193 lines
30 KiB
XML
193 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="447C06BBD85C38C015599F3AF3DC205D">Sequestrichnia - an ethological category of marine trace fossils recording the collection and stowage of nutritional material within burrows</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0B8DFDA56B09E6DE578C6DC5B0D35701">Uchman, Alfred</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F6D036B55FE685B20D5E61EE3190A222">Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, Gronostajowa 3 a, PL- 30 - 387 Kraków (Poland) alfred. uchman @ uj. edu. pl (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2160135960F57291855D2928ACA1F7DB" type="email">alfred.uchman@uj.edu.pl</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="BB0AC59FBD54FD25B9DB28611C8242D4">Wetzel, Andreas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BE89BDE5D9B22E0D146D39F6B861AA60">Department of Environmental Sciences - Geology, Universität Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, CH- 4056 Basel (Switzerland) andreas. wetzel @ unibas. ch</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="06B0C4A5513F84304166AD976D5CC418" type="email">andreas.wetzel@unibas.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="96A0E3EDF994968B88D4FA5A136688E1">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03DB87D8FFEEFF90ACF5FB19027DC333" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14232255" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247601440" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14232255" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DB87D8FFEEFF90ACF5FB19027DC333" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB87D8FFEEFF90ACF5FB19027DC333" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
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<subSubSection id="C3686545FFEEFF90ACF5FB1904E8C3B3" box="[233,674,1172,1199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCD36CEFFEEFF90ACF5FB1904E8C3B3" blockId="5.[233,674,1172,1230]" box="[233,674,1172,1199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
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<heading id="D08581A2FFEEFF90ACF5FB1904E8C3B3" box="[233,674,1172,1199]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" reason="2">
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Ichnogenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C724D4DFFEEFF90AD72FB1904E8C3B3" authority="Massalongo, 1855" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1855" box="[366,674,1172,1199]" class="Lycopodiopsida" genus="Zoophycos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isoetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90AD72FB19079FC3B2" box="[366,469,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Zoophycos</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90ADC0FB1904E8C3B3" author="MASSALONGO A. D. B." box="[476,674,1172,1199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" refId="ref11232" refString="MASSALONGO A. D. B. 1855. - Zoophycos, novum genus plantarum fossilium. Antonelli, Verona, 52 p." type="book" year="1855">Massalongo, 1855</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3686545FFEEFF90AD81FB39027DC333" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCD36CEFFEEFF90AD81FB3907A4C3D2" blockId="5.[233,674,1172,1230]" box="[413,494,1204,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13492A4BFFEEFF90ADBAFB3907AFC3D2" box="[422,485,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1656,1673]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-311@6.[603,1266,771,960]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Sequestered and downward-transferred material in Zoophycos Massalongo,1855: A, black mud and white nannofossil ooze displaced for> 26 (black arrows) and> 23 cm (white arrows) downward, respectively, as indicated by colour and composition of sediment (Institute of Geological Sciences Kiel, Germany, core 16867-3; 2.2°S, 5.1°E, 3894 m water depth, mid Atlantic; 16.56-16.99 m core depth); B, sequestered organic-rich grey sediment filling Zoophycos spreite (white arrows) produced in red pelagic mud (Maastrichtian, Zumaia, Spain); C, homogeneous and pelleted sequestered sediment alternating with host sediment in Zoophycos spreite; inset (C’) showing pellets occurring in both sequestered sediment (green arrows) and host sediment (yellow arrows) (DSDP Leg 93, Site 605, Core 16-4, 59.5-66.5 cm core depth; for details see Wetzel 1987); D, truncation of lamellae (marked with red stippled lines) in Zoophycos spreite in horizontal section, indicating reworking of previously emplaced material (Paleogene, Zumaia, Spain). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14530602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14530602/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCD36CEFFEEFF90AC98FB7907BEC131" blockId="5.[130,777,1268,2028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
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<taxonomicName id="4C724D4DFFEEFF90AC98FB7906A0C212" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1855" box="[132,234,1268,1294]" class="Lycopodiopsida" genus="Zoophycos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isoetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90AC98FB7906A0C212" box="[132,234,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Zoophycos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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represents a regularly to irregularly coiled, simple to complex lobate spreite burrow that has shown changes in shape, size, and geometry through the Phanerozoic (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90AEB5FAB90680C272" author="SEILACHER A." pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="359 - 376" refId="ref12450" refString="SEILACHER A. 1977 b. - Evolution of trace fossil communities, in HALLAM A. (ed.), Patterns of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 5: 359 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0920 - 5446 (08) 70331 - 5" type="journal article" year="1977">Seilacher 1977b</bibRefCitation>
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; later refined by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90AD9EFAD90405C272" author="CHAMBERLAIN C. K." box="[386,591,1364,1390]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="13 - 22" refId="ref8804" refString="CHAMBERLAIN C. K. 2000. - Prologue to the study of Zoophycos. Ichnology Newsletter 22: 13 - 22." type="journal article" year="2000">Chamberlain 2000</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90AE9AFAD906F7C292" author="ZHANG L. - J. & FAN R. - Y. & GONG Y. - M." pageId="5" pageNumber="328" refId="ref14979" refString="ZHANG L. - J., FAN R. - Y. & GONG Y. - M. 2015. - Zoophycos macroevolution since 541 Ma. Scientific Reports 5: 14954. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 14954" type="journal volume" year="2015">
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Zhang
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<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90AEC8FAD8054DC272" box="[724,775,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
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2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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). For most
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<taxonomicName id="4C724D4DFFEEFF90AD24FAF907D5C292" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1855" box="[312,415,1396,1422]" class="Lycopodiopsida" genus="Zoophycos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isoetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90AD24FAF907D5C292" box="[312,415,1396,1422]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Zoophycos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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older than the late Mesozoic, different ways of spreite production and behaviour are possible, including fodinichnial behaviour (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90AE28FA3E06F7C2F1" author="OLIVERO D. & GAILLARD C." pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="249 - 260" refId="ref12035" refString="OLIVERO D. & GAILLARD C. 1996. - Paleoecology of Jurassic Zoophycos from south-eastern France. Ichnos 4 (4): 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10420949609380135" type="journal article" year="1996">Olivero & Gaillard 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). In contrast, for Late Cretaceous to modern
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<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90AEA8FA5E06E2C111" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
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<taxonomicName id="4C724D4DFFEEFF90AEA8FA5E06EEC111" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1855" class="Lycopodiopsida" genus="Zoophycos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isoetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Zoophycos</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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sequestrichnial behaviour of the producers appears to be common. These are outlined here.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCD36CEFFEEFF90AC87F9BE0258C5AD" blockId="5.[130,777,1268,2028]" lastBlockId="5.[810,1457,216,1071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
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Evidence for sequestration of sediment on the seafloor is given by the colour of the spreite fill in combination with enlarged organic carbon values. The spreite consists of alternating lamellae containing host sediment and material likely sequestered on the seafloor and transferred downward; pellets may occur in both
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<typeStatus id="54C9886CFFEEFF90AD57F95E07C8C1F1" box="[331,386,1747,1773]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">types</typeStatus>
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of lamellae (
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<figureCitation id="13492A4BFFEEFF90AE17F95F0402C1F1" box="[523,584,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1656,1673]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-311@6.[603,1266,771,960]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Sequestered and downward-transferred material in Zoophycos Massalongo,1855: A, black mud and white nannofossil ooze displaced for> 26 (black arrows) and> 23 cm (white arrows) downward, respectively, as indicated by colour and composition of sediment (Institute of Geological Sciences Kiel, Germany, core 16867-3; 2.2°S, 5.1°E, 3894 m water depth, mid Atlantic; 16.56-16.99 m core depth); B, sequestered organic-rich grey sediment filling Zoophycos spreite (white arrows) produced in red pelagic mud (Maastrichtian, Zumaia, Spain); C, homogeneous and pelleted sequestered sediment alternating with host sediment in Zoophycos spreite; inset (C’) showing pellets occurring in both sequestered sediment (green arrows) and host sediment (yellow arrows) (DSDP Leg 93, Site 605, Core 16-4, 59.5-66.5 cm core depth; for details see Wetzel 1987); D, truncation of lamellae (marked with red stippled lines) in Zoophycos spreite in horizontal section, indicating reworking of previously emplaced material (Paleogene, Zumaia, Spain). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14530602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14530602/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). The sequestered sediment is commonly darker in greenish-grey host sediment or grey in reddish host sediment. In both cases, the organic carbon content of the spreite fill is higher than that of the host sediment; for example, the black spreite material of Paleocene
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<taxonomicName id="4C724D4DFFEEFF90ACD6F8FF077BC090" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1855" box="[202,305,1906,1932]" class="Lycopodiopsida" genus="Zoophycos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isoetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90ACD6F8FF077BC090" box="[202,305,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Zoophycos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Gurnigel Flysch; Seligraben/Gurnigelbad,
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<collectingCountry id="F365765EFFEEFF90AC99F81F074EC0B0" box="[133,260,1938,1964]" name="Switzerland" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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) contains 1.1-1.7%
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<subScript id="17F6348BFFEEFF90ADFCF81F0446C0B3" attach="left" box="[480,524,1938,1967]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Corg</subScript>
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compared to 0.5-0.7%
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<subScript id="17F6348BFFEEFF90AC98F83F06FBC0D3" attach="left" box="[132,177,1970,1999]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Corg</subScript>
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in the green host sediment (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90ADE6F83F04B4C0D0" author="WETZEL A. & UCHMAN A." box="[506,766,1970,1996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="351 - 369" refId="ref14463" refString="WETZEL A. & UCHMAN A. 1998. - Biogenic sedimentary structures in mudstones - an overview, in SCHIEBER J., ZIMMERLE W. & SETHI P. (eds), Shales and Mudstones I. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart: 351 - 369." type="book chapter" year="1998">Wetzel & Uchman 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 1d, e). In the Eocene of Arnakatxa Headland near Bilbao, 0.3-0.7%
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<subScript id="17F6348BFFEEFF90AF89FF550589C7E9" attach="left" box="[917,963,216,245]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Corg</subScript>
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occurs in grey spreite material and <0.1%
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<subScript id="17F6348BFFEEFF90A99FFF5503FAC7E9" attach="right" box="[1411,1456,216,245]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Corg</subScript>
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in red limestone lutite alternations. However, in deep oceanic settings, also lighter material deposited during periods of enhanced nannoplankton productivity can be transferred downward (
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<figureCitation id="13492A4BFFEEFF90AFAEFEDA0243C66D" box="[946,1033,343,369]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1656,1673]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-311@6.[603,1266,771,960]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Sequestered and downward-transferred material in Zoophycos Massalongo,1855: A, black mud and white nannofossil ooze displaced for> 26 (black arrows) and> 23 cm (white arrows) downward, respectively, as indicated by colour and composition of sediment (Institute of Geological Sciences Kiel, Germany, core 16867-3; 2.2°S, 5.1°E, 3894 m water depth, mid Atlantic; 16.56-16.99 m core depth); B, sequestered organic-rich grey sediment filling Zoophycos spreite (white arrows) produced in red pelagic mud (Maastrichtian, Zumaia, Spain); C, homogeneous and pelleted sequestered sediment alternating with host sediment in Zoophycos spreite; inset (C’) showing pellets occurring in both sequestered sediment (green arrows) and host sediment (yellow arrows) (DSDP Leg 93, Site 605, Core 16-4, 59.5-66.5 cm core depth; for details see Wetzel 1987); D, truncation of lamellae (marked with red stippled lines) in Zoophycos spreite in horizontal section, indicating reworking of previously emplaced material (Paleogene, Zumaia, Spain). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14530602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14530602/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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). Other tracers, e.g. volcanic ash, also record a downward sediment transfer (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90A8F7FEFA033FC68D" author="KOTAKE N." box="[1259,1397,375,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="379 - 385" refId="ref10393" refString="KOTAKE N. 1991. - Non-selective surface deposit feeding by the Zoophycos producers. Lethaia 24 (4): 379 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1991. tb 01489. x" type="journal article" year="1991">Kotake 1991</bibRefCitation>
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). For Pleistocene and Holocene
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<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90A855FE1A02F2C6AD" box="[1097,1208,407,433]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C724D4DFFEEFF90A855FE1A02FEC6AD" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1855" box="[1097,1204,407,433]" class="Lycopodiopsida" genus="Zoophycos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isoetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Zoophycos</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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chronometric age data record a sequestration of surface material as the spreite fill is generally younger than the host sediment (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90A903FE5A05F3C50D" author="LOWEMARK L. & WERNER F." pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="191 - 198" refId="ref10979" refString="LOWEMARK L. & WERNER F. 2001. - Dating errors in high-resolution stratigraphy: a detailed X-ray radiograph and AMS- 14 C study of Zoophycos burrows. Marine Geology 177 (3 - 4): 191 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0025 - 3227 (01) 00167 - 0" type="journal article" year="2001">Löwemark & Werner 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90AFDBFE7A02E1C50D" author="LEUSCHNER D. C. & SIROCKO F. & GROOTES P. M. & ERLENKEUSER H." box="[967,1195,503,529]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="111 - 126" refId="ref10684" refString="LEUSCHNER D. C., SIROCKO F., GROOTES P. M. & ERLENKEUSER H. 2002. - Possible influence of Zoophycos bioturbation on radiocarbon dating and environmental interpretation. Marine Micropalaeontology 46 (1 - 2): 111 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0377 - 8398 (02) 00044 - 0" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Leuschner
|
||
<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90A826FE750226C50D" box="[1082,1132,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90A8ABFE7A03C9C50D" author="KUSSNER K. & SARNTHEIN M. & LAMY F. & TIEDEMANN R." box="[1207,1411,503,529]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="48 - 56" refId="ref10553" refString="KUSSNER K., SARNTHEIN M., LAMY F. & TIEDEMANN R. 2018. - High-resolution radiocarbon records trace episodes of Zoophycos burrowing. Marine Geology 403: 48 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2018.04.013" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Küssner
|
||
<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90A90EFE75030FC50D" box="[1298,1349,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In well-dated sediments,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C724D4DFFEEFF90A80EFD9A0232C52D" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1855" box="[1042,1144,535,561]" class="Lycopodiopsida" genus="Zoophycos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isoetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90A80EFD9A0232C52D" box="[1042,1144,535,561]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Zoophycos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be produced when environmental conditions switch to a starved sedimentation regime (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90AF95FDDA022BC56D" author="KUSSNER K. & SARNTHEIN M. & LAMY F. & TIEDEMANN R." box="[905,1121,598,625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="48 - 56" refId="ref10553" refString="KUSSNER K., SARNTHEIN M., LAMY F. & TIEDEMANN R. 2018. - High-resolution radiocarbon records trace episodes of Zoophycos burrowing. Marine Geology 403: 48 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2018.04.013" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Küssner
|
||
<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90AFF5FDDA0255C56C" box="[1001,1055,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or during times of enhanced seasonality (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90AFFEFDFB029BC58C" author="LOWEMARK L. & LIN H. - L. & SARNTHEIN M." box="[994,1233,630,656]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="105 - 114" refId="ref11040" refString="LOWEMARK L., LIN H. - L. & SARNTHEIN M. 2006. - Temporal variations of the trace fossil Zoophycos in a 425 ka long sediment record from the South China Sea: implications for the ethology of the Zoophycos producer. Geological Magazine 143 (1): 105 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756805001408" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Löwemark
|
||
<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90A847FDFA02DBC58C" box="[1115,1169,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90A8FDFDFB03E2C58C" author="WETZEL A. & TJALLINGII R. & WIESNER M. G." box="[1249,1448,630,656]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="256 - 267" refId="ref14786" refString="WETZEL A., TJALLINGII R. & WIESNER M. G. 2011. - Bioturbational structures record environmental changes in the upwelling area off Vietnam (South China Sea) for the last 150,000 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 311 (3 - 4): 256 - 267. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2011.09.003" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Wetzel
|
||
<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90A92EFDFA0322C58C" box="[1330,1384,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90AF31FD1B0249C5AC" author="DORADOR J. & WETZEL A. & RODRIGUEZ-TOVAR F. J." box="[813,1027,662,688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="323 - 328" refId="ref8866" refString="DORADOR J., WETZEL A. & RODRIGUEZ-TOVAR F. J. 2016. - Zoophycos in deep-sea sediments indicates high and seasonal primary productivity: Ichnology as a proxy in palaeoceanography during glacial-interglacial variations. Terra Nova 28 (5): 323 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ter. 12224" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Dorador
|
||
<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90AF8CFD1A058EC5AC" box="[912,964,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCD36CEFFEEFF90AF5FFD3B027DC333" blockId="5.[810,1457,216,1071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C724D4DFFEEFF90AF6CFD3B059FC5CC" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1855" box="[880,981,694,720]" class="Lycopodiopsida" genus="Zoophycos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isoetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90AF6CFD3B059FC5CC" box="[880,981,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Zoophycos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
producer stows the sequestered material commonly in the form of mud lamellae or pellets in the spreite. Pellets, however, occur in both host and sequestered sediment, suggesting that they could have provided “seed” microbes housed in the gut to the spreite “bioreactor” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13492A4BFFEEFF90A8DAFCBB0350C44C" box="[1222,1306,822,848]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1656,1673]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-311@6.[603,1266,771,960]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Sequestered and downward-transferred material in Zoophycos Massalongo,1855: A, black mud and white nannofossil ooze displaced for> 26 (black arrows) and> 23 cm (white arrows) downward, respectively, as indicated by colour and composition of sediment (Institute of Geological Sciences Kiel, Germany, core 16867-3; 2.2°S, 5.1°E, 3894 m water depth, mid Atlantic; 16.56-16.99 m core depth); B, sequestered organic-rich grey sediment filling Zoophycos spreite (white arrows) produced in red pelagic mud (Maastrichtian, Zumaia, Spain); C, homogeneous and pelleted sequestered sediment alternating with host sediment in Zoophycos spreite; inset (C’) showing pellets occurring in both sequestered sediment (green arrows) and host sediment (yellow arrows) (DSDP Leg 93, Site 605, Core 16-4, 59.5-66.5 cm core depth; for details see Wetzel 1987); D, truncation of lamellae (marked with red stippled lines) in Zoophycos spreite in horizontal section, indicating reworking of previously emplaced material (Paleogene, Zumaia, Spain). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14530602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14530602/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, a priming scenario appears realistic, in particular as subsequent lamellae overlap previous ones, indicating partial reworking and utilization of the spreite fill by the tracemaker (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13492A4BFFEEFF90A951FC1803EBC4B3" box="[1357,1441,917,943]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1656,1673]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1609]" captionTargetId="figure-311@6.[603,1266,771,960]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Sequestered and downward-transferred material in Zoophycos Massalongo,1855: A, black mud and white nannofossil ooze displaced for> 26 (black arrows) and> 23 cm (white arrows) downward, respectively, as indicated by colour and composition of sediment (Institute of Geological Sciences Kiel, Germany, core 16867-3; 2.2°S, 5.1°E, 3894 m water depth, mid Atlantic; 16.56-16.99 m core depth); B, sequestered organic-rich grey sediment filling Zoophycos spreite (white arrows) produced in red pelagic mud (Maastrichtian, Zumaia, Spain); C, homogeneous and pelleted sequestered sediment alternating with host sediment in Zoophycos spreite; inset (C’) showing pellets occurring in both sequestered sediment (green arrows) and host sediment (yellow arrows) (DSDP Leg 93, Site 605, Core 16-4, 59.5-66.5 cm core depth; for details see Wetzel 1987); D, truncation of lamellae (marked with red stippled lines) in Zoophycos spreite in horizontal section, indicating reworking of previously emplaced material (Paleogene, Zumaia, Spain). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14530602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14530602/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C724D4DFFEEFF90AF6CFC380593C4D3" authorityName="Massalongo" authorityYear="1855" box="[880,985,949,975]" class="Lycopodiopsida" genus="Zoophycos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isoetales" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B906EADCFFEEFF90AF6CFC380593C4D3" box="[880,985,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="328">Zoophycos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents very likely a lifetime burrow of its producer (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE34B3FFFEEFF90AFE9FC5802B0C4F3" author="WETZEL A. & WERNER F." box="[1013,1274,981,1008]" pageId="5" pageNumber="328" pagination="185 - 212" refId="ref14734" refString="WETZEL A. & WERNER F. 1980. - Morphology and ecological significance of Zoophycos in deep-sea sediments off NW Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 32: 185 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0031 - 0182 (80) 90040 - 1" type="journal article" year="1980">Wetzel & Werner 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the worm-like tracemaker probably took advantage of priming on a time scale of months to years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |