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<document id="700B5595C0A360AF1688E7AE4B69F2A3" ID-DOI="10.3853/j.2201-4349.72.2020.1762" ID-ISSN="2201-4349" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4654407" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1617221561381" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Stampar, Sérgio N., Mills, V. Sadie &amp; Keable, Stephen J." docDate="2020" docId="03F9879ECF27FFEAFC92FC4DD36CC2F4" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.72.3.81-100.pdf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 72 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:997BA24B490466A2F99594A367FA147F.3:RecAustMus.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="997BA24B490466A2F99594A367FA147F" docStyleName="RecAustMus.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Pachycerianthus antarcticus Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="E206225A-DAFB-44AE-A59E-FE1D7651F5E2" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="FFC0FFE6CF23FFECFFE0FF81D63CC53D" masterDocTitle="Ceriantharia (Cnidaria) from Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica with Descriptions of Four New Species" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="85" updateTime="1698898591332" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4E0433EC508F7E0BB2B573DCAA543C1C">
<mods:title id="946D81830297673C88FF5867F8D9E433">Ceriantharia (Cnidaria) from Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica with Descriptions of Four New Species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="0454C07E288189173BD010752A494B5A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8024B5A46967BECA679A5669B66C7146">Stampar, Sérgio N.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="40AF7EF0E4FA69B707E61E509754B665">Laboratório de Evolução e Diversidade Aquática-LEDA, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), FCL / Assis, Av. Dom Antônio, 2100, 19806 - 900, Assis, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="434B30F5675D83DC120A32365DF1A309">Mills, V. Sadie</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1AD5F96B283338BD0B8D5CA40FEAB9E1">NIWA Invertebrate Collection, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade Hataitai, 6021 Wellington, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="61CFE6C7C04C786E760002F20F73E8E6">Keable, Stephen J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BF020EFF5C5276592C313298C5BC4EF4">Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="69D4DAFD3F75114533E4C0DF8A110CDA">Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F752E150EA893BE5FE534C34D69DEFC7">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D5A5B6B29D0F04DA84F33774F5E993C1">2020-07-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DF13D7B8F40EBAEFDAC23662D5532786">72</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F9879ECF27FFEAFC92FC4DD36CC2F4" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E206225A-DAFB-44AE-A59E-FE1D7651F5E2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F9879ECF27FFEAFC92FC4DD36CC2F4" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<subSubSection id="C34A6503CF27FFE8FC92FC4DD3B3C6D1" box="[882,1423,972,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF27FFE8FC92FC4DD3B3C6D1" blockId="4.[882,1423,972,1004]" box="[882,1423,972,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<heading id="D0A781E4CF27FFE8FC92FC4DD3B3C6D1" bold="true" box="[882,1423,972,1004]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FC92FC4DD3B3C6D1" bold="true" box="[882,1423,972,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<taxonomicName id="4C504D0BCF27FFE8FC92FC4DD329C6D1" authority="Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable, 2020" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable" authorityYear="2020" box="[882,1301,972,1004]" class="Anthozoa" family="Cerianthidae" genus="Pachycerianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FC92FC4DD329C6D1" bold="true" box="[882,1301,972,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Pachycerianthus antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21757E1CF27FFE8FAFEFC4CD3B3C6D1" box="[1310,1423,973,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF27FFE8FC9FFB80D3BFC12D" blockId="4.[895,1411,1025,1040]" box="[895,1411,1025,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<tableNote id="76B63706CF27FFE8FC9FFB80D3BFC12D" box="[895,1411,1025,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" targetBox="[174,793,279,1045]" targetPageId="4">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E206225A-DAFB-44AE-A59E-FE1D7651F5E2</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C34A6503CF27FFE8FBF9FBB1D2D5C176" box="[1049,1257,1072,1099]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF27FFE8FBF9FBB1D2D5C176" blockId="4.[1049,1257,1072,1099]" box="[1049,1257,1072,1099]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<figureCitation id="136B2A0DCF27FFE8FBF9FBB1D2B8C176" box="[1049,1156,1072,1099]" captionStart-0="Figure 5" captionStart-1="Figure 6" captionStart-2="Figure 7" captionStartId-0="6.[166,234,1309,1331]" captionStartId-1="7.[121,194,754,776]" captionStartId-2="8.[265,333,1963,1985]" captionTargetBox-0="[166,1466,152,1295]" captionTargetBox-1="[121,748,151,737]" captionTargetBox-2="[311,1362,155,1952]" captionTargetId-0="figure-161@6.[166,1466,151,1295]" captionTargetId-1="figure-517@7.[121,748,151,750]" captionTargetId-2="figure-12@8.[265,1368,151,1963]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="Figure 5. Specimens of Pachycerianthus antarcticus sp. nov. (A) Whole specimen with tube, NIWA 36894, holotype (photo: Stefano Schiaparelli, MNA Genoa, IPY-CAML); (B) detail of insertion area of marginal tentacles (arrows); (C) detail of mesenteries full of eggs; and (D) eggs (fertilized?)." captionText-1="Figure 6. Graphical representation of the arrangement of mesenteries of Pachycerianthus antarcticus sp. nov.Abbreviations: M.C., multiplication chamber; dm, directives; T.P., terminal pore; S, siphonoglyph; B, betamesenteries (convoluted mesentery); M, metamesenteries (double filament); P, protomesenteries." captionText-2="Figure 7. Cnidome of Pachycerianthus antarcticus sp. nov. based on the holotype." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4654417" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4654419" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4654421" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4654417/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4654419/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4654421/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Figs 5–7</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6D20333CF27FFE8FB70FBB1D2D5C176" box="[1168,1257,1072,1099]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[121,184,995,1019]" captionText="Table 2. Cnidome of Pachycerianthus antarcticus sp. nov. based on two specimens (NIWA 36894 and 103267). Mean and range given for each cnida." pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Table 2</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34A6503CF27FFE8FCA7FBE1D3B8C037" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF27FFE8FCA7FBE1D3B8C037" blockId="4.[839,1467,1119,1290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<materialsCitation id="3B383CD5CF27FFE8FCA7FBE1D5F7C1F2" collectingDate="2008-02-18" collectionCode="NIWA, NIC, RV" country="Antarctica" county="Station" elevation="449" latitude="-76.202" location="Invertebrate Collection" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="176.248" municipality="Ross Sea" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" specimenCode="NIWA 36894" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FCA7FBE1D58FC145" bold="true" box="[839,947,1120,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<typeStatus id="54EB882ACF27FFE8FCA7FBE1D58FC145" box="[839,947,1120,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
<collectionCode id="ED41AE4DCF27FFE8FC25FBE1D237C145" box="[965,1035,1120,1144]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nyq3-3g6s" name="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="Other institutional type">NIWA</collectionCode>
<location id="8E8F6053CF27FFE8FBF6FBDED321C14A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F9879ECF27FFEAFC92FC4DD36CC2F4:8E8F6053CF27FFE8FBF6FBDED321C14A" box="[1046,1309,1119,1143]" country="Antarctica" county="Station" latitude="-76.202" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="176.248" municipality="Ross Sea" name="Invertebrate Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Invertebrate Collection</location>
(
<collectionCode id="ED41AE4DCF27FFE8FACFFBE1D35EC145" box="[1327,1378,1120,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">NIC</collectionCode>
)
<specimenCode id="DBF69EF3CF27FFE8FA94FBE1D5AEC1A8" collectionCode="NIWA" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nyq3-3g6s" name="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="Other institutional type">NIWA 36894</specimenCode>
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8BACF2CF27FFE8FC7EFBFCD22FC1A8" box="[926,1043,1149,1173]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Ross Sea</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3477618CF27FFE8FBC2FBFCD299C1A8" box="[1058,1189,1149,1173]" name="Antarctica" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectionCode id="ED41AE4DCF27FFE8FB55FBFCD2E7C1A9" box="[1205,1243,1149,1172]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">RV</collectionCode>
<taxonomicName id="4C504D0BCF27FFE8FB06FBFFD365C1A8" box="[1254,1369,1150,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Uloboridae" genus="Tangaroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FB06FBFFD365C1A8" box="[1254,1369,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Tangaroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCounty id="628E4E04CF27FFE8FA85FBFCD386C1A8" box="[1381,1466,1149,1173]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Station</collectingCounty>
TAN0802/100,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE64504FCF27FFE8FB88FB1BD2D5C18F" box="[1128,1257,1178,1202]" degrees="176.2480" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" precision="5" value="176.248">176.2480°E</geoCoordinate>
(
<date id="FFEE1048CF27FFE8FB18FB1BD350C18F" box="[1272,1388,1178,1202]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" value="2008-02-18">
<collectingDate id="EFAAE9A0CF27FFE8FB18FB1BD350C18F" box="[1272,1388,1178,1202]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" value="2008-02-18">18/ii/2008</collectingDate>
</date>
), depth
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF27FFE8FCA7FB36D5FBC1F2" box="[839,967,1207,1231]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.49" metricValueMax="4.51" metricValueMin="4.47" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="449.0" valueMax="451.0" valueMin="447.0">
<elevation id="007DD1BBCF27FFE8FCA7FB36D5FBC1F2" box="[839,967,1207,1231]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.49" metricValueMax="4.51" metricValueMin="4.47" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="449.0" valueMax="451.0" valueMin="447.0">447–451 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B383CD5CF27FFE8FC34FB39D585C1D0" collectionCode="NIWA" country="Antarctica" location="Off Young Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" specimenCode="NIWA 103267" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="54EB882ACF27FFE8FC34FB39D201C1ED" box="[980,1085,1208,1232]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
<specimenCode id="DBF69EF3CF27FFE8FBADFB39D2D0C1F2" box="[1101,1260,1207,1232]" collectionCode="NIWA" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nyq3-3g6s" name="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="Other institutional type">NIWA 103267</specimenCode>
<location id="8E8F6053CF27FFE8FB16FB36D38AC1F2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F9879ECF27FFEAFC92FC4DD36CC2F4:8E8F6053CF27FFE8FB16FB36D38AC1F2" box="[1270,1462,1207,1232]" country="Antarctica" name="Off Young Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Off Young Island</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3477618CF27FFE8FCA7FB54D585C1D0" box="[839,953,1237,1261]" name="Antarctica" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B383CD5CF27FFE8FC22FB54D3BCC037" collectingDate="2004-03-05" collectionCode="RV" country="Antarctica" elevation="942" latitude="-66.3647" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="162.5762" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="ED41AE4DCF27FFE8FC22FB54D5D8C1D1" box="[962,996,1237,1260]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">RV</collectionCode>
<taxonomicName id="4C504D0BCF27FFE8FC0AFB57D26CC1D0" box="[1002,1104,1238,1261]" class="Arachnida" family="Uloboridae" genus="Tangaroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FC0AFB57D26CC1D0" box="[1002,1104,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Tangaroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Station TAN0402/252,
<geoCoordinate id="EE64504FCF27FFE8FAAAFB54D387C1D0" box="[1354,1467,1237,1261]" degrees="66.3647" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" precision="5" value="-66.3647">66.3647°S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE64504FCF27FFE8FCA7FB73D5FBC037" box="[839,967,1266,1290]" degrees="162.5762" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" precision="5" value="162.5762">162.5762°E</geoCoordinate>
(
<date id="FFEE1048CF27FFE8FC35FB73D26EC037" box="[981,1106,1266,1290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" value="2004-03-05">
<collectingDate id="EFAAE9A0CF27FFE8FC35FB73D26EC037" box="[981,1106,1266,1290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" value="2004-03-05">05/iii/2004</collectingDate>
</date>
), depth
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF27FFE8FB46FB73D2D6C037" box="[1190,1258,1266,1290]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.42" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="942.0">
<elevation id="007DD1BBCF27FFE8FB46FB73D2D6C037" box="[1190,1258,1266,1290]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.42" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="942.0">942 m</elevation>
</quantity>
(
<specimenCount id="9D56FD01CF27FFE8FB1BFB73D345C037" box="[1275,1401,1266,1290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34A6503CF27FFE8FCA7FA9ED30AC0B2" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF27FFE8FCA7FA9ED30AC0B2" blockId="4.[839,1467,1311,1423]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FCA7FA9ED588C00A" bold="true" box="[839,948,1311,1335]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Marginal tentacles in two pseudocyles and labial tentacles in four pseudocycles. Four mesenteries attached to siphonoglyph, M and m or B and b with almost the same length and absence of directive labial tentacle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34A6503CF27FFE9FCA7FA24D708C21D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF27FFE9FCA7FA24D708C21D" blockId="4.[839,1467,1445,1997]" lastBlockId="5.[121,749,1712,1824]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FCA7FA24D580C080" bold="true" box="[839,956,1445,1469]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Variation</emphasis>
. Short (up to
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF27FFE8FB8CFA24D2FCC081" box="[1132,1216,1445,1469]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
long) and broad (
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF27FFE8FA7DFA24D54EC0E7" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
width) cerianthid; 20–32 white marginal tentacles (practically absent in both specimens, only the base is present) (
<figureCitation id="136B2A0DCF27FFE8FC55FA7CD5C2C328" box="[949,1022,1533,1557]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[220,288,1629,1651]" captionTargetBox="[265,1315,157,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-9@5.[219,1322,151,1607]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Cnidome of Pachycerianthus fiordlandensis sp. nov. based on two specimens (NIWA 139391; 139400)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4654415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4654415/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), arrangement 1212.1212.1212; 28–36 white tentacles (up to
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF27FFE8FBD5F99BD24FC30F" box="[1077,1139,1562,1586]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
long in preserved specimens), arrangement 2134.3142.3142, unpaired labial tentacle absent; pleated stomodeum extending over 1/5 of total body length, hyposulcus less than
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF27FFE8FB27F9F3D335C3B7" box="[1223,1289,1650,1674]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, hemisulci absent; siphonoglyph narrow, connected only to directives and P2 (4 mesenteries); free parts of sterile directive mesenteries very short, without mesenterial filaments. Second protomesenteries (P2) short, sterile, bearing ciliated tracts without craspedonemes, followed by a long cnido-glandular tract (c. 80% of the mesentery). Third protomesenteries sterile, longer than P2, with craspedonemes. M and m-metamesenteries long, almost equal length (M longer than m), fertile; M1 and M2 reach more than 1/2 of gastral cavity with a small bundle of craspedonemes; B and b-mesenteries, short, sterile, almost equal length; see
<figureCitation id="136B2A0DCF27FFE8FB03F834D31EC2F0" box="[1251,1314,1973,1997]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[121,194,754,776]" captionTargetBox="[121,748,151,737]" captionTargetId="figure-517@7.[121,748,151,750]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Graphical representation of the arrangement of mesenteries of Pachycerianthus antarcticus sp. nov.Abbreviations: M.C., multiplication chamber; dm, directives; T.P., terminal pore; S, siphonoglyph; B, betamesenteries (convoluted mesentery); M, metamesenteries (double filament); P, protomesenteries." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4654419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4654419/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
for schematic arrangement of mesenteries. The cnidome of the species (
<figureCitation id="136B2A0DCF26FFE9FD22F931D6BBC3DB" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[265,333,1963,1985]" captionTargetBox="[311,1362,155,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-12@8.[265,1368,151,1963]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Cnidome of Pachycerianthus antarcticus sp. nov. based on the holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4654421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4654421/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) is composed of spirocysts, holotrics, atrichs, microbasic b-mastigophores (four
<typeStatus id="54EB882ACF26FFE9FE8AF96AD79FC23E" box="[362,419,1771,1795]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">types</typeStatus>
) and ptychocysts distributed as shown in
<tableCitation id="C6D20333CF26FFE9FF3FF889D70CC21D" box="[223,304,1800,1824]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="7.[121,184,995,1019]" captionText="Table 2. Cnidome of Pachycerianthus antarcticus sp. nov. based on two specimens (NIWA 36894 and 103267). Mean and range given for each cnida." pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2F6600CF27FFE8FF46F8CBD48BC2F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4654413" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4654413" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4654413/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" startId="4.[166,231,1866,1888]" targetBox="[166,793,1161,1846]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF27FFE8FF46F8CBD48BC2F6" blockId="4.[166,794,1866,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FF46F8CBD6CBC262" bold="true" box="[166,247,1866,1888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Figure 3</emphasis>
. Graphical representation of the arrangement of mesenteries of
<taxonomicName id="4C504D0BCF27FFE8FF23F8E4D7CEC247" authority="Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable, 2020" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable" authorityYear="2020" box="[195,498,1893,1914]" class="Anthozoa" family="Cerianthidae" genus="Pachycerianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fiordlandensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FF23F8E4D7CEC247" box="[195,498,1893,1914]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">Pachycerianthus fiordlandensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21757E1CF27FFE8FE1AF8E4D474C247" box="[506,584,1893,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FD04F8E4D526C247" box="[740,794,1893,1914]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">M.C.,</emphasis>
multiplication chamber;
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FE7FF8FED7FFC2A9" box="[415,451,1919,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">dm,</emphasis>
directives;
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FDDCF801D45BC2A8" box="[572,615,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">T.P.,</emphasis>
terminal pore;
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FCE7F801D526C2A8" box="[775,794,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">S,</emphasis>
siphonoglyph;
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FEDDF81AD76EC28D" box="[317,338,1947,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">B,</emphasis>
betamesenteries (convoluted mesentery);
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FD1FF81AD526C28D" box="[767,794,1947,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">M,</emphasis>
metamesenteries (double filament);
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF27FFE8FE18F834D434C2F7" box="[504,520,1973,1994]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">P,</emphasis>
protomesenteries.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2F6600CF26FFE9FF3CF9DCD319C34E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4654415" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4654415" box="[220,1317,1629,1651]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4654415/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" startId="5.[220,288,1629,1651]" targetBox="[265,1315,157,1601]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF26FFE9FF3CF9DCD319C34E" blockId="5.[220,1317,1629,1651]" box="[220,1317,1629,1651]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF26FFE9FF3CF9DCD70DC34F" bold="true" box="[220,305,1629,1651]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Figure 4</emphasis>
. Cnidome of
<taxonomicName id="4C504D0BCF26FFE9FE5BF9DCD4D5C34F" authority="Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable, 2020" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable" authorityYear="2020" box="[443,745,1629,1650]" class="Anthozoa" family="Cerianthidae" genus="Pachycerianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fiordlandensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF26FFE9FE5BF9DCD4D5C34F" box="[443,745,1629,1650]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Pachycerianthus fiordlandensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21757E1CF26FFE9FD0FF9DCD506C34F" box="[751,826,1629,1650]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
based on two specimens (NIWA 139391; 139400).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34A6503CF26FFEAFF99F8C2D797C37C" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF26FFEAFF99F8C2D797C37C" blockId="5.[121,749,1859,2000]" lastBlockId="6.[166,794,1489,1601]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF26FFE9FF99F8C2D754C266" bold="true" box="[121,360,1859,1883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
<typeStatus id="54EB882ACF26FFE9FF99F8C2D6DEC266" box="[121,226,1859,1883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
description
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED41AE4DCF26FFE9FE93F8C2D786C266" box="[371,442,1859,1883]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/nyq3-3g6s" name="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" type="Other institutional type">NIWA</collectionCode>
36894). Small polyp,
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF26FFE9FD45F8C2D4D1C267" box="[677,749,1859,1883]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="cm" value="3.6">3.6 cm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF26FFE9FF59F8E1D73BC245" box="[185,263,1888,1912]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
diameter just below marginal tentacles and
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF26FFE9FF99F8FFD684C2A8" box="[121,184,1918,1942]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
near aboral end. Marginal tentacles 20, arranged in two pseudocycles. The space between cycles of marginal and labial tentacles white. Labial tentacles 28, about
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF26FFE9FD3FF839D578C3F5" box="[735,836,1713,2000]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long, white, directive labial absent, arrangement of marginal tentacles 1212.1212.1212… and labial tentacles 2134.3142.3142.... Oral disk
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF26FFE9FB8FF96AD282C23F" box="[1135,1214,1771,1795]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
wide, stomodeum
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF26FFE9FCFAF889D561C21D" box="[794,861,1800,1824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
long, white, siphonoglyph narrow and elongate with 4 mesenteries attached, hyposulcus
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF26FFE9FAEAF8A7D36CC200" box="[1290,1360,1830,1854]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long with short hemisulci
<quantity id="4CA89B6DCF26FFE9FBE8F8C2D276C267" box="[1032,1098,1859,1883]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long. Free parts of directive mesenteries very short, without mesenterial filaments. Second protomesenteries short, sterile, bearing small ciliated tracts with bundles of craspedonemes. Third protomesenteries sterile, short, with craspedonemes. M and m-metamesenteries long and almost equal length, fertile; M1 and M2 reaching almost aboral pore (M1=M2), with bundles of craspedonemes; B and b-mesenteries sterile, B two times longer than b.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2F6600CF25FFEAFF46FA9CD79DC055" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4654417" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4654417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4654417/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" startId="6.[166,234,1309,1331]" targetBox="[166,1466,152,1295]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF25FFEAFF46FA9CD79DC055" blockId="6.[166,1467,1309,1384]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFF46FA9CD6C1C00F" bold="true" box="[166,253,1309,1331]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Figure 5</emphasis>
. Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C504D0BCF25FFEAFE7BFA9CD492C00E" authority="Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable, 2020" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable" authorityYear="2020" box="[411,686,1309,1331]" class="Anthozoa" family="Cerianthidae" genus="Pachycerianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFE7BFA9CD492C00E" box="[411,686,1309,1331]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Pachycerianthus antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21757E1CF25FFEAFD55FA9FD53DC00E" box="[693,769,1310,1331]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFCE7FA9CD519C00F" box="[775,805,1309,1330]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">(A)</emphasis>
Whole specimen with tube, NIWA 36894, holotype (photo: Stefano Schiaparelli, MNA Genoa, IPY-CAML);
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFDCFFAB9D472C070" box="[559,590,1336,1357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">(B)</emphasis>
detail of insertion area of marginal tentacles (arrows);
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFBB8FAB9D244C070" box="[1112,1144,1336,1357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">(C)</emphasis>
detail of mesenteries full of eggs; and
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFF2FFAD2D6CCC055" box="[207,240,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">(D)</emphasis>
eggs (fertilized?).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34A6503CF25FFEAFF46F9D5D5F3C211" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF25FFEAFF46F9D5D4A5C3C2" blockId="6.[166,794,1620,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFF46F9D5D732C351" bold="true" box="[166,270,1620,1644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C504D0BCF25FFEAFEFDF9D5D46CC351" authorityName="Stampar &amp; Mills &amp; Keable" authorityYear="2020" box="[285,592,1620,1644]" class="Anthozoa" family="Cerianthidae" genus="Pachycerianthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFEFDF9D5D46CC351" box="[285,592,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Pachycerianthus antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the first species of
<taxonomicName id="4C504D0BCF25FFEAFF25F9F0D775C3B4" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1893" box="[197,329,1649,1673]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Ceriantharia</taxonomicName>
to be recorded for the Antarctic region. In contrast to the pattern of species occurrence in the Arctic, records in the southern hemisphere have previously been restricted to semitropical or temperate regions (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B79CF25FFEAFF46F966D79BC3C2" author="Molodtsova, T. N. &amp; C. L. Griffiths &amp; F. H. Acuna" box="[166,423,1767,1791]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref11482" refString="Molodtsova, T. N., C. L. Griffiths, and F. H. Acuna. 2011. A new species of shallow-water cerianthid (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from South Africa, with remarks on the genus Ceriantheopsis. African Natural History 7: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2011">
Molodtsova
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFECCF966D75EC3C2" box="[300,354,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
; Stampar
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFDF1F966D47BC3C2" box="[529,583,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF25FFEAFF25F885D5F3C211" blockId="6.[166,794,1620,1996]" lastBlockId="6.[839,1467,1489,1836]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
Some aspects related to the species biology are important to highlight. The first is the presence of oocytes that appear to be fertilized in the gastrovascular cavity. Internal fertilization is not unknown in
<taxonomicName id="4C504D0BCF25FFEAFE03F8DDD529C249" authority="(Nyholm, 1943)" baseAuthorityName="Nyholm" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[483,789,1884,1908]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
Ceriantharia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B79CF25FFEAFD92F8DDD531C249" author="Nyholm, K. - G." box="[626,781,1884,1908]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" pagination="87 - 248" refId="ref11535" refString="Nyholm, K. - G. 1943. Zur Entwicklung und Entwicklungsbiologie der Ceriantharien und Aktinien. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 22: 87 - 248." type="journal article" year="1943">Nyholm, 1943</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but appears to be rare and there is no data on the fertilization process. Presently it is unclear if self-fertilization or oral sperm capture occurs. Another aspect concerns the size of the ptychocyst capsules and the tube construction. Based on the small pieces of tube close to the specimen body, it is possible to observe a coarse grain size in the sediment used, so the construction of the tube must require longer ptychocyst filaments to be able to use this sediment as part of the tube (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B79CF25FFEAFC24F9E5D2A2C341" author="Stampar, S. N. &amp; J. S. Beneti &amp; F. H. Acuna &amp; A. C. Morandini" box="[964,1182,1636,1660]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" pagination="67 - 71" refId="ref12052" refString="Stampar, S. N., J. S. Beneti, F. H. Acuna, and A. C. Morandini. 2015. Ultrastructure and tube formation in Ceriantharia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). Zoologischer Anzeiger 254: 67 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2014.11.004" type="journal article" year="2015">
Stampar
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFBC4F9E4D265C341" box="[1060,1113,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Based on current data, no further conclusions are possible, but a deeper analysis of the relationship between ptychocyst capsule size and sediment particle size would be useful to examine in future studies because the ecological role of these organisms can be quite important in modifying benthic environments (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B79CF25FFEAFA84F976D5F8C211" author="Shepard, A. N. &amp; R. B. Theroux &amp; R. A. Cooper &amp; J. R. Uzmann" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" pagination="625 - 646" refId="ref11701" refString="Shepard, A. N., R. B. Theroux, R. A. Cooper, and J. R. Uzmann. 1986. Ecology of Ceriantharia (Coelenterata, Anthozoa) of the northwest Atlantic from Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia. Fishery Bulletin 84: 625 - 646." type="journal article" year="1986">
Shepard
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFCA7F894D541C211" box="[839,893,1812,1836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">et al.</emphasis>
, 1986
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34A6503CF25FFEAFCA7F8C5D331C261" box="[839,1293,1860,1884]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF25FFEAFCA7F8C5D331C261" blockId="6.[839,1293,1860,1884]" box="[839,1293,1860,1884]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFCA7F8C5D5EEC261" bold="true" box="[839,978,1860,1884]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Distribution</emphasis>
. Southern Ocean,
<collectingCountry id="F3477618CF25FFEAFB77F8C5D336C261" box="[1175,1290,1860,1884]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34A6503CF25FFEAFCA7F8F6D36CC2F4" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BEF3688CF25FFEAFCA7F8F6D36CC2F4" blockId="6.[839,1467,1911,1993]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B924EA9ACF25FFEAFCA7F8F6D5FEC2B2" bold="true" box="[839,962,1911,1935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Etymology</emphasis>
. The specific name “antarcticus” (derived from the ancient Greek ἀνταρκτικóς opposite to the Arctic) refers to the geographical occurrence of the specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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