year="1961">Joyce 1961: 44</bibRefCitation>
, 45, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FD2C6753FCDC294D" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[696,800,1809,1834]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FD2C6753FCDC294D" box="[696,800,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. A and 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FC056753FBAC294D" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[913,1104,1808,1834]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FC056753FBAC294D" box="[913,1104,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Cape San Blas area (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FACB6752FF002929" author="Shier, C. F." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref149825" refString="Shier, C. F. (1965) A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 128 pp." type="book" year="1965">Shier 1965: 28</bibRefCitation>
, 30, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FEC46777FDED2929" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[336,529,1844,1870]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FEC46777FDED2929" box="[336,529,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FDD36777FD532929" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[583,687,1845,1870]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FDD36777FD532929" box="[583,687,1845,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFCBF149FF536715FABD2988" blockId="7.[151,1437,511,2015]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,153,2031]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FF536715FD802915" bold="true" box="[199,636,1879,1906]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Elsewhere in western North Atlantic.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFCBF147FD10671AFD3D2915" box="[644,705,1880,1906]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFCBF147FD59671BFCB82915" box="[717,836,1880,1907]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">New York</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFCBF147FCC4671BFC202915" box="[848,988,1880,1907]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Long Island</collectingRegion>
, Sag Harbor (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FBEF671AFAC02915" author="Ayres, W. O." box="[1147,1340,1879,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="193 - 195" refId="ref123776" refString="Ayres, W. O. (1852) Description of a new species of polyp from Long Island, allied to Tubularia, under the name of Globiceps tiarella Ayres. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 4, 193 - 195. [sometimes dated as 1854, a note at the bottom of p. 193 of this article indicates that it was published in June, 1852]" type="journal article" year="1852">Ayres 1852: 195</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FAFC671AFEC629F1" authorityName="Ayres" authorityYear="1854" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Globiceps" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FAFC671AFEC629F1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Globiceps tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFCBF147FEF2673EFE5829F1" box="[358,420,1916,1942]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFCBF147FE3B673EFDB529F1" box="[431,585,1916,1942]" country="United States of America" name="Rhode Island" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhode Island</collectingRegion>
, Point Judith (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FD7E673EFC5629F1" author="Leidy, J." box="[746,938,1915,1942]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="135 - 152" refId="ref138904" refString="Leidy, J. (1855) Contributions towards a knowledge of the marine invertebrate fauna, of the coasts of Rhode Island and New Jersey. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 135 - 152." type="journal article" year="1855">Leidy 1855: 136</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FC40673FFB6229F1" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1855" box="[980,1182,1916,1942]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Eucoryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FC40673FFB6229F1" box="[980,1182,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eucoryne elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFCBF147FB5F673EFAF529F1" box="[1227,1289,1916,1942]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFCBF147FA87673FFA6429F0" box="[1299,1432,1917,1943]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
, Great Egg Harbor (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FEFB67E2FDD229DD" author="Leidy, J." box="[367,558,1951,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="135 - 152" refId="ref138904" refString="Leidy, J. (1855) Contributions towards a knowledge of the marine invertebrate fauna, of the coasts of Rhode Island and New Jersey. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3, 135 - 152." type="journal article" year="1855">Leidy 1855: 138</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FDC367E3FCDD29DD" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1855" box="[599,801,1952,1978]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Eucoryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FDC367E3FCDD29DD" box="[599,801,1952,1978]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eucoryne elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFCBF147FCDA67E2FC7029DD" box="[846,908,1952,1978]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFCBF147FC0267E2FBB829DD" box="[918,1092,1952,1978]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Charleston Harbor (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FABB67E2FEF129B9" author="McCrady, J." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="103 - 221" refId="ref141751" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady 1859: 153</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FEAD6787FE0229B9" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[313,510,1988,2014]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FEAD6787FE0229B9" box="[313,510,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFCBF147FDBF6786FD9629B8" box="[555,618,1988,2015]" name="Haiti" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Haiti</collectingCountry>
: Jérémie (A. 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FC956786FC2529B9" author="Agassiz, A." box="[769,985,1987,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref122477" refString="Agassiz, A. (1865) Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. No. II. North American Acalephae. Sever &amp; Francis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 234 pp." type="book" year="1865">Agassiz 1865: 186</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFCBF147FB916787FB2D29B9" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1860" box="[1029,1233,1988,2014]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFCBF147FB916787FB2D29B9" box="[1029,1233,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pennaria gibbosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFCBF147FB756787FA6429B9" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[1249,1432,1988,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 86</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF2260D8FE862ED4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[182,378,153,179]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF2260D8FE862ED4" box="[182,378,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE3360DBFE192ED4" box="[423,485,153,179]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FE6460DBFD642ED4" box="[496,664,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FD3060DBFCB52ED4" box="[676,841,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
Bay (medusa) + Suisconset (=Siasconset) (medusa) + Naushon (medusa) + Beverly (hydroid) + West Yarmouth (hydroid) + Nahant (hydroid) (A. 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB5660FFFA642EB0" author="Agassiz, A." box="[1218,1432,188,215]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref122477" refString="Agassiz, A. (1865) Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. No. II. North American Acalephae. Sever &amp; Francis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 234 pp." type="book" year="1865">Agassiz 1865: 189</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF2360A0FE802E9C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[183,380,225,251]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF2360A0FE802E9C" box="[183,380,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE3D60A3FE1B2E9C" box="[425,487,225,251]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FE6760A3FD722E9C" box="[499,654,225,251]" country="United States of America" name="Rhode Island" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rhode Island</collectingRegion>
, Newport (medusa) (A. 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FC3060A3FB812E9C" author="Agassiz, A." box="[932,1149,224,251]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref122477" refString="Agassiz, A. (1865) Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. No. II. North American Acalephae. Sever &amp; Francis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 234 pp." type="book" year="1865">Agassiz 1865: 189</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FB3D60A0FA932E9C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1193,1391,225,251]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FB3D60A0FA932E9C" box="[1193,1391,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FF036147FF282F78" box="[151,212,261,287]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FF746147FE762F78" box="[224,394,261,287]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
: Woods Hole (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FDA46147FCF52F78" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[560,777,260,287]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="295 - 747" refId="ref152986" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874 d) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1871 - 1872, 295 - 747. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652" type="journal article" year="1874">Verrill 1874d: 520</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FCA06144FC042F78" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[820,1016,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FCA06144FC042F78" box="[820,1016,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB9D6147FB1A2F78" author="Bumpus, H. C." box="[1033,1254,260,287]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="850 - 858" refId="ref126162" refString="Bumpus, H. C. (1898) The breeding of animals at Woods Holl during the months of June, July and August. Science, 8, 850 - 858. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 8.207.850" type="journal article" year="1898">Bumpus 1898: 857</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FA856144FF262F24" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FA856144FF262F24" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF7F616BFE162F24" author="Smallwood, W. M." box="[235,490,297,323]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="861 - 870" refId="ref149975" refString="Smallwood, W. M. (1899) A contribution to the morphology of Pennaria tiarella McCrady. American Naturalist, 33, 861 - 870. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 277463" type="journal article" year="1899">Smallwood 1899: 861</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD836168FD202F24" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[535,732,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD836168FD202F24" box="[535,732,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FD79616BFC402F24" author="Hargitt, C. W." box="[749,956,297,323]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="387 - 415" refId="ref134953" refString="Hargitt, C. W. (1900) A contribution to the natural history and development of Pennaria tiarella McCr. American Naturalist, 34, 387 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 277648" type="journal article" year="1900">Hargitt 1900: 388</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FC7C6168FB512F24" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1000,1197,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FC7C6168FB512F24" box="[1000,1197,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB29616BFA6B2F24" author="Hargitt, C. W." box="[1213,1431,297,323]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="301 - 315" refId="ref134994" refString="Hargitt, C. W. (1901 a) Synopses of North-American invertebrates. XIV. The hydromedusae - Part I. American Naturalist, 35, 301 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 277905" type="journal article" year="1901">Hargitt 1901a: 311</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF2D610CFE7D2F00" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[185,385,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF2D610CFE7D2F00" box="[185,385,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE00610FFD932F00" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[404,623,333,359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="325 - 386" refId="ref144547" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1901) The hydroids of the Woods Hole region. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 19, 325 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 30524" type="journal article" year="1901">Nutting 1901: 337</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD34610CFC942F00" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[672,872,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD34610CFC942F00" box="[672,872,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FCEE610FFBC72F00" author="Weill, R." box="[890,1083,333,359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="351 - 701" refId="ref154250" refString="Weill, R. (1934) Contribution a l'etude des cnidaires et de leurs nematocystes. II. Valeur taxonomique du cnidome. Travaux de la Station Zoologique de Wimereux, 11, 351 - 701." type="journal article" year="1934">Weill 1934: 376</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FBF8610CFAC82F00" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1132,1332,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FBF8610CFAC82F00" box="[1132,1332,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FAD3610FFEF22FEC" author="Puckett, W. O." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="392 - 399" refId="ref147341" refString="Puckett, W. O. (1936) The effects of X-radiation on the regeneration of the hydroid, Pennaria tiarella. Biological Bulletin, 70, 392 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1537296" type="journal article" year="1936">Puckett 1936: 393</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FEAC6130FE012FEC" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[312,509,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FEAC6130FE012FEC" box="[312,509,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FD986133FD292FEC" author="Weill, R." box="[524,725,368,395]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1749 - 1752" refId="ref154288" refString="Weill, R. (1937) Existence d'un monocnidome dans le medusoide d'un polype (Pennaria? tiarella McGr.) a tetracnidome. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, 204, 1749 - 1752." type="journal article" year="1937">Weill 1937: 1750</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FC946130FC382FEC" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[768,964,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FC946130FC382FEC" box="[768,964,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FC406133FB582FEC" author="Petersen, K. W." box="[980,1188,369,395]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="8 - 20" refId="ref146213" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1964) The sessile Hydrozoa. In: Smith, R. I. (Ed.), Keys to marine invertebrates of the Woods Hole region, Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Contribution Number 11, pp. 8 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1964">Petersen 1964: 18</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FB5B6130FA682FEC" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1231,1428,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FB5B6130FA682FEC" box="[1231,1428,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF0361D7FE262FC8" author="Wyttenbach, C. R. &amp; Crowell, S. &amp; Suddith, R. L." box="[151,474,405,431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="363 - 375" refId="ref155347" refString="Wyttenbach, C. R., Crowell, S. &amp; Suddith, R. L. (1973) Variations in the mode of stolon growth among different genera of colonial hydroids, and their evolutionary implications. Journal of Morphology, 139, 363 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051390306" type="journal article" year="1973">
Wyttenbach 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FEB261D4FEAB2FC8" box="[294,343,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 1973: 364
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD9761D4FD3B2FC8" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[515,711,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD9761D4FD3B2FC8" box="[515,711,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FD6061D7FCCE2FC8" box="[756,818,405,431]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FCA861D7FC3D2FC8" box="[828,961,405,431]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
, Great Egg Harbor (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB3061D7FA862FC8" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[1188,1402,404,431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="295 - 747" refId="ref152986" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874 d) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1871 - 1872, 295 - 747. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652" type="journal article" year="1874">Verrill 1874d: 735</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF0361F8FE9C2FB4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[151,352,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF0361F8FE9C2FB4" box="[151,352,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE1961FBFE372FB4" box="[397,459,441,467]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FE4E61FBFD942FB4" box="[474,616,441,467]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
, near New Haven (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FCC661FBFBCE2FB4" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[850,1074,440,467]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="295 - 747" refId="ref152986" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874 d) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1871 - 1872, 295 - 747. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652" type="journal article" year="1874">Verrill 1874d: 735</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FBF161F8FAD22FB4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1125,1326,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FBF161F8FAD22FB4" box="[1125,1326,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FACE61FBFA642FB4" box="[1370,1432,441,467]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FF03619FFEC32F90" box="[151,319,477,503]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, Vineyard Sound, low water to 10 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC4F148FC97619FFCBD2F90" box="[771,833,477,503]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</quantity>
), and floating algae (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FBA5619FFAF42F90" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[1073,1288,476,503]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="295 - 747" refId="ref152986" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874 d) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1871 - 1872, 295 - 747. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652" type="journal article" year="1874">Verrill 1874d: 735</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FAA6619CFF162C7C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FAA6619CFF162C7C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE836243FEA52C7B" box="[279,345,513,540]" name="Cuba" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: Bahía Honda (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FD9B6243FD1C2C7C" author="Clarke, S. F." box="[527,736,513,539]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="239 - 252" refId="ref129111" refString="Clarke, S. F. (1879) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream and Gulf of Mexico by Alexan- der Agassiz, 1877 - 78. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 5, 239 - 252." type="journal article" year="1879">Clarke 1879: 240</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FC9B6240FBFB2C7C" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1879" box="[783,1031,514,539]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FC9B6240FBFB2C7C" box="[783,1031,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria symmetrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FBA76243FB8D2C7C" box="[1075,1137,513,539]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FBEA6243FADA2C7C" box="[1150,1318,513,539]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, Vineyard Sound (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF666267FDB02C58" author="Verrill, A. E. &amp; Rathbun, R." box="[242,588,549,575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="227 - 232" refId="ref153187" refString="Verrill, A. E. &amp; Rathbun, R. (1880) List of marine Invertebrata from the New England coast, distributed by the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 2, 227 - 232. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.82.227" type="journal article" year="1880">Verrill &amp; Rathbun 1880: 230</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FDE86267FCB12C58" authorityName="Ayres" authorityYear="1854" box="[636,845,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Globiceps" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FDE86267FCB12C58" box="[636,845,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Globiceps tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FCEE6267FC442C58" box="[890,952,549,575]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FC526267FB852C58" box="[966,1145,549,575]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Beaufort (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB696267FF382C04" author="Brooks, W. K." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="135 - 146" refId="ref125771" refString="Brooks, W. K. (1882) List of medusae found at Beaufort, N. C., during the summers of 1880 and 1881. Studies from the Biological Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 2, 135 - 146." type="journal article" year="1882">Brooks 1882: 136</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF646208FE492C04" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[240,437,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF646208FE492C04" box="[240,437,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE76620BFDDC2C04" box="[482,544,585,611]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FDBF620BFD202C04" box="[555,732,585,611]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, outside Fort Macon (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FC43620BFB552C04" author="Brooks, W. K." box="[983,1193,585,611]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="135 - 146" refId="ref125771" refString="Brooks, W. K. (1882) List of medusae found at Beaufort, N. C., during the summers of 1880 and 1881. Studies from the Biological Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 2, 135 - 146." type="journal article" year="1882">Brooks 1882: 144</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FB416208FF512CE0" authorityName="Brooks" authorityYear="1883" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FB416208FF512CE0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FF42622FFE582CEF" box="[214,420,621,648]" name="Saint Barthelemy" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Saint-Barthélemy</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE23622FFD492CE0" author="Jaderholm, E." box="[439,693,621,647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="259 - 312" refId="ref136756" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1903) Aussereuropaische Hydroiden im schwedischen Reichsmuseum. Arkiv for Zoologi, 1, 259 - 312." type="journal article" year="1903">Jäderholm 1903: 264</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD72622CFC232CE0" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1879" box="[742,991,622,647]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD72622CFC232CE0" box="[742,991,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria symmetrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FB9C622FFB892CEF" box="[1032,1141,621,648]" name="Bermuda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB13622FFA8A2CE0" author="Congdon, E. D." box="[1159,1398,621,647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="463 - 485" refId="ref129401" refString="Congdon, E. D. (1907) The hydroids of Bermuda. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 42, 463 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20022242" type="journal article" year="1907">Congdon 1907: 464</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF0362D0FEA22CCC" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[151,350,657,683]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF0362D0FEA22CCC" box="[151,350,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FEFB62D3FDC72CCC" author="Weill, R." box="[367,571,656,683]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1749 - 1752" refId="ref154288" refString="Weill, R. (1937) Existence d'un monocnidome dans le medusoide d'un polype (Pennaria? tiarella McGr.) a tetracnidome. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, 204, 1749 - 1752." type="journal article" year="1937">Weill 1937: 1750</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FDFD62D0FCCC2CCC" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[617,816,657,683]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FDFD62D0FCCC2CCC" box="[617,816,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FCD562D3FBF22CCC" author="Calder, D. R." box="[833,1038,657,683]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="127 - 155" refId="ref127096" refString="Calder, D. R. (1986) Class Hydrozoa. In: Sterrer, W. (Ed.), Marine fauna and flora of Bermuda: a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 127 - 155." type="book chapter" year="1986">Calder 1986: 132</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FBA962D3FAD32CCC" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1085,1327,657,683]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FBA962D3FAD32CCC" box="[1085,1327,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FACE62D3FA642CCC" box="[1370,1432,657,683]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FF0362F7FECE2CA8" box="[151,306,693,719]" country="United States of America" name="Rhode Island" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rhode Island</collectingRegion>
, Newport (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE3B62F7FD8A2CA8" author="Mayer, A. G." box="[431,630,692,719]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 230" refId="ref141633" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910 a) Medusae of the world. Volume I. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, 1 - 230." type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910a: 25</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 1, figs. 2–4, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FCC062F4FBE52CA8" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[852,1049,693,719]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FCC062F4FBE52CA8" box="[852,1049,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FBD262F7FB7A2CA8" box="[1094,1158,693,719]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FB0662F7FAB62CA8" box="[1170,1354,693,719]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Beaufort area (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE9A629BFE152C94" author="Wilson, H. V." box="[270,489,729,755]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="281 - 338" refId="ref155049" refString="Wilson, H. V. (1911) On the behavior of the dissociated cells in hydroids, Alcyonaria, and Asterias. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 11, 281 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jez. 1400110304" type="journal article" year="1911">Wilson 1911: 282</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD826298FD202C94" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[534,732,729,755]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD826298FD202C94" box="[534,732,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD48629BFCF72C94" bold="true" box="[732,779,729,755]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">).—</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FC98629BFCB52C94" box="[780,841,729,755]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FCC1629BFBF92C94" box="[853,1029,729,755]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Morehead City + Beaufort (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FAC7629BFEE22D70" author="Fraser, C. M." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="339 - 387" refId="ref132794" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1912 b) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 339 - 387." type="journal article" year="1912">Fraser 1912b: 355</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FED962BCFDE82D70" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[333,532,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FED962BCFDE82D70" box="[333,532,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FDD462BFFD822D70" box="[576,638,765,791]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FD1862BFFCC82D70" box="[652,820,765,791]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, Woods Hole and vicinity + Vineyard Sound + Buzzards Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE896363FDBC2D5C" author="Sumner, F. B. &amp; Osburn, R. C. &amp; Cole, L. J." box="[285,576,800,827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="549 - 860" refId="ref151223" refString="Sumner, F. B., Osburn, R. C. &amp; Cole, L. J. (1913) A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. Section III. - A catalogue of the marine fauna of Woods Hole and vicinity. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, 31, 549 - 860." type="journal article" year="1913">
Sumner 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FE166360FE4A2D5C" box="[386,438,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 1913: 561
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FDE56360FCC42D5C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[625,824,801,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FDE56360FCC42D5C" box="[625,824,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FCF66363FBF52D5C" box="[866,1033,801,828]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
of the 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FBF66363FAFF2D5C" box="[1122,1283,801,827]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">United States</collectingCountry>
: St. Thomas, Charlotte Amalie (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FEF86307FDCC2D38" author="Stechow, E." box="[364,560,837,863]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 172" refId="ref150610" refString="Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauer'sche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 42, 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow 1919: 7</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FDC96304FCDE2D38" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[605,802,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FDC96304FCDE2D38" box="[605,802,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FCDA6307FC422D07" box="[846,958,837,864]" name="Bermuda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FC5D6307FBC92D38" box="[969,1077,837,863]" country="Bermuda" name="Hamilton" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hamilton</collectingRegion>
Harbour + Great Sound + flats outside (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF6D632BFE302DE4" author="Bennitt, R." box="[249,460,873,899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="241 - 259" refId="ref124228" refString="Bennitt, R. (1922) Additions to the hydroid fauna of the Bermudas. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 57, 241 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20025913" type="journal article" year="1922">Bennitt 1922: 243</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FE636328FD472DE4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[503,699,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FE636328FD472DE4" box="[503,699,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FD7C632BFCDA2DE4" box="[744,806,873,899]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FCA5632BFC252DE4" box="[817,985,873,899]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, Woods Hole region, on eelgrass, rocks and rockweed, pilings (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE3063CFFD9D2DC0" author="Allee, W. C." box="[420,609,908,935]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="167 - 191" refId="ref122770" refString="Allee, W. C. (1923) Studies in marine ecology: I. The distribution of common littoral invertebrates of the Woods Hole region. Biological Bulletin, 167, 167 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1536774" type="journal article" year="1923">Allee 1923: 175</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD1A63CCFCAF2DC0" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[654,851,909,935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD1A63CCFCAF2DC0" box="[654,851,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FCEB63CFFC412DC0" box="[895,957,909,935]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FC5D63CFFBE32DC0" box="[969,1055,909,935]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Florida</collectingRegion>
, “Tablot” 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FB0163CFFB272DC0" box="[1173,1243,909,935]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Island</collectingCountry>
(= 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FB6D63CFFA692DCF" box="[1273,1429,909,936]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Talbot Island</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF0B63F3FE952DAC" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[159,361,945,971]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="259 - 264" refId="ref133094" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1933) Hydroids as a food supply. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, Section 5, 27, 259 - 264." type="journal article" year="1933">Fraser 1933: 262</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FE0363F0FDA12DAC" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[407,605,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FE0363F0FDA12DAC" box="[407,605,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FD1E63F3FD342DAC" box="[650,712,945,971]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FD4163F3FCB22DAC" box="[725,846,945,971]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">New York</collectingRegion>
, Great South Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FBB963F3FAF82DAC" author="Conard, H. S." box="[1069,1284,944,971]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="433 - 516" refId="ref129317" refString="Conard, H. S. (1935) The plant associations of central Long Island. A study in descriptive plant sociology. American Midland Naturalist, 16, 433 - 516. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2419851" type="journal article" year="1935">Conard 1935: 449</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FAA663F0FF162D88" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FAA663F0FF162D88" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE836397FEA92D88" box="[279,341,981,1007]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FECB6397FDFB2D88" box="[351,519,981,1007]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, Woods Hole (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FD396397FC932D88" author="Baker, E. G. S." box="[685,879,980,1007]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="251 - 252" refId="ref123851" refString="Baker, E. G. S. (1936) Photoperiodicity in the spawning reaction of Pennaria tiarella McCr. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 45, 251 - 252." type="journal article" year="1936">Baker 1936: 251</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FC0D6394FBA12D88" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[921,1117,981,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FC0D6394FBA12D88" box="[921,1117,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FBF86397FAC12D88" author="Ballard, W. W." box="[1132,1341,981,1007]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="329 - 339" refId="ref123999" refString="Ballard, W. W. (1942) The mechanism for synchronous spawning in Hydractinia and Pennaria. Biological Bulletin, 82, 329 - 339. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1537979" type="journal article" year="1942">Ballard 1942: 329</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FAF36394FED32A74" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FAF36394FED32A74" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FEAB63BBFDEC2A74" author="Kepner, W. A." box="[319,528,1017,1043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="297 - 311" refId="ref137508" refString="Kepner, W. A. (1943) The manipulation of the nematocysts of Pennaria tiarella by Aeolis pileata. Journal of Morphology, 73, 297 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1050730207" type="journal article" year="1943">Kepner 1943: 310</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FDAD63B8FD022A74" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[569,766,1017,1043]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FDAD63B8FD022A74" box="[569,766,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FCBC63BBFC5A2A73" box="[808,934,1017,1044]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
: Puerto Cabello (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FBFD63BBFAD62A74" author="Leloup, E." box="[1129,1322,1017,1043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="91 - 121" refId="ref139085" refString="Leloup, E. (1937) Resultats scientifiques des croisieres du navire-ecole belge &quot; Mercator. &quot; VI. Hydroidea, Siphonophora, Ceriantharia. I. - Hydropolypes. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Serie 2, 9, 91 - 121." type="journal article" year="1937">Leloup 1937: 92</bibRefCitation>
, footnote, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF2D645CFE752A50" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[185,393,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF2D645CFE752A50" box="[185,393,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE20645FFE0E2A50" box="[436,498,1053,1079]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FD94645FFD4F2A50" box="[512,691,1053,1079]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Beaufort (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FCA3645FFBC22A50" author="McDougall, K. D." box="[823,1086,1053,1079]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="321 - 374" refId="ref141778" refString="McDougall, K. D. (1943) Sessile marine invertebrates of Beaufort, North Carolina. A study of settlement, growth, and seasonal fluctuations among pile-dwelling organisms. Ecological Monograph s, 13, 321 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1943225" type="journal article" year="1943">McDougall 1943: 336</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FBFA645CFACA2A50" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1134,1334,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FBFA645CFACA2A50" box="[1134,1334,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FADC645FFEF32A3C" author="Kepner, W. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="297 - 311" refId="ref137508" refString="Kepner, W. A. (1943) The manipulation of the nematocysts of Pennaria tiarella by Aeolis pileata. Journal of Morphology, 73, 297 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1050730207" type="journal article" year="1943">Kepner 1943: 299</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FEAF6400FDFD2A3C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[315,513,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FEAF6400FDFD2A3C" box="[315,513,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FD856403FD182A3C" author="Maturo, F. J. S." box="[529,740,1088,1115]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="116 - 127" refId="ref141367" refString="Maturo, F. J. S. (1959) Seasonal distribution and settling rates of estuarine Bryozoa. Ecology, 40, 116 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1929929" type="journal article" year="1959">Maturo 1959: 123</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FC866400FC2B2A3C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[786,983,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FC866400FC2B2A3C" box="[786,983,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FC7C6403FB1F2A3C" author="Sutherland, J. P." box="[1000,1251,1089,1115]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="859 - 873" refId="ref151287" refString="Sutherland, J. P. (1974) Multiple stable points in natural communities. American Naturalist, 108, 859 - 873. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 282961" type="journal article" year="1974">Sutherland 1974: 861</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FA846400FF262A18" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FA846400FF262A18" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF7D6427FD9C2A18" author="Sutherland, J. P. &amp; Karlson, R. H." box="[233,608,1125,1151]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="425 - 446" refId="ref151407" refString="Sutherland, J. P. &amp; Karlson, R. H. (1977) Development and stability of the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecological Monographs, 47, 425 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1942176" type="journal article" year="1977">Sutherland &amp; Karlson 1977: 427</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD1E6424FCB22A18" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[650,846,1125,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD1E6424FCB22A18" box="[650,846,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FCC96427FB592A18" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B." box="[861,1189,1125,1151]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="198 - 218" refId="ref141058" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B. (1977) A fine-structural study of embryonic and larval development in the gymnoblastic hydroid Pennaria tiarella. Biological Bulletin, 153, 198 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540701" type="journal article" year="1977">Martin &amp; Thomas 1977: 198</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FB446424FA682A18" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1232,1428,1125,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FB446424FA682A18" box="[1232,1428,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF0364CBFE8F2AC4" author="Karlson, R." box="[151,371,1161,1187]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="225 - 239" refId="ref137244" refString="Karlson, R. (1978) Predation and space utilization patterns in a marine epifaunal community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 31, 225 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 (78) 90060 - 6" type="journal article" year="1978">Karlson 1978: 230</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FE3464C8FD9B2AC4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[416,615,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FE3464C8FD9B2AC4" box="[416,615,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FDEC64CBFC892AC4" author="Sutherland, J. P." box="[632,885,1160,1187]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="257 - 264" refId="ref151322" refString="Sutherland, J. P. (1978) Functional roles of Schizoporella and Styela in the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecology, 59, 257 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1936371" type="journal article" year="1978">Sutherland 1978: 258</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FC3764C8FB952AC4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[931,1129,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FC3764C8FB952AC4" box="[931,1129,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FBEF64CBFA842AC4" author="Sutherland, J. P." box="[1147,1400,1160,1187]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="499 - 519" refId="ref151365" refString="Sutherland, J. P. (1981) The fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina: a study in stability. American Naturalist, 118, 499 - 519. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 283844" type="journal article" year="1981">Sutherland 1981: 503</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF0364ECFEA22AA0" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[151,350,1197,1223]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF0364ECFEA22AA0" box="[151,350,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FEE464EFFD7D2AA0" author="Walch, E. T. &amp; Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E." box="[368,641,1196,1223]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="353 - 362" refId="ref153660" refString="Walch, E. T., Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E. (1986) Evidence of a microtrabecular cytoskeletal lattice in glandular cells of hydrozoan planulae. Journal of Morphology, 187, 353 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051870307" type="journal article" year="1986">
Walch 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FE5664ECFE0B2AA0" box="[450,503,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 1986: 353
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD2564ECFC842AA0" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[689,888,1197,1223]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD2564ECFC842AA0" box="[689,888,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FC1E64EFFB232AA0" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E." box="[906,1247,1197,1223]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="486 - 496" refId="ref140902" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E. (1986 a) Migration of interstitial cells and their derivatives in a hydrozoan planula. Developmental Biology, 116, 486 - 496. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0012 - 1606 (86) 90149 - 1" type="journal article" year="1986">Martin &amp; Archer 1986a: 486</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FA9B64ECFF262A8C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FA9B64ECFF262A8C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF7E6493FE142A8C" author="Holm, E. R. &amp; Cannon, G. &amp; Roberts, D. &amp; Schmidt, A. R. &amp; Sutherland, J. P. &amp; Rittschof, D." box="[234,488,1233,1259]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="189 - 203" refId="ref136191" refString="Holm, E. R., Cannon, G., Roberts, D., Schmidt, A. R., Sutherland, J. P. &amp; Rittschof, D. (1997) The influence of initial surface chemistry on development of the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 215, 189 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0022 - 0981 (97) 00040 - 3" type="journal article" year="1997">
Holm 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FEA66490FE982A8C" box="[306,356,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 1997: 192
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD876490FD2B2A8C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[531,727,1233,1259]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD876490FD2B2A8C" box="[531,727,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FC906493FCBE2A8C" box="[772,834,1233,1259]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FCD96493FC092A8C" box="[845,1013,1233,1259]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, Buzzards Bay off 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FB446493FA8A2A8C" box="[1232,1398,1233,1259]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Parkers Island</collectingRegion>
, 11 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC4F148FF4464B7FEF32B68" box="[208,271,1269,1295]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
) + Vineyard Sound near West Chop Light, 14 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC4F148FCFC64B7FC5B2B68" box="[872,935,1269,1295]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="26.0">26 m</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FC2B64B7FB862B68" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[959,1146,1269,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 86</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FB3C64B4FA932B68" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1192,1391,1269,1295]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FB3C64B4FA932B68" box="[1192,1391,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FF03655BFF282B54" box="[151,212,1305,1331]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FF4B655BFE862B54" box="[223,378,1305,1331]" country="United States of America" name="Rhode Island" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rhode Island</collectingRegion>
, Narragansett Bay off Prudence Light, 14.5 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC4F148FC38655BFC162B54" box="[940,1002,1305,1331]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB94655BFB452B54" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[1024,1209,1305,1331]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 86</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FB706558FF512B30" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FB706558FF512B30" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FF4E657FFEE42B30" box="[218,280,1341,1367]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FEBE657FFE1D2B30" box="[298,481,1341,1367]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, off Cape Hatteras, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC4F148FD75657EFC8C2B30" box="[737,880,1340,1367]" degrees="35" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="15" seconds="30" value="35.425003">35°25’30”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC4F148FC16657EFBE82B30" box="[898,1044,1340,1367]" degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-75.34167">75°20’30”W</geoCoordinate>
, 15 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC4F148FB05657FFB292B30" box="[1169,1237,1341,1367]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</quantity>
) + 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC4F148FA9D657EFA6B2B30" box="[1289,1431,1340,1367]" degrees="35" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="15" seconds="40" value="35.344444">35°20’40”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC4F148FF036522FED62B1C" box="[151,298,1376,1403]" degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="15" seconds="40" value="-75.31111">75°18’40”W</geoCoordinate>
, 16 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC4F148FE076523FE2D2B1C" box="[403,465,1377,1403]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="29.0">29 m</quantity>
) + Ocracoke (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FDE36523FCCD2B1C" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[631,817,1377,1403]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 86</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FCCA6520FBD82B1C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[862,1060,1377,1403]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FCCA6520FBD82B1C" box="[862,1060,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FBC56523FB732B1C" box="[1105,1167,1377,1403]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FB0F6523FB0D2B1C" box="[1179,1265,1377,1403]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Florida</collectingRegion>
, Biscayne Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF0B65C7FEAA2BF8" author="Weiss, C. M." box="[159,342,1412,1439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="56 - 63" refId="ref154379" refString="Weiss, C. M. (1947) The comparative tolerances of some fouling organisms to copper and mercury. Biological Bulletin, 93, 56 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1538137" type="journal article" year="1947">Weiss 1947: 57</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FE1765C4FDB52BF8" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[387,585,1413,1439]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FE1765C4FDB52BF8" box="[387,585,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FDCE65C7FCE12BF8" author="Weiss, C. M." box="[602,797,1412,1439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="153 - 172" refId="ref154419" refString="Weiss, C. M. (1948) The seasonal occurrence of sedentary marine organisms in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Ecology, 29, 153 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1932811" type="journal article" year="1948">Weiss 1948: 158</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FCDF65C4FBED2BF8" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[843,1041,1413,1439]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FCDF65C4FBED2BF8" box="[843,1041,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FBB665C7FB1D2BF8" author="Jones, T." box="[1058,1249,1413,1439]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref137129" refString="Jones, T. (2002) Biology and ecology of athecate hydroids in Biscayne Bay, Florida: potential use as bioindicators. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, 287 pp." type="book" year="2002">Jones 2002: 218</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FA9B65C7FF0E2BA4" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FA9B65C7FF0E2BA4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Unstated location (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE6865EBFBB92BA4" author="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution" box="[508,1093,1448,1475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref155253" refString="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1952) Marine fouling and its prevention. United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 388 pp." type="book" year="1952">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952: 187</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FBE165E8FAC02BA4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1141,1340,1449,1475]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FBE165E8FAC02BA4" box="[1141,1340,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FAFC65EBFF272B80" name="Bermuda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: vicinity of the 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE00658FFE012B80" box="[404,509,1485,1511]" name="Bermuda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
Biological Station (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FD72658FFC342B80" author="Cowden, R. R." box="[742,968,1484,1511]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="869 - 883" refId="ref130151" refString="Cowden, R. R. (1965) A cytological and cytochemical study of hydranths of the hydroid coelenterate, Pennaria tiarella. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 65, 869 - 883. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00319306" type="journal article" year="1965">Cowden 1965: 870</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FC61658CFB472B80" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1013,1211,1485,1511]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FC61658CFB472B80" box="[1013,1211,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB58658FFEF3286C" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="198 - 218" refId="ref141058" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B. (1977) A fine-structural study of embryonic and larval development in the gymnoblastic hydroid Pennaria tiarella. Biological Bulletin, 153, 198 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540701" type="journal article" year="1977">Martin &amp; Thomas 1977: 198</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FED465B0FDFB286C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[320,519,1521,1547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FED465B0FDFB286C" box="[320,519,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FDA065B3FD8E286C" box="[564,626,1521,1547]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FDEB65B3FD1C286C" box="[639,736,1521,1547]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Virginia</collectingRegion>
, Hampton Roads, Norfolk, Norfolk Naval Base Pier 12, on fouling panels, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC4F148FEDC6656FE8F2848" box="[328,371,1556,1583]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE166657FD2F2848" author="Calder, D. R. &amp; Brehmer, M. L." box="[386,723,1556,1583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="149 - 164" refId="ref128048" refString="Calder, D. R. &amp; Brehmer, M. L. (1967) Seasonal occurrence of epifauna on test panels in Hampton Roads, Virginia. International Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 1, 149 - 164." type="journal article" year="1967">Calder &amp; Brehmer 1967: 153</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD6A6654FC3E2848" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[766,962,1557,1583]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD6A6654FC3E2848" box="[766,962,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FC796657FBAC2857" box="[1005,1104,1557,1584]" name="Jamaica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FBCF6657FB382848" box="[1115,1220,1557,1583]" country="Jamaica" name="Kingston" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kingston</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB466657FA6B2848" author="Vervoort, W." box="[1234,1431,1557,1583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968: 4</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF21667BFE592834" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[181,421,1593,1619]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF21667BFE592834" box="[181,421,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE5A667BFD8D2834" box="[462,625,1593,1620]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
of the 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FD2B667BFCA02834" box="[703,860,1593,1619]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">United States</collectingCountry>
: St. Thomas, sound (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FBD2667BFAF72834" author="Vervoort, W." box="[1094,1291,1593,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968: 4</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FAA0667BFED52810" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FAA0667BFED52810" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FEC6661FFE3D281F" box="[338,449,1629,1656]" name="Barbados" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Barbados</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE44661FFD6A2810" author="Vervoort, W." box="[464,662,1629,1655]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968: 4</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD54661FFC4C2810" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[704,944,1629,1655]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD54661FFC4C2810" box="[704,944,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FC4E661FFBA4281F" box="[986,1112,1629,1656]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
: La Guaira + Puerto Cabello (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF0B66C3FE9728FC" author="Vervoort, W." box="[159,363,1665,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968: 4</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FE0866C3FD7328FC" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[412,655,1665,1691]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FE0866C3FD7328FC" box="[412,655,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FD2D66C3FCE628FC" box="[697,794,1665,1691]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Panama</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FCBC66C3FC9228FC" box="[808,878,1665,1691]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colón</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FCEB66C3FBB028FC" author="Vervoort, W." box="[895,1100,1665,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968: 4</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FBE866C3FA9328FC" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1148,1391,1665,1691]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FBE866C3FA9328FC" box="[1148,1391,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FF0366E7FEE528D8" box="[151,281,1701,1727]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FEB066E7FE8C28D8" box="[292,368,1701,1727]" country="Costa Rica" name="Limon" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Limón</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FEEB66E7FDBB28D8" author="Vervoort, W." box="[383,583,1701,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968: 4</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FDE666E7FC9F28D8" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[626,867,1701,1727]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FDE666E7FC9F28D8" box="[626,867,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FC1A66E7FC0828D8" box="[910,1012,1701,1727]" name="Curaçao" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
: Piscadera Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FB2566E7FA8428D8" author="Vervoort, W." box="[1201,1400,1700,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968: 5</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FF03668BFE762884" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[151,394,1737,1763]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FF03668BFE762884" box="[151,394,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FE21668BFDD92883" box="[437,549,1737,1764]" name="Bermuda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: Flatts Inlet (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FD57668BFBD92884" author="Summers, R. G. &amp; Haynes, J. F." box="[707,1061,1737,1763]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="81 - 87" refId="ref151176" refString="Summers, R. G. &amp; Haynes, J. F. (1969) The ontogeny of interstitial cells in Pennaria tiarella. Journal of Morphology, 129, 81 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051290106" type="journal article" year="1969">Summers &amp; Haynes 1969: 82</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FBC26688FAE22884" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1110,1310,1737,1763]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FBC26688FAE22884" box="[1110,1310,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FAA5668BFEF12960" author="Summers, R. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="117 - 129" refId="ref151087" refString="Summers, R. G. (1970) The fine structure of the spermatozoon of Pennaria tiarella (Coelenterata). Journal of Morphology, 131, 117 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051310108" type="journal article" year="1970">Summers 1970: 117</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FEA966ACFDFF2960" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[317,515,1773,1799]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FEA966ACFDFF2960" box="[317,515,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 1972: 229, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD2866ACFC7E2960" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[700,898,1773,1799]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD2866ACFC7E2960" box="[700,898,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FC0066AFFAF82960" author="Keough, E. M. &amp; Summers, R. G." box="[916,1284,1772,1799]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="507 - 525" refId="ref137455" refString="Keough, E. M. &amp; Summers, R. G. (1976) An ultrastructural investigation of the striated subumbrellar musculature of the anthomedusan, Pennaria tiarella. Journal of Morphology, 149, 507 - 525. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051490405" type="journal article" year="1976">Keough &amp; Summers 1976: 507</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FAA666ACFF16294C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FAA666ACFF16294C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF696753FDF2294C" author="Lesh-Laurie, G. E." box="[253,526,1809,1835]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="365 - 375" refId="ref139246" refString="Lesh-Laurie, G. E. (1976) Stolon vs. hydranth determination in Pennaria tiarella planulae: a role for DNA synthesis. In: Mackie, G. O. (Ed.), Coelenterate ecology and behavior. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 365 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 9724 - 4 _ 39" type="book chapter" year="1976">Lesh-Laurie 1976: 366</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FDAB6750FCFB294C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[575,775,1809,1835]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FDAB6750FCFB294C" box="[575,775,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FCA76753FC8D294C" box="[819,881,1809,1835]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FCEB6753FC1C294C" box="[895,992,1809,1835]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Virginia</collectingRegion>
, Perrin + Gloucester Point + Norfolk Naval Base + Cape Charles (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FE756777FD622928" author="Calder, D. R." box="[481,670,1844,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref126907" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special papers in Marine Science, 1, 125 pp." type="book" year="1971">Calder 1971: 25</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FD5D6777FC452928" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[713,953,1845,1871]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FD5D6777FC452928" box="[713,953,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FC716777FBDF2928" box="[997,1059,1845,1871]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FBBA6777FB732928" box="[1070,1167,1845,1871]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Virginia</collectingRegion>
, York River, 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FAB16777FEE42914" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Big Mumford Island</collectingRegion>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC4F148FEB1671BFE762914" box="[293,394,1881,1907]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="16" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="925" value="37.266666">37°16’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC4F148FE0C671BFDFD2914" box="[408,513,1881,1907]" degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="925" value="-76.51667">76°31’W</geoCoordinate>
, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FDA76718FD762914" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[563,650,1882,1907]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zosteraceae" genus="Zostera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FDA76718FD762914" box="[563,650,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zostera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FD0F671BFCAB2914" author="Marsh, G. A." box="[667,855,1881,1907]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="87 - 97" refId="ref140529" refString="Marsh, G. A. (1973) The Zostera epifaunal community in the York River, Virginia. Chesapeake Science, 14, 87 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1350873" type="journal article" year="1973">Marsh 1973: 93</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FC10671BFB922914" box="[900,1134,1881,1907]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FC10671BFB922914" box="[900,1134,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FB0F671BFB252914" box="[1179,1241,1881,1907]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">USA</collectingCountry>
: Gulf Stream off 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC4F148FF03673FFEB529F0" box="[151,329,1917,1943]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC4F148FEC2673FFE4729F0" box="[342,443,1917,1943]" degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="925" value="32.0">32°00’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC4F148FE5E673FFDCF29F0" box="[458,563,1917,1943]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="925" value="-79.0">79°00’W</geoCoordinate>
, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FDF2673FFB9B29FF" authority="(Rackley 1974: 14)" authorityPageNumber="14" baseAuthorityName="Rackley" baseAuthorityPageNumber="14" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[614,1127,1917,1944]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="pteropleuron">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FDF2673FFC8329F0" box="[614,895,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sargassum pteropleuron</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FC04673FFBA329FF" author="Rackley, D. H." box="[912,1119,1917,1944]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref147591" refString="Rackley, D. H. (1974) Hydroids of the pelagic Sargassum community of the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. M. A. Thesis, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 94 pp." type="book" year="1974">Rackley 1974: 14</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FB1E673FFAFF29FF" box="[1162,1283,1917,1944]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Santa Marta area (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF4067E3FE5829DC" author="Wedler, E." box="[212,420,1952,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="324 - 363" refId="ref153972" refString="Wedler, E. (1975) Okologische Untersuchungen an Hydroiden des Felslitorals von Santa Marta (Kolumbien). Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 27, 324 - 363. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01611700" type="journal article" year="1975">Wedler 1975: 340</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FE5867E3FD4029DC" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[460,700,1953,1979]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FE5867E3FD4029DC" box="[460,700,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FD5E67E3FC0729DC" author="Bandel, K. &amp; Wedler, E." box="[714,1019,1953,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref124037" refString="Bandel, K. &amp; Wedler, E. (1987) Hydroid, amphineuran and gastropod zonation in the littoral of the Caribbean Sea, Colombia. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 19, 1 - 129." type="journal article" year="1987">Bandel &amp; Wedler 1987: 39</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FBB067E3FAEF29DC" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1060,1299,1953,1979]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FBB067E3FAEF29DC" box="[1060,1299,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FAA867E3FA6029DB" box="[1340,1436,1953,1980]" name="Jamaica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F148FF0B6787FE7D29B8" author="Mergner, H." box="[159,385,1989,2015]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref142228" refString="Mergner, H. (1977) Hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in Caribbean and Red Sea coral reefs. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 119 - 125." type="journal article" year="1977">Mergner 1977: 122</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FE3A6787FD6229B8" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[430,670,1989,2015]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FE3A6787FD6229B8" box="[430,670,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 1987: 187, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC4F148FCC56787FBBE29B8" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[849,1090,1989,2015]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC4F148FCC56787FBBE29B8" box="[849,1090,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC4F148FBFF6787FB1C2987" box="[1131,1248,1989,2016]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC4F149FB7B6787FF382ED4" author="Mergner, H." lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref142228" refString="Mergner, H. (1977) Hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in Caribbean and Red Sea coral reefs. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 119 - 125." type="journal article" year="1977">Mergner 1977: 122</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FF6460DBFE1C2ED4" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[240,480,153,179]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF6460DBFE1C2ED4" box="[240,480,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 1987: 187, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FD0460DBFC7C2ED4" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[656,896,153,179]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FD0460DBFC7C2ED4" box="[656,896,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FC3E60DBFBD32ED4" box="[938,1071,153,179]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
: east coast (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FB2360DBFA6B2ED4" author="Mergner, H." box="[1207,1431,153,179]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref142228" refString="Mergner, H. (1977) Hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in Caribbean and Red Sea coral reefs. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 119 - 125." type="journal article" year="1977">Mergner 1977: 122</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FF2C60FFFE562EB0" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[184,426,189,215]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF2C60FFFE562EB0" box="[184,426,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 1987: 187, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FDF660FFFCA82EB0" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[610,852,189,215]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FDF660FFFCA82EB0" box="[610,852,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FC1460FFFC422EB0" box="[896,958,189,215]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FC5F60FFFBDD2EB0" box="[971,1057,189,215]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Florida</collectingRegion>
, southeast coast (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FB7A60FFFF382E9C" author="Mergner, H." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref142228" refString="Mergner, H. (1977) Hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in Caribbean and Red Sea coral reefs. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 119 - 125." type="journal article" year="1977">Mergner 1977: 122</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FF6060A3FE1B2E9C" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[244,487,225,251]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF6060A3FE1B2E9C" box="[244,487,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 1987: 187, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FD3560A3FC6F2E9C" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[673,915,225,251]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FD3560A3FC6F2E9C" box="[673,915,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FC2B60A3FC012E9C" box="[959,1021,225,251]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FB9F60A3FB4F2E9C" box="[1035,1203,225,251]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FB5560A3FA602E9C" box="[1217,1436,225,251]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nonamesset Island</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FF346147FEFA2F78" box="[160,262,261,287]" degrees="41" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="925" value="41.516666">41°31’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FE866147FE6A2F78" box="[274,406,261,287]" degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="15" seconds="4" value="-70.66778">70°40’4”W</geoCoordinate>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE3A6147FD822F78" author="Osman, R. W." box="[430,638,261,287]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="383 - 399" refId="ref145294" refString="Osman, R. W. (1978) The influence of seasonality and stability on the species equilibrium. Ecology, 59, 383 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1936381" type="journal article" year="1978">Osman 1978: 398</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FD336144FC902F78" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[679,876,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FD336144FC902F78" box="[679,876,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FC0C6147FC2A2F78" box="[920,982,261,287]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FC756147FB6D2F78" box="[993,1169,261,287]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Murrells Inlet + Beaufort River + Calibogue Sound (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FD98616BFCBA2F24" author="Calder, D. R. &amp; Hester, B. S." box="[524,838,297,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref128327" refString="Calder, D. R. &amp; Hester, B. S. (1978) Phylum Cnidaria. In: Zingmark, R. G. (Ed.), An annotated checklist of the biota of the coastal zone of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, pp. 87 - 93." type="book chapter" year="1978">Calder &amp; Hester 1978: 88</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FCED616BFB902F24" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[889,1132,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCED616BFB902F24" box="[889,1132,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FB0C616BFB2A2F24" box="[1176,1238,297,323]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FB71616BFA642F24" box="[1253,1432,297,323]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Wrightsville (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FEA0610FFDFA2F00" author="Bynum, K. H." box="[308,518,333,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="225 - 237" refId="ref126370" refString="Bynum, K. H. (1980) Multivariate assessment of morphological variation in Caprella penantis Leach, 1814 (Amphipoda: Caprellidae). Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 10, 225 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0302 - 3524 (80) 80060 - 0" type="journal article" year="1980">Bynum 1980: 228</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FDBB610CFD0F2F00" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[559,755,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FDBB610CFD0F2F00" box="[559,755,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FCB4610FFCA22F00" box="[800,862,333,359]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FCFC610FFBE42F00" box="[872,1048,333,359]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Morehead City (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FB48610FFEE22FEC" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="27 - 36" refId="ref141108" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B. (1980) Nerve elements in the planula of the hydrozoan Pennaria tiarella. Journal of Morphology, 166, 27 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051660103" type="journal article" year="1980">Martin &amp; Thomas 1980: 27</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FEDE6130FDF32FEC" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[330,527,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FEDE6130FDF32FEC" box="[330,527,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FD8B6133FC842FEC" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B." box="[543,888,369,395]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="303 - 310" refId="ref141157" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B. (1981 a) The origin of the nervous system in Pennaria tiarella, as revealed by treatment with colchicine. Biological Bulletin, 160, 303 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540890" type="journal article" year="1981">Martin &amp; Thomas 1981a: 303</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FC366130FB9B2FEC" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[930,1127,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC366130FB9B2FEC" box="[930,1127,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FBE36133FF392FC8" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="303 - 323" refId="ref141210" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B. (1981 b) Elimination of the interstitial cells in the planula larva of the marine hydrozoan Pennaria tiarella. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 217, 303 - 323. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jez. 1402170302" type="journal article" year="1981">Martin &amp; Thomas 1981b: 304</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FF7A61D4FE4E2FC8" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[238,434,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF7A61D4FE4E2FC8" box="[238,434,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE5561D7FD062FC8" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B." box="[449,762,405,431]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="18 - 24" refId="ref141266" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Thomas, M. B. (1983) Establishment and maintenance of morphological polarity in epithelial planulae. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 102, 18 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3225921" type="journal article" year="1983">Martin &amp; Thomas 1983: 18</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FCB761D4FC1B2FC8" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[803,999,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCB761D4FC1B2FC8" box="[803,999,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FC6261D7FAC22FC8" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E." box="[1014,1342,405,431]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="116 - 125" refId="ref140958" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E. (1986 b) A scanning electron microscopic study of embryonic development of a marine hydrozoan. Biological Bulletin, 171, 116 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541910" type="journal article" year="1986">Martin &amp; Archer 1986b: 116</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FAF361D4FECE2FB4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FAF361D4FECE2FB4" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FED061FBFD922FB4" author="Clark, S. D. &amp; Cook, C. B." box="[324,622,441,467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="405 - 416" refId="ref129013" refString="Clark, S. D. &amp; Cook, C. B. (1986) Inhibition of nematocyst discharge during feeding in the colonial hydroid Halocordyle disticha (= Pennaria tiarella): the role of previous prey-killing. Biological Bulletin, 171, 405 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541682" type="journal article" year="1986">Clark &amp; Cook 1986: 406</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FD0961FBFC6C2FB4" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[669,912,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FD0961FBFC6C2FB4" box="[669,912,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FC5961F8FB682FB4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[973,1172,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC5961F8FB682FB4" box="[973,1172,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FB3261FBFA8B2FB4" author="Martin, V. J." box="[1190,1399,440,467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="324 - 334" refId="ref140568" refString="Martin, V. J. (1987). A morphological examination of gastrulation in a marine athecate hydrozoan. Biological Bulletin, 173, 324 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541545" type="journal article" year="1987">Martin 1987: 325</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FF03619FFE482F90" box="[151,436,477,504]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyl" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF03619FFEE42F90" box="[151,280,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyl</emphasis>
(sic) 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FECD619FFE482F90" box="[345,436,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE56619FFCF12F90" author="Kolberg, K. J. S. &amp; Martin, V. J." box="[450,781,476,503]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="249 - 258" refId="ref137675" refString="Kolberg, K. J. S. &amp; Martin, V. J. (1988) Morphological, cytochemical and neuropharmacological evidence for the presence of catecholamines in hydrozoan planulae. Development, 103, 249 - 258." type="journal article" year="1988">Kolberg &amp; Martin 1988: 250</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FCA2619FFBDA2F90" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[822,1062,477,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCA2619FFBDA2F90" box="[822,1062,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FBA0619FFAF62F90" author="Martin, V. J." box="[1076,1290,477,503]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="319 - 329" refId="ref140608" refString="Martin, V. J. (1988 a) Development of nerve cells in hydrozoan planulae: I. Differentiation of ganglionic cells. Biological Bulletin, 174, 319 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541957" type="journal article" year="1988">Martin 1988a: 321</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FAA0619FFED42C7C" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FAA0619FFED42C7C" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FEA36243FDFC2C7C" author="Martin, V. J." box="[311,512,513,539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref140652" refString="Martin, V. J. (1988 b) Development of nerve cells in hydrozoan planulae: II. Examination of sensory cell differentiation using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Biological Bulletin, 175, 65 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541894" type="journal article" year="1988">Martin 1988b: 67</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FDBD6243FCE52C7C" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[553,793,513,539]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FDBD6243FCE52C7C" box="[553,793,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FCB36243FC1D2C7C" author="Martin, V. J." box="[807,993,513,539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="10 - 20" refId="ref140702" refString="Martin, V. J. (1990) Development of nerve cells in hydrozoan planulae: III. Some interstitial cells traverse the ganglionic pathway in the endoderm. Biological Bulletin, 178, 10 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541532" type="journal article" year="1990">Martin 1990: 11</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FB9E6240FB322C7C" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1034,1230,513,539]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FB9E6240FB322C7C" box="[1034,1230,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FB496243FA642C7C" author="Martin, V. J." box="[1245,1432,513,539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="75 - 82" refId="ref140751" refString="Martin, V. J. (1991) Differentiation of the interstitial cell line in hydrozoan planulae. 1. Repopulation of epithelial planulae. Hydrobiologia, 216 / 217, 75 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 011 - 3240 - 4 _ 11" type="journal article" year="1991">Martin 1991: 76</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FF226264FE862C58" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[182,378,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF226264FE862C58" box="[182,378,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE1E6267FDA92C58" author="Martin, V. J." box="[394,597,549,575]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="431 - 438" refId="ref140807" refString="Martin, V. J. (1992) Characterization of a RFamide-positive subset of ganglionic cells in the hydrozoan planular nerve net. Cell and Tissue Research, 269, 431 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00353898" type="journal article" year="1992">Martin 1992: 432</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FDEB6264FCBF2C58" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[639,835,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FDEB6264FCBF2C58" box="[639,835,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FCC76267FB592C58" author="Brumwell, G. B. &amp; Martin, V. J." box="[851,1189,549,575]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref126016" refString="Brumwell, G. B. &amp; Martin, V. J. (1996) Ultrastructural localization of RFamide-like peptides in neuronal dense-cored vesicles of a cnidarian planula larva. Invertebrate Biology, 115, 13 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226938" type="journal article" year="1996">Brumwell &amp; Martin 1996: 14</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FB5B6264FA682C58" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1231,1428,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FB5B6264FA682C58" box="[1231,1428,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FF03620BFE372C04" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E." box="[151,459,585,611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="41 - 52" refId="ref141007" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E. (1997) Stages of larval development and stem cell population changes during metamorphosis of a hydrozoan planula. Biological Bulletin, 192, 41 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1542574" type="journal article" year="1997">Martin &amp; Archer 1997: 42</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FE6C6208FD422C04" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[504,702,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE6C6208FD422C04" box="[504,702,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FD5B620BFC612C04" author="Martin, V. J." box="[719,925,585,611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="243 - 253" refId="ref140853" refString="Martin, V. J. (2000) Reorganization of the nervous system during metamorphosis of a hydrozoan planula. Invertebrate Biology, 119, 243 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2000. tb 00011. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Martin 2000: 243</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FC5E6208FB732C04" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[970,1167,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC5E6208FB732C04" box="[970,1167,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FB28620BFAF72C03" box="[1212,1291,585,612]" name="Belize" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Belize</collectingCountry>
: Carrie Bow Cay region (medusa) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE0C622FFD952CE0" author="Larson, R. J." box="[408,617,620,647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="253 - 258" refId="ref138491" refString="Larson, R. J. (1983) Medusae (Cnidaria) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. In: Rutzler, K. &amp; Macintyre, I. G. (Eds.), The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. I. Structure and communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, pp. 253 - 258." type="journal article" year="1983">Larson 1983: 254</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FD01622FFC7A2CE0" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[661,902,621,647]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FD01622FFC7A2CE0" box="[661,902,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FC26622FFC0C2CE0" box="[946,1008,621,647]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FC68622FFB502CE0" box="[1020,1196,621,647]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Wrightsville Beach, floating docks (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FEDC62D3FD842CCC" author="Hotchkiss, A. E. &amp; Martin, V. J. &amp; Apkarian, R. P." box="[328,632,657,683]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="717 - 727" refId="ref136329" refString="Hotchkiss, A. E., Martin, V. J. &amp; Apkarian, R. P. (1984) A scanning electron microscopic surface and cryofracture study of development in the planulae of the hydrozoan, Pennaria tiarella. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1984, 717 - 727." type="journal article" year="1984">
Hotchkiss 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE5762D0FE082CCC" box="[451,500,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 1984: 718
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FD3662D0FC9A2CCC" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[674,870,657,683]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FD3662D0FC9A2CCC" box="[674,870,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FC0662D3FC2C2CCC" box="[914,976,657,683]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FC4F62D3FBCD2CCC" box="[987,1073,657,683]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Florida</collectingRegion>
, Sebastian Inlet (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FB6762D3FF382CA8" author="Winston, J. E." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="99 - 176" refId="ref155125" refString="Winston, J. E. (1982) Marine bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of the Indian River area (Florida). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 173, 99 - 176." type="journal article" year="1982">Winston 1982: 164</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FF6662F4FE442CA8" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[242,440,693,719]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF6662F4FE442CA8" box="[242,440,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FE7062F7FDCF2CB7" box="[484,563,693,720]" name="Belize" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Belize</collectingCountry>
: Carrie Bow Cay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FC9F62F7FC062CA8" author="Spracklin, B. W." box="[779,1018,693,719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="239 - 251" refId="ref150207" refString="Spracklin, B. W. (1982) Hydroidea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. In: Rutzler, K. &amp; Macintyre, I. G. (Eds.), The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. I. Structure and communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, pp. 239 - 251." type="journal article" year="1982">Spracklin 1982: 240</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FBB362F7FAE42CA8" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1063,1304,693,719]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FBB362F7FAE42CA8" box="[1063,1304,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FAD662F7FF422C94" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Bahía de Cartagena (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE51629BFCF52C94" author="Florez Gonzalez, L." box="[453,777,729,755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="112 - 140" refId="ref132251" refString="Florez Gonzalez, L. (1983) Inventario preliminar de la fauna hydroide de la Bahia de Cartagena y areas adyacentes. Boletin del Museo del Mar, Bogota, 11, 112 - 140." type="journal article" year="1983">Flórez González 1983: 123</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FCAF629BFBD22C94" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[827,1070,729,755]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCAF629BFBD22C94" box="[827,1070,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FBC3629BFAAD2C94" box="[1111,1361,729,756]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
: south coast (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FF7662BFFE022D70" author="Williams, E. H. Jr. &amp; Clavijo, I. &amp; Kimmel, J. J. &amp; Colin, P. L. &amp; Diaz Carela, C. &amp; Bardales, A. T. &amp; Armstrong, R. A. &amp; Williams, L. B. &amp; Boulon, R. H. &amp; Garcia, J. R." box="[226,510,765,791]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="39 - 53" refId="ref154894" refString="Williams, E. H. Jr., Clavijo, I., Kimmel, J. J., Colin, P. L., Diaz Carela, C., Bardales, A. T., Armstrong, R. A., Williams, L. B., Boulon, R. H. &amp; Garcia, J. R. (1983) A checklist of marine plants and animals of the south coast of the Dominican Republic. Caribbean Journal of Science, 19, 39 - 53." type="journal article" year="1983">
Williams 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FEC062BCFE7A2D70" box="[340,390,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 1983: 43
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FDBF62BFFCE02D70" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[555,796,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FDBF62BFFCE02D70" box="[555,796,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FCDC62BFFC7A2D70" box="[840,902,765,791]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FC0662BFFBBF2D70" box="[914,1091,765,791]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Murrells Inlet, jetties + Murrells Inlet, Capt. Dick’s marina, floating docks (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FD236363FC2E2D5C" author="Fox, R. S. &amp; Ruppert, E. E." box="[695,978,800,827]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref132584" refString="Fox, R. S. &amp; Ruppert, E. E. (1985) Shallow-water marine benthic macroinvertebrates of South Carolina. Species identification, community composition and symbiotic associations. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 329 pp." type="book" year="1985">Fox &amp; Ruppert 1985: 93</bibRefCitation>
, 104, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FBA16363FAD92D5C" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1077,1317,801,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FBA16363FAD92D5C" box="[1077,1317,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FADA6363FF2E2D38" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FF4B6307FECC2D38" box="[223,304,837,863]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Isabela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Isabela</collectingRegion>
+ La Parguera (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE606307FCCA2D38" author="Wedler, E. &amp; Larson, R." box="[500,822,837,863]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="69 - 101" refId="ref154205" refString="Wedler, E. &amp; Larson, R. (1986) Athecate hydroids from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 21, 69 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528609360698" type="journal article" year="1986">Wedler &amp; Larson 1986: 73</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FCF36307FBA62D38" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[871,1114,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCF36307FBA62D38" box="[871,1114,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FB106307FB082D07" box="[1156,1268,837,864]" name="Bermuda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FA966307FA602D38" box="[1282,1436,837,863]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Coney Island</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FF0B632BFE352DE4" author="Clark, S. D. &amp; Cook, C. B." box="[159,457,873,899]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="405 - 416" refId="ref129013" refString="Clark, S. D. &amp; Cook, C. B. (1986) Inhibition of nematocyst discharge during feeding in the colonial hydroid Halocordyle disticha (= Pennaria tiarella): the role of previous prey-killing. Biological Bulletin, 171, 405 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1541682" type="journal article" year="1986">Clark &amp; Cook 1986: 406</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FE6C632BFD172DE4" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[504,747,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE6C632BFD172DE4" box="[504,747,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FCB36328FC122DE4" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[807,1006,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCB36328FC122DE4" box="[807,1006,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FB8E632BFBA42DE4" box="[1050,1112,873,899]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FBF2632BFAE42DE4" box="[1126,1304,873,899]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, coast (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FAE6632BFE5A2DC0" author="Edwards, N. C. &amp; Thomas, M. B. &amp; Long, B. A. &amp; Amyotte, S. J." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="381 - 384" refId="ref131180" refString="Edwards, N. C., Thomas, M. B., Long, B. A. &amp; Amyotte, S. J. (1987) Catecholamines induce metamorphosis in the hydrozoan Halocordyle disticha but not in Hydractinia echinata. Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology, 196, 381 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00375776" type="journal article" year="1987">
Edwards 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF7263CCFEE72DC0" box="[230,283,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 1987: 381
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FE4C63CFFD372DC0" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[472,715,909,935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE4C63CFFD372DC0" box="[472,715,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FD6363CFFCC92DC0" box="[759,821,909,935]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FCD063CFFC0B2DC0" box="[836,1015,909,935]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Wrightsville Beach (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FB6363CFFEFE2DAC" author="Thomas, M. B. &amp; Edwards, N. C. &amp; Norris, T. A." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="91 - 102" refId="ref151493" refString="Thomas, M. B., Edwards, N. C. &amp; Norris, T. A. (1987) Gastrulation in Halocordyle disticha (Hydrozoa, Athecata). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 12, 91 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01688170.1987.10510305" type="journal article" year="1987">
Thomas 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FAF463CCFA692DC0" box="[1376,1429,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 1987: 92
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FEA663F3FDDA2DAC" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[306,550,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FEA663F3FDDA2DAC" box="[306,550,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FDC863F3FD662DAC" box="[604,666,945,971]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FD3C63F3FCA42DAC" box="[680,856,945,971]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
coast (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FC3A63F3FB212DAC" author="Edwards, N. C. &amp; Thomas, M. B. &amp; Long, B. A. &amp; Amyotte, S. J." box="[942,1245,945,971]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="381 - 384" refId="ref131180" refString="Edwards, N. C., Thomas, M. B., Long, B. A. &amp; Amyotte, S. J. (1987) Catecholamines induce metamorphosis in the hydrozoan Halocordyle disticha but not in Hydractinia echinata. Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology, 196, 381 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00375776" type="journal article" year="1987">
Edwards 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FB8A63F0FBAF2DAC" box="[1054,1107,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 1987: 381
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FA9B63F3FF0E2D88" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FA9B63F3FF0E2D88" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FE886397FE512D88" box="[284,429,981,1007]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FE2C6397FDB42D88" box="[440,584,981,1007]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mona Island</collectingRegion>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FDFC6397FCD92D88" box="[616,805,981,1007]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Desecheo Island</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FCA06397FBF92D88" author="Larson, R. J." box="[820,1029,980,1007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="512 - 515" refId="ref138562" refString="Larson, R. J. (1987) The ecology of the western Atlantic athecate hydroid, Solanderia gracilis. Bulletin of Marine Science, 40, 512 - 515." type="journal article" year="1987">Larson 1987: 514</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FBA46397FADD2D88" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1072,1313,981,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FBA46397FADD2D88" box="[1072,1313,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FADF6397FEC02A74" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">British Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FED163BBFE262A74" box="[325,474,1017,1043]" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Virgin Gorda</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE7C63BBFD492A74" author="Larson, R. J." box="[488,693,1016,1043]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="512 - 515" refId="ref138562" refString="Larson, R. J. (1987) The ecology of the western Atlantic athecate hydroid, Solanderia gracilis. Bulletin of Marine Science, 40, 512 - 515." type="journal article" year="1987">Larson 1987: 514</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FD4963BBFC302A74" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[733,972,1017,1043]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FD4963BBFC302A74" box="[733,972,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FC6263BBFB9A2A73" box="[1014,1126,1017,1044]" name="Bermuda" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: Castle Harbour near Tuckers Town, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC5F149FE84645FFEC02A50" box="[272,316,1053,1079]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</quantity>
+ Flatts Inlet, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC5F149FE7C645FFDE82A50" box="[488,532,1053,1079]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
+ Whalebone Bay, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC5F149FD6D645FFCD92A50" box="[761,805,1053,1079]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FCA1645FFC3B2A50" author="Calder, D. R." box="[821,967,1053,1079]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref127147" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FC67645FFB182A50" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1011,1252,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC67645FFB182A50" box="[1011,1252,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FA84645FFAB22A50" box="[1296,1358,1053,1079]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FACE645FFF012A3C" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
, continental shelf, fouling plates (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FD126403FC3A2A3C" author="Van Dolah, R. F. &amp; Wendt, P. H. &amp; Knott, D. M. &amp; Wenner, E. L." box="[646,966,1089,1115]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="679 - 699" refId="ref152163" refString="Van Dolah, R. F., Wendt, P. H., Knott, D. M. &amp; Wenner, E. L. (1988) Recruitment and community development of sessile fouling assemblages on the continental shelf off South Carolina, USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 26, 679 - 699. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0272 - 7714 (88) 90043 - 1" type="journal article" year="1988">
Van Dolah 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC9F6400FCC22A3C" box="[779,830,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 1988: 684
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FC666403FB182A3C" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1010,1252,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC666403FB182A3C" box="[1010,1252,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FA9B6403FAB12A3C" box="[1295,1357,1089,1115]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FACE6403FF012A18" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
, coastal areas, in stomachs of Atlantic spadefish (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FCD66427FC022A18" author="Hayse, J. W." box="[834,1022,1125,1151]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="67 - 83" refId="ref135296" refString="Hayse, J. W. (1990) Feeding habits, age, growth, and reproduction of Atlantic spadefish Chaetodipterus faber (Pisces: Ephippidae) in South Carolina. Fishery Bulletin, 88, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1990">Hayse 1990: 81</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FBB86427FAE22A18" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[1068,1310,1125,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FBB86427FAE22A18" box="[1068,1310,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FADE6427FA652AE7" box="[1354,1433,1125,1152]" name="Belize" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Belize</collectingCountry>
: Twin Cays, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FEDE64CBFE332AC4" baseAuthorityName="Reyes &amp; Campos" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[330,463,1161,1187]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FEDE64CBFE332AC4" box="[330,463,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE7464CBFCAC2AC4" author="Ellison, A. M. &amp; Farnsworth, E. J." box="[480,848,1161,1187]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref131428" refString="Ellison, A. M. &amp; Farnsworth, E. J. (1990) The ecology of Belizean mangrove-root fouling communities. I. Epibenthic fauna are barriers to isopod attack of red mangrove roots. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 142, 91 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 (90) 90139 - 4" type="journal article" year="1990">Ellison &amp; Farnsworth 1990: 96</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FCEB64CBFB8D2AC4" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[895,1137,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCEB64CBFB8D2AC4" box="[895,1137,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FB0A64CBFB112AC3" box="[1182,1261,1161,1188]" name="Belize" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Belize</collectingCountry>
: Big Creek, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FF0364EFFEE02AA0" authority="Lark Cay" authorityName="Lark Cay" baseAuthorityName="Reyes &amp; Campos" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[151,284,1197,1223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF0364EFFEE02AA0" box="[151,284,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ Lark Cay, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FE4064EFFDA52AA0" baseAuthorityName="Reyes &amp; Campos" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[468,601,1197,1223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE4064EFFDA52AA0" box="[468,601,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ Northeast Cay, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FCDF64EFFC2C2AA0" authority="Twin Cays" authorityName="Twin Cays" baseAuthorityName="Reyes &amp; Campos" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[843,976,1197,1223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCDF64EFFC2C2AA0" box="[843,976,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ Twin Cays, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FB0D64EFFAE22AA0" baseAuthorityName="Reyes &amp; Campos" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[1177,1310,1197,1223]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FB0D64EFFAE22AA0" box="[1177,1310,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FAB964EFFE752A8C" author="Ellison, A. M. &amp; Farnsworth, E. J." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="87 - 98" refId="ref131498" refString="Ellison, A. M. &amp; Farnsworth, E. J. (1992) The ecology of Belizean mangrove-root fouling communities: patterns of epibiont distribution and abundance, and effects on root growth. Hydrobiologia, 247, 87 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00008207" type="journal article" year="1992">Ellison &amp; Farnsworth 1992: 90</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FE226493FD5B2A8C" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[438,679,1233,1259]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE226493FD5B2A8C" box="[438,679,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FD456493FCB52A8B" box="[721,841,1233,1260]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Bahía de Chengue, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FBCF6493FB1C2A8C" baseAuthorityName="Reyes &amp; Campos" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[1115,1248,1233,1259]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FBCF6493FB1C2A8C" box="[1115,1248,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FB646493FEBC2B68" author="Reyes, R. &amp; Campos, N. H." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="101 - 116" refId="ref148013" refString="Reyes, R. &amp; Campos, N. H. (1992) Macroinvertebrados colonizadores de raices de Rhizophora mangle en la Bahia de Chengue, Caribe Colombiano. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta Betin, 21, 101 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.25268 / bimc. invemar. 1992.21.0.422" type="journal article" year="1992">Reyes &amp; Campos 1992: 108</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FEE464B7FD9E2B68" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[368,610,1269,1295]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FEE464B7FD9E2B68" box="[368,610,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FD1A64B7FD302B68" box="[654,716,1269,1295]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FD4D64B7FCD32B68" box="[729,815,1269,1295]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Florida</collectingRegion>
, Boca Raton, on nearshore artificial reef (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FA8A64B7FEE12B54" author="Cummings, S. L." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1193 - 1215" refId="ref130342" refString="Cummings, S. L. (1994) Colonization of a nearshore artificial reef at Boca Raton (Palm Beach County), Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 55, 1193 - 1215." type="journal article" year="1994">Cummings 1994: 1208</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FEDE6558FE482B54" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[330,436,1306,1331]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FEDE6558FE482B54" box="[330,436,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FD9D655BFDB52B54" box="[521,585,1305,1331]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FDC1655BFCFA2B54" box="[597,774,1305,1331]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Wilmington (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FC3F655BFB1E2B54" author="Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E." box="[939,1250,1305,1331]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="41 - 52" refId="ref141007" refString="Martin, V. J. &amp; Archer, W. E. (1997) Stages of larval development and stem cell population changes during metamorphosis of a hydrozoan planula. Biological Bulletin, 192, 41 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1542574" type="journal article" year="1997">Martin &amp; Archer 1997: 42</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FA846558FF262B30" baseAuthorityName="Ayres" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tiarella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FA846558FF262B30" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pennaria tiarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FE93657FFEB52B3F" box="[263,329,1341,1368]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: Ciudad de 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FE5A657FFD4A2B30" box="[462,694,1341,1367]" country="Cuba" name="La Habana" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">La Habana province</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FD51657FFC822B30" author="Ortiz, N." box="[709,894,1341,1367]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="67 - 68" refId="ref145186" refString="Ortiz, N. (2001 b) Los hidrozoos (Coelenterata) de Cuba, I: Athecata. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, 22 (1), 67 - 68." type="journal article" year="2001">Ortiz 2001b: 68</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FC3C657FFB642B30" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[936,1176,1341,1367]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC3C657FFB642B30" box="[936,1176,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FB56657FFABA2B30" box="[1218,1350,1341,1367]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FAC4657FFA602B30" box="[1360,1436,1341,1367]" country="Costa Rica" name="Limon" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Limón</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FF0B6523FE1C2B1B" author="Kelmo, F. &amp; Vargas, R." box="[159,480,1377,1404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="599 - 627" refId="ref137419" refString="Kelmo, F. &amp; Vargas, R. (2002) Anthoathecatae and Leptothecatae hydroids from Costa Rica (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 50, 599 - 627." type="journal article" year="2002">Kelmo &amp; Vargas 2002: 603</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FD9F6523FD902B1B" box="[523,620,1377,1404]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FDEC6523FD3D2B1C" box="[632,705,1377,1403]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colón</collectingRegion>
, Fort Sherman dock + 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FC596523FBEA2B1C" box="[973,1046,1377,1403]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colón</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FBB66523FBB02B1C" box="[1058,1100,1377,1403]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Isla</collectingCountry>
Margareta + Galeta + Bocas del Toro area (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FEAF65C7FD5A2BC7" author="Calder, D. R. &amp; Kirkendale, L." box="[315,678,1412,1440]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="476 - 491" refId="ref128387" refString="Calder, D. R. &amp; Kirkendale, L. (2005) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from shallow-water environments along the Caribbean Coast of Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 476 - 491." type="journal article" year="2005">Calder &amp; Kirkendale 2005: 480</bibRefCitation>
).—French Lesser Antilles: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FC7665C7FB932BF8" box="[994,1135,1413,1439]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
, Basse-Terre, N of Malendure, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FF4965EAFE6C2BA4" box="[221,400,1448,1475]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" seconds="25.00" value="16.17361">16°10´25.00”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FE3465EAFDA92BA4" box="[416,597,1448,1475]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" seconds="58.00" value="-61.782776">61°46´58.00”W</geoCoordinate>
+ Basse-Terre, Petite Anse, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FC2565EAFB982BA4" box="[945,1124,1448,1475]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" seconds="47.00" value="16.09639">16°05´47.00”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FBE765EBFAD52BA4" box="[1139,1321,1449,1475]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="1" seconds="17.00" value="-61.77139">61°46´17.00”W</geoCoordinate>
+ Basse- Terre, Anse à la Barque, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FE53658EFDAA2B80" box="[455,598,1484,1511]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="15" seconds="21" value="16.089167">16°05´21”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FDF2658FFD042B80" box="[614,760,1485,1511]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-61.766666">61°46´00”W</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FC9E658FFC3C2B8F" author="Galea, H. R." box="[778,960,1485,1512]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref133730" refString="Galea, H. R. (2008) On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 1878 (1), 1 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1878.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Galea 2008: 13</bibRefCitation>
).—French Lesser Antilles: Les Saintes, Terre-de-Haut, Pompierre Bay, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FD8A65B2FD51286C" box="[542,685,1520,1547]" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="15" seconds="25" value="15.873611">15°52´25”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FD5665B2FCA8286C" box="[706,852,1520,1547]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="15" seconds="15" value="-61.57083">61°34´15”W</geoCoordinate>
+ Terre-de-Haut, Pain de Sucre, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FA9D65B2FA64286C" box="[1289,1432,1520,1547]" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="15" seconds="45" value="15.8625">15°51´45”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFC5F149FF036656FED52848" box="[151,297,1556,1583]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="15" seconds="60" value="-61.6">61°35´60”W</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FEAD6657FE172857" author="Galea, H. R." box="[313,491,1557,1584]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref133730" refString="Galea, H. R. (2008) On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 1878 (1), 1 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1878.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Galea 2008: 13</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FD8C6657FDA72857" box="[536,603,1557,1584]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: Golfo de Batabanó (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FCC96657FB042848" author="Castellanos-Iglesias, S. &amp; Varela, C. &amp; Ortiz Toucet, M. &amp; Orozco, M. V." box="[861,1272,1557,1583]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="9 - 29" refId="ref128858" refString="Castellanos-Iglesias, S., Varela, C., Ortiz Toucet, M. &amp; Orozco, M. V. (2011) Los hidrozoos (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) de la Cayeria sur del Golfo de Batabano, Cuba. Revista Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, 3, 9 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.15359 / revmar. 3.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
Castellanos-Iglesias 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FBD96654FB7C2848" box="[1101,1152,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2011: 14
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFC5F149FAB26657FE992834" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halochordyle" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FAB26657FF3A2834" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Halochordyle</emphasis>
(sic) 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE9E667BFE992834" box="[266,357,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FE05667BFE2F2833" box="[401,467,1593,1620]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: Golfo de Ana María (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FD41667BFBBA2834" author="Rodriguez-Viera, L. &amp; Rodriguez-Casariego, J. &amp; Perez-Garcia, J. A. &amp; Olivera, Y. &amp; Perera-Perez, O." box="[725,1094,1593,1619]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="30 - 38" refId="ref148440" refString="Rodriguez-Viera, L., Rodriguez-Casariego, J., Perez-Garcia, J. A., Olivera, Y. &amp; Perera-Perez, O. (2012) Invertebrados marinos de la zona central del golfo de Ana Maria, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, 32, 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="2012">
Rodríguez-Viera 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC0A6678FC2C2834" box="[926,976,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2012: 33
</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FBE5667BFB532834" box="[1137,1199,1593,1619]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FB2F667BFAED2834" box="[1211,1297,1593,1619]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Florida</collectingRegion>
, Fort Pierce Inlet, north jetty, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFC5F149FECB661FFE5C2810" box="[351,416,1629,1655]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="0.1">0.1 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FE3B661FFDA7281F" author="Calder, D. R." box="[431,603,1629,1656]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref127887" refString="Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3648.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Calder 2013: 7</bibRefCitation>
).—French Lesser Antilles: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FC0F661FFBE62810" box="[923,1050,1629,1655]" name="Martinique" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Martinique</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FBBE661FFB272810" author="Galea, H. R." box="[1066,1243,1629,1655]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref133834" refString="Galea, H. R. (2013) New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique. Zootaxa, 3686 (1), 1 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3686.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Galea 2013: 49</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FA92661FFA9B2810" box="[1286,1383,1629,1655]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FAE6661FFEDA28F9" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FEA266C1FDB928F9" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Odegard, D. &amp; Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A." box="[310,581,1667,1694]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="0144762" refId="ref142586" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Odegard, D., Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A. (2015) Barcoding techniques help tracking the evolutionary history of the introduced species Pennaria disticha (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). PLoS ONE, 10 (12), e 0144762. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0144762" type="journal article" year="2015">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE3E66C6FE2228F9" box="[426,478,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2015: 5
</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FDFB66C1FD1F28F9" box="[623,739,1667,1694]" name="Honduras" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Honduras</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FD6066C1FBFF28F9" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Odegard, D. &amp; Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A." box="[756,1027,1667,1694]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="0144762" refId="ref142586" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Odegard, D., Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A. (2015) Barcoding techniques help tracking the evolutionary history of the introduced species Pennaria disticha (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). PLoS ONE, 10 (12), e 0144762. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0144762" type="journal article" year="2015">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCFC66C6FC6028F9" box="[872,924,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2015: 5
</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FBA466C1FB9328F9" box="[1072,1135,1667,1694]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FBE866C1FB2E28FA" box="[1148,1234,1667,1693]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Florida</collectingRegion>
, Fort Pierce (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FAE466C1FE7228A3" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Odegard, D. &amp; Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="0144762" refId="ref142586" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Odegard, D., Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A. (2015) Barcoding techniques help tracking the evolutionary history of the introduced species Pennaria disticha (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). PLoS ONE, 10 (12), e 0144762. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0144762" type="journal article" year="2015">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF7F66E9FEDD28A3" box="[235,289,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2015: 5
</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FE2E66EBFE0528A3" box="[442,505,1705,1732]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FD9C66E8FD4128A3" box="[520,701,1706,1732]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Beaufort (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FCD766E8FBA028A3" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Odegard, D. &amp; Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A." box="[835,1116,1705,1733]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="0144762" refId="ref142586" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Odegard, D., Faure, B. &amp; Faucci, A. (2015) Barcoding techniques help tracking the evolutionary history of the introduced species Pennaria disticha (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). PLoS ONE, 10 (12), e 0144762. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0144762" type="journal article" year="2015">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC2E66E9FC0C28A3" box="[954,1008,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2015: 5
</bibRefCitation>
).—Caribbean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FADC66E8FEEC288C" author="Wedler, E." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref154158" refString="Wedler, E. (2017 b) Hidroides del Mar Caribe con enfasis en la region de Santa Marta, Colombia. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-INVEMAR. Serie de Publicaciones Generales del INVEMAR # 94, Santa Marta, Colombia, 200 pp." type="book" year="2017">Wedler 2017b: 69</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 50—54).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FE746692FDC0288C" box="[480,572,1744,1771]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mexico</collectingCountry>
: Alacranes Reef, on sponges, corals, molluscs, ascidians, rocks, artificial reefs (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FF4966B5FD8A2975" author="Mendoza-Becerril, M. A. &amp; Simoes, N. &amp; Genzano, G." box="[221,630,1783,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="125 - 142" refId="ref142083" refString="Mendoza-Becerril, M. A., Simoes, N. &amp; Genzano, G. (2018 b) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Alacranes Reef, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 94, 125 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.5343 / bms. 2017.1072" type="journal article" year="2018">
Mendoza-Becerril 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE2266BAFE1B2975" box="[438,487,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2018b: 129
</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FD3666B5FD182975" box="[674,740,1783,1810]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FD7A66BAFCB42975" box="[750,840,1784,1810]" country="Cuba" name="La Habana" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Havana</collectingRegion>
, coral reef system west of the city (Castellanos 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FAF066BAFA692975" box="[1380,1429,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2018: Supplementary Table S2).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FDB8675CFD97295F" box="[556,619,1822,1848]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FDEC675CFD32295F" box="[632,718,1822,1848]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Florida</collectingRegion>
, Fort Pierce (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FCFB675CFB89295F" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y." box="[879,1141,1822,1849]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref142510" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. (2018 a) Phylogenetics and species delimitation of two Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria): Turritopsis (McCrady, 1857) and Pennaria (Goldfuss, 1820). Marine Biodiversity, [published online, no assigned volume or pages] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0891 - 8" type="book" year="2018">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FC70675DFBE5295F" box="[996,1049,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
: published online, no assigned pages).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FECC6707FE692938" box="[344,405,1861,1887]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FE0B6707FDB32938" box="[415,591,1861,1887]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Beaufort (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FD596707FC362938" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y." box="[717,970,1861,1887]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref142510" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. (2018 a) Phylogenetics and species delimitation of two Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria): Turritopsis (McCrady, 1857) and Pennaria (Goldfuss, 1820). Marine Biodiversity, [published online, no assigned volume or pages] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0891 - 8" type="book" year="2018">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FCAB6704FC8D2938" box="[831,881,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
: published online, no assigned pages).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FF03672BFECB29E4" box="[151,311,1897,1923]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sint Eustatius</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FEDC672BFDB629E4" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y." box="[328,586,1897,1923]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref142510" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. (2018 a) Phylogenetics and species delimitation of two Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria): Turritopsis (McCrady, 1857) and Pennaria (Goldfuss, 1820). Marine Biodiversity, [published online, no assigned volume or pages] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0891 - 8" type="book" year="2018">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FE286728FE1329E4" box="[444,495,1897,1923]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
: published online, no assigned pages).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FBB1672BFB6629E3" box="[1061,1178,1897,1924]" name="Honduras" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Honduras</collectingCountry>
: Caribbean coast (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FAE4672BFE8729C0" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref142510" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. (2018 a) Phylogenetics and species delimitation of two Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria): Turritopsis (McCrady, 1857) and Pennaria (Goldfuss, 1820). Marine Biodiversity, [published online, no assigned volume or pages] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0891 - 8" type="book" year="2018">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FF7D67CCFEE229C0" box="[233,286,1933,1959]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
: published online, no assigned pages).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FCF567CFFC6329C0" box="[865,927,1933,1959]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
(?): Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FBBD67CFFB7C29C0" box="[1065,1152,1933,1959]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FB0667CFFA6529C0" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y." box="[1170,1433,1933,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref142510" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. (2018 a) Phylogenetics and species delimitation of two Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria): Turritopsis (McCrady, 1857) and Pennaria (Goldfuss, 1820). Marine Biodiversity, [published online, no assigned volume or pages] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0891 - 8" type="book" year="2018">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FA9C67CCFAC129C0" box="[1288,1341,1933,1959]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
: published online, no assigned pages).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FDCE67F3FD4629AC" box="[602,698,1969,1995]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FD5067F3FC9329AC" box="[708,879,1969,1995]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FC2667F3FB5029AC" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y." box="[946,1196,1969,1995]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref142510" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Maggioni, D. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. (2018 a) Phylogenetics and species delimitation of two Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria): Turritopsis (McCrady, 1857) and Pennaria (Goldfuss, 1820). Marine Biodiversity, [published online, no assigned volume or pages] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0891 - 8" type="book" year="2018">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FBB767F0FBA829AC" box="[1059,1108,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2018a
</bibRefCitation>
: published online, no assigned pages).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFC5F149FEFA6797FE322988" box="[366,462,2005,2031]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panama</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFC5F149FE4D6797FD7A2988" box="[473,646,2005,2031]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Crawl Cay + Swan’s Cay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFC5F149FC686797FAC92988" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Piraino, S. &amp; Pruski, S. &amp; Alpizar Gonzalez, M. &amp; Castellanos-Iglesias, S. &amp; Jeronimo-Aguilar, S. &amp; Lawley, J. W. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Martell, L. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. &amp; Moncada, A. &amp; Nagale, P. &amp; Phongphattarawat, S. &amp; Sheridan, C. &amp; Soto Angel, J. J. &amp; Sukhoputova, A. &amp; Collin, R." box="[1020,1333,2005,2031]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="102 - 112" refId="ref142724" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Piraino, S., Pruski, S., Alpizar Gonzalez, M., Castellanos-Iglesias, S., Jeronimo-Aguilar, S., Lawley, J. W., Maggioni, D., Martell, L., Matsumoto, Y., Moncada, A., Nagale, P., Phongphattarawat, S., Sheridan, C., Soto Angel, J. J., Sukhoputova, A. &amp; Collin, R. (2018 b) An integrative identification guide to the Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Bocas del Toro, Panama. Neotropical Biodiversity, 4, 102 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 23766808.2018.1488656" type="journal article" year="2018">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFC5F149FBFA6794FB5C2988" box="[1134,1184,2005,2031]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2018b: 108
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>