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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="9487" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e7345e6b-fa55-474e-9b6e-d6b185121541" ID-PMC="PMC7718216" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-168-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="5F39D34A0DEF5952A2C4E9090C14B498" ID-PubMed="33335445" ModsDocID="1314-2003-168-1" checkinTime="1606572050664" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Dean, Ellen, Poore, Jennifer, Anguiano-Constante, Marco Antonio, Nee, Michael H., Kang, Hannah, Starbuck, Thomas, Rodrigues, Annamarie &amp; Conner, Matthew" docDate="2020" docId="4A900E45A2964DEF2CA8C7646347CBEB" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 168: 1-333" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 168" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904" docTitle="Lycianthes heteroclita (Sendtn.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 494. 1919" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="5F39D34A0DEF5952A2C4E9090C14B498" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="5F39D34A0DEF5952A2C4E9090C14B498" masterDocTitle="The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala" masterLastPageNumber="333" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732941180293" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:affiliation id="BCBC4CCA814A5E19FB583CB03F139699">UC Davis Center for Plant Diversity, Plant Sciences M. S. 7, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EC43A89D1C59EA0E047804C7004DCCB9">Poore, Jennifer</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CB952BC121767A54AF5F845E58933ABA">UC Davis Center for Plant Diversity, Plant Sciences M. S. 7, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E00617CF23FD5EAE46E840FAD1F6D151">Anguiano-Constante, Marco Antonio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="68E972E0F9D16598187BBBF7DA3DB4BD">Laboratorio Nacional de Identificacion y Caracterizacion Vegetal (LaniVeg), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramon Padilla Sanchez 2100, 45110 Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DCACA6F887AADC592CDC4AA86FDFC0B8">Nee, Michael H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0C55149213A06310300292957A2C6E9F">Kang, Hannah</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B11817F8885EC713C2F6C4A6D944265C">UC Davis Center for Plant Diversity, Plant Sciences M. S. 7, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="333B05710FF0D4E1771EC5087599E922">Starbuck, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="4A900E45A2964DEF2CA8C7646347CBEB" ID-GBIF-Taxon="170596543" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A900E45A2964DEF2CA8C7646347CBEB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A900E45A2964DEF2CA8C7646347CBEB" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Solanaceae">
<subSubSection id="626381644444D3CBCA7A114B39F5AC9B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B89FCF337D6A17F0C480D5C49853FA16" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
21
<taxonomicName id="3C2C77399B720C423AD12E014FC54074" ID-CoL="3WK5Q" authority="(Sendtn.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 494. 1919" authorityName="(Sendtn.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 494." authorityYear="1919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes heteroclita" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteroclita">Lycianthes heteroclita (Sendtn.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 494. 1919</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="C7B0DB75C9982BF562B4EAEDFC5E3EBA" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Image of herbarium specimen of L. heteroclita, Cate s. n. (NY). Specimen used with permission from the William and Lynda Steere Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/480060" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="169F27AC89B6BC722E079FDA80C02D8A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1025214BBF6277E55F953A3EB5BA8335" authorityName="Sendtn" authorityYear="1846" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum heteroclitum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteroclitum">Solanum heteroclitum</taxonomicName>
Sendtn. Flora 29 (13): 193 [as 177]. 1846. Type: Guatemala. No exact location,
<emphasis id="A97836A0396C9BDC8857933E886292EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Friedrichsthal s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype designated here: W [acc. # 0003646]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC4C9F94F77F5C67A588685F4FA296AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="BDFE3314D218132A5811F20B1E2DFD58" authorityName="Coult" authorityYear="1891" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus escuintlensis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="escuintlensis">Brachistus escuintlensis</taxonomicName>
J.M.Coult., Bot. Gaz. 16: 144. 1891. Type: Guatemala. Escuintla: Escuintla, 1100 ft, Mar 1890,
<emphasis id="46D3A0333C9A98A26DFE62F0BAFCD161" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Donnell Smith 2267</emphasis>
(lectotype designated by
<bibRefCitation id="6BE26CB0984C585569F766D0DD708CDC" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Phytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 116" refId="B26" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1973b. D'Arcy, New names for neotropical plants. Phytologia 25: 1 - 116" title="D'Arcy, New names for neotropical plants." volume="25" year="1973 b">
<normalizedToken id="974C9E406DF31C3DADEB92E9D6A77DF4" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1973b
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 116: US [00624003, acc. # 1335155]; isolectotypes: F [F0072758F, acc. # 267053], G [G00379121], GH [00076928], K [K000585751], M [M-0171852]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="782570900423F7DBBEDEC3594F97DF7C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="82AFA8F8678FF00EC7F9ACB5BE137BEC" authorityName="Brandegee" authorityYear="1917" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Bassovia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bassovia purpusii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpusii">Bassovia purpusii</taxonomicName>
Brandeg. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 372. 1917. Type: Mexico. Veracruz: Zacuapan [ca.
<geoCoordinate id="2566947DD31C13F93CB62EAD30CFF8B6" degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="19.216667">19°13'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="97EB2251AFC44635F07783F17A992634" degrees="96" direction="west" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-96.88333">96°53'W</geoCoordinate>
, 1025 m], Jul 1915,
<emphasis id="0372D4C6C67F1BA6804131D2E2D61158" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Purpus 7502</emphasis>
(holotype: UC [178570]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D0DFE7A273D9E08D15FC616C0DE2A1AA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="331500FAD98ADFBF34EA50F6DBD733C1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum mitratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mitratum">Solanum mitratum</taxonomicName>
Greenm., Bot. Gaz. 37: 211. 1904. Type: Costa Rica. Cartago: Atirro, 600 m, Mar [April on US specimen] 1896,
<emphasis id="E1D62D89F388894DE45C8164ECA8BFE6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Donnell Smith 6673</emphasis>
(lectotype designated by
<bibRefCitation id="3C8E401CE2842DC796283DE754B92090" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" editor="Woodson, RE" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B25" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1973a. [1974] Solanaceae. In: Woodson, RE, Schery, Jr RW, Eds., Flora of Panama. Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1974] Solanaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" volumeTitle="Flora of Panama." year="1973 a">
<normalizedToken id="9F4A0ED19F167D2320E0C14C5499CCB4" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1973a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 636: GH [00077517]; isolectotype US [00624007]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="30919C466493CE42FF517E85DAEEF67F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2D724CC656E88649D05A60DFA04081A2" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1920" baseAuthorityName="Greenm." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes mitrata" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mitrata">Lycianthes mitrata</taxonomicName>
(Greenm.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 500. 1919. Type: Based on
<taxonomicName id="29A2A96F8D2D654F50C15F6C20997FC0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum mitratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mitratum">Solanum mitratum</taxonomicName>
Greenm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DE5538FAF8DD3F1104278475CDDF11B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="3B1A0856CE461C3043F0F88460C14F7C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes heteroclita subsp. coalescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="heteroclita" subSpecies="coalescens">Lycianthes heteroclita (Sendtn.) Bitter ssp. coalescens</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 496. 1919. Type: Guatemala. Alta Verapaz:
<normalizedToken id="FB2B8F1BED05618CA8FBA1F5C16B0E0D" originalValue="Cubilqüitz">Cubilqueitz</normalizedToken>
, [Cubilhuitz], [
<geoCoordinate id="0C135B1A9A3EBFC8E2151FC3E4752DE2" degrees="15.6675" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="15.6675">15.6675</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="140FE6F9E039931893780839E3833ABC" degrees="90.4293" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-90.4293">-90.4293</geoCoordinate>
], 350 m, Aug 1907,
<emphasis id="9BC26FDCC8AC7D88C8FB9158E6BE6C25" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. von Tuerkheim II 813</emphasis>
(lectotype designated by
<bibRefCitation id="448726A6A678B35DDEE6F67B6D8B4777" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" editor="Woodson, RE" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B25" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1973a. [1974] Solanaceae. In: Woodson, RE, Schery, Jr RW, Eds., Flora of Panama. Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1974] Solanaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" volumeTitle="Flora of Panama." year="1973 a">
<normalizedToken id="EEC88D8FA12A0812EAB75621ACFC9296" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
(1973a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 636): US [00027880]; isolectotypes: G, NY, W [acc. # 1908-3590, acc. # 1908-3589]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF29A5866454C8597A2D4E82D36F9D4B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="960CCAEAA649F55A5F8EF7FC0CEFD178" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1920" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes heteroclita subsp. var. var. gracilis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="heteroclita" subSpecies="var." variety="gracilis">Lycianthes heteroclita (Sendtn.) Bitter var. gracilis</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Verein Bremen 24 [preprint]: 496. 1919. Type: Panama. Canal Zone: Railroad relocation between Gorgona and Gatun, 10-50 m,
<emphasis id="D4A43DA7055909604F647E8A23BE6EFD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pittier 2281</emphasis>
(lectotype designated by
<bibRefCitation id="497BA491DA9C638E31CD1E8A16512AFA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.349.1.4" author="Dean, E" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="39 - 46" refId="B45" refString="Dean, E, Reyes, M, 2018a. Lectotypification of names in the genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae). Phytotaxa 349 (1): 39 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.349.1.4" title="Lectotypification of names in the genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.349.1.4" volume="349" year="2018 a">Dean and Reyes 2018a</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 42: US [acc. # 676535]; isolectotype US [acc. # 676536]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A72FB0BE8B45027818498E255DF18A50" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="B3A30E19E623483DC9443CF4B011591C" authorityName="Standl" authorityYear="1924" baseAuthorityName="Coult." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Bassovia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bassovia escuintlensis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="escuintlensis">Bassovia escuintlensis</taxonomicName>
(J.M.Coult.) Standl., Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1304. 1924. Type: Based on
<taxonomicName id="9F8F4B8708D3F4CBC560EAE65F479540" authorityName="Coult" authorityYear="1891" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus escuintlensis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="escuintlensis">Brachistus escuintlensis</taxonomicName>
J.M.Coult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CC205FF5DA4E6088AF6C320B792B3738" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="1E9C5091EBE7820FC27227E19CEFCDA9" authorityName="Standl" authorityYear="1936" baseAuthorityName="Coult." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum escuintlense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="escuintlense">Capsicum escuintlense</taxonomicName>
(J.M.Coult.) Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 12: 347 1936. Type: Based on
<taxonomicName id="35C807D492E4763D23F0372710444FF2" authorityName="Coult" authorityYear="1891" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus escuintlensis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="escuintlensis">Brachistus escuintlensis</taxonomicName>
J.M.Coult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EE5621A4F265E867F80825442702F15A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7563451B4945EBC491D7ED02B7258276" authorityName="A. T. Hunziker" authorityYear="1969" baseAuthorityName="Coult." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum escuintlense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="escuintlense">Solanum escuintlense</taxonomicName>
(J.M.Coult.) Hunz., Kurtziana 5: 166. 1969. Type: Based on
<taxonomicName id="A2500897B05C57BD275FAAFE3559AFBF" authorityName="Coult" authorityYear="1891" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus escuintlensis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="escuintlensis">Brachistus escuintlensis</taxonomicName>
J.M.Coult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616986110DAC96BA3E66ADC18B62D4B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="12C8121B92DFCA70E4890BB758D4C1FB" authorityName="D" authorityYear="1973" baseAuthorityName="Coult." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes escuintlensis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="escuintlensis">Lycianthes escuintlensis</taxonomicName>
(J.M.Coult.)
<normalizedToken id="7A280CC3AD426F9C039CEB0361FE4EB8" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
, Phytologia 25: 116. 1973. Type: Based on
<taxonomicName id="E7D746FDB4BAB96CE7C6381770CE5989" authorityName="Coult" authorityYear="1891" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus escuintlensis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="escuintlensis">Brachistus escuintlensis</taxonomicName>
J.M.Coult.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9DC2173ADAADFF97E461C5A5C4F060DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="A1C568E7A64C8C4463603DF4B7D5E1E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C772A02B7FA9AA552991F3A8D4A5D2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Based on
<taxonomicName id="EE5E0F3D7DB820E2CC58F288E8F5943B" authorityName="Sendtn" authorityYear="1846" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum heteroclitum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteroclitum">
<emphasis id="B5706C4414FBEA029177E2CEA0B85C12" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum heteroclitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sendtn.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4E50F4A967A2BE2D7DA0673A36967D4" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/480060" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 48" startId="F48">
<paragraph id="DDAF197D1653E71F343120914B65CA41" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D300F82EAF11828E0AB5A92F899211C3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 48.</emphasis>
Image of herbarium specimen of
<taxonomicName id="98D9BC9F81A057D125F61CD398FE20BF" lsidName="L. heteroclita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="4062471C34583C2172B8A1CDD69FABB4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="1BDBD6C5864E6AD22FC26F0F68F92C6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cate s.n.</emphasis>
(NY). Specimen used with permission from the William and Lynda Steere Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B3C562B43CA8B3EC33D96D3F5BDED518" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="5E08EBF43E13D8E8A9680C1B48225CB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC9FDE400687341E6509B4CE94F8BDBD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Herb, shrub, to treelet, sometimes epiphytic, erect, 0.5-5 m tall. Indument of very small, white to tan, uniseriate, multicellular, simple, eglandular, appressed-ascending trichomes &lt;0.1 (0.2) mm long. Stems green when young, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, compressed (hollowed at the nodes) upon drying in a plant press, woody with age; upper sympodial branching points monochasial or dichasial. Leaves simple, the leaves of the upper sympodia usually paired and unequal in size, the larger ones with blades 7-32
<normalizedToken id="3BDCE12C60C18320B19B3621EC8E2F5B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5-15 cm, the smaller ones with blades 3-12
<normalizedToken id="33F3748878AD2F5043A3839558F72924" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-6 cm, the leaf pairs usually similar in shape, the blades ovate to elliptic (rarely obovate), thin-membranaceous, glabrous to very sparsely pubescent, the base cuneate to attenuate, often oblique, the margin entire, usually undulate, the apex acute to acuminate, the petiole 0.3-5 cm long, the larger leaf blades with 5-8 primary veins on each side of the midvein. Flowers solitary or in groups of 2-12, axillary, erect; peduncles absent; pedicels 8-20 mm and erect in flower, to 25 mm long and erect in fruit, usually glabrous to sparsely pubescent; calyx 2-3 (4) mm long, 3-6 mm in diameter, campanulate, sparsely puberulent, the margin truncate, undulate, the appendages lacking (but ribs sometimes prominent and dark green); fruiting calyx enlarged, widely bowl-shaped to plate-like and slightly reflexed, 1-3.5 mm long, 4.5-10 mm in diameter; corolla 1-1.6 cm long, campanulate to reflexed in orientation, stellate in outline, usually divided 3/4 of the way to all of the way to the base, the lobes usually with scarce interpetalar tissue, white to lilac and glabrous adaxially, white to green abaxially, puberulent abaxially; stamens equal, straight, the filaments 0.5-1.5 mm long, glabrous, the anthers 4-7 mm long, lanceolate, usually partially connivent or connate to the adjacent anther (at least near the middle or base of the anther, not at the tips), white to yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores round, dehiscing distally, not opening into longitudinal slits; pistil with glabrous ovary, the style 8-11 mm long, linear, straight or curved at tip, glabrous, the stigma oblong. Fruit a berry, 6-13 mm long, 8-13 (15) mm in diameter, globose to depressed globose, orange to red at maturity, glabrous, lacking sclerotic granules. Seeds 50-300 per fruit, 1-2.5
<normalizedToken id="FE2C8A925314C50479C479021C65713C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-1.5 mm, flattened, circular, ovate, depressed ovate or somewhat triangular in outline, yellow-orange to orange-brown, often lighter in color near the margin, the surface reticulum with minute, serpentine pattern and shallow luminae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE8D9633EA9D4EE0273A24BC8C011728" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph id="D29D67E937D8B1F88C58D92EE83F018F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D111F88C931C7F0A85F440D780A3E2CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="226F5FC39A088B52EB4A27737389DC55" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D2BB5676F7169E52EBC463E6D7A93F5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91B8505E6BAE6950D3D0AD993E434763" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz), Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Escuintla, Huehuetenango, Izabal,
<normalizedToken id="933BA2D14A98C596483B742348886CF0" originalValue="Petén">Peten</normalizedToken>
, Quetzaltenango,
<normalizedToken id="02377B8FA1AAF87CA63DD81D82838B9A" originalValue="Quiché">Quiche</normalizedToken>
, Santa Rosa, Zacapan), Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, in tropical rainforest, tropical moist forest, tropical dry forest, cloud forest, rarely in shrublands, sometimes along streams or on limestone, common in secondary forest, agricultural areas (such as coffee plantations), and along roadsides, 0-1000 (2000) m in elevation, perhaps cultivated in some areas (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DA13BE43CE92C6DAA181A1FD41993AC8" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="F49" captionText="Figure 49. Map of geographic distribution of L. heteroclita based on herbarium specimen data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/480061" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">49</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="253C7559A2B37C01FB894EDF32D95A1C" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.168.51904.figure49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/480061" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 49" startId="F49">
<paragraph id="FA80DEF8A053D3925BAD6F6EF1F6F6B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1B7371F7D3232D47FDFBF20900FFFA0E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 49.</emphasis>
Map of geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="39F4A6A491965D26D7B7C6BB30805375" lsidName="L. heteroclita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="637C1F2843C470C35F20500E29650737" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on herbarium specimen data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6C9BBC3A0C459239BD2027B45D6F249A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph id="D81BF1EF32794FE31FE0AF357D4ACD42" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0433962A1F0402045B62E2DBA804906F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Mexico. Chiapas: fruits and leaves eaten after cooking in water, yerbabuena (Spanish), ashinte (Tzeltal) (
<emphasis id="B47982ECFEAA85F7D1FBF2A3ECE37197" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. Bohs 3962</emphasis>
);
<normalizedToken id="DC96EA4AF06773D92E68311DB4A86CA6" originalValue="ch’ayok">ch'ayok</normalizedToken>
(Maya Lacandon) (
<emphasis id="6AB6A97FDF9D251D6DC564F2F26C8CEC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
M.
<normalizedToken id="4043B63DBB4213D25C18D1D519BE69A7" originalValue="González-Espinosa">Gonzalez-Espinosa</normalizedToken>
755
</emphasis>
); tumat tez (Tzeltal) (
<emphasis id="98CD50AFF70504C9498E0A01BBDFE47D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A.
<normalizedToken id="84B961C5B3D8B6D89E2392ED8FFDDACB" originalValue="Méndez">Mendez</normalizedToken>
Ton 5132
</emphasis>
); ajchkintez (Tzeltal) (
<emphasis id="3EBDD768D1F0D630F56FFAF156C07119" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Alush
<normalizedToken id="9126D7B328AD77424CAAA87918DE3227" originalValue="Méndez">Mendez</normalizedToken>
Ton 6741
</emphasis>
); leaves eaten (
<emphasis id="894A9D4D68CEBF585B598D397046DBED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. Levy T. 43</emphasis>
); quilete (
<emphasis id="3F28931407ECF01BD505C75841AE2424" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Matuda 17477</emphasis>
); zajchkintez (Tzeltal) (
<emphasis id="EBC19CC02294D8A5FA0DD00959C1DA0E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A.
<normalizedToken id="CB0BC1F053AC04DCCD0215FF0A72589D" originalValue="Méndez">Mendez</normalizedToken>
T. 5215
</emphasis>
); xote nuk (Mayan) (
<emphasis id="BFF8600971C1810D0A1B056189198782" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. Paniagua 57</emphasis>
); the leaves are eaten boiled, used medicinally for bones (
<normalizedToken id="5DDAE6EE8A983346D3E725B0BDEF8D63" originalValue="utz’ak">utz'ak</normalizedToken>
abaker), ubojo
<normalizedToken id="55824BC6CFD9CC55C37A6BCC7686676E" originalValue="ch’ayok’">ch'ayok'</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="127A517E328513EB9C71E5909DED5391" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. Paniagua 264</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="4278D33FF398480E6B3FB732AB6BEDB7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Guerrero</emphasis>
: eaten boiled as an edible green (Mixtec) (
<emphasis id="80ED005524B6F7B4A68BEB664FF15323" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K. Velazco-G. 40341</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="ADBC4FFF85B0DDE537918818CCA20EBE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Veracruz</emphasis>
: hierba mora, hierba mora cimarrona (
<emphasis id="074C948CA66324D3C2EE8535C83A2B0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">W. Marquez R. 256, 275</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E475F984E3F92A6504F7EBBD46082B19" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph id="11DB8D47B31EA245590FB1D7B17805F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B5149262921B0721D9DDC36EDDA44E81" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowering specimens and specimens with mature fruits have been collected throughout the year in most locations. Corollas usually open in very early morning, closing in late morning.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C9274D32B0F41EF38DB462F57FC067B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph id="614C42B138FC307F7F8F1258FA61E33E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E005E56A20896A5A7A75803146F3EF7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2C6EB4B1C622A51489563ECA2548EBE2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes heteroclita" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="39DA7DFDA2ACE6305A2589D469E30721" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread species ranging from Mexico to Panama, represented by many collections. The EOO is 1,336,839.05 km2, and the AOO is 1,328 km2. Based on the
<bibRefCitation id="5B5026E731885C67A2E6D88B006B069A" author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="The Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlistGuidelines" refId="B67" refString="IUCN, 2019. Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in February 2019. http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlistGuidelines" title="Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in February 2019." url="http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlistGuidelines" year="2019">IUCN (2019)</bibRefCitation>
criteria, the preliminary assessment category is Least Concern (LC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B65C889DC3A373061197DECF48DFEA44" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="ABCEFAF33A9FBC88889BAC0914D1C73C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CABBB762A91574676662570BBC51BE37" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="CFDA8DB2506339C197DBAD3455DA2211" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes heteroclita" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="4DB8E111EB7384E2392BB14EAE59668D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the most common and wide-ranging
<taxonomicName id="6D5DE3A438EB3487AEAB372E0BE96455" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88F473D6D1008F697AC9B50EC8A8F343" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in Central America. Its lifeform ranges from a large herb growing epiphytically or on the ground to a treelet, becoming woody at the base. When pressed, its herbaceous stems compress at the nodes. The variability in the flowers of this species deserves more study. From Mexico to Nicaragua, the corolla is usually white on the adaxial side and deeply stellate with very little interpetalar tissue. However, populations with corollas with more interpetalar tissue at the base of the lobes have been observed and collected in Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua; this form of the corolla may be stellate only half-way to the base. In Costa Rica and Panama, the corollas are usually deeply stellate and purple on the adaxial side; this form was first described as
<taxonomicName id="4C197E9334B7B44E8199FF9A62F53BB2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum mitratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mitratum">
<emphasis id="37F0EF8F82EF75034FF316456DE5E0E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum mitratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(equal to
<taxonomicName id="F60D8E331640C1532BB1C459F34ECA7A" lsidName="L. mitrata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mitrata">
<emphasis id="46C2CEAD671EF2AA682B33D689217DB8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. mitrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and later by Georg Bitter as
<taxonomicName id="FC00436605E8B70FD0985A10DD3A3E3F" lsidName="L. heteroclita subsp. var. var. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="heteroclita" subSpecies="var." variety="gracilis">L. heteroclita var. gracilis</taxonomicName>
(both listed as synonyms above). Further study may show that these flower variants are geographically distinct and deserve recognition at the species level.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FFA7EC0961073234EB9AF31ACC484500" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In Mexico,
<taxonomicName id="C6B147CAEB5FE0718BCBD3CEDB54D1E0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes heteroclita" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="5466382FCB7B04F1CFDD1D9BBE61B4CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sometimes confused with the Mexican endemic
<taxonomicName id="846C706C788EAB83CE716AFD3BD3C3C6" lsidName="L. geminiflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="geminiflora">
<emphasis id="686D37846AA83A5BEFF7D56E83763898" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. geminiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In general, the two species can be separated by flowering calyx size, with that of
<taxonomicName id="A90FA23341B8549006681526C5279B88" lsidName="L. heteroclita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="7B45F04F040A0CF1400FFA6EBAED37A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually equal to or greater than 2 mm in length and that of
<taxonomicName id="DFA93EE85F33D5AD5093CBFCFC6E9A30" lsidName="L. geminiflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="geminiflora">
<emphasis id="1206BE0E8B1B83B91FE1C56CF3E486F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. geminiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually up to 1.5 mm in length. Also,
<taxonomicName id="82E4647869EB4B7DB16CA3B1C2B61E5F" lsidName="L. heteroclita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="F02059C59041DD11201A2DCFAE217B5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually found at lower elevations than
<taxonomicName id="E319220940026D8E62BEFF1F7A4800D1" lsidName="L. geminiflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="geminiflora">
<emphasis id="5C3B06D3023C24D67AD2D18488197FD5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. geminiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a high-elevation cloud forest species, but the two species do co-occur in Oaxaca and Veracruz. In the areas of overlap,
<taxonomicName id="A1739E0A6684DFBE865DC50098F159E3" lsidName="L. heteroclita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="DA0B90C6EC8F83855102BDF239FBF4C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually found below 1000 m, while
<taxonomicName id="9FFFAD458809DC9EBDE2161D274C300E" lsidName="L. geminiflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="geminiflora">
<emphasis id="D92C9A29B2E9C6572D0499ECDDBBD834" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. geminiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually found above 800 m. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="06CF5AF39063B8CF27650480AD0D8F6D" lsidName="L. heteroclita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="D900BC5A498FA06D4A07B0A00418B711" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens have been collected in Guatemala at elevations of 2000 m or more, which is unusual. In Chiapas, Honduras and Costa Rica, there are many specimens collected from elevations between 1200 and 1700 m, as well as elevations below 1000 m.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8182F858EACA24E9208E5D8F16AC6779" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Confusion about what name to use for this species exists in the literature. In his treatment of the
<taxonomicName id="DE0FE1CAE547BF683F35CBA80A4C8A40" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
for Flora of Panama,
<bibRefCitation id="CBC7BCD41357D2581BDCFEF0862CBF96" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" editor="Woodson, RE" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B25" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1973a. [1974] Solanaceae. In: Woodson, RE, Schery, Jr RW, Eds., Flora of Panama. Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1974] Solanaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" volumeTitle="Flora of Panama." year="1973 a">
<normalizedToken id="A6EE010EE550B7C497C54B65D2CC7E35" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
(1973a)
</bibRefCitation>
used the name
<taxonomicName id="BD1F96143BF9E75A269409B8BDCAA26B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes esquintlensis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esquintlensis">
<emphasis id="3125F898C949FA14B7E7597886F10BF4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes esquintlensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for this species, and under that name, he synonymized the names
<taxonomicName id="7FAEA3D63F93C5823CA5684E4A50DFBA" lsidName="L. heteroclita subsp. coalescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="heteroclita" subSpecies="coalescens">L. heteroclita ssp. coalescens</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A0D710CF9A4709E077BFC207B22B3D6B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum mitratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mitratum">
<emphasis id="69D86B679E8D017E8D1FAE8EDCADB89E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum mitratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken id="CAE170C2CE1B93E1B1B2A5EA5A46ADA7" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
also included the species
<taxonomicName id="15C7E66FEB01ABDEA834FD48C787DE4A" lsidName="L. synanthera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="synanthera">
<emphasis id="80371D7CBBB07B348A154F9ACD8F5C3D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. synanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his treatment. But he then annotated many specimens of
<taxonomicName id="A9BD8BDDD7AE18ECF568E30ADD942936" lsidName="L. synanthera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="synanthera">
<emphasis id="21038A3FF3777F0CA2A15582A7421A62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. synanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<taxonomicName id="39C1C6C98F61C8D7FAE0860989EB487C" lsidName="L. esquintlensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="esquintlensis">
<emphasis id="D12D2FDE84DCAAE624A7C894073C2CCB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. esquintlensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, in their treatment of
<taxonomicName id="1F3AA091802A18517E643EC8E8A64360" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7877E786E16355C6F4597FF1C05E52E7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the Flora of Guatemala,
<bibRefCitation id="BCBA86EF2352EAC19136F7785C08A0BA" author="Gentry, Jr JL" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B56" refString="Gentry, Jr JL, Standley, PC, 1974. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: Botany 24 (part 10) no. 1-2. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago." title="Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana: Botany 24 (part 10) no. 1 - 2. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago." year="1974">Gentry and Standley (1974)</bibRefCitation>
only recognized
<taxonomicName id="DB4A378D22FD579236FC0003FCEF14E4" lsidName="L. synanthera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="synanthera">
<emphasis id="A38C6672CDC3343595F161BE1C381A57" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. synanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and synonymized
<taxonomicName id="7725A163049DD1F898E8CC201E854B86" lsidName="L. heteroclita" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="DB1FB0001F90D5A29C6CA456895A9072" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="196D5E5A8B884EAD269BCBA0F447B205" lsidName="L. escuintlensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="escuintlensis">
<emphasis id="8FFFF8BF97E67AC7FD439079369ADCC8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. escuintlensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="508DDDAAFAE18A43C6B484937BC08123" lsidName="S. mitratum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="mitratum">
<emphasis id="1C367A865B12C508C92444851B5B44A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. mitratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under that name, and their annotations reflected this. This created confusion in the identification of this species for several decades.
<bibRefCitation id="5921B983853ABED5C9B0F8A0ECDF1780" author="Nee, M" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B78" refString="Nee, M, 1986. Lycianthes. In: Gomez-Pompa A, Moreno NP, Nevling Jr LI, Nee M, Sosa V, Ludlow-Wiechers B, Cabrera-Rodriguez L (Eds) Flora of Veracruz 49. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bioticos, Xalapa, Veracruz, 85-110." title="Lycianthes. In: Gomez-Pompa A, Moreno NP, Nevling Jr LI, Nee M, Sosa V, Ludlow-Wiechers B, Cabrera-Rodriguez L (Eds) Flora of Veracruz 49. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bioticos, Xalapa, Veracruz, 85 - 110." year="1986">Nee (1986)</bibRefCitation>
in his treatment for The Flora of Veracruz and
<bibRefCitation id="920F92D03256295E9EFCB3099DB29A64" author="Bohs, L" editor="Hammel, BE" journalOrPublisher="XIII). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, Missouri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="247 - 257" refId="B14" refString="Bohs, L, 2015. Lycianthes. In: Hammel, BE, Grayum, MH, Herrera, C, Zamora, N, Eds., Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica (Vol. XIII). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, Missouri: 247 - 257" title="Lycianthes." volumeTitle="Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica (Vol." year="2015">Bohs (2015)</bibRefCitation>
in her recent treatment for the Flora of Costa Rica have corrected these errors.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4835E9A618704CC19BD3E040469C048B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Where they co-occur,
<taxonomicName id="4A8ABA4D5C0DBD0F843043F0808A04A6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycianthes heteroclita" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteroclita">
<emphasis id="5A809A19AFFEA7B441375FC5CB9168BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lycianthes heteroclita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be confused with
<taxonomicName id="5EC0A8F79D6699692153E2CB1B2E5994" lsidName="L. synanthera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="synanthera">
<emphasis id="DC5635381B468D6A23897E1EFE40438F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. synanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C3B771216AFBC5C6B9E67DE72D56A98B" lsidName="L. nitida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="6F1B6F5ED12AFD1175696317C0E51AF8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bitter, because all three species have calyces lacking appendages and may be epiphytic. Both
<taxonomicName id="511BC70A5305B8A0888CF28EFC925E10" lsidName="L. synanthera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="synanthera">
<emphasis id="6865E34A3C4C9C271548F7B38FEBFAD1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. synanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="876D21A3F5E93269807D9BD2B9BAB06E" lsidName="L. nitida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="D9E0FA514E581D713000D957C83A3782" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have woody upper stems that do not collapse at the nodes upon drying. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="242025A3C8E4DBEAC93E1CBB843F8C37" lsidName="L. synanthera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="synanthera">
<emphasis id="64288F307F6F3D19275317B9F349CA41" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. synanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has hairs in the axils of the primary veins on the abaxial leaf surface, while
<taxonomicName id="CAAD019275B5BDA89F572B7ADA73DAC6" lsidName="L. nitida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="7EA661DBCA9275D93D61D3D7E025F654" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has coriaceous leaves with geminate pairs in which the minor leaf is much smaller in size and more rounded than the larger leaf.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B465DC54270AEF1385253FE50978B756" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The name
<taxonomicName id="611E59A15AAC276B5E4445F9615D3041" authorityName="Sendtn" authorityYear="1846" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum heteroclitum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteroclitum">
<emphasis id="42B13AE3574510471A13DD9DF6D1B7C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum heteroclitum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sendtn. is lectotypified here. In the protologue,
<bibRefCitation id="CB076C019353E5E85637F5409A490E9E" author="Sendtner, O" journalOrPublisher="Flora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="193 - 195" refId="B94" refString="Sendtner, O, 1846. Beschreibung einer neuen Gattung der Familie der Solanaceen, so wie von zwei neuen etwas abweichenden Arten der Gattung Solanum. Flora 29 (13): 193 - 195" title="Beschreibung einer neuen Gattung der Familie der Solanaceen, so wie von zwei neuen etwas abweichenden Arten der Gattung Solanum." volume="29" year="1846">Sendtner (1846)</bibRefCitation>
cites only one collection: Guatemala. No exact location,
<emphasis id="D447B08794B5BDA71481DE8C0642AB71" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Friedrichsthal s.n.</emphasis>
, but does not specify a particular specimen or herbarium. We were only able to locate one specimen seen by Sendtner at W [acc. # 0003646], and we are choosing that specimen as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F10052F39972DAFCCE9C1028A2C546A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="202A96CF2200C3B38FD8ED61D59294B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Representative specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="01E17363511D2C8C85BBAF3EC389211F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="09D4F833C23B76E0B3DF8C4D5B1923C1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Guatemala. Alta Verapaz</emphasis>
: city of
<normalizedToken id="00C4BBC79F74ED2015C15B3A9FD2DF3B" originalValue="Cobán">Coban</normalizedToken>
, garden of residence along 1st St belonging to the family of Fredy Archila, seed of this plant originally collected at Finca Siguanha in forest at 1400 m in elevation,
<geoCoordinate id="5DE68E37BDC816DFF579B8434B3D919F" degrees="15.4749" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="15.4749">15.4749</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CB34AF556B966D069A7EBF7AB782FD9B" degrees="90.3722" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-90.3722">-90.3722</geoCoordinate>
, 1335 m, 9 Aug 2017,
<emphasis id="5829566BB7354A72C74736CE942B2037" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Dean 9500</emphasis>
(DAV).
<emphasis id="E1E0939D8D09897B64869265D34976D8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Escuintla</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken id="A83C35E09C0E5CA760EA84200109C070" originalValue="Palín">Palin</normalizedToken>
Finca Comunal, El Chilar,
<geoCoordinate id="E959DEB8A4C627879EC8EA4CED986502" degrees="14.3536" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="14.3536">14.3536</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="32187A748FA68874F705EFC9917F1414" degrees="90.7283" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-90.7283">-90.7283</geoCoordinate>
, 959 m, 10 Nov 2010,
<emphasis id="F1FDDBCB5107D7D15AA9288655F57891" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
M.
<normalizedToken id="61A75724D8A5F838CB6ADD7C41D5D534" originalValue="Véliz">Veliz</normalizedToken>
22280
</emphasis>
(BIGU).
<emphasis id="DC0F7DACA901D3A1DD61E70CADF37A72" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Huehuetenango</emphasis>
: Between Ixcan and Finca San Rafael, Sierra de los Cuchumatanes 200-800 m, 24 Jul 1942,
<emphasis id="5432047309528D9F9229BFA49D92B5B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.A. Steyermark 49399</emphasis>
(NY).
<emphasis id="7E380A2A11AFDBDF5271768F42B28B6C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Izabal</emphasis>
: W of Santo
<normalizedToken id="CEDA8A5313A7A8290E77AE7B22D3E2F8" originalValue="Tomás">Tomas</normalizedToken>
de Castilla, near Guatel antennas on one of the summits of Cerro San Gil,
<geoCoordinate id="ADDBE477A537B59CC86732B95BE86D82" degrees="15.6703" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="15.6703">15.6703</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="DE9189E4CB01FFED04A217E790E9C127" degrees="88.6997" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-88.6997">-88.6997</geoCoordinate>
, 800-900 m, 21 Sep 1997,
<emphasis id="A8E66415104DA5037F87C891794D297D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nee 47320</emphasis>
(MO, NY).
<emphasis id="D7AA74EADBB0C2EA50944343E809E36D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken id="DEB51783FD1A2A39E70C909E983DC776" originalValue="Petén">Peten</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: La Cumbre. Pusila road, 5 km, 17 Aug 1976,
<emphasis id="5BD69C34154C422F5608E779453ACE03" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.L. Lundell 20194</emphasis>
(MO, LL).
<emphasis id="7F0E75C00EDBE40148A0952B09665DFC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quetzaltenango</emphasis>
: Colomba, Fca. San Francisco Pie de la Cuesta,
<geoCoordinate id="1B1D26B015C980F89998FFC7AE9F0F66" degrees="14.7281" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="14.7281">14.7281</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="ACDEC4D8172D7B3801A7C5FB2A5D0DF0" degrees="91.7178" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-91.7178">-91.7178</geoCoordinate>
, 1113 m, 15 Feb 2011,
<emphasis id="BCDAFE5C180012B827D7E70FD53B901B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
L.
<normalizedToken id="876A0B10E733C26F3D55E47076736C63" originalValue="Velásquez">Velasquez</normalizedToken>
1728
</emphasis>
(BIGU).
<emphasis id="CF1E24263E98E8D608788248DF541CB8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken id="B49760D9BB3ADD62AD676A354061AF94" originalValue="Quiché">Quiche</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Nebaj, about 12 km west, [
<geoCoordinate id="11B7CEBC2B331C05E6DBC5569A25D904" degrees="15.4058" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="15.4058">15.4058</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="BE9C2C6EF6537843D872C368D7815A52" degrees="91.1461" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-91.1461">-91.1461</geoCoordinate>
], 8000 ft, 4 Jul 1964,
<emphasis id="0224641FF4515CDD808A0DAEE39181F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Contreras 5196</emphasis>
(MEXU, NY, LL, TEX).
<emphasis id="772C088617F4052EEED50592BCE569AC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Santa Rosa</emphasis>
: Region of Platanares, between Taxisco and
<normalizedToken id="F784EC1019BD31924B4969F14355C55D" originalValue="Guazacapán">Guazacapan</normalizedToken>
, 220 m, 3 Dec 1940,
<emphasis id="52C17BE9974131322FFE4A80EA8AAF79" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.C. Standley 79062</emphasis>
(MO).
<emphasis id="061DA20A6107733D296EA6F839BED7DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Zacapan</emphasis>
: Gualan, 122 m, 28 Dec 1905,
<emphasis id="3DC808E51E5CA4BC5C9F206B64B3ABF5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">W.A. Kellerman 5678</emphasis>
(LL).
<emphasis id="82FE9E9FDFB659A1B903DE3EF13EB869" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mexico. Chiapas</emphasis>
: road from Ocosingo to Palenque in pueblo de Bahtaj, about 26 km NE of Ocosingo, roadside,
<geoCoordinate id="9FA6CC192788DF45C771D2A37FF0951D" degrees="17.1447" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="17.1447">17.1447</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5C0B25B39D6CE9751C502EB1B696B54A" degrees="92.1283" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-92.1283">-92.1283</geoCoordinate>
, 858 m, 5 Dec 2012,
<emphasis id="1B154155438FBB1DB22AFDB3472E27C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. Bohs 3962</emphasis>
(DAV, MEXU).
<emphasis id="5F8AEDC3D8641CDBB526B39EC4E9E164" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Guerrero</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken id="391A6C42C01C3FA5017E127C530DD11E" originalValue="Yoloxóchitl">Yoloxochitl</normalizedToken>
, 4.37 km en
<normalizedToken id="4689005BA8F36BBBD6983B9D48022E50" originalValue="línea">linea</normalizedToken>
recta al norte de la comunidad, en el terreno del Sr. Enrique
<normalizedToken id="928CB0C3E0014C2FBB788357D9422A89" originalValue="Rómulo">Romulo</normalizedToken>
(tierras de uso
<normalizedToken id="EED019D8AD7234734154D2DD8A5CBF3D" originalValue="común">comun</normalizedToken>
), sobre el arroyo que va al paraje Salto de la Mona,
<geoCoordinate id="159F42B2407AFAAFBCE0528A31CAF566" degrees="16.8531" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="16.8531">16.8531</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F4A8926E3FE04A6346F90C5A6EBB2DE7" degrees="98.6723" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-98.6723">-98.6723</geoCoordinate>
, 545 m, 22 Apr 2017,
<emphasis id="12091FCADA286B08191BD451B7266513" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K. Velazco-G. 40341</emphasis>
(DAV).
<emphasis id="1368E48EE5E0EC47C8E83123079670FD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Jalisco</emphasis>
: Mpio. Casimiro Castillo, parte poniente del puente &quot;La Calera&quot; por la carretera Guadalajara-Barra de Navidad, [
<geoCoordinate id="52305C6AE196E5F7199D1F4E5C51262A" degrees="19.6730" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="19.673">19.6730</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="BC1EF1B0C1978BE9839617D1EDE78DE3" degrees="104.4287" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-104.4287">-104.4287</geoCoordinate>
], 550 m, 17 Aug 1990,
<emphasis id="24F6E23652B33AF7A8F2B4AB87F82463" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
R.
<normalizedToken id="4D335A7CD437BC5BE6407967BC40A2C7" originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
-V. 213
</emphasis>
(WIS).
<emphasis id="A14570F4D84E49AC9DF7BD5C09F1E045" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oaxaca</emphasis>
: Sierra de
<normalizedToken id="18B34B8766AB0E819B30B8D4719A499B" originalValue="Juárez">Juarez</normalizedToken>
, Mpio. Comaltepec, along Hwy 175 between km 66 and 67 just south of the town of Metates,
<geoCoordinate id="5FBED6F12F70B0BB93BC52DECDAADC1B" degrees="17.6860" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="17.686">17.6860</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A0880125548578A69465DD58D5942EE0" degrees="96.3289" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-96.3289">-96.3289</geoCoordinate>
, 870 m, 11 Sep 2017,
<emphasis id="E9A9470CB9D765C192704B6F26E421D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Dean 9524</emphasis>
(DAV).
<emphasis id="1D8103177AA893D505F8ADB058C7F48F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tabasco</emphasis>
: Sierra El Madrigal, al E del edificio principal del centro regional Tropical Puyacatengo, [
<geoCoordinate id="C24BE6D1F0C5F39130BCBCA60D68AD41" degrees="17.5172" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="17.5172">17.5172</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9707982CC6A272DF9FEC65F5AB1FDB4B" degrees="92.9028" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-92.9028">-92.9028</geoCoordinate>
], 600 m, 6 Jun 1991,
<emphasis id="F2CD385A216127E58358E04E681B1C22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.M.H. Alipi 440</emphasis>
(MEXU).
<emphasis id="7887369527FBB5F2775A828B71011293" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Veracruz</emphasis>
: Cerro del Marinero, poblado Adolfo
<normalizedToken id="55BF14520C7E42B576190721DFA09127" originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
Mateos, 18 km este de Catemaco,
<geoCoordinate id="121D48CE428E62FAF767A5E1FAA5C60D" degrees="18.4444" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="18.4444">18.4444</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="7BADB5AE8557ACC2F2BEFE6820DDEBE3" degrees="94.9633" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-94.9633">-94.9633</geoCoordinate>
, 500 m, 8 Jun 1991,
<emphasis id="AD6F8A08C943546D314BEB9F5F91646C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. Torres 495</emphasis>
(MEXU).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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