treatments-xml/data/BD/33/96/BD339627FFD4FF83FF3E63CDFD8DB98C.xml

<document id="C3712F9FFEE3C4A24D9080C53A533F18" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.186122" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5c744375-dd52-4c55-a6c1-4c68e5d4ec7c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="186122" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461046248000" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wuelker, Wolfgang, Martin, Jon, Kiknadze, Iya I., Sublette, James E. &amp; Michiels, Susanne" docDate="2009" docId="BD339627FFD4FF83FF3E63CDFD8DB98C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02023p046.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2023" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chironomus bifurcatus Wuelker, Martin, Kiknadze, Sublette &amp; Michiels, 2009, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="410AEE5FFFDCFF8FFFA96745FFA5BC7E" masterDocTitle="Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="28" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698577133709" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2F0578729BF56A7404AD2266710DAF5B">Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DF2FCA686D4B87C9E598B43BEF28C529">Wuelker, Wolfgang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="872AD60BA5E5DA0B74BEC0924E2E21ED">Martin, Jon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2F56B4C70A499617434053BAF9B195BF">Kiknadze, Iya I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="462D2732E4FD8741707A49F690985246">Sublette, James E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1AF18B68FA44F182E5500A021A797E08">Michiels, Susanne</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="35252731FFD4FF87FF3E63CDFEDBB8DC" blockId="8.[151,382,1160,1186]" box="[151,382,1160,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="6E6D905DFFD4FF87FF3E63CDFEDBB8DC" bold="true" box="[151,382,1160,1186]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD4FF87FF3E63CDFEDBB8DC" bold="true" box="[151,382,1160,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD4FF87FF3E63CDFE90B8DC" ID-CoL="9HHRR" box="[151,309,1160,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD4FF87FF3E63CDFE90B8DC" bold="true" box="[151,309,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CDD4658FFD4FF87FE9563CDFEDBB8DC" box="[316,382,1160,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="35252731FFD4FF87FF3E638BFDAEB89A" blockId="8.[151,739,1229,1317]" box="[151,523,1229,1253]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD4FF87FF3E638BFEBFB89B" box="[151,282,1230,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD4FF87FF3E638BFEBFB89B" box="[151,282,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species a Martin 1979
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="35252731FFD4FF87FF3E63ABFDAEB95A" blockId="8.[151,739,1229,1317]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD4FF87FF3E63ABFEBFB97B" ID-CoL="9G2FV" box="[151,282,1262,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD4FF87FF3E63ABFEBFB97B" box="[151,282,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
decorus-group species 1 
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD4FF87FD8063A8FD46B97A" author="Butler" box="[553,739,1261,1285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" refString="Butler, M. G., Kiknadze, I. I., Cooper, J. K. &amp; Siirin, M. (1995) Cytologically identified Chironomus species from lakes in North Dakota and Minnesota, U. S. A. In Cranston, P. S. (Ed.), Chironomids: from Genes to Ecosystems. CSIRO Australia, pp. 31 - 37." type="book chapter" year="1995">
Butler 
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD4FF87FDDB63ABFD04B97B" box="[626,673,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD4FF87FF3E624BFEBFB95B" ID-CoL="9G2FV" box="[151,282,1294,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD4FF87FF3E624BFEBFB95B" box="[151,282,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species a 
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD4FF87FE2F6248FDAEB95A" author="Martin" box="[390,523,1293,1316]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" refString="Martin, J. (2008) North American cytospecies of the genus Chironomus. Available from https // www. genetics. unimelb. edu. au / Martin / NAcytfiles / NAchiron. html (accessed 22 December 2008)." type="journal article" year="2008">Martin 2008</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7D8074BAFFD4FF87FF3E6215FCC9BBAB" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="35252731FFD4FF87FF3E6215FE75B9EF" blockId="8.[151,1437,1360,2005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD4FF87FF3E6215FEEFB914" bold="true" box="[151,330,1360,1386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">
<typeStatus id="EA219993FFD4FF87FF3E6215FF77B914" box="[151,210,1360,1386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="EA219993FFD4FF87FEFD6215FE61B914" box="[340,452,1360,1386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<collectingCountry id="4D8D67A1FFD4FF87FE666215FDF7B914" box="[463,594,1360,1386]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">CANADA</collectingCountry>
: Lake Deschêne, near Ottawa, Ontario, egg mass #1 laid 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FB476215FAFCB914" box="[1262,1369,1360,1386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-09-21">21.IX.66</date>
, slide C0.39.2 18M JM, in 
<collectionCode id="538BBFF4FFD4FF87FE256232FE69B9EF" box="[396,460,1399,1425]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">ZSM</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD4FF87FF6C62D8FDAEBBD0" blockId="8.[151,1437,1360,2005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD4FF87FF6C62D8FDB4B9C9" bold="true" box="[197,529,1437,1463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">Other material examined.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="4D8D67A1FFD4FF87FDB362DBFDDDB9C6" box="[538,632,1438,1464]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">Canada</collectingCountry>
. Lake Deschéne, Ottawa, Carleton Co., Ontario, from egg masses, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FF3E6281FE9AB9A0" box="[151,319,1476,1502]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-10-22" valueMax="1966-10-23" valueMin="1966-10-22">22–23.X.1966</date>
(JM), 5 Sgc with larval heads; 10 imagines 1 (I with Pex, not assoc) 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FBDA6281FB36B9A0" box="[1139,1171,1476,1502]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">3 I</date>
male, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FB4D6281FAA1B9A0" box="[1252,1284,1476,1502]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">6 I</date>
female, 5LP female. Copanspin farm, Dunrobin, Carleton Co., Ontario, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FCE062AEFB8DBA7B" box="[841,1064,1515,1541]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-05-02" valueMax="1966-10-24" valueMin="1966-05-02">2.V and 24.X.1966</date>
(JM) 7 Sgc with larval heads, 2 LPI male, 1 LI female, 1 LI male, 1 P female. Edge of creek 1/ 
<quantity id="F2628AD4FFD4FF87FC3C6157FC41BA52" box="[917,996,1554,1580]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mile</quantity>
e. Dunrobin, Carleton Co., Ontario, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FF3E617DFEB9BA2C" box="[151,284,1592,1618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-04-25">25.IV.1966</date>
and 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FEF0617DFE7ABA2C" box="[345,479,1592,1618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1967-04-25">25.IV.1967</date>
(JM) 5 Sgc with larval head, 1 PI female, 1 LI male, 1 LPI female, 1 PI male. Rideau River, Carleton Co., Ontario, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FDCD611AFD5DBA07" box="[612,760,1631,1657]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-05" valueMax="1966-07-31" valueMin="1966-05-00">V–VII.1966</date>
(JM) 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FCED611AFCC3BA07" box="[836,870,1631,1657]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">2 I</date>
male, 2 LPI male, 1 LP male 1 PI male. Bear Creek, nr. Carlsbad Springs, Carleton Co., Ontario, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FD5F61C3FCDDBADE" box="[758,888,1670,1696]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-04-19">19.IV.1966</date>
(JM) 3 Sgc with larval head. Barrel drain near Squirrel Rapids, Algonquin Park, Nipissing Co., Ontario, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FCE161E9FC6BBAB8" box="[840,974,1708,1734]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-06-29">29.VI.1966</date>
(JM) 1 LPI male. Mile 14.3, Highway 60, Algonquin Park, Nipissing Co., Ontario, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FD156196FC92BA93" box="[700,823,1747,1773]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-06-01">1.VI.1966</date>
(JM) 3 Sgc with larval head, 1 LP male. Brewery Creek, Hull, Quebec, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FE3F61BFFD8ABB6A" box="[406,559,1786,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1970-08-24">24.VIII.1970</date>
(JM &amp; J. Mackie) 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FCA761BFFC8BBB6A" box="[782,814,1786,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">3 I</date>
male, 1P male, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FC4261BFFBAFBB6A" box="[1003,1034,1786,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">3 I</date>
female, 
<specimenCount id="239CECB8FFD4FF87FBD961BFFB73BB6A" box="[1136,1238,1786,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
Pex, 1 P female, 9 Pex, 44 Sgc with larval head. 
<collectingCountry id="4D8D67A1FFD4FF87FD9A6065FD2FBB44" box="[563,650,1824,1850]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
Lake Michigan, Epoufette, Michigan, from egg mass #1 laid 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FF3E6002FEB2BB1F" box="[151,279,1863,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-09-21">21.ix.1966</date>
, em. 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FEFC6002FE5CBB1F" box="[341,505,1863,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1966-10-17" valueMax="1966-10-26" valueMin="1966-10-17">17–26.x.1966</date>
, (J.M.) 4 Sgc with larval head, 2 PI male, 1 P male, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FBF26002FBDEBB1F" box="[1115,1147,1863,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">1 I</date>
female. Anderson Lake, Clearwater Co., Minnesota, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FE4B602BFDC3BBF6" box="[482,614,1902,1928]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1993-03-28">28.III.1993</date>
(
<collectionCode id="538BBFF4FFD4FF87FDDF602BFD19BBF6" box="[630,700,1902,1928]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/d3z2-v7v8" name="Museo de Geologia (del Seminario Diocesano) de Barcelona" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">MGB</collectionCode>
) 35 Sgc. Turtle Lake, Becker Co., Minnesota, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FB4B602BFA95BBF6" box="[1250,1328,1902,1928]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1974-01">I.1974</date>
, 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FA94602BFA3EBBF6" box="[1341,1435,1902,1928]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1974-03">III.1974</date>
and 
<date id="412401F1FFD4FF87FF6160D1FEEBBBD0" box="[200,334,1940,1966]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" value="1974-09-19">19.IX.1974</date>
(
<collectionCode id="538BBFF4FFD4FF87FEF460D1FE06BBD0" box="[349,419,1940,1966]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/d3z2-v7v8" name="Museo de Geologia (del Seminario Diocesano) de Barcelona" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">MGB</collectionCode>
) 39 Sgc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD4FF87FF6C60FEFCC9BBAB" blockId="8.[151,1437,1360,2005]" box="[197,876,1979,2005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">
Adult specimens are in the collections of 
<collectionCode id="538BBFF4FFD4FF87FD0360FEFD43BBAB" box="[682,742,1979,2005]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" pageId="8" pageNumber="36">CNC</collectionCode>
and UMN.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7D8074BAFFD5FF83FF6C67D2FD8DB98C" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="35252731FFD5FF86FF6C67D2FB59BCCC" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,990]" box="[197,1276,151,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FF6C67D2FEF4BCCF" bold="true" box="[197,337,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Etymology.</emphasis>
From the forked appearance of arm G in many polytene chromosome squashes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD5FF86FF6C67FBFC5EBDE4" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FF6C67FBFE7EBCA6" bold="true" box="[197,475,190,216]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Diagnostic characters.</emphasis>
This species is presently most accurately identified by the unique banding pattern of the polytene chromosomes. There are unique patterns in all of the chromosome arms, except for arm E. In arm C, one pattern is shared with 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FD986649FD67BD5B" box="[561,706,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FD986649FD67BD5B" box="[561,706,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but a second unique pattern also exists. It is not possible to specify a particular diagnostic sequence because specimens may have different combinations of the polymorphic sequences, but their should be one of the species specific sequences of Arms A (bifA1, 2, 3 or 4), B (bifB1 or 2), D (bifD1 or 2), F (bifF1 or 2) and the characteristic arm G.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD5FF86FF6F66E3FB05BF14" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
In Townes (1945), the male of this species keys to “ 
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FC8D66E2FC3DBDBE" box="[804,920,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FC8D66E2FC2DBDBE" box="[804,904,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tendipes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tendipes</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FC0466E2FBF4BDBE" box="[941,1105,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
= 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FC1466E2FBF4BDBE" box="[957,1105,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chironomus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FBC866E2FA3DBDBE" authority="Johannsen 1905" authorityName="Johannsen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1121,1432,422,448]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FBC866E2FB1BBDBE" box="[1121,1214,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">decorus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD5FF86FB6466E3FA2ABDBE" author="Johannsen" box="[1229,1423,422,448]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1905) Aquatic nematocerous midges. In Needham, I. G., Morton, K. I., Johannsen, O. A. (Eds.), Mayflies and Midges of New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 86, 76 - 327." type="journal article" year="1905">Johannsen 1905</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It can be differentiated from 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FE406688FDCCBD98" box="[489,617,461,486]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FE406688FDCCBD98" box="[489,617,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. decorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by that species having paler saddle-shaped fascia on terga II–V or VI (
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD5FF86FF3666B1FED7BE70" author="Johannsen" box="[159,370,500,526]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1905) Aquatic nematocerous midges. In Needham, I. G., Morton, K. I., Johannsen, O. A. (Eds.), Mayflies and Midges of New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 86, 76 - 327." type="journal article" year="1905">Johannsen, 1905</bibRefCitation>
), and with the superior volsella longer and paler and usually slightly widened near the middle. Townes’ Fig. 136A agrees most closely with Johannsen’s 
<typeStatus id="EA219993FFD5FF86FC15655FFC55BE4A" box="[956,1008,538,564]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
material, while 136B is apparently 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FF3E6504FDD5BE25" authority="Johannsen, 1918" authorityName="Johannsen" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,624,577,603]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maturus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FF3E6504FE3CBE24" box="[151,409,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Chironomus maturus</emphasis>
Johannsen, 1918
</taxonomicName>
and 136C is probably this new species; his Fig. 136D is possibly 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FF3E652DFD6DBEFC" authority="Sublette &amp; Sublette 1974" authorityName="Sublette &amp; Sublette" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,712,616,642]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="whitseli">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FF3E652DFE2BBEFF" box="[151,398,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Chironomus whitseli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD5FF86FE3F652DFD6DBEFC" author="Sublette" box="[406,712,616,642]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" refString="Sublette, J. E. &amp; Sublette, M. F. (1974) A review of the genus Chironomus (Diptera, Chironomidae). V. The maturus - complex. Studies in Natural Sciences (Portales, N. M.), 1 (8), 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="1974">Sublette &amp; Sublette 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The heavier gonostylus shown in his Fig. 136C agrees with the males here associated with this new species. The single male tentatively associated with 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FB4665CAFA25BED6" box="[1263,1408,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FB4665CAFA25BED6" box="[1263,1408,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is extremely similar but has a darker abdomen and the superior volsella is longer, more evenly tapered from the base and not as angled on the lateral margin (
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD5FF86FD0C6599FD4EBE88" box="[677,747,732,758]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox="[170,1405,188,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,156,1997]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Adult characters of C. blaylocki sp. n. (a, c) and C. bifurcatus sp. n. (b, d, e). a, b—tergal patterns; c, d—genitalia (left) and superior volsella (right); e—variation in superior volsella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186125/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
c); the phallopodemes of the two species, 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FB7A6599FACEBE8B" box="[1235,1387,732,757]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FB7A6599FACEBE8B" box="[1235,1387,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FF3E6447FE8EBF65" box="[151,299,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FF3E6447FE82BF65" box="[151,295,770,795]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">C. blaylocki</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
are distinct (
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD5FF86FE6A6447FDADBF62" box="[451,520,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox="[170,1405,188,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,156,1997]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Adult characters of C. blaylocki sp. n. (a, c) and C. bifurcatus sp. n. (b, d, e). a, b—tergal patterns; c, d—genitalia (left) and superior volsella (right); e—variation in superior volsella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186125/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
c, d). The abdominal colour pattern of 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FC626447FBC6BF65" box="[971,1123,770,795]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FC626447FBC6BF65" box="[971,1123,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD5FF86FBDA6447FB12BF62" box="[1139,1207,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox="[170,1405,188,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,156,1997]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Adult characters of C. blaylocki sp. n. (a, c) and C. bifurcatus sp. n. (b, d, e). a, b—tergal patterns; c, d—genitalia (left) and superior volsella (right); e—variation in superior volsella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186125/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
b) is very similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FF5B646CFE2EBF3C" box="[242,395,809,834]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FF5B646CFE2EBF3C" box="[242,395,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD5FF86FE34646CFE4DBF3D" box="[413,488,809,835]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox="[170,1405,188,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,156,1997]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Adult characters of C. blaylocki sp. n. (a, c) and C. bifurcatus sp. n. (b, d, e). a, b—tergal patterns; c, d—genitalia (left) and superior volsella (right); e—variation in superior volsella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186125/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
a) and C. 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FDCF646CFD69BF3C" box="[614,716,809,834]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maturus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FDCF646CFD69BF3C" box="[614,716,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">maturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD5FF86FD74646CFBD8BF3D" author="Sublette" box="[733,1149,809,835]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" refString="Sublette, J. E. &amp; Sublette, M. F. (1974) A review of the genus Chironomus (Diptera, Chironomidae). V. The maturus - complex. Studies in Natural Sciences (Portales, N. M.), 1 (8), 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="1974">
Sublette &amp; Sublette 1974, 
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD5FF86FB86646CFBD8BF3D" box="[1071,1149,809,835]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,260,1979,2003]" captionTargetBox="[416,1174,654,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[369,1218,629,1962]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Larval head characters of C. blaylocki sp. n. (a – c) and C. bifurcatus sp. n. (d). a, d—mentum and ventromentum, b—antenna, c—mandible." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186124/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
); however, the heavier gonostylus and the less strongly hooked superior volsella are distinctive for this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD5FF86FF6C6433FE47BFA0" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
Material is not available to definitively separate this species in the pupal stage from other member of the 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FF3E64D8FF5EBFC8" box="[151,251,925,950]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maturus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FF3E64D8FF5EBFC8" box="[151,251,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">maturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group. It is readily separated from 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FD1964D8FC90BFC8" box="[688,821,925,950]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FD1964D8FC90BFC8" box="[688,821,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. decorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by that species having secondary tubercles on the frontal apotome (
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD5FF86FEC86481FE02BFA0" box="[353,423,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,258,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,542,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,523,1921]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pupal characters of C. bifurcatus sp. n. (a, c, d) and C. decorus Johannsen (b). Frontal apotome of C. bifurcatus (a) compared to that of C. decorus (b) with its secondary tubercles. Caudolateral spurs with different numbers of apical spines (c, d)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186128/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
a, b).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD5FF86FF3E6348FED9B859" blockId="9.[151,1436,1037,1295]" box="[151,380,1037,1063]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FF3E6348FEB8B859" bold="true" box="[151,285,1037,1063]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Karyotype</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD5FF86FE856348FED6B859" box="[300,371,1037,1063]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,256,1969,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,186,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1039,1943]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus bifurcatus sp. n. * — heterozygous heterochromatic band in arm G. Limits of inversion A 4 are not able to be shown. Other symbols as Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186126/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD5FF86FF6F6371FC3CB8E5" blockId="9.[151,1436,1037,1295]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
Chromosome arm combination AB, CD, EF, G (thummi-cytocomplex). Terminal nucleolus in arm G, no nucleolus in long arms. There are normally three BRs, located in similar to positions to those of 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FAAF631EFA31B80A" box="[1286,1428,1115,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FAAF631EFA31B80A" box="[1286,1428,1115,1140]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Inversion polymorphism known in chromosome arms A, B and F.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD5FF86FF3E63EDFF4CB8BC" blockId="9.[151,1436,1037,1295]" box="[151,233,1192,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">Arm A</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD5FF86FF6F638BFBB4B971" blockId="9.[151,1436,1037,1295]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">There are four sequences of arm A in our samples. A2 and A3 differ from bifA1, by simple inversions, while A4 can be derived from A3 by a further simple inversion (see below).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD5FF86FF6F6191FB45BBA8" blockId="9.[151,1437,1748,2006]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">
There is a problem in the location of bands 4ab. The incomplete appearance of group 
<quantity id="F2628AD4FFD5FF86FB126191FB4DBA90" box="[1211,1256,1748,1774]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
the Palaearctic decorus-group species 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FE0D61BEFDE1BB6A" box="[420,580,1787,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FE0D61BEFDE1BB6A" box="[420,580,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was regarded by 
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD5FF86FCBC61BFFC38BB6A" author="Keyl" box="[789,925,1786,1812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" refString="Keyl, H. G. (1961) Chromosomenevolution bei Chironomus. I. Strukturabwandlungen in Speicheldrusen-Chromosomen." type="book" year="1961">Keyl (1961</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD5FF86FC0361BFFC43BB6A" author="Keyl" box="[938,998,1786,1812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" refString="Keyl, H. G. (1962) Chromosomenevolution bei Chironomus. II. Chromosomenumbauten und phylogenetische Beziehungen der Arten. Chromosoma, 13, 464 - 514." type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
) as due to structural modification. In contrast, we see bands 4ab transported to another site on the arm. However, this may be due to an independent origin of the arm A banding patterns of 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FDC7600DFCABBB1F" box="[622,782,1864,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FDC7600DFCABBB1F" box="[622,782,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FCE1600DFC44BB1F" box="[840,993,1864,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FCE1600DFC44BB1F" box="[840,993,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as outlined below. It is very difficult to derive the 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FE91602AFE70BBF6" box="[312,469,1903,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FE91602AFE70BBF6" box="[312,469,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
patterns from the basic arm A pattern, e.g. in 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FBA3602AFA9EBBF7" authority="Keyl, 1961" authorityName="Keyl" authorityYear="1961" box="[1034,1339,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holomelas">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FBA3602AFB0FBBF6" box="[1034,1194,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. holomelas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD5FF86FB1B602AFA9EBBF7" author="Keyl" box="[1202,1339,1903,1929]" pageId="9" pageNumber="45" refString="Keyl, H. G. (1961) Chromosomenevolution bei Chironomus. I. Strukturabwandlungen in Speicheldrusen-Chromosomen." type="book" year="1961">Keyl, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but the bifA2 pattern can be obtained via 11 simple inversions (see below). This scheme indicates that bifA2 is derived by a separate set of inversion steps to those leading to 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FCDA60F9FBB6BBAB" box="[883,1043,1980,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FCDA60F9FBB6BBAB" box="[883,1043,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD5FF86FBE560F9FB7CBBAB" box="[1100,1241,1980,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD5FF86FBE560F9FB7CBBAB" box="[1100,1241,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="37">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="61E577B9FFD6FF85FF3E60F4FC02BB95" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186126/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[151,1434,186,1932]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="35252731FFD6FF85FF3E60F4FC02BB95" blockId="10.[151,1437,1969,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD6FF85FF3E60F4FEB1BBB7" bold="true" box="[151,276,1969,1993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. Polytene chromosomes of 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD6FF85FDEA60F4FC9EBBB6" box="[579,827,1969,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD6FF85FDEA60F4FC9EBBB6" box="[579,827,1969,1992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="38">Chironomus bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CDD4658FFD6FF85FCEA60F4FCDBBBB6" box="[835,894,1969,1992]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
*—heterozygous heterochromatic band in arm G. Limits of inversion A4 are not able to be shown. Other symbols as Fig. 1.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD7FF84FF6F67DDFF46BC81" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,255]" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">
Some of the intermediate steps may eventually be found in the arm A patterns of other uncharacterised species of the decorus-group, e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD7FF84FD9367FAFD1BBCA6" box="[570,702,191,216]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD7FF84FD9367FAFD1BBCA6" box="[570,702,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">C. decorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R&amp;F (
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD7FF84FCBA67FBFB9FBCA6" author="Rothfels" box="[787,1082,190,216]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refString="Rothfels, K. H. &amp; Fairlie, T. W. (1957) The non-random distribution of inversion breaks in the midge Tendipes decorus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 221 - 263." type="journal article" year="1957">Rothfels &amp; Fairlie 1957</bibRefCitation>
) or 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD7FF84FBC467FAFF7ABC81" authority="Martin et al. 1979" authorityName="Martin et al." authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD7FF84FBC467FAFB54BCA6" box="[1133,1265,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">C. decorus</emphasis>
(Martin 
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD7FF84FAF767FAFA30BCA6" box="[1374,1429,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
. 1979)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD7FF84FF3E6677FF4DBD32" blockId="11.[151,1436,306,448]" box="[151,232,306,332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">Arm B</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD7FF84FF6F661CFBECBDBE" blockId="11.[151,1436,306,448]" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">
B1 with BR (group 7) in the middle of the arm, which in B2 is transported to a more distal position. The bands distal to the BR in B1 are not group 8, as in blaB1 of 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD7FF84FCF366C5FC4DBDE7" box="[858,1000,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD7FF84FCF366C5FC4DBDE7" box="[858,1000,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but rather the bands proximal to the BR of blaB1. Group 
<date id="412401F1FFD7FF84FE2566E3FE70BDBE" box="[396,469,422,448]" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">8 may</date>
be more distally located in the 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD7FF84FCEC66E2FC78BDBE" box="[837,989,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD7FF84FCEC66E2FC78BDBE" box="[837,989,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
patterns.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD7FF84FF3E66B1FF4DBE70" blockId="11.[151,1436,500,642]" box="[151,232,500,526]" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">Arm C</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD7FF84FF6F655FFD47BEFC" blockId="11.[151,1436,500,642]" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">
Two patterns are present in arm C. The common C1 has the same sequence, and consequently the same relationship to the common pattern, as in blaC1. The second sequence, C2, is known only as the heterozygote, and differs from C1 by the simple inversion 
<date id="412401F1FFD7FF84FD36652DFD47BEFC" box="[671,738,616,642]" pageId="11" pageNumber="39" value="1915-01-04">4i–15</date>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD7FF84FF3E6498FF53B83A" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">
<table id="479AD591FFD70070FF3E6498FA39B83A" box="[151,1436,989,1092]" gridcols="14" gridrows="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">
<tr id="8BAA2573FFD70070FF3E6498FA39BF89" box="[151,1436,989,1015]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="39" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FF3E6498FEAFBF89" box="[151,266,989,1015]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">Arm D</th>
</tr>
<tr id="8BAA2573FFD70070FF3E6341FA39B860" box="[151,1436,1028,1054]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">
<th id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FF3E6341FEAFB860" box="[151,266,1028,1054]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">There</th>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FEB86341FEC2B860" box="[273,359,1028,1054]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">are two</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FEC76341FE6EB860" box="[366,459,1028,1054]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">patterns</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FE7B6341FE4FB860" box="[466,490,1028,1054]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">of</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FE586341FD9FB860" box="[497,570,1028,1054]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">arm D</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FDE86341FD20B860" box="[577,645,1028,1054]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">found</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FD256341FD75B860" box="[652,720,1028,1054]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">in our</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FD7E6341FC94B860" box="[727,817,1028,1054]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">sample,</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FC916341FCDAB860" box="[824,895,1028,1054]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">which</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FC2F6341FBA3B860" box="[902,1030,1028,1054]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">differ from</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FBA46341FB20B860" box="[1037,1157,1028,1054]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">each other</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FB256341FB0CB860" box="[1164,1193,1028,1054]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">by</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FB196341FA8DB860" box="[1200,1320,1028,1054]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">the simple</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FA866341FA39B860" box="[1327,1436,1028,1054]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">inversion</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BAA2573FFD70070FF3E636FFA39B83A" box="[151,1436,1066,1092]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="39" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="C87B4C0FFFD70070FF3E636FFEAFB83A" box="[151,266,1066,1092]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="39">18d–10.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD0FF83FF6F67DDFBC0BC81" blockId="12.[151,1436,152,255]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
The pattern of bifD1 can be derived from the common pattern of arm D by five inversion steps. It can also be derived from the pattern of 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD0FF83FD1E67FAFCB2BCA6" box="[695,791,191,216]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piger">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD0FF83FD1E67FAFCB2BCA6" box="[695,791,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">C. piger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this requires six inversion steps. Neither mode of derivation shows any common intermediate sequence with the derivation of blaD1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD0FF83FF3E666BFD2BBDE8" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<table id="479AD591FFD00070FF3E666BFB48BDE8" box="[151,1261,302,406]" gridcols="9" gridrows="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<tr id="8BAA2573FFD00070FF3E666BFB48BD36" box="[151,1261,302,328]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FF3E666BFD0DBD36" box="[151,680,302,328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Arm E</th>
</tr>
<tr id="8BAA2573FFD00070FF3E6610FB48BD11" box="[151,1261,341,367]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<th id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FF3E6610FD0DBD11" box="[151,680,341,367]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">The single pattern in this arm is the basic</th>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FD066610FCA5BD11" box="[687,768,341,367]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">pattern</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FCA16610FC85BD11" box="[776,800,341,367]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">as</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FC816610FCC9BD11" box="[808,876,341,367]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">found</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FCDA6610FC2FBD11" box="[883,906,341,367]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">in</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FC3B6610FC08BD11" box="[914,941,341,367]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD0FF83FC3B6610FC08BD10" box="[914,941,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">C.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FC1D6610FB83BD11" box="[948,1062,341,367]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD0FF83FC1D6610FB83BD10" authority="(Wuelker 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Wuelker" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[948,1062,341,366]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aberratus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD0FF83FC1D6610FB83BD10" box="[948,1062,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">aberratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FB846610FB3FBD11" box="[1069,1178,341,367]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">(Wuelker</td>
<td id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FB086610FB48BD11" box="[1185,1261,341,367]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">1980).</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8BAA2573FFD00070FF3E6639FB48BDE8" box="[151,1261,380,406]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="C87B4C0FFFD00070FF3E6639FD0DBDE8" box="[151,680,380,406]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
bifE1 1–3e 5–10b 4–3f 10c–13 = 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD0FF83FD8A6639FD2BBDE8" box="[547,654,380,406]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aberratus">aberratus</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD0FF83FF3E6680FD6FBFAA" blockId="12.[151,228,453,479]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,838,980]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
Arm F The simplest explanation for the banding pattern in arm F is that it is derived from the F1 pattern of 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD0FF83FA286402FEA1BFF8" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD0FF83FA286402FEA1BFF8" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
via a hypothetical intermediate with the simple inversion 6–17. A further three break inversion of this intermediate gives the pattern of bifF1. A second sequence, bifF2, is known only from a single heterozygote and has approximate limits 14–19.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD0FF83FF3E634DFF4CB85C" blockId="12.[151,1437,1032,1522]" box="[151,233,1032,1058]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Arm G</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD0FF83FF6F636BFCBCB8C2" blockId="12.[151,1437,1032,1522]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
Long and stretched, generally partly unpaired like a fork (species name), but may be completely unpaired, possibly due to inversion heterozygosity. There is a virtually terminal nucleolus at the unpaired end, with a nearby BR as in 
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD0FF83FECA6339FE53B8EB" box="[355,502,1148,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD0FF83FECA6339FE53B8EB" box="[355,502,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and another BR near middle of arm. There is considerable variability in the degree of puffing of the BRs with developmental stage
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD0FF83FF6F638CFD8DB98C" blockId="12.[151,1437,1032,1522]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">
Inversion polymorphism: In our material polymorphism occurs in arms A, B, C and D, but there is a low frequency of polymorphism for heterochromatin near the nucleolus (
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD0FF83FC1163B5FC58B974" box="[952,1021,1264,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1925,1949]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,846,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,846,1898]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. a—Arm B of C. blaylocki sp. n. heterozygous for B 1.2. The relative position of band groups 7 and 8 in the two homologs is marked. b—Arm G of a mid-Western larvae of C. bifurcatus sp. n. showing strong heterochromatin near the nucleolus, and also the presence of B-chromosomes (Bch). Other symbols as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186127/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
b) and also medially (
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD0FF83FB5263B5FAE4B974" box="[1275,1345,1264,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,256,1969,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,186,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1039,1943]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus bifurcatus sp. n. * — heterozygous heterochromatic band in arm G. Limits of inversion A 4 are not able to be shown. Other symbols as Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186126/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) in arm G. 
<collectingCountry id="4D8D67A1FFD0FF83FF126253FF7BB94E" box="[187,222,1302,1328]" name="American Samoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">As</collectingCountry>
well, there can be supernumerary chromosomes in mid-Western populations (
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFD0FF83FB626253FABCB94E" box="[1227,1305,1302,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1925,1949]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,846,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,846,1898]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. a—Arm B of C. blaylocki sp. n. heterozygous for B 1.2. The relative position of band groups 7 and 8 in the two homologs is marked. b—Arm G of a mid-Western larvae of C. bifurcatus sp. n. showing strong heterochromatin near the nucleolus, and also the presence of B-chromosomes (Bch). Other symbols as in Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186127/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="40">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
b). Arm A polymorphisms are widespread, with both A1 and A3 common in different populations, while A2 is less frequent. In the largest sample, South March, Ontario, the frequencies are A1 = 46.4%, A2 = 13.1%, A3 = 40.4%. Both sequences of arm B are common in Ontario populations (67.6% B1, 32.4% B2 at South March), but B2 is rare in the mid-Western samples. C2 and D1 occur at low frequency in both Ontario and the mid- West (both 1.2% at South March).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>