1141 lines
99 KiB
XML
1141 lines
99 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2eb5177-fc18-4b85-a201-bbdcbda78e4e" ID-PMC="PMC8648708" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1073-21" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9127D90EBD9250A7A847918290720077" ID-PubMed="34949950" ID-ZooBank="A991F9BF945B449191236222298863EA" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1073-21" checkinTime="1638245637045" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Tarasova, Tatiana, Tishechkin, Dmitry & Vedenina, Varvara" docDate="2021" docId="E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1073: 21-53" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1073" docPubDate="2021-11-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539" docTitle="Chorthippus miramae" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="9127D90EBD9250A7A847918290720077" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="9127D90EBD9250A7A847918290720077" masterDocTitle="Songs and morphology in three species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae) in Russia and adjacent countries" masterLastPageNumber="53" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1668151177282" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Songs and morphology in three species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae) in Russia and adjacent countries</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Tarasova, Tatiana</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7956-9333</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Tishechkin, Dmitry</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234 Russia</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Vedenina, Varvara</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2694-4152</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">vvedenina@googlemail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2021-11-29</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>1073</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>21</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>53</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1073-21</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A991F9BF945B449191236222298863EA</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">9127D90EBD9250A7A847918290720077</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="results">
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="190874620" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="E12C84A5-C31F-58C5-AF46-1C78B5A7213B" authority="(Vorontsovsky)" baseAuthorityName="Vorontsovsky" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">Chorthippus miramae (Vorontsovsky)</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Voroncovskij" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Stauroderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stauroderus miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">Stauroderus miramae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Vorontsovsky, 1928a: 12.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Stauroderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stauroderus mollis subsp. porphyroptera" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mollis" subSpecies="porphyroptera">Stauroderus mollis porphyroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
Vorontsovsky, 1928b: 31, 34.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Voroncovskij" baseAuthorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus porphyropterus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="porphyropterus">Chorthippus porphyropterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Vorontsovsky, 1928): Benediktov, 1999: 42.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1985-08-14" collectingDateMax="2018-06-29" collectingDateMin="1985-08-14" collectorName="V. Vedenina, L. Shestakov, D. Tishechkin, Caucasus, N., M. Bukhvalova, N. Sevastianov, S. Byzov" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" location="Gelendzhik district" municipality="Gelendzhik" specimenCount="160" specimenCount-female="38" specimenCount-male="122" stateProvince="Ossetia">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
: 29
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCounty>Krasnodarsky</collectingCounty>
|
||
kray, environs of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Gelendzhik</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2011-10-06">06.X.2011</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">8 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>V. Vedenina</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>L. Shestakov</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">30</emphasis>
|
||
Krasnodarsky kray,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:369A3DB495B8530A9FA1B57B3A4D9DBD" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Gelendzhik district" stateProvince="Ossetia">Gelendzhik district</location>
|
||
, environs of Aderbievka,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1997-07-07">07.VII.1997</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">8 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">8 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>D. Tishechkin</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">4 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">31</emphasis>
|
||
Krasnodarsky kray,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:0C342459E899B821484E8F64901C5D82" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Gelendzhik district" stateProvince="Ossetia">Gelendzhik district</location>
|
||
, environs of Praskoveevka;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1997-07-12">12.VII.1997</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>D. Tishechkin</collectorName>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">36</emphasis>
|
||
N.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
<collectorName>Caucasus, N.</collectorName>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="North Ossetia">Ossetia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, environs of Alagir,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:D9303F6B5E6573EBB3F4F28719B53286" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Ardon river" stateProvince="Ossetia">Ardon river</location>
|
||
floodplain,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1990-08-09">09.VIII.1990</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>M. Bukhvalova</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">37</emphasis>
|
||
N.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
<collectorName>Caucasus, N.</collectorName>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="North Ossetia">Ossetia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Sunzhensky range, environs of Elkhotovo,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1990-08-10" valueMax="1990-08-12" valueMin="1990-08-10">10-12.VIII.1990</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>M. Bukhvalova</collectorName>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">38</emphasis>
|
||
N.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
<collectorName>Caucasus, N.</collectorName>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="North Ossetia">Ossetia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Sunzhensky range, environs of
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:8BA866102468AD495EFB9A6DF5DE12A3" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Bekan lake" stateProvince="Ossetia">Bekan lake</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1985-08-14">14.VIII.1985</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>D. Tishechkin</collectorName>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">47</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Orenburg">Orenburg region</collectingRegion>
|
||
, environs of Studentzy,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2012-07-14">14.VII.2012</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>V. Vedenina</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>L. Shestakov</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(CV);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">48</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Orenburg">Orenburg region</collectingRegion>
|
||
, environs of Guberlya railway station,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1996-07-07" valueMax="1996-07-09" valueMin="1996-07-07">07-09.VII.1996</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">37 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">13 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>D. Tishechkin</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU),
|
||
<collectingDate value="2018-06-29">29.VI.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>V. Vedenina</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>N. Sevastianov</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(CV);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">69</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Altay">Altai Republic</collectingRegion>
|
||
, ab.
|
||
<locationDeviation location="Ongudai">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" unit="km" value="26.0">26 km</quantity>
|
||
SE of Ongudai
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
, environs of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kupchegen’">Kupchegen'</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2017-08-08">08.VIII.2017</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>V. Vedenina</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>N. Sevastianov</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">70</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Tyva">Tyva republic</collectingRegion>
|
||
, environs of Erzin,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:AA2E2D323FD16C54926320C0BE189A95" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Tore-Kchan' lake" stateProvince="Ossetia">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tore-Kchan’">Tore-Kchan'</normalizedToken>
|
||
lake
|
||
</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1989-07-31">31.VII.1989</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>S. Byzov</collectorName>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">71</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Tyva">Tyva republic</collectingRegion>
|
||
, environs of Erzin,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:9F4CA77B85A29A65EBC06506C7708133" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Erzin river" stateProvince="Ossetia">Erzin river</location>
|
||
floodplain,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1989-07-20" valueMax="1989-08-06" valueMin="1989-07-20">20.VII-06.VIII.1989</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>M. Bukhvalova</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">72</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Tyva">Tyva republic</collectingRegion>
|
||
, environs of Erzin,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:A56DEFC91FE2F4A32108A7636F208DAF" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Tes-Kchem river" stateProvince="Ossetia">Tes-Kchem river</location>
|
||
floodplain,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1989-08-03" valueMax="1989-08-06" valueMin="1989-08-03">03-06.VIII.1989</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>M. Bukhvalova</collectorName>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">73</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Irkutsk">Irkutsk region</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:63E05308E9F43F6D9EDBD39AADE32EA5" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Nizhneudinsk district" stateProvince="Ossetia">Nizhneudinsk district</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:ABF58F951645AC37A224EEE5990266E6" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Uk river" stateProvince="Ossetia">Uk river</location>
|
||
estuary, confluence with Uda,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2003-07-02">02.VII.2003</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>D. Tishechkin</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">74</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Buryatiya">Buryatia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:9B7F598BEFC2DEAB6828A8619C5EB43D" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Selenginsk district" stateProvince="Ossetia">Selenginsk district</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
N from Novoselenginsk,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:B81F24B221BC512E026EB10A1517DB96" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Selenga river" stateProvince="Ossetia">Selenga river</location>
|
||
valley,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2007-07-07">07.VII.2007</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>D. Tishechkin</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">76</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Buryatiya">Buryatia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:5D351DD9C1330413460DBDA78894254B" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Zaigrayevo district" stateProvince="Ossetia">Zaigrayevo district</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation location="Onokhoy">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
Onokhoy
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:145B3EDE5AAB661B304DEA0DFFF18B8B" country="Russia" county="Krasnodarsky" municipality="Gelendzhik" name="Bryanka river" stateProvince="Ossetia">Bryanka river</location>
|
||
valley,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2007-07-21">21.VII.2007</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>D. Tishechkin</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1938-08-04" collectingDateMax="2019-07-11" collectingDateMin="1938-08-04" collectorName="V. Vedenina, N. Sevastianov, Derevitskaya, Pokrovskyi, A. Formozov, Vedenina, N, T. Tarasova, Ingenitskyi" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" location="Kostanay region" municipality="Kamenka" specimenCount="64" specimenCount-female="8" specimenCount-male="56">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">46</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCounty>West-Kazakhstan region</collectingCounty>
|
||
, ab.
|
||
<locationDeviation location="Ural'sk">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
|
||
W of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ural’sk">Ural'sk</normalizedToken>
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
, environs of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Kamenka</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2018-06-23">23.VI.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>V. Vedenina</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>N. Sevastianov</collectorName>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">50</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:EA1A6E5F31A329FB44E432E306B72C2D" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Kostanay region">Kostanay region</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:7661EE00CB6C49F4513F62E6CCF916C5" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Naurzum nature reserve">Naurzum nature reserve</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1938-08-04" valueMax="1938-08-11" valueMin="1938-08-04">04-11.VIII.1938</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">13 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">6 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>Derevitskaya</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1939-08-11" valueMax="1939-09-25" valueMin="1939-08-11">11.VIII-25.IX.1939</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
leg.
|
||
<collectorName>Pokrovskyi</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1947-07-24">24.VII.1947</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<collectorName>A. Formozov</collectorName>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">52</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:172400CB1B46A73FAEF194B0EE598E4E" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Akmola region">Akmola region</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:CB407A66135E5057412D91524DB7956B" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Tselinograd district">Tselinograd district</location>
|
||
, ab.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
SWW from Zhaynak,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2019-07-09">09.VII.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>
|
||
V.
|
||
<collectorName>Vedenina, N</collectorName>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
. Sevastianov &
|
||
<collectorName>T. Tarasova</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(CV);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">55</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:04E0BBEF14F3107AFE10634D8FECAFEA" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Akmola region">Akmola region</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:78C7BCDDB99C9ECD83EA2CBA25267E7C" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Arshaly district">Arshaly district</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation location="Vishnevka">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
|
||
N Vishnevka
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:8386FF9704EC665D342A30D74782150A" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Ishym river">Ishym river</location>
|
||
floodplain,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2019-07-11">11.VII.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>
|
||
V.
|
||
<collectorName>Vedenina, N</collectorName>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
. Sevastianov &
|
||
<collectorName>T. Tarasova</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(CV);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">56</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:98C5A42617E18ECB8E0443DF71399AED" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Akmola region">Akmola region</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:9F413C9E37D8E0C49531191CC8E3AB7F" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Jerementau district">Jerementau district</location>
|
||
, 4.5 km NE from Baysary,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2019-07-03">03.VII.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>
|
||
V.
|
||
<collectorName>Vedenina, N</collectorName>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
. Sevastianov &
|
||
<collectorName>T. Tarasova</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(CV);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">59</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:0214902EEADCEC8B1B61C482B6A72CA8" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Pavlodar region">Pavlodar region</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:9E6B1AF713957C41C54D3A5E4162E871" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Ekibastuz district">Ekibastuz district</location>
|
||
, ab.
|
||
<locationDeviation location="Schidert">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
W of Schidert
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2019-07-04">04.VII.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">6 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>
|
||
V.
|
||
<collectorName>Vedenina, N</collectorName>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
. Sevastianov &
|
||
<collectorName>T. Tarasova</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(ZMMU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">60</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:8ACBD212573CD6AB9E76A4D1F71625D0" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Pavlodar region">Pavlodar region</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:03738474B03BAA9A00F30C2C002AC413" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Zhelezinsky district">Zhelezinsky district</location>
|
||
, near Pyatiryzhsk, 22.VII
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
leg.
|
||
<collectorName>Ingenitskyi</collectorName>
|
||
(ZMMU),
|
||
<collectingDate value="2019-07-05">05.VII.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>
|
||
V.
|
||
<collectorName>Vedenina, N</collectorName>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
. Sevastianov &
|
||
<collectorName>T. Tarasova</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(CV);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">61</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:8D931A7DE07BA64A80F30C679150FBB6" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Pavlodar region">Pavlodar region</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:A15CF7797E71C13F6DD027473C17DE90" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Terenkol' district">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Terenkol’">Terenkol'</normalizedToken>
|
||
district
|
||
</location>
|
||
, bank of the
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E12C84A5C31F58C5AF461C78B5A7213B:E11DD95B98751A9354C3AFE2A27E0080" country="Kazakhstan" county="West-Kazakhstan region" municipality="Kamenka" name="Irtysh river">Irtysh river</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2019-07-05">05.VII.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">6 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName>
|
||
V.
|
||
<collectorName>Vedenina, N</collectorName>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
. Sevastianov &
|
||
<collectorName>T. Tarasova</collectorName>
|
||
, song recordings in
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(CV)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Map of localities where the specimens of Chorthippus brunneus (green triangles), C. maritimus (red squares) and C. miramae (blue circles) were collected. The localities with song recordings are numbered and marked by filled icons." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615523" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The range of this species stretches in the form of a ribbon from the Black Sea coast eastwards to Transbaikalia.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in Krasnodarsky krai and Caucasus, Orenburg region, northern Kazakhstan, Altai, Tyva, Irkutsk region and Transbaikalia. The ranges of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlap in the south-eastern part of European Russia and in surroundings of Baikal Lake.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="recognition">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Recognition.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological measurements in three species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group. For each character, mean, standard deviation, min and max are shown. Abbreviations in brackets see in Fig. 2." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/37882DC67673214430803FBD3A1452CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="37882DC67673214430803FBD3A1452CE">1</tableCitation>
|
||
, Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphology of fore wing and hind leg in Chorthippus miramae (Vorontsovsky) from Orenburg region A fore wing with complete venation B fore wing with main veins; C hind leg. The measured morphological characters are indicated with arrows and brackets." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615524" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Morphological differences between Chorthippus brunneus (green dots), C. maritimus (red dots), and C. miramae (blue dots). A, B length of stridulatory file vs. distance from the last stridulatory peg to the tip of knee in males (A) and females (B) C, D results of Principal Component Analysis based on 6 characters are shown for PC 1 and PC 2 in males (C) and females (D) E loadings of different characters to PC 1 and PC 2." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615525" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from most species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus biguttulus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttulus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus biguttulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group by remarkably long stridulatory file (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphology of fore wing and hind leg in Chorthippus miramae (Vorontsovsky) from Orenburg region A fore wing with complete venation B fore wing with main veins; C hind leg. The measured morphological characters are indicated with arrows and brackets." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615524" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). This feature was previously shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Benediktov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="41 - 45" refId="B1" refString="Benediktov, AA, 1999. Little-known taxa of grasshoppers of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae). Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin 54 (1): 41 - 45" title="Little-known taxa of grasshoppers of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae)." volume="54" year="1999">Benediktov (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who described the last distal stridulatory peg to be situated at least at a level of the second tibial spine when tibia is attached to femur. Within the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus biguttulus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttulus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus biguttulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, a similarly long file is only shown in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. biguttulus subsp. euhedickei" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="biguttulus" subSpecies="euhedickei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. biguttulus euhedickei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
von Helversen, 1989, that occurs in the southern Balkans and Anatolia and in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maroccanus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maroccanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maroccanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nadig, 1986, that occurs in North Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938800770611" author="Ragge, DR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="897 - 929" refId="B35" refString="Ragge, DR, Reynolds, WJ, 1988. The songs and taxonomy of the grasshoppers of the Chorthippus biguttulus group in the Iberian Peninsula (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Journal of Natural History 22: 897 - 929, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938800770611" title="The songs and taxonomy of the grasshoppers of the Chorthippus biguttulus group in the Iberian Peninsula (Orthoptera: Acrididae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938800770611" volume="22" year="1988">Ragge and Reynolds 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Willemse, F" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="319 - 507" refId="B53" refString="Willemse, F, von Helversen, O, Ode, B, 2009. A review of Chorthippus species with angled pronotal lateral keels from Greece with special reference to transitional populations between some Peloponnesean taxa (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Zoologische Mededelingen 83 (2): 319 - 507" title="A review of Chorthippus species with angled pronotal lateral keels from Greece with special reference to transitional populations between some Peloponnesean taxa (Orthoptera, Acrididae)." volume="83" year="2009">Willemse et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The latter two taxa, however, are quite different from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in other morphological characters and songs. In other species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus biguttulus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttulus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus biguttulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, the length of stridulatory file is noticeably shorter, and the last distal stridulatory peg is situated at least at the level of the 4th tibial spine when the legs are bent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Benediktov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" pagination="41 - 45" refId="B1" refString="Benediktov, AA, 1999. Little-known taxa of grasshoppers of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae). Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin 54 (1): 41 - 45" title="Little-known taxa of grasshoppers of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae)." volume="54" year="1999">Benediktov 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Notably, in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the number of stridulatory pegs is only slightly higher than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="can’t">can't</normalizedToken>
|
||
be considered as a good character.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to have the longest distance between stigma and the wing tip, and the broadest width of C & Sc areas in comparison to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The PCA based on 6 morphological characters shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents a separate cluster from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is stronger in males than in females (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Morphological differences between Chorthippus brunneus (green dots), C. maritimus (red dots), and C. miramae (blue dots). A, B length of stridulatory file vs. distance from the last stridulatory peg to the tip of knee in males (A) and females (B) C, D results of Principal Component Analysis based on 6 characters are shown for PC 1 and PC 2 in males (C) and females (D) E loadings of different characters to PC 1 and PC 2." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615525" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">3C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological measurements in three species of the Chorthippus biguttulus group. For each character, mean, standard deviation, min and max are shown. Abbreviations in brackets see in Fig. 2." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/37882DC67673214430803FBD3A1452CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="37882DC67673214430803FBD3A1452CE">1</tableCitation>
|
||
, Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphology of fore wing and hind leg in Chorthippus miramae (Vorontsovsky) from Orenburg region A fore wing with complete venation B fore wing with main veins; C hind leg. The measured morphological characters are indicated with arrows and brackets." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615524" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Morphological differences between Chorthippus brunneus (green dots), C. maritimus (red dots), and C. miramae (blue dots). A, B length of stridulatory file vs. distance from the last stridulatory peg to the tip of knee in males (A) and females (B) C, D results of Principal Component Analysis based on 6 characters are shown for PC 1 and PC 2 in males (C) and females (D) E loadings of different characters to PC 1 and PC 2." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615525" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The head structure as in genus. Ratio length of vertical diameter of eye to maximum length of foveolae 3.2-3.6 in ♂, 2.8-3.2 in ♀; ratio minimum interocular distance to length of subocular groove 0.6-0.8 in ♂, 0.7-1.0 in ♀. Antennae filiform. Median carina distinct and continuous. Prozona slightly shorter than metazona. Lateral pronotal keels distinctly incurved, ratio minimum to maximum widths 2.1-2.6 in ♂, 2.4-2.6 in ♀. Tympanal aperture 2.8-3.3 times in ♂, 2.8-3.4 in ♀ as long as broad. Fore and hind wings well developed in both sexes, wings far surpassing the apices of the hind knee. Width of costal area of fore wing reaches its maximum in the middle or in the last third part (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphology of fore wing and hind leg in Chorthippus miramae (Vorontsovsky) from Orenburg region A fore wing with complete venation B fore wing with main veins; C hind leg. The measured morphological characters are indicated with arrows and brackets." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615524" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Width of subcostal area 0.3-0.35 mm in ♂, 0.2-0.23 mm in ♀ (measured along the line of maximal width of costal area). Ratio width of fore wing to width of C & Sc areas 3.0-3.2 in ♂, 4.3-4.5 in ♀. Length of apical constriction (distance from C and Sc confluence to the wing tip) is a quarter of the wing length. Ratio length between stigma center and the wing tip to the wing length 2.1-2.8 in ♂, 1.8-1.9 in ♀. Hind femur gracile, ratio femur length to maximum width 4.5-4.9 in ♂, 4.6-4.9 in ♀. Stridulatory file remarkably long in both sexes: distance between the last peg and the knee tip 2-2.7 times in ♂, 1.7-2.4 in ♀ as large as length of stridulatory file. In males, stridulatory pegs form one row and have different density along the file (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphology of fore wing and hind leg in Chorthippus miramae (Vorontsovsky) from Orenburg region A fore wing with complete venation B fore wing with main veins; C hind leg. The measured morphological characters are indicated with arrows and brackets." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615524" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most proximal part of stridulatory file starts with several rare and dispersed pegs that are followed by more densely disposed pegs. The second part of stridulatory file more prolonged, consisting of more rare pegs with stable inter-peg intervals. In the third, most distal part the peg density decreases proportionally to the length of stridulatory file, and the pegs often do not lay in one raw. In females, stridulatory pegs arranged in one row and distributed rarer than in males. The peg density decreases from the proximal towards the distal parts. The number of stridulatory pegs 118-182 in ♂, 98-157 in ♀. Body coloration similar to coloration of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Measurements in mm. Body length: 14-18 in ♂, 18-24 in ♀, pronotum length: 2.9-3.3 in ♂, 3.8-4.4 in ♀, fore wing length: 13.3-14.6 in ♂, in 16.4-18.3 in ♀, fore wing width 3.1-3.6 in ♂, 3.2-3.5 in ♀, hind femur length: 9.7-10.4 in ♂, 12.6-14.0 in ♀.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="calling song">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Calling song.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Calling songs parameters of Chorthippus miramae. For each parameter, medians, the lower and upper quartiles are shown." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/15B6938A37A363E481E05A7ABC29B539" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="15B6938A37A363E481E05A7ABC29B539">4</tableCitation>
|
||
, Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Differences in calling songs between Chorthippus brunneus, C. maritimus, and C. miramae A-D boxplots for the Chorthippus brunneus - like echeme duration (A) for the Chorthippus brunneus - like pulse rate (B) for the Chorthippus maritimus - like echeme duration (C) and the Chorthippus maritimus - like syllable duration (D) medians (dots), first and third quartiles (boxes), the 10 th and 90 th percentiles (whiskers), and outliers (dots beyond whiskers) are shown E results of Principal Component Analysis based on 5 song characters are shown for PC 1 and PC 2 in C. brunneus (green dots), C. maritimus (red dots), and C. miramae (blue dots) F loadings of different characters to PC 1 and PC 2." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615527" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillograms of calling songs of Chorthippus miramae from Orenburg region A, West-Kazakhstan region C and Buryatia D, E. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in F-J. At small scales (A-D) the Chorthippus maritimus - like echemes can be distinguished from the Chorthippus brunneus - like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 ° C in (A, E) and 29 - 31 ° C in other cases." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The calling song of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes the two types of randomly alternating echemes, typical
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like and optional
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echemes. The first echeme type was present in the songs of all 34 males recorded, the second echeme type - in the songs of 28 males. The song usually starts with the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echeme, which is similar to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calling song, but lasting shorter (the median duration varies in the range of 0.3-2.9 s). The number of syllables per echeme varies in the range of 5 to 35. Each echeme starts with the low-amplitude syllables. In short echemes, the amplitude reaches its maximum in about the echeme middle (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillograms of calling songs of Chorthippus miramae from Orenburg region A, West-Kazakhstan region C and Buryatia D, E. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in F-J. At small scales (A-D) the Chorthippus maritimus - like echemes can be distinguished from the Chorthippus brunneus - like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 ° C in (A, E) and 29 - 31 ° C in other cases." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">7F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In long echemes, the amplitude gradually increases, and keeps a constant level after about one quarter of an echeme (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillograms of calling songs of Chorthippus miramae from Orenburg region A, West-Kazakhstan region C and Buryatia D, E. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in F-J. At small scales (A-D) the Chorthippus maritimus - like echemes can be distinguished from the Chorthippus brunneus - like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 ° C in (A, E) and 29 - 31 ° C in other cases." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">7G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The syllables are about 1.5 times as short as the syllables in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lasting in the range of about 66-114 ms (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Calling songs parameters of Chorthippus miramae. For each parameter, medians, the lower and upper quartiles are shown." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/15B6938A37A363E481E05A7ABC29B539" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="15B6938A37A363E481E05A7ABC29B539">4</tableCitation>
|
||
). The syllable duration is rather stable within one population; however, it is more variable between populations. Oscillographic analysis shows no distinct pulses within the syllables in some populations, whereas distinct pulses are visible on the oscillograms of the songs from other populations. The shift between the two legs is greater in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillograms of calling songs of Chorthippus miramae from Orenburg region A, West-Kazakhstan region C and Buryatia D, E. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in F-J. At small scales (A-D) the Chorthippus maritimus - like echemes can be distinguished from the Chorthippus brunneus - like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 ° C in (A, E) and 29 - 31 ° C in other cases." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">7I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="15B6938A37A363E481E05A7ABC29B539" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/15B6938A37A363E481E05A7ABC29B539" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" start="Table 4" startId="T4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Table 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Calling songs parameters of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For each parameter, medians, the lower and upper quartiles are shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">Locality</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">Number of recorded males (measurements)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">Temperature, ˚ C</th>
|
||
<th colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like part
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like part
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">echeme duration, s</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">echeme rate, /s</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">syllable duration, ms</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">syllable rate, /s</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">echeme duration, s</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">echeme rate, /s</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">pulse rate, /s</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">29-30</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">7 (40)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">25-28;</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">2.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.28</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">114</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">7.81</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.19</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">76.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">30-32</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.8; 3.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.16; 0.29</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">99;135</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">7.16;8.53</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.0; 1.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.14; 0.20</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">66.7; 90.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">36</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">2 (20)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">30</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">2.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.07</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">86</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">9.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.21</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">95.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">2.2; 2.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.07; 0.07</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">78; 98</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">9.7; 11.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.8; 0.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.17; 0.22</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">81.7;102.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">48</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">6 (60)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">28-30;</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.47</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">66</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">13.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.31</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">83.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">34</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.8; 0.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.40; 0.59</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">60; 74</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">12.5; 14.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.3; 0.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.29; 0.37</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">71.4; 100</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">56</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">2 (15)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">31</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">69</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">14.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">n/a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">n/a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">n/a</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.3; 0.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.2; 1.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">61; 76</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">13.2; 16.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">71</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">3 (13)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">25-26;</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.40</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">76</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">10.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">n/a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">47.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">30</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.8; 1.1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.36; 0.45</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">64; 91</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">9.6; 13.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.9; 1.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">23.4; 62.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">73</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">5 (26)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.36</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">68</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">13.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.31</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">83.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.7; 0.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.34; 0.44</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">64; 75</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">12.4; 14.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.3; 0.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.30; 0.33</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">70.2; 93.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">74</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">5 (20)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">29-30</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">2.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.16</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">85</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">10.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.26</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">76.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">2.0; 2.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.15; 0.17</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">81; 91</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">10.1; 11.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.0; 1.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.22; 0.28</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">71.4; 83.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">76</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">3 (10)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="2">35</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">2.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.20</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">80</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">11.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.23</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">83.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.9; 3.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.19; 0.21</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">75; 85</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">10.7; 11.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">1.0; 1.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">0.20; 0.30</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" rowspan="1">71.4; 90.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<tableNote pageId="0" pageNumber="21">*n/a - non-applicable</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Oscillograms of calling songs of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Orenburg region
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
|
||
, West-Kazakhstan region
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
and Buryatia
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">D,E</emphasis>
|
||
. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">F-J</emphasis>
|
||
. At small scales (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">A-D</emphasis>
|
||
) the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echemes can be distinguished from the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 °C in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">A,E</emphasis>
|
||
) and 29 - 31°C in other cases.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echemes are more often produced by the males from the Siberian and the east-european Russian populations, but they are rare in the songs from northern Kazakhstan. The echeme duration in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is almost three times as high as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Differences in calling songs between Chorthippus brunneus, C. maritimus, and C. miramae A-D boxplots for the Chorthippus brunneus - like echeme duration (A) for the Chorthippus brunneus - like pulse rate (B) for the Chorthippus maritimus - like echeme duration (C) and the Chorthippus maritimus - like syllable duration (D) medians (dots), first and third quartiles (boxes), the 10 th and 90 th percentiles (whiskers), and outliers (dots beyond whiskers) are shown E results of Principal Component Analysis based on 5 song characters are shown for PC 1 and PC 2 in C. brunneus (green dots), C. maritimus (red dots), and C. miramae (blue dots) F loadings of different characters to PC 1 and PC 2." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615527" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similarly to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
echeme consists of the short pulses, the amplitude of which gradually increases, reaching maximum intensity at about half of its duration, and then gradually decreases towards the end. The pulse duration and the pulse rate in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are almost the same as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(9-13 ms and 77-96 /s respectively, data are given for 29-30°C). However, the leg movement patterns are different in two species. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echeme is produced by simple up and down leg-movements that vary in amplitude and duration (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillograms of calling songs of Chorthippus miramae from Orenburg region A, West-Kazakhstan region C and Buryatia D, E. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in F-J. At small scales (A-D) the Chorthippus maritimus - like echemes can be distinguished from the Chorthippus brunneus - like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 ° C in (A, E) and 29 - 31 ° C in other cases." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">7J</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, each leg generates a simple upstroke but a two-step downstroke (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Oscillograms of calling songs A-E and rivalry songs F, G in Chorthippus brunneus from Kostroma region (A) Poltava region (B) and Saratov region (F). Song recordings are presented at four different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C, D, E, G). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different song parameters are indicated by brackets and arrows. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 29 - 32 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615526" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The oscillographic analysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
song shows that the pulses highly vary in amplitude and duration, whereas the pulses in the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
song are much more stable in these parameters. In some males of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pulses are tended to group into syllables; the pulse number per syllable is unstable (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillograms of calling songs of Chorthippus miramae from Orenburg region A, West-Kazakhstan region C and Buryatia D, E. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in F-J. At small scales (A-D) the Chorthippus maritimus - like echemes can be distinguished from the Chorthippus brunneus - like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 ° C in (A, E) and 29 - 31 ° C in other cases." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">7H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The order of the two echeme types in the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
song is erratic, though there are some common variants in different populations. For example, several
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echemes are followed by one
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echeme (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillograms of calling songs of Chorthippus miramae from Orenburg region A, West-Kazakhstan region C and Buryatia D, E. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in F-J. At small scales (A-D) the Chorthippus maritimus - like echemes can be distinguished from the Chorthippus brunneus - like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 ° C in (A, E) and 29 - 31 ° C in other cases." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Another variant implies alternation of the two echeme types. A rarer case is when one
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echeme is followed by several echemes of the second type (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillograms of calling songs of Chorthippus miramae from Orenburg region A, West-Kazakhstan region C and Buryatia D, E. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in F-J. At small scales (A-D) the Chorthippus maritimus - like echemes can be distinguished from the Chorthippus brunneus - like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 ° C in (A, E) and 29 - 31 ° C in other cases." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">7A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The intervals between echemes of the same type may exceed the echeme duration 1.5-3 times for the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echemes, and 3-5 times for the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echemes. An interval between the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like and the subsequent
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echemes can be very short (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Oscillograms of calling songs of Chorthippus miramae from Orenburg region A, West-Kazakhstan region C and Buryatia D, E. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in F-J. At small scales (A-D) the Chorthippus maritimus - like echemes can be distinguished from the Chorthippus brunneus - like echemes by the higher amplitude. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 34 - 35 ° C in (A, E) and 29 - 31 ° C in other cases." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615529" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">7F, J</figureCitation>
|
||
), or can exceed the echeme duration 3-5 times.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="courtship song and female response song">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Courtship song and female response song.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Oscillograms of courtship songs and female response songs in Chorthippus miramae from Pavlodar region A West-Kazakhstan region B and Altai republic C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-F). During courtship, a male can produce audible (C, F) or silent (A, D) variants of song. Female responses with leg movements recordings (B, E) and without them (A, D) are shown. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing specimen was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615530" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The courtship song of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echemes. However, the courtship sound is much softer than in the calling song. The courtship echemes are shorter than in the calling song, not reaching 1 s (the median duration is about 0.4 s). The echemes are usually repeated at the rate of about 0.2-0.6/s, and their duration varies from 0.7 to 1.0 s. Pulses are short (6-9 ms), frequent (repeated at the rate of 61-95/s), and of a low amplitude (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Oscillograms of courtship songs and female response songs in Chorthippus miramae from Pavlodar region A West-Kazakhstan region B and Altai republic C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-F). During courtship, a male can produce audible (C, F) or silent (A, D) variants of song. Female responses with leg movements recordings (B, E) and without them (A, D) are shown. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing specimen was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615530" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">8F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some cases, the leg movements do not produce any sound at all (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Oscillograms of courtship songs and female response songs in Chorthippus miramae from Pavlodar region A West-Kazakhstan region B and Altai republic C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-F). During courtship, a male can produce audible (C, F) or silent (A, D) variants of song. Female responses with leg movements recordings (B, E) and without them (A, D) are shown. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing specimen was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615530" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">8A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615530" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Oscillograms of courtship songs and female response songs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Pavlodar region
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
|
||
West-Kazakhstan region
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">B</emphasis>
|
||
and Altai republic
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">D-F</emphasis>
|
||
). During courtship, a male can produce audible (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C,F</emphasis>
|
||
) or silent (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">A,D</emphasis>
|
||
) variants of song. Female responses with leg movements recordings (B, E) and without them (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">A,D</emphasis>
|
||
) are shown. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing specimen was 29 - 31°C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
A female produces the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus brunneus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus brunneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like song in response to the male courtship or rivalry song (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Oscillograms of courtship songs and female response songs in Chorthippus miramae from Pavlodar region A West-Kazakhstan region B and Altai republic C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-F). During courtship, a male can produce audible (C, F) or silent (A, D) variants of song. Female responses with leg movements recordings (B, E) and without them (A, D) are shown. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing specimen was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615530" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">8A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The female alternates her response echemes with the male echemes (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Oscillograms of courtship songs and female response songs in Chorthippus miramae from Pavlodar region A West-Kazakhstan region B and Altai republic C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-F). During courtship, a male can produce audible (C, F) or silent (A, D) variants of song. Female responses with leg movements recordings (B, E) and without them (A, D) are shown. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing specimen was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615530" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">8D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The duration of the female echeme is similar to that in the male courtship, or 1.5-2 times longer than in the male courtship. The leg movement pattern in the female response song is similar to that in the male courtship song, but less regular (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Oscillograms of courtship songs and female response songs in Chorthippus miramae from Pavlodar region A West-Kazakhstan region B and Altai republic C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-F). During courtship, a male can produce audible (C, F) or silent (A, D) variants of song. Female responses with leg movements recordings (B, E) and without them (A, D) are shown. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing specimen was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615530" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">8E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pulses are longer (10-21 ms) and repeated at the rate of 43-77/s, especially in the first third of the echeme (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Oscillograms of courtship songs and female response songs in Chorthippus miramae from Pavlodar region A West-Kazakhstan region B and Altai republic C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-F). During courtship, a male can produce audible (C, F) or silent (A, D) variants of song. Female responses with leg movements recordings (B, E) and without them (A, D) are shown. In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing specimen was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615530" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">8D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21" type="rivalry song">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Rivalry song.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Oscillograms of rivalry songs in Chorthippus miramae from Altai republic A and Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan B, C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-H). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615531" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Several males of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sitting close to each other produce a diversity of echemes of different duration, structure and leg movement pattern. For example, one can find a rivalry song similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">C. maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which starts with the prolonged first syllable, which results from the prolonged first downstroke (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Oscillograms of rivalry songs in Chorthippus miramae from Altai republic A and Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan B, C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-H). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615531" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">9D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pulses produced during the first downstroke follow twice as slowly as the pulses of the subsequent syllables. The subsequent syllables are of the same structure as in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echeme of the calling song.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615531" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Oscillograms of rivalry songs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus miramae" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miramae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus miramae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Altai republic
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
|
||
and Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">B,C</emphasis>
|
||
. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">D-H</emphasis>
|
||
). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 29 - 31°C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Most often, the males produce single syllables similar to the first one with distinct pulses described above. These syllables are repeated at the rate of about 2-2.5 /s (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Oscillograms of rivalry songs in Chorthippus miramae from Altai republic A and Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan B, C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-H). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615531" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">9F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Notably, the two legs may produce different number of the up and down strokes. Rarely, the males produce the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mistshenko" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Chorthippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chorthippus maritimus" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritimus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">Chorthippus maritimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like echeme without the first syllable of distinct pulses (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Oscillograms of rivalry songs in Chorthippus miramae from Altai republic A and Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan B, C. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in D-H). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. The ambient temperature near a singing male was 29 - 31 ° C." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1073.75539.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/615531" pageId="0" pageNumber="21">9H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21">The same male may produce echemes of different structure in the rivalry situations. Some females are actively responding to the male rivalry songs.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |