911 lines
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911 lines
138 KiB
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<mods:title id="A2916C74EA0F950B91E69F203A13A8C0">Lost in time: Unraveling the identity of Vitreorana parvula (Boulenger, 1895) (Anura: Centrolenidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F946AFD997B1C" ID-CoL="7G5FD" authority="(Boulenger, 1895)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[151,608,827,854]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
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<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F946AFE877B1F" bold="true" box="[151,382,827,854]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC5385946AFDA17B1C" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[397,600,827,853]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="640 - 646" refId="ref13180" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1895 " 1894 ") Third report on additions to the batrachian collection in the Natural-History Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1894, 640 - 646." type="book chapter" year="1895">Boulenger, 1895</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F940EFEF97B33" blockId="7.[151,608,827,890]" box="[151,256,863,890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<figureCitation id="134595DBFFA0FFEC529F940EFEF97B33" box="[151,256,863,890]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1374,1398]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1347,1371]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,250,1323,1347]" captionStartId-4="12.[151,250,1683,1707]" captionStartId-5="13.[151,250,1397,1421]" captionStartId-6="14.[151,250,1722,1746]" captionTargetBox-0="[152,1436,345,1351]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,381,1324]" captionTargetBox-2="[193,1394,181,1919]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,198,1299]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1435,921,1660]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetBox-6="[151,1436,417,1699]" captionTargetId-0="figure-114@8.[152,1436,345,1351]" captionTargetId-1="figure-127@9.[151,1435,381,1324]" captionTargetId-2="figure-27@10.[193,1394,181,1919]" captionTargetId-3="figure-21@11.[151,1435,181,1299]" captionTargetId-4="figure-364@12.[151,1435,921,1660]" captionTargetId-5="figure-21@13.[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetId-6="figure-147@14.[151,1436,417,1699]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionTargetPageId-5="13" captionTargetPageId-6="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Preserved topotypic specimens of Vitreorana parvula showing (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views of the head; (C) abdominal cavity with exposed viscera and (D) detailed visualization of testis (t) and kidneys (k); (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, and (G) posterior view of the cloaca. (A–B) MCP 15455, (C–D) MCP 15451, (E–G) MCP 15459. Scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Preserved topotypic specimens of Vitreorana parvula showing ventral view of the (A) ulna and (B) tarsus showing crenulated folds; (C) dorsal view of the thumb showing nuptial pad; (D, F) ventral and (E, G) dorsal views of (D–E) hand and (F–G) foot. (A, C–G) MCP 15451, (B) MCP 15455. Scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Topotypic live individuals of Vitreorana parvula in dorsolateral (top; MCP 15452) and ventral (bottom; MCP 15454) views. Arrow points to the fold-like row of enameled tubercles along the tibia." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Vitreorana parvula variation in dorsal reticulation pattern of topotypic (A–C) live and (D–F) preserved individuals. (A, D) MCP 15452, (B, E) MCP 15453, (C, F) MCP 15451. Scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Vitreorana parvula variation in eye pattern of topotypic (A–C) live and (D–F) preserved individuals. (A, D) MCP 15452, (B, E) MCP 15453, (C, F) MCP 15454. Scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Vitreorana parvula holotype (BMNH 1947.2.12.67) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, (C) lateral view of the head, and (D) ventral view of thighs. Scale bar = 10 mm." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Vitreorana uranoscopa holotype (ZSM 81/1921) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, and (C) lateral view of the head. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693220" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693222" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693225" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693227" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693229" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693231" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693233" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10693220/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10693222/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10693225/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10693227/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/10693229/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/10693231/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/10693233/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Figs. 1–7</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F94F1FDE17BF1" ID-CoL="6MN9D" authority="Boulenger, 1895: 646" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityPageNumber="646" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,536,928,952]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hylella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
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<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F94F1FECE7BF1" box="[151,311,928,952]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Hylella parvula</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC533594F1FDE17BF1" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[317,536,928,952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="640 - 646" refId="ref13180" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1895 " 1894 ") Third report on additions to the batrachian collection in the Natural-History Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1894, 640 - 646." type="book chapter" year="1895">Boulenger, 1895: 646</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134595DBFFA0FFEC502E94F1FD9C7BF1" box="[550,613,928,952]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1397,1421]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-21@13.[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Vitreorana parvula holotype (BMNH 1947.2.12.67) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, (C) lateral view of the head, and (D) ventral view of thighs. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693231/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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).
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<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F94EEFCA77B9E" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,862,959,983]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F94EEFE507B9F" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,425,959,983]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa" subGenus="Hylella">
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<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F94EEFF317B9E" box="[151,200,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Hyla</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC52DF94EEFEDB7B9E" box="[215,290,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Hylella</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC533994EEFE507B9F" box="[305,425,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">uranoscopa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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M̧ller, 1924: 234,
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<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC507A94EEFCFC7B9E" bold="true" box="[626,773,959,983]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">new synonym</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134595DBFFA0FFEC511B94EEFCA87B9E" box="[787,849,959,983]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1722,1746]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1699]" captionTargetId="figure-147@14.[151,1436,417,1699]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Vitreorana uranoscopa holotype (ZSM 81/1921) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, and (C) lateral view of the head. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693233/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F948CFDB37BBC" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,586,989,1013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F948CFDB37BBC" box="[151,586,989,1013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F948CFDBE7BBC" author="Noble, G. K." box="[151,583,989,1013]" page="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1926">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F948CFDBE7BBC" ID-CoL="69HVL" authority="Noble, 1926: 18" authorityName="Noble" authorityPageNumber="18" authorityYear="1926" box="[151,583,989,1013]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
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<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F948CFE597BBC" box="[151,416,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Centrolenella uranoscopa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC53AE948CFDBE7BBC" author="Noble, G. K." box="[422,583,989,1013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref15800" refString="Noble, G. K. (1926) An analysis of the remarkable cases of distribution among the Amphibia, with description of new genera. American Museum Novitates, 212, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1926">Noble, 1926:18</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F94ADFD347C5D" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,717,1020,1044]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F94ADFD347C5D" box="[151,717,1020,1044]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F94ADFD307C5D" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[151,713,1020,1044]" page="1648" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1953">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F94ADFD307C5D" ID-CoL="WNQN" authority="Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1648" authorityName="Taylor & Cochran" authorityPageNumber="1648" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,713,1020,1044]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albotunica">
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||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F94ADFE717C5D" box="[151,392,1020,1044]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Cochranella albotunica</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC538694ADFD307C5D" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[398,713,1020,1044]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1625 - 1656" refId="ref16500" refString="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M. (1953) Frogs of the family Centrolenidae from Brasil. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 35, 1625 - 1656. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26735" type="journal article" year="1953">Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1648</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F934AFD637C7B" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,666,1050,1075]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F934AFD6F7C7B" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[151,662,1050,1075]" page="1653" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1953">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F934AFD6F7C7B" ID-CoL="WNRH" authority="Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1653" authorityName="Taylor & Cochran" authorityPageNumber="1653" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,662,1050,1075]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dubia">
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<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F934AFEAF7C7A" box="[151,342,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Cochranella dubia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC5354934AFD6F7C7B" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[348,662,1050,1075]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1625 - 1656" refId="ref16500" refString="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M. (1953) Frogs of the family Centrolenidae from Brasil. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 35, 1625 - 1656. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26735" type="journal article" year="1953">Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1653</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F9368FD427C18" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,699,1081,1105]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F9368FD4E7C18" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[151,695,1081,1105]" page="1638" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1953">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F9368FD4E7C18" ID-CoL="WNS5" authority="Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1638" authorityName="Taylor & Cochran" authorityPageNumber="1638" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,695,1081,1105]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutzorum">
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<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F9368FE8F7C18" box="[151,374,1081,1105]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Cochranella lutzorum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC53749368FD4E7C18" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[380,695,1081,1105]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1625 - 1656" refId="ref16500" refString="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M. (1953) Frogs of the family Centrolenidae from Brasil. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 35, 1625 - 1656. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26735" type="journal article" year="1953">Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1638</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F9309FD567C39" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,687,1112,1136]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F9309FD557C39" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[151,684,1112,1136]" page="1650" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1953">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F9309FD557C39" ID-CoL="WNSP" authority="Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1650" authorityName="Taylor & Cochran" authorityPageNumber="1650" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,684,1112,1136]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F9309FE927C39" box="[151,363,1112,1136]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Cochranella parvula</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC53799309FD557C39" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[369,684,1112,1136]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1625 - 1656" refId="ref16500" refString="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M. (1953) Frogs of the family Centrolenidae from Brasil. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 35, 1625 - 1656. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26735" type="journal article" year="1953">Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1650</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F9326FD217CC7" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,728,1142,1167]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F9326FD217CC7" box="[151,728,1142,1167]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F9326FD2D7CC7" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[151,724,1142,1167]" page="1635" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1953">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F9326FD2D7CC7" ID-CoL="WNTP" authority="Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1635" authorityName="Taylor & Cochran" authorityPageNumber="1635" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,724,1142,1167]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
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||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F9326FE6D7CC7" box="[151,404,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Cochranella uranoscopa</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC53929326FD2D7CC7" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[410,724,1142,1167]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1625 - 1656" refId="ref16500" refString="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M. (1953) Frogs of the family Centrolenidae from Brasil. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 35, 1625 - 1656. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26735" type="journal article" year="1953">Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1635</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F93C4FD3D7CE4" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,708,1173,1197]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F93C4FD3D7CE4" box="[151,708,1173,1197]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F93C4FD387CE4" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[151,705,1173,1197]" page="1646" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1953">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F93C4FD387CE4" ID-CoL="WNTR" authority="Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1646" authorityName="Taylor & Cochran" authorityPageNumber="1646" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,705,1173,1197]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Cochranella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F93C4FE797CE4" box="[151,384,1173,1197]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Cochranella vanzolinii</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC538E93C4FD387CE4" author="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M." box="[390,705,1173,1197]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1625 - 1656" refId="ref16500" refString="Taylor, E. H. & Cochran, D. M. (1953) Frogs of the family Centrolenidae from Brasil. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 35, 1625 - 1656. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 26735" type="journal article" year="1953">Taylor & Cochran, 1953: 1646</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F93E5FD927C85" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,619,1204,1228]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F93E5FD927C85" box="[151,619,1204,1228]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F93E5FD9E7C85" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[151,615,1204,1228]" page="63" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1977">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F93E5FD9E7C85" ID-CoL="S9ZJ" authority="Duellman, 1977: 63" authorityName="Duellman" authorityPageNumber="63" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,615,1204,1228]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albotunica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F93E5FE6D7C85" box="[151,404,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Centrolenella albotunica</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC539393E5FD9E7C85" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[411,615,1204,1228]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref13828" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1977) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae. Das Tierreich, 95, 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112420348" type="journal article" year="1977">Duellman, 1977: 63</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F9382FDBC7CA2" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,581,1235,1259]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F9382FDBC7CA2" box="[151,581,1235,1259]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F9382FDBB7CA2" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[151,578,1235,1259]" page="188" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1977">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F9382FDBB7CA2" ID-CoL="5XHT2" authority="Duellman, 1977: 188" authorityName="Duellman" authorityPageNumber="188" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,578,1235,1259]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dubia">
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||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F9382FE9B7CA2" box="[151,354,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Centrolenella dubia</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC53609382FDBB7CA2" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[360,578,1235,1259]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref13828" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1977) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae. Das Tierreich, 95, 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112420348" type="journal article" year="1977">Duellman, 1977: 188</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F93A0FD9F7D40" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,614,1265,1289]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F93A0FD9F7D40" box="[151,614,1265,1289]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F93A0FD9B7D40" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[151,610,1265,1289]" page="191" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1977">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F93A0FD9B7D40" ID-CoL="69HT9" authority="Duellman, 1977: 191" authorityName="Duellman" authorityPageNumber="191" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,610,1265,1289]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutzorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F93A0FE7B7D40" box="[151,386,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Centrolenella lutzorum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC538093A0FD9B7D40" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[392,610,1265,1289]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref13828" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1977) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae. Das Tierreich, 95, 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112420348" type="journal article" year="1977">Duellman, 1977: 191</bibRefCitation>
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||
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||
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||
.
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||
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F9241FDA27D61" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,603,1296,1320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F9241FDA27D61" box="[151,603,1296,1320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F9241FDAE7D61" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[151,599,1296,1320]" page="192" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1977">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F9241FDAE7D61" ID-CoL="5XHTV" authority="Duellman, 1977: 192" authorityName="Duellman" authorityPageNumber="192" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,599,1296,1320]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F9241FE8E7D61" box="[151,375,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Centrolenella parvula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC53759241FDAE7D61" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[381,599,1296,1320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref13828" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1977) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae. Das Tierreich, 95, 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112420348" type="journal article" year="1977">Duellman, 1977: 192</bibRefCitation>
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||
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||
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|
||
.
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||
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F927EFD7A7D0F" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,643,1326,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F927EFD7A7D0F" box="[151,643,1326,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F927EFD867D0F" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[151,639,1326,1351]" page="196" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1977">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F927EFD867D0F" ID-CoL="69HVL" authority="Duellman, 1977: 196" authorityName="Duellman" authorityPageNumber="196" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,639,1326,1351]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F927EFE597D0F" box="[151,416,1327,1351]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Centrolenella uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC53AE927EFD867D0F" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[422,639,1326,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref13828" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1977) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae. Das Tierreich, 95, 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112420348" type="journal article" year="1977">Duellman, 1977: 196</bibRefCitation>
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||
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|
||
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|
||
.
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||
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F921CFD897D2C" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,624,1357,1381]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F921CFD897D2C" box="[151,624,1357,1381]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F921CFD957D2C" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[151,620,1357,1381]" page="196" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1977">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F921CFD957D2C" ID-CoL="5XHVK" authority="Duellman, 1977: 196" authorityName="Duellman" authorityPageNumber="196" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,620,1357,1381]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanzolinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F921CFE757D2C" box="[151,396,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Centrolenella vanzolinii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC539A921CFD957D2C" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[402,620,1357,1381]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref13828" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1977) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae. Das Tierreich, 95, 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112420348" type="journal article" year="1977">Duellman, 1977: 196</bibRefCitation>
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||
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|
||
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|
||
.
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||
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F923DFCD57DCD" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,812,1388,1412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F923DFCD57DCD" box="[151,812,1388,1412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F923DFCDE7DCD" author="Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. & Lynch, J. D." box="[151,807,1388,1412]" page="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1991">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F923DFCDE7DCD" ID-CoL="3MW2D" authority="Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991: 24" authorityName="Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch" authorityPageNumber="24" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,807,1388,1412]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvulum">
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||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F923DFE3C7DCD" box="[151,453,1388,1412]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Hyalinobatrachium parvulum</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC53C3923DFCDE7DCD" author="Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. & Lynch, J. D." box="[459,807,1388,1412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref16213" refString="Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. & Lynch, J. D. (1991) Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia I: propuesta de una nueva clasificacion generica. Lozania, 57, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1991">Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991: 24</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
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|
||
.
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||
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F92DAFCAC7DEB" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,853,1418,1443]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F92DAFCAC7DEB" box="[151,853,1418,1443]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F92DAFCA97DEB" author="Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. & Lynch, J. D." box="[151,848,1418,1443]" page="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="1991">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F92DAFCA97DEB" ID-CoL="3MW2Q" authority="Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991: 25" authorityName="Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,848,1418,1443]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Hyalinobatrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F92DAFE177DEB" box="[151,494,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Hyalinobatrachium uranoscopum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC53FC92DAFCA97DEB" author="Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. & Lynch, J. D." box="[500,848,1418,1443]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref16213" refString="Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. & Lynch, J. D. (1991) Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia I: propuesta de una nueva clasificacion generica. Lozania, 57, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1991">Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991: 25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F92FBFD557D88" blockId="7.[151,862,928,1473]" box="[151,684,1449,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6EAE70FFA0FFEC529F92FBFD557D88" box="[151,684,1449,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADFAF4FFFA0FFEC529F92FBFD517D88" author="Guayasamin, J. M. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. & Trueb, L. & Rada, M. & Vila, C." box="[151,680,1449,1473]" page="39" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" year="2009">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F92FBFD517D88" ID-CoL="5BMF2" authority="Guayasamin et al., 2009: 39" authorityName="Guayasamin" authorityPageNumber="39" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,680,1449,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F92FBFE7B7D88" box="[151,386,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Vitreorana uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC538092F8FD517D88" author="Guayasamin, J. M. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. & Trueb, L. & Rada, M. & Vila, C." box="[392,680,1449,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 97" refId="ref14386" refString="Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzag ¸ ena, J., Rada, M. & Vila, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100 (1), 1 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2100.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Guayasamin
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC500592FBFDBC7D88" box="[525,581,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2009: 39
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC529F92BEFAD57E40" blockId="7.[151,1437,1519,2042]" box="[151,1324,1519,1545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B168303FFA0FFEC529F92BEFAD57E40" box="[151,1324,1519,1545]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Brazil" location="Lages" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" specimenCode="BMNH 1947.2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Santa Catarina" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F92BEFEED7E40" bold="true" box="[151,276,1519,1545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C537FCFFA0FFEC529F92BEFEF67E40" box="[151,271,1519,1545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD82125FFA0FFEC531392BEFE3E7E40" box="[283,455,1519,1545]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">BMNH 1947.2</specimenCode>
|
||
.12.67, adult male from municipality of
|
||
<location id="8EA1DF85FFA0FFEC518C92BEFC337E40" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D73848FFA0FFFF529F946AFDDD7908:8EA1DF85FFA0FFEC518C92BEFC337E40" box="[900,970,1519,1545]" country="Brazil" name="Lages" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" stateProvince="Santa Catarina">Lages</location>
|
||
, state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BA47BCFFA0FFEC562692BEFB2C7E40" box="[1070,1237,1519,1545]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F369C9CEFFA0FFEC56E892BEFAD17E40" box="[1248,1320,1519,1545]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C364DAD5FFA0FFE452CF9143FCDD7B7D" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="366" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFEC52CF9143FAD47E3A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1519,2042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B168303FFA0FFEC52CF9143FAD17E3A" collectionCode="MCP" collectorName="Victor M. Zucchetti" country="Brazil" elevation="923" latitude="-27.7906" location="Jose Theodoro da Costa Neto" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-50.3463" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" specimenCode="MCP 15451-59" specimenCount="9" stateProvince="Santa Catarina" typeStatus="Topotypes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC52CF9143FEB17E65" bold="true" box="[199,328,1554,1580]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C537FCFFA0FFEC52CF9143FEBA7E65" box="[199,323,1554,1580]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" type="topotype">Topotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7842D7FFA0FFEC535A9143FDF27E65" box="[338,523,1554,1580]" count="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" type="generic">Nine specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, all adult males:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD82125FFA0FFEC50DB9143FC727E64" box="[723,907,1554,1581]" collectionCode="MCP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bqgs-f9q8" name="Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">MCP 15451–59</specimenCode>
|
||
. Collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="268BEC88FFA0FFEC563B9143FAEE7E65" box="[1075,1303,1554,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Victor M. Zucchetti</collectorName>
|
||
and Marco Odicio-Iglesias on 09, 12–13 January, 2021, in the Parque Natural Municipal Jo„o
|
||
<location id="8EA1DF85FFA0FFEC56449167FA657E19" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D73848FFA0FFFF529F946AFDDD7908:8EA1DF85FFA0FFEC56449167FA657E19" box="[1100,1436,1590,1616]" country="Brazil" latitude="-27.7906" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-50.3463" name="Jose Theodoro da Costa Neto" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" stateProvince="Santa Catarina">José Theodoro da Costa Neto</location>
|
||
(PARNAMUL), municipality of Lages, state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BA47BCFFA0FFEC50A79108FCAF7E3A" box="[687,854,1625,1651]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F369C9CEFFA0FFEC51699108FC5C7E3A" box="[865,933,1625,1651]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4AEF99FFA0FFEC51BC9108FBE47E3A" box="[948,1053,1625,1651]" degrees="27.7906" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" precision="5" value="-27.7906">-27.7906</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4AEF99FFA0FFEC56209108FB767E3D" box="[1064,1167,1625,1652]" degrees="50.3463" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" precision="5" value="-50.3463">-50.3463</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="00536E6DFFA0FFEC56929108FAE77E3A" box="[1178,1310,1625,1652]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.23" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" unit="m" value="923.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4C8624BBFFA0FFEC56929108FB187E3D" box="[1178,1249,1625,1652]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.23" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" unit="m" value="923.0">923 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA0FFE352CF912DFC487908" blockId="7.[151,1437,1519,2042]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,321]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="359" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC52CF912DFE2C7EDF" bold="true" box="[199,469,1660,1686]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Synonym justification.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C537FCFFA0FFEC5007912CFD8F7EDE" box="[527,630,1661,1687]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is an adult male, based on the presence of vocal slits, nuptial pads, and testicles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFA0FFEC530991F1FEBF7EF3" box="[257,326,1696,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1397,1421]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-21@13.[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Vitreorana parvula holotype (BMNH 1947.2.12.67) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, (C) lateral view of the head, and (D) ventral view of thighs. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693231/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ventral skin is cut transversally so that the coelom can be accessed.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA0FFEC568491F0FADA7EF2" author="Heyer, W. R." box="[1164,1315,1696,1723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref14756" refString="Heyer, W. R. (1985) Taxonomic and natural history notes on frogs of the genus Centrolenella (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from southeastern Brasil and Adjacent Argentina. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36 (1), 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Heyer (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
diagnosed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC529F9195FEF37E97" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,266,1732,1758]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC529F9195FEF37E97" box="[151,266,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">V. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC53469195FE177E94" box="[334,494,1732,1757]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC53469195FE177E94" box="[334,494,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">V. uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using the following characters, states of the latter in parentheses: (1) upper lip ridge absent (present and enameled); (2) snout slightly truncate in profile (spatulate shaped); (3) cloacal ornamentation formed by granular set patch (pair of well-developed horizontal flaps below and to either side of the cloaca); (4) ulnar, tarsal, and foot external folds absent (present, enameled, and scalloped). We argue that these differences result from preservation artifacts and intraspecific variation. Although the individual is not terribly preserved, it is obvious that it has suffered desiccation and compression (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFA0FFEC50B49024FCF97FC6" box="[700,768,1909,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1397,1421]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-21@13.[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Vitreorana parvula holotype (BMNH 1947.2.12.67) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, (C) lateral view of the head, and (D) ventral view of thighs. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693231/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The skin is generally loose over the muscles forming bags of skin, which is a typical result of hydration of a desiccated specimen, while the texture of the ventral skin surfaces is too pronounced compared to any other well-preserved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA0FFEC513090ECFC497F9F" box="[824,944,1981,2006]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="358" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA0FFEC513090ECFC497F9F" box="[824,944,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Vitreorana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFA0FFEC51CB90EDFBF57F9F" box="[963,1036,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1397,1421]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-21@13.[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Vitreorana parvula holotype (BMNH 1947.2.12.67) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, (C) lateral view of the head, and (D) ventral view of thighs. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693231/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="358">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is a typical result of skin shrinking due to water loss. We argue that this cycle (or cycles) of skin shrinking, and expansion has altered subtle dermal characters such as small ulnar, tarsal, and lip folds. Furthermore, these folds are not uniformly conspicuous among all individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAFFFE353B697EAFDCD789C" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1977" box="[446,564,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Centrolenella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAFFFE353B697EAFDCD789C" box="[446,564,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="359">V. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAFFFE3507997EAFCED789D" box="[625,788,187,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAFFFE3507997EAFCED789D" box="[625,788,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="359">V. uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; some specimens show rather thin and low folds while others show very evident ones. It is likely that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C537FCFFAFFFE350C3978EFCCB78B0" box="[715,818,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
had weak dermal folds to begin with that have become inappreciable after more than a century in preservative. Regarding the snout shape in profile,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFAFFFE356A59652FABA7954" author="Heyer, W. R." box="[1197,1347,258,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref14756" refString="Heyer, W. R. (1985) Taxonomic and natural history notes on frogs of the genus Centrolenella (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from southeastern Brasil and Adjacent Argentina. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36 (1), 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Heyer (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
already argued that this seems to be a preservation artifact. We agree with him.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFAFFFE3529F920FFB197DF7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693220" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693220/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" startId="8.[151,250,1374,1398]" targetBox="[152,1436,345,1351]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFAFFFE3529F920FFB197DF7" blockId="8.[151,1437,1374,1471]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAFFFE3529F920FFEEC7D3F" bold="true" box="[151,277,1374,1398]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved topotypic specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAFFFE35076920EFCB87D3F" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[638,833,1374,1398]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAFFFE35076920EFCB87D3F" box="[638,833,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="359">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views of the head; (C) abdominal cavity with exposed viscera and (D) detailed visualization of testis (t) and kidneys (k); (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, and (G) posterior view of the cloaca. (A–B) MCP 15455, (C–D) MCP 15451, (E–G) MCP 15459. Scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFAFFFE352CF915CFC8F7F22" blockId="8.[151,1437,1549,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359">
|
||
Besides the evidence outlined above compatible with desiccation, which could cause some changes in head shape, the specimen seems to have experienced a compressive force. This is evident from observing the head in dorsal view, where the left side is more protruding than the right (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFAFFFE351719104FC477E26" box="[889,958,1621,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1397,1421]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-21@13.[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Vitreorana parvula holotype (BMNH 1947.2.12.67) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, (C) lateral view of the head, and (D) ventral view of thighs. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693231/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="359">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). A compressive force could make the soft tissues of the snout become shorter and more elevated; thus, giving the impression of a truncated snout in profile. As with dermal folds mentioned above, certain variation exists within well-preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAFFFE356CF91CFFA9F7EFE" box="[1223,1382,1694,1719]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAFFFE356CF91CFFA9F7EFE" box="[1223,1382,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="359">V. uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the snout in profile varies from gently sloping to markedly spatulate.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFAFFFE3519F9190FBD47E95" author="Heyer, W. R." box="[919,1069,1729,1756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref14756" refString="Heyer, W. R. (1985) Taxonomic and natural history notes on frogs of the genus Centrolenella (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from southeastern Brasil and Adjacent Argentina. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36 (1), 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Heyer (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also points out that “tympani are completely hidden” in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C537FCFFAFFFE353B491B4FDDF7EB6" box="[444,550,1765,1791]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFAFFFE3507C91B4FCC27F49" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[628,827,1765,1792]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" pagination="640 - 646" refId="ref13180" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1895 " 1894 ") Third report on additions to the batrachian collection in the Natural-History Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1894, 640 - 646." type="book chapter" year="1895">Boulenger (1895)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in the original description, describes the tympanum as distinct with about one-third of the eye diameter. The skin of tympanum is very sensitive to preservation conditions and a poorly preserved specimen could result in an under- or over-expression of it. This would explain why
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFAFFFE35720907CFF1B7F25" author="Boulenger, G. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="359" pagination="640 - 646" refId="ref13180" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1895 " 1894 ") Third report on additions to the batrachian collection in the Natural-History Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1894, 640 - 646." type="book chapter" year="1895">Boulenger (1895)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed a tympanum, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFAFFFE3503B9000FD307F25" author="Heyer, W. R." box="[563,713,1873,1900]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref14756" refString="Heyer, W. R. (1985) Taxonomic and natural history notes on frogs of the genus Centrolenella (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from southeastern Brasil and Adjacent Argentina. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36 (1), 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Heyer (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and we do not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFAFFFE252CF9024FCD9792C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1549,2043]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,150,357]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="8" pageNumber="359">
|
||
As
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFAFFFE352FB9024FE767FD9" author="Heyer, W. R." box="[243,399,1909,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref14756" refString="Heyer, W. R. (1985) Taxonomic and natural history notes on frogs of the genus Centrolenella (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from southeastern Brasil and Adjacent Argentina. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36 (1), 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Heyer (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and many after him have recognized (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFAFFFE351AA9024FA987FC6" author="Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. & McDiarmid, R. W." box="[930,1377,1909,1935]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref13474" refString="Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. & McDiarmid, R. W. (2007) Revision of the characters of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura), with comments on its taxonomy and the description of new taxa of glassfrogs. Zootaxa, 1572 (1), 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1572.1.1" type="journal article" year="2007">Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the accumulation of iridophores formed by guanine crystals in the integument of glassfrogs that gives the characteristic shiny white enameled aspect to structures such as ulnar and tarsal folds, cloacal ornamentation or lip border are easily lost in ethanol preserved specimens, particularly after decades. This seems to be the case with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C537FCFFAFFFE3571090B0FA867FB2" box="[1304,1407,2017,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="359" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAEFFE2529F97C6FEF378F8" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[151,266,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAEFFE2529F97C6FEF378F8" box="[151,266,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">V. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that with more than 125 years in ethanol completely lacks integumental iridophores. Finally, the cloacal ornamentation of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C537FCFFAEFFE2538D97EAFE15789C" box="[389,492,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is similar in shape, structure, and position to that of all other topotypic individuals as well as that observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAEFFE253A0978EFDB178B1" box="[424,584,223,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAEFFE253A0978EFDB178B1" box="[424,584,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">V. uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFAEFFE250E1978EFC9078B0" box="[745,873,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1374,1398]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,345,1351]" captionTargetId="figure-114@8.[152,1436,345,1351]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Preserved topotypic specimens of Vitreorana parvula showing (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views of the head; (C) abdominal cavity with exposed viscera and (D) detailed visualization of testis (t) and kidneys (k); (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, and (G) posterior view of the cloaca. (A–B) MCP 15455, (C–D) MCP 15451, (E–G) MCP 15459. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693220/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">Figs. 1E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFAEFFE251A8978EFC3D78B0" box="[928,964,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1397,1421]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-21@13.[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Vitreorana parvula holotype (BMNH 1947.2.12.67) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, (C) lateral view of the head, and (D) ventral view of thighs. Scale bar = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693231/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
, it is composed by two horizontal flaps of skin. An additional distinction is the small size of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C537FCFFAEFFE250F99652FCA17954" box="[753,856,259,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4C8624BBFFAEFFE251B29652FBDB7954" box="[954,1058,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" unit="mm" value="17.6">17.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
), which falls outside the variation of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAEFFE252FE9676FE907908" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[246,361,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAEFFE252FE9676FE907908" box="[246,361,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">V. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4C8624BBFFAEFFE2537F9677FDE77908" box="[375,542,294,321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2649999999999997" metricValueMax="2.59" metricValueMin="1.94" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" unit="mm" value="22.65" valueMax="25.9" valueMin="19.4">19.4–25.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FCBCE5FFAEFFE250219676FD827908" box="[553,635,295,321]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[163,1413,916,2016]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements (in mm) of males of Vitreorana parvula organized by mitochondrial lineages shown in Fig. 8. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation and range (minimum–maximum). See material and methods for abbreviation of measurements." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF01D9D6FFA4FFE8529F9471FE197BC9" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" tableUuid="DF01D9D6FFA4FFE8529F9471FE197BC9">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). However, this could be explained due to preservation artifacts related to desiccation and compression and/or a small adult male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFAEFFE2529F9212FC9E7DEA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693222" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693222" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693222/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" startId="9.[151,250,1347,1371]" targetBox="[151,1435,381,1324]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFAEFFE2529F9212FC9E7DEA" blockId="9.[151,1437,1347,1443]" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAEFFE2529F9212FEEA7D12" bold="true" box="[151,275,1347,1371]" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved topotypic specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAEFFE2507A9215FCCD7D12" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[626,820,1347,1371]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="360" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAEFFE2507A9215FCCD7D12" box="[626,820,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing ventral view of the (A) ulna and (B) tarsus showing crenulated folds; (C) dorsal view of the thumb showing nuptial pad; (D, F) ventral and (E, G) dorsal views of (D–E) hand and (F–G) foot. (A, C–G) MCP 15451, (B) MCP 15455. Scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFAEFFE752CF92BCFC1979E4" blockId="9.[151,1437,1517,2040]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="363" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAEFFE252CF92BCFE637E4E" bold="true" box="[199,410,1517,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">Characterization.</emphasis>
|
||
(1) absence of teeth in dentigerous process of vomer; (2) snout subovoid to rounded in dorsal view and sloping to strongly sloping in profile; (3) tympanum evident, directed upward, generally rounded, small to moderate in size, its diameter 26.0–36.2% the diameter of eye; tympanic annulus visible except for upper border covered by a weak supratympanic fold extending from behind the eye until the shoulder; tympanic membrane differentiated and partially translucent, enameled in the lower portion or completely with a thick layer of iridophores and partially or completely pigmented with melanophores as surrounding skin; (4) dorsal skin texture shagreen; spicules present; (5) ventral surface areolate; cloacal ornamentation consisting of a skin sheath above the cloaca, an aggregation of medium to large thickened tubercles, which are partially fused forming a pair prominences in each side of cloacal opening, giving an aspect of flesh flaps; (6) parietal peritoneum completely translucent (condition P0), pericardium and hepatic, urinary blader, kidney (dorsal surface only), and gonad peritonea white; gastrointestinal peritoneum translucent (condition V4); (7) bulbous liver, covered by white peritoneum (condition H2); (8) humeral spine absent (crista ventralis not protruding); (9) webbing absent between fingers II and III, reduced between fingers III and IV, and moderate between fingers IV and V, webbing formula: III (2–2
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2561690C7FBDE7FED" attach="none" box="[1054,1063,1942,1956]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">+</superScript>
|
||
) (
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2564B90C6FB9F7FED" attach="none" box="[1091,1126,1942,1969]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">32/3</superScript>
|
||
–
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2567E90C6FB6E7FED" attach="none" box="[1142,1175,1942,1969]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">31/2</superScript>
|
||
) IV (
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE256D090C6FB027FED" attach="none" box="[1240,1275,1942,1969]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">21/3</superScript>
|
||
–2
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2571090C7FAD87FED" attach="none" box="[1304,1313,1942,1956]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">+</superScript>
|
||
) (2
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2574390C7FAAD7FED" attach="none" box="[1355,1364,1942,1956]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">+</superScript>
|
||
–2) V; (10) webbing between toes moderate, webbing formula: I (2
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2513590EBFCAE7F9D" attach="none" box="[829,855,1978,2004]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">––</superScript>
|
||
1
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2516990EBFC937F81" attach="none" box="[865,874,1978,1992]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">+</superScript>
|
||
) (2
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2519B90EBFC657F81" attach="none" box="[915,924,1978,1992]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">+</superScript>
|
||
–2) II (1
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE251F290EBFBFA7F81" attach="none" box="[1018,1027,1978,1992]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">+</superScript>
|
||
–1
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2561790EBFBDE7F81" attach="none" box="[1055,1063,1978,1992]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">–</superScript>
|
||
) (
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2564990EBFB9D7F81" attach="none" box="[1089,1124,1978,2004]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">21/2</superScript>
|
||
–2
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2568890EBFB707F81" attach="none" box="[1152,1161,1978,1992]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">+</superScript>
|
||
) III (
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE256C090EBFB107F81" attach="none" box="[1224,1257,1978,2004]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">11/3</superScript>
|
||
–1
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2570D90EBFAF47F81" attach="none" box="[1285,1293,1978,1992]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">–</superScript>
|
||
) (
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2572F90EBFAB37F81" attach="none" box="[1319,1354,1978,2004]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">22/3</superScript>
|
||
–2
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2576E90EBFA977F81" attach="none" box="[1382,1390,1978,1992]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">–</superScript>
|
||
) IV (
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE252A8908CFF3A7FA2" attach="none" box="[160,195,2013,2039]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">22/3</superScript>
|
||
–2
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE252D7908CFF117FA2" attach="none" box="[223,232,2013,2027]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">+</superScript>
|
||
) (
|
||
<superScript id="7C0B2416FFAEFFE2530C908CFEDD7FA2" attach="none" box="[260,292,2013,2039]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="360">11/2</superScript>
|
||
–1) V; (11) evident, crenulated and enameled outer and tarsal folds, extending from the base of Finger V and Toe V to the elbow and ankle, respectively, formed by thickened and enameled tubercles; inner tarsal fold normally present; a row of enameled tubercles, fold-like, on the external side of the tibia; (12) concealed prepollex; nuptial pad present in males, formed by densely packed glands, forming a defined elongate pad, pale colored, on dorsomedial surface of Finger I, individual glands can occur around the pad (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C537FCFFACFFE056149177FBAC7E09" box="[1052,1109,1574,1600]" pageId="11" pageNumber="362">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I); (13) Finger II shorter or about equal to Finger III (Finger II length 86.7–99.3% of Finger III); (14) disc of Finger IV moderate, its width 46–58% of eye diameter; (15) in life, dorsum leaf green with dark punctuations forming reticulations, presence of enameled iridophores along the dorsum, also covering tympanum, upper lip, and borders of nostril; bones green; (16) in preservative, background coloration cream with minute melanophores, and some star-shaped, clustered in arrangement, forming a slightly to strongly reticulated pattern; (17) in life, iris yellowish white with dark brown reticulations and occurrence of a circumpupillary ring; in preservative, iris silvery white with dark grey reticulations; (18) hands and feet yellowish green, sometimes with reddish hues on tips; melanophores usually present in Finger V and toes IV and V; (19) males call from upper side of leaves; call resembling a “trii” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFACFFE0567A9017FA697F29" author="Duarte-Marin, S. & Rada, M. & Rivera-Correa, M. & Caorsi, V. & Barona, E. & Gonzalez-Duran, G. & Vargas-Salinas, F." box="[1138,1424,1862,1888]" pageId="11" pageNumber="362" pagination="143 - 180" refId="ref13744" refString="Duarte-Marin, S., Rada, M., Rivera-Correa, M., Caorsi, V., Barona, E., Gonzalez-Duran, G. & Vargas-Salinas, F. (2022) Tic, Tii and Trii calls: advertisement call descriptions for eight glass frogs from Colombia and analysis of structure of auditory signals in Centrolenidae. Bioacoustics, 32 (2), 143 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09524622.2022.2077833" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Duarte-Marin
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFACFFE0571D9016FAB47F29" box="[1301,1357,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="362">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), emitted singly or in groups of 2–9 calls (3.8 ± 2.5), with calls consisting of 1–5 pulses (3.1 ± 0.8) and call duration of 4.3–43.2 ms (24.1 ± 6.5 ms); mean dominant frequency at 4583 ± 251 Hz; call envelope generally triangular pointed right; (20) males fight on leaves, often hanging from leaves in an amplexus-like position; (21) eggs deposited on the upper side of leaves; clutch size of 25–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7842D7FFACFFE050879087FD117FB9" box="[655,744,2006,2033]" count="27" pageId="11" pageNumber="362" type="egg">27 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
involved by a jelly-rich matrix, presenting empty capsules; early-stage clutches with general cream coloration and light brown animal pole; late-stage clutches with light brown coloration presenting reddish hues and yellowish cream vitellus; short-term maternal care unknown; long-term parental care absent; (22) tadpole snout apparently rounded; spiracle sinistral, located posteriorly; tail long, low; mouth anteroventral; labial tooth row formula 1(1-1)/2, 1(1-1)/1(1-1) or 1(1-1)/3; color light or tan in preservative, irregularly dispersed pigment cells, denser dorsally, that can be uniform on snout region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFABFFE756719676FAFB7908" author="Heyer, W. R." box="[1145,1282,294,321]" pageId="12" pageNumber="363" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref14756" refString="Heyer, W. R. (1985) Taxonomic and natural history notes on frogs of the genus Centrolenella (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from southeastern Brasil and Adjacent Argentina. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36 (1), 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Heyer 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); lateral ridge papilla on buccal roof trifurcated; presence of 8–9 lateral buccal floor arena papillae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFABFFE75651961AFAE8792C" author="Dias, P. H. & Anganoy-Criollo, M. & Rada, M. A. & Grant, T." box="[1113,1297,331,357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="363" pagination="118 - 122" refId="ref13673" refString="Dias, P. H. d. S., Anganoy-Criollo, M., Rada, M. A. & Grant, T. (2020) Comparative larval buccopharyngeal morphology of two glass frog species (Anura: Centrolenidae: Vitreorana), Zoologischer Anzeiger, 289, 118 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2020.10.007." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Dias
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFABFFE7569D961AFB34792C" box="[1173,1229,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); (23) males with minute to small body size, SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4C8624BBFFABFFE75039963EFD2A79C0" box="[561,723,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2649999999999997" metricValueMax="2.44" metricValueMin="2.09" pageId="12" pageNumber="363" unit="mm" value="22.65" valueMax="24.4" valueMin="20.9">20.9–24.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 9); (24) small testis size (about to or less than 1/3 the length of the kidney). Osteological characters described in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFABFFE750D696C2FC2579E4" author="Zucchetti, V. M. & Rojas-Padilla, O. & Dias, I. R. & Sole, M. & Orrico, V. G. D. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S." box="[734,988,403,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="363" pagination="301 - 334" refId="ref16955" refString="Zucchetti, V. M., Rojas-Padilla, O., Dias, I. R., Sole, M., Orrico, V. G. D. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2023) An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules. Zootaxa, 5249 (3), 301 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5249.3.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Zucchetti
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFABFFE7514796C2FC7E79E4" box="[847,903,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFADFFE1529F90C7FBF97F9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693225" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693225/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="361" startId="10.[151,250,1942,1966]" targetBox="[193,1394,181,1919]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFADFFE1529F90C7FBF97F9A" blockId="10.[151,1437,1942,2003]" pageId="10" pageNumber="361">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFADFFE1529F90C7FEEF7FE7" bold="true" box="[151,278,1942,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="361">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Topotypic live individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFADFFE1505E90C6FCE27FE6" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[598,795,1943,1967]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFADFFE1505E90C6FCE27FE6" box="[598,795,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="361">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in dorsolateral (top; MCP 15452) and ventral (bottom; MCP 15454) views. Arrow points to the fold-like row of enameled tubercles along the tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFACFFE0529F927AFC4F7D2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693227" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693227/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="362" startId="11.[151,250,1323,1347]" targetBox="[151,1435,198,1299]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFACFFE0529F927AFC4F7D2E" blockId="11.[151,1437,1323,1384]" pageId="11" pageNumber="362">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFACFFE0529F927AFEEB7D0A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1323,1347]" pageId="11" pageNumber="362">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFACFFE05310927DFE207D0D" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[280,473,1324,1348]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFACFFE05310927DFE207D0D" box="[280,473,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="362">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
variation in dorsal reticulation pattern of topotypic (A–C) live and (D–F) preserved individuals. (A, D) MCP 15452, (B, E) MCP 15453, (C, F) MCP 15451. Scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFABFFE752CF96E7FF1B7BC8" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFABFFE752CF96E7FE987999" bold="true" box="[199,353,438,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
We based this description on photographs in life of all collected topotypic individuals, except for MCP 15459. Dorsum of body, head, arms, and legs leaf green (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFABFFE7518B968AFC3E79BC" box="[899,967,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-27@10.[193,1394,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Topotypic live individuals of Vitreorana parvula in dorsolateral (top; MCP 15452) and ventral (bottom; MCP 15454) views. Arrow points to the fold-like row of enameled tubercles along the tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693225/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal pattern formed by clustered dark punctuations, creating different degrees of reticulation (slightly to strongly reticulated), and presence of iridophores, generally occurring in aggregations between the reticulations, but also found sparsely, especially in the head and flanks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFABFFE752E59516FECD7A28" box="[237,308,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1323,1347]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-21@11.[151,1435,181,1299]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Vitreorana parvula variation in dorsal reticulation pattern of topotypic (A–C) live and (D–F) preserved individuals. (A, D) MCP 15452, (B, E) MCP 15453, (C, F) MCP 15451. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693227/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hidden areas of thighs, hands, and feet yellowish green, some specimens having reddish hues on tip of fingers. Cloacal ornamentation and ulnar, tarsal, and tibial folds with enameled tubercles, as well as upper lip with tubercles forming a dashed white line. Lower half of tympanic membrane covered by a layer of iridophores, some specimens with membrane completely covered. Borders of nostril also covered by iridophores. Ventral skin completely translucent, allowing the visualization of internal organs. Heart, liver, and urinary bladder covered by white iridophores. Bones green. Iris background yellowish white, with dark brown reticulations, occurrence of circumpupillary ring and invagination in pupil, occurring in both surfaces, only in lower surface of pupil or absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFABFFE752979412FF1C7B14" box="[159,229,834,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1683,1707]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,921,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-364@12.[151,1435,921,1660]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Vitreorana parvula variation in eye pattern of topotypic (A–C) live and (D–F) preserved individuals. (A, D) MCP 15452, (B, E) MCP 15453, (C, F) MCP 15454. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693229/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
; MCP 15453 has an invagination on the lower surface and an evagination on the upper surface of the right pupil).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFABFFE7529F91C2FCCB7E86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693229" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693229/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="363" startId="12.[151,250,1683,1707]" targetBox="[151,1435,921,1660]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFABFFE7529F91C2FCCB7E86" blockId="12.[151,1437,1683,1744]" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFABFFE7529F91C2FEEA7EE5" bold="true" box="[151,275,1683,1708]" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFABFFE7531291C5FE257EE5" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[282,476,1684,1708]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="363" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFABFFE7531291C5FE257EE5" box="[282,476,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
variation in eye pattern of topotypic (A–C) live and (D–F) preserved individuals. (A, D) MCP 15452, (B, E) MCP 15453, (C, F) MCP 15454. Scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFABFFE752CF9070FB0D7FB9" blockId="12.[151,1437,1825,2032]" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFABFFE752CF9070FE357F72" bold="true" box="[199,460,1825,1851]" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">Color in preservative.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal background surfaces of body, head, and limbs cream and decorated densely by minute and some star-shaped melanophores clustered in arrangement, forming a slightly to strongly reticulated pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFABFFE752F2903BFEBD7FCD" box="[250,324,1898,1924]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1323,1347]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,198,1299]" captionTargetId="figure-21@11.[151,1435,181,1299]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Vitreorana parvula variation in dorsal reticulation pattern of topotypic (A–C) live and (D–F) preserved individuals. (A, D) MCP 15452, (B, E) MCP 15453, (C, F) MCP 15451. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693227/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral portion and flanks cream, immaculate. Iris background silvery-white with dark grey punctuations forming thin and/or thick reticulations, with concentration in the laterals of pupil (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFABFFE756E090DFFAD67FE0" box="[1256,1327,1934,1961]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1683,1707]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,921,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-364@12.[151,1435,921,1660]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Vitreorana parvula variation in eye pattern of topotypic (A–C) live and (D–F) preserved individuals. (A, D) MCP 15452, (B, E) MCP 15453, (C, F) MCP 15454. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693229/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Parietal peritoneum translucent, peritonea of heart, liver, and urogenital tract (kidneys dorsal surface, urinary bladder, and testes) with white iridophores; peritonea of stomach, intestines, and gallbladder translucent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFABFFE756A99087FB1A7FB9" box="[1185,1251,2006,2032]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1374,1398]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,345,1351]" captionTargetId="figure-114@8.[152,1436,345,1351]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Preserved topotypic specimens of Vitreorana parvula showing (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views of the head; (C) abdominal cavity with exposed viscera and (D) detailed visualization of testis (t) and kidneys (k); (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, and (G) posterior view of the cloaca. (A–B) MCP 15455, (C–D) MCP 15451, (E–G) MCP 15459. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693220/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="363">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFAAFFE6529F9224FCDE7DF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693231" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693231" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693231/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="364" startId="13.[151,250,1397,1421]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1373]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFAAFFE6529F9224FCDE7DF8" blockId="13.[151,1436,1397,1457]" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAAFFE6529F9224FEEA7DC4" bold="true" box="[151,275,1397,1421]" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAAFFE653119227FE237DC4" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[281,474,1397,1421]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="364" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAAFFE653119227FE237DC4" box="[281,474,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype (BMNH 1947.2.12.67) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, (C) lateral view of the head, and (D) ventral view of thighs. Scale bar = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFAAFFE652CF9152FA647F53" blockId="13.[151,1437,1539,2034]" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAAFFE652CF9152FE577E57" bold="true" box="[199,430,1539,1566]" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">Advertisement call.</emphasis>
|
||
The advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFAAFFE650DF9155FC557E54" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[727,940,1539,1565]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="364" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAAFFE650DF9155FC557E54" box="[727,940,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is pulsed, sounding like a “trii” (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FCBCE5FFAAFFE657119152FA6E7E57" box="[1305,1431,1539,1566]" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="4.[151,239,151,175]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1414,269,1912]" captionTargetBox-1="[163,1392,227,1257]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="TABLE 2. Acoustic features commonly used in Centrolenidae taxonomy. Table adapted from Bang et al. (2020). Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation and range (minimum–maximum). Abbreviation of Brazilian states: AL = Alagoas, ES = Espírito Santo, MG = Minas Gerais, SC = Santa Catarina." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Comparison of qualitative acoustic variables between topotypic (Lages) and Florianópolis populations of Vitreorana parvula." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF01D9D6FFA3FFEF529F97C6FC5878BE" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF01D9D6FFA2FFEE529F97C6FE93789A" pageId="13" pageNumber="364" tableUuid-0="DF01D9D6FFA3FFEF529F97C6FC5878BE" tableUuid-1="DF01D9D6FFA2FFEE529F97C6FE93789A">Tables 2–3</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFAAFFE6529F9176FF237E0B" box="[151,218,1575,1602]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1824,1848]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,192,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-27@16.[230,1358,181,1800]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Advertisement call of Vitreorana parvula from (A–G) its type locality and (H–I) Florianópolis. (A) Oscillogram showing the continuous emission of seven singly emitted calls. (B) Oscillogram showing five calls emitted in a short bout. (C–I) Spectrograms and oscillograms of different pulse arrangements: (C) one, (D) two, (E, H) three, (F, I) four, and (G) five pulses. (A, E) MCP 15452, SVL = 21.2 mm, air temperature = 26.2°C; (B, F) MCP 15451, SVL = 22.4 mm, air temperature = 26.2°C; (C) MCP 15453, SVL = 20.9 mm, air temperature = 26.6°C; (D) MCP 15454, SVL = 21.8 mm, air temperature = 26.6°C; (G) uncollected male, air temperature = 22.0°C; (H, I) MCP 15442, SVL = 24.8, air temperature = 23.7°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693235/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFAAFFE653199176FDDE7E0B" author="Duarte-Marin, S. & Rada, M. & Rivera-Correa, M. & Caorsi, V. & Barona, E. & Gonzalez-Duran, G. & Vargas-Salinas, F." box="[273,551,1575,1602]" pageId="13" pageNumber="364" pagination="143 - 180" refId="ref13744" refString="Duarte-Marin, S., Rada, M., Rivera-Correa, M., Caorsi, V., Barona, E., Gonzalez-Duran, G. & Vargas-Salinas, F. (2022) Tic, Tii and Trii calls: advertisement call descriptions for eight glass frogs from Colombia and analysis of structure of auditory signals in Centrolenidae. Bioacoustics, 32 (2), 143 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09524622.2022.2077833" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Duarte-Marin
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAAFFE653B99179FE107E08" box="[433,489,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Appendix 1). Calls have 1 to 5 pulses (3.2 ± 0.8 pulses), being normally single, but also grouped into 2 to 9 calls (3.8 ± 2.5 calls). Duration of grouped calls varies from 0.28 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4AEF99FFAAFFE656C2911DFAF47E2F" box="[1226,1293,1612,1638]" degrees="1.77" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="364" precision="555" value="-1.77">1.77 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(0.78 ±
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4AEF99FFAAFFE65763911AFF5A7EC3" degrees="0.55" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="364" precision="555" value="-0.55">0.55 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), increasing proportionally to the number of calls in the group. The silence interval between calls in the group is 165.2 to 382.3 ms (244.9 ± 52.4 ms). The call duration ranges from 4.3 to 43.2 ms (24.1 ± 6.5 ms). Call duration also increases proportionally with the number of pulses. Call repetition rate is 0.5–19.5 calls/min (11.0 ± 5.5 calls/min). Call rise is usually shorter than call fall. Call rise presents an exponential (57.3%) or logarithmic (42.7%) shape, while fall usually has a linear shape. The amplitude peak of the calls is at around the first fifth (2.8–84.7%, 22.3 ± 17.2%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFAAFFE552CF9072FCE179C0" blockId="13.[151,1437,1539,2034]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,150,393]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="365" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">
|
||
The call envelope is generally triangular pointed right (85.1%). Two calls with three pulses and one with four pulses present a variant envelope, in which the first and third pulses have similar amplitude, and the pulse in the middle of these has a lower amplitude, forming a bow tie-like shape. Calls with fairly elliptic or triangular pointed left envelopes have call fall generally shorter and amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. More than 50% of the call energy is concentrated at about 43% ± 11% (12.9–73.9%) of the call duration, and in calls with one pulse, it has a slightly smaller average (
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFAAFFE650CE9089FD1E7FB8" box="[710,743,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="364">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
30%). Calls have pulse periodic amplitude modulation (with silence intervals present between pulses). Pulses last 1.1–13.8 ms (5.6 ± 1.6 ms). Usually, pulses have an abrupt rise at 0.2–4.5 ms (1.4 ± 0.4 ms), with exponential (48.6%) or logarithmic (45.7%) shape and amplitude peak around its first fourth (7.5–83.3%, 24.9 ± 7.9%). In calls with five pulses, the last pulse has an amplitude peak around its first third. Pulse fall is generally more gradual than rise (0.6–12.3 ms; 4.3 ± 1.5 ms), but also commonly presents an exponential shape (70.3%). Pulses usually present a triangular pointed right envelope (84.7%). Symmetrical/fairly symmetrical pulses have slightly shorter pulse duration and triangular pointed left has greater pulse rise. Some pulses have a very short sustain at a maximum of 0.5 ms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFA9FFE5529F91EBFE227EBF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693233" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693233/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="365" startId="14.[151,250,1722,1746]" targetBox="[151,1436,417,1699]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA9FFE5529F91EBFE227EBF" blockId="14.[151,1436,1722,1782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="365">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA9FFE5529F91EBFEEB7E9B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1722,1746]" pageId="14" pageNumber="365">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA9FFE5531091EAFDFA7E9B" box="[280,515,1723,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="365" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA9FFE5531091EAFDFA7E9B" box="[280,515,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="365">Vitreorana uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype (ZSM 81/1921) (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body, and (C) lateral view of the head. Scale bar = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA9FFE452CF9019FD2A7955" blockId="14.[151,1436,1864,2035]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,2036]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="366" pageId="14" pageNumber="365">
|
||
Calls normally present short intervals between pulses, equivalent to
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA9FFE551D89018FC0B7F2B" box="[976,1010,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="365">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
0.5 times the pulse duration (0.1–6.9 ms; 2.9 ± 1.2 ms). Grouped calls with 5 pulses have silence intervals between pulses lasting about the same as pulse duration (i.e. silence intervals
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA9FFE553E290C0FDF27FE3" box="[490,523,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="365">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
1 time pulse duration). We cannot observe a clear silence interval between pulses in a few calls. Pulse repetition rate is between 88.9–232.6 pulses/s (133.0 ± 16.8 pulses/s). The period between pulse amplitude peak is 4.0–10.9 ms (8.6 ± 0.8 ms). Usually, the first or second pulse has greater amplitude. The pulse with lower amplitude is usually the last. Calls with four or five pulses have the second and first pulses with greatest and lowest amplitude, respectively. Triangular pointed left calls generally have the third and first pulses with the greatest and lowest amplitude, respectively. In calls with fairly elliptic envelope, the second pulse is normally greater. Pulses have a slight frequency modulation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA8FFE452CF9674FC317A5F" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Calls have 1–4 harmonic series (3.4 ± 0.7 harmonics). The dominant frequency is always the fundamental frequency, varying from 4125–5063 Hz (4576 ± 243 Hz). Minimum and maximum frequency varies, respectively, from 3797–4922 Hz (4344 ± 213 Hz) and 4359–5297 Hz (4821 ± 224 Hz). Bandwidth varies from 281 to 750 Hz (477 ± 70 Hz). The center frequency has similar values to the dominant frequency (4125–5063 Hz; 4578 ± 228 Hz). Average entropy varies from 2.885 to 4.551 bits (3.627 ± 0.231 bits). The dominant harmonic is always the first. Second, third, and fourth harmonics have frequencies between 6656–10266 Hz (8782 ± 648 Hz), 10641–15000 Hz (13583 ± 709 Hz), and 15938–19969 Hz (18162 ± 878 Hz), respectively.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA8FFE452CF9571FE007AEC" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Most wave periods present subharmonics, especially between first and second harmonic, and jump frequency at the beginning and end of the call, normally in pulses with low/very low amplitude. The frequency band has a general upward frequency modulation but sometimes presents a general downward. There is no periodic frequency modulation throughout the call.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA8FFE452CF95FFFCDD7B7D" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE452CF95FFFEC67A81" bold="true" box="[199,319,686,712]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The morphological variation that we found among the topotypic specimens overlaps with what has been reported in the literature for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE450519582FD047AA5" box="[601,765,723,748]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE450519582FD047AA5" box="[601,765,723,748]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is rather subtle and gradual, like a more rounded snout in dorsal view, lower folds and some larger or smaller values related to continuous acoustic or morphometric characters. Females tend to be larger than males (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FCBCE5FFA8FFE450B7944BFCEA7B7D" box="[703,787,794,820]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,800,824]" captionTargetBox="[163,1413,916,2016]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements (in mm) of males of Vitreorana parvula organized by mitochondrial lineages shown in Fig. 8. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation and range (minimum–maximum). See material and methods for abbreviation of measurements." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF01D9D6FFA4FFE8529F9471FE197BC9" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" tableUuid="DF01D9D6FFA4FFE8529F9471FE197BC9">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C364DAD5FFA8FFFF52CF946CFDDD7908" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="371" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA8FFE452CF946CFEE07C43" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE452CF946CFEBB7B1E" bold="true" box="[199,322,829,855]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
We compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE453EB946FFD4E7B1E" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[483,695,829,855]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE453EB946FFD4E7B1E" box="[483,695,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE4515A946FFBDA7B1E" box="[850,1059,829,855]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE4515A946FFC337B1E" box="[850,970,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Vitreorana</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially those from the Atlantic Forest, based on our new description.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE450469433FCDF7B32" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[590,806,865,891]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE450469433FCDF7B32" box="[590,806,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguishable from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE456AD9433FA8E7B32" box="[1189,1399,865,891]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE456AD9433FAE47B32" box="[1189,1309,866,891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Vitreorana</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its developed and crenulated outer tarsal and ulnar folds (outer tarsal and ulnar folds low or smooth); occurrence of enameled tubercles on tibia forming a fold-like structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFA8FFE4514D94F8FC727B8A" box="[837,907,937,963]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-27@10.[193,1394,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Topotypic live individuals of Vitreorana parvula in dorsolateral (top; MCP 15452) and ventral (bottom; MCP 15454) views. Arrow points to the fold-like row of enameled tubercles along the tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693225/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; tibia without enameled tubercles); and pair of developed horizontal flaps below and to either side of the cloaca (subcloacal ornamentation with pair of low folds or smooth).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA8FFE452CF9344FDAC7CA8" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
|
||
Moreover, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE4536D9344FDC77C67" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[357,574,1044,1070]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE4536D9344FDC77C67" box="[357,574,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its transparent gastrointestinal peritoneum readily distinguishes it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE457809344FEE47C1B" baseAuthorityName="Goin" baseAuthorityYear="1963" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antisthenesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE457809344FEE47C1B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. antisthenesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE453219369FE4A7C1B" box="[297,435,1080,1106]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baliomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE453219369FE4A7C1B" box="[297,435,1080,1106]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. baliomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE453C89369FDA47C18" baseAuthorityName="Ayarzaguena & Senaris" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[448,605,1080,1105]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castroviejoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE453C89369FDA47C18" box="[448,605,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. castroviejoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE450629369FD1F7C1B" baseAuthorityName="Ayarzaguena" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[618,742,1080,1106]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gorzulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE450629369FD1F7C1B" box="[618,742,1080,1106]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. gorzulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE450FA9369FC9A7C1B" baseAuthorityName="Ayarzaguena" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[754,867,1080,1106]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE450FA9369FC9A7C1B" box="[754,867,1080,1106]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. helenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE451969369FC147C18" baseAuthorityName="Lutz in Lutz & Kloss" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[926,1005,1080,1105]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ritae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE451969369FC147C18" box="[926,1005,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. ritae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(white gastrointestinal peritoneum), as well as white urinary bladder peritoneum (transparent urinary bladder peritoneum), and lower portion of tympanum with enameled iridophores in life (iridophores absent, similar coloration as surrounding skin). The completely transparent parietal peritoneum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE4501793F5FD6B7CF4" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[543,658,1187,1213]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE4501793F5FD6B7CF4" box="[543,658,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also differentiate it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE451ED93F5FB7C7CF4" baseAuthorityName="Ayarzaguena & Senaris" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[997,1157,1188,1213]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castroviejoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE451ED93F5FB7C7CF4" box="[997,1157,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. castroviejoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE4569C93F5FAEA7CF4" baseAuthorityName="Ayarzaguena" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[1172,1299,1187,1213]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gorzulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE4569C93F5FAEA7CF4" box="[1172,1299,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. gorzulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE4572A93F5FA6C7CF4" baseAuthorityName="Ayarzaguena" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[1314,1429,1187,1213]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE4572A93F5FA6C7CF4" box="[1314,1429,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. helenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE452CF9396FEEE7CA9" baseAuthorityName="Lutz in Lutz & Kloss" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[199,279,1223,1248]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ritae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE452CF9396FEEE7CA9" box="[199,279,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. ritae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(at least anterior 1/3 white).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA8FFE452CF93BAFC2B7D92" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
|
||
Among the Atlantic Forest species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE4505193BAFCD67D4D" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[601,815,1258,1284]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE4505193BAFCD67D4D" box="[601,815,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE451CC93BAFBD97D4D" authorityName="Zucchetti, Rojas-Padilla, Dias, Solé, Orrico & Castroviejo-Fisher" authorityYear="2023" box="[964,1056,1258,1284]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="assuh">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE451CC93BAFBD97D4D" box="[964,1056,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. assuh</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having upper lip flared (upper lip not flared); presence of microspicules, only observed by stereomicroscope (presence of spicules observed by naked eye); dentigerous process of vomer lacking teeth (presence of vomerine teeth); occurrence of enameled iridophores on dorsum (absence of enameled iridophores on dorsum); absence of flecks in dorsum (presence of flecks in dorsum); absence of melanophores on dorsal portion of Finger and Toe III (presence of melanophores in Finger and Toe III); body size small to minute, SVL <28.0 mm (body size large, SVL> 30.9). In addition, diagnostic osteological characters are presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA8FFE450D89290FC377D92" author="Zucchetti, V. M. & Rojas-Padilla, O. & Dias, I. R. & Sole, M. & Orrico, V. G. D. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S." box="[720,974,1473,1499]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" pagination="301 - 334" refId="ref16955" refString="Zucchetti, V. M., Rojas-Padilla, O., Dias, I. R., Sole, M., Orrico, V. G. D. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2023) An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules. Zootaxa, 5249 (3), 301 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5249.3.1" type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Zucchetti
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE451499293FC807D92" box="[833,889,1473,1499]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA8FFE452CF92B4FAB57F55" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE452CF92B4FE5A7DB7" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[199,419,1508,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE452CF92B4FE5A7DB7" box="[199,419,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE4504192B4FD227DB7" box="[585,731,1508,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baliomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE4504192B4FD227DB7" box="[585,731,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. baliomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a thin white supralabial line (upper lip without supralabial line); upper lip flared (upper lip not flared); iris pattern composed by punctuations forming thin and/or thick reticulations (densely grouped lavender spots not forming reticulations); snout subovoid in dorsal and sloping in lateral view (truncated in both views); tympanic annulus and membrane clearly visible (tympanic annulus barely or non-visible); tympanic membrane at least partially covered by enameled iridophores (tympanic membrane without enameled iridophores); melanophores clustered forming reticulations (dorsal pattern with melanophores uniformly distributed); nuptial pad elongated (nuptial pad rounded); Finger II shorter than Finger III (Finger II longer or equal to Finger III); call duration ranging from 4.3–43.2 ms (call duration ranging from 185–198 ms;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA8FFE456D8918EFA697EB0" author="Bang, D. L. & Lisboa, B. S. & Teixeira, B. F. V. & Giaretta, A. A. & Carvalho, T. R." box="[1232,1424,1759,1785]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" pagination="35 - 47" refId="ref13067" refString="Bang, D. L., Lisboa, B. S., Teixeira, B. F. V., Giaretta, A. A. & Carvalho, T. R. (2020) A comparative acoustic analysis of species of Vitreorana (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, with a description of the call of V. baliomma and insights into the taxonomic status of Cerrado populations. Phyllomedusa, 19 (1), 35 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9079. v 19 i 1 p 35 - 47" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Bang
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE4571B918EFABC7EB0" box="[1299,1349,1759,1785]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); pulse emitted at a rate of 62.3–232.6 pulses/s (pulse repetition rate of 35.3–37.8 pulses/s;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA8FFE4568A9052FAB97F55" author="Bang, D. L. & Lisboa, B. S. & Teixeira, B. F. V. & Giaretta, A. A. & Carvalho, T. R." box="[1154,1344,1794,1821]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" pagination="35 - 47" refId="ref13067" refString="Bang, D. L., Lisboa, B. S., Teixeira, B. F. V., Giaretta, A. A. & Carvalho, T. R. (2020) A comparative acoustic analysis of species of Vitreorana (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, with a description of the call of V. baliomma and insights into the taxonomic status of Cerrado populations. Phyllomedusa, 19 (1), 35 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9079. v 19 i 1 p 35 - 47" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Bang
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE456CC9052FB0F7F55" box="[1220,1270,1794,1820]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFA8FFE452CF9076FD017FBA" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE452CF9076FE677F09" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[199,414,1830,1856]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE452CF9076FE677F09" box="[199,414,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFA8FFE450A79076FCB27F09" box="[687,843,1830,1856]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eurygnatha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE450A79076FCB27F09" box="[687,843,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">V. eurygnatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having the upper lip flared (upper lip not flared); snout subovoid in dorsal and sloping in lateral view (rounded or truncate in both views); tympanic annulus and membrane clearly visible (tympanic annulus normally barely visible); tympanic membrane at least partially covered by enameled iridophores (tympanic membrane without enameled iridophores); melanophores clustered forming reticulation (dorsal pattern with melanophores uniformly distributed); call duration raging from 4.3–43.2 ms (call duration ranging from 135–256 ms;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFA8FFE45026908BFD157FBA" author="Bang, D. L. & Lisboa, B. S. & Teixeira, B. F. V. & Giaretta, A. A. & Carvalho, T. R." box="[558,748,2009,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" pagination="35 - 47" refId="ref13067" refString="Bang, D. L., Lisboa, B. S., Teixeira, B. F. V., Giaretta, A. A. & Carvalho, T. R. (2020) A comparative acoustic analysis of species of Vitreorana (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, with a description of the call of V. baliomma and insights into the taxonomic status of Cerrado populations. Phyllomedusa, 19 (1), 35 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9079. v 19 i 1 p 35 - 47" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Bang
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFA8FFE45078908BFD517FBA" box="[624,680,2009,2035]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFB7FFFB529F9071FB5F7FA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693235" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693235/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" startId="16.[151,250,1824,1848]" targetBox="[231,1356,192,1789]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB7FFFB529F9071FB5F7FA5" blockId="16.[151,1437,1824,2028]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB7FFFB529F9071FEED7F71" bold="true" box="[151,276,1824,1848]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB7FFFB50099070FD3D7F71" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[513,708,1824,1848]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB7FFFB50099070FD3D7F71" box="[513,708,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from (A–G) its type locality and (H–I) Florianópolis. (A) Oscillogram showing the continuous emission of seven singly emitted calls. (B) Oscillogram showing five calls emitted in a short bout. (C–I) Spectrograms and oscillograms of different pulse arrangements: (C) one, (D) two, (E, H) three, (F, I) four, and (G) five pulses. (A, E) MCP 15452, SVL = 21.2 mm, air temperature = 26.2°C; (B, F) MCP 15451, SVL = 22.4 mm, air temperature = 26.2°C; (C) MCP 15453, SVL = 20.9 mm, air temperature = 26.6°C; (D) MCP 15454, SVL = 21.8 mm, air temperature = 26.6°C; (G) uncollected male, air temperature = 22.0°C; (H, I) MCP 15442, SVL = 24.8, air temperature = 23.7°C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFB6FFFA529F9360FED57D20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693237" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693237" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693237/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" startId="17.[151,250,1073,1097]" targetBox="[159,1431,193,1044]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB6FFFA529F9360FED57D20" blockId="17.[151,1436,1073,1385]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB6FFFA529F9360FEEC7C00" bold="true" box="[151,277,1073,1097]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Plot of principal component analysis of the call parameters of two populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB6FFFA56659363FAC87C00" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1133,1329,1073,1097]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB6FFFA56659363FAC87C00" box="[1133,1329,1073,1097]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The calls from Lages (dark blue) correspond to topotypic individuals, while those from Florianópolis (orange) correspond to a population previously identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB6FFFA538D932BFDED7CD8" box="[389,532,1146,1169]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB6FFFA538D932BFDED7CD8" box="[389,532,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">V. uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (A) Distribution of each call in the acoustic space, with the variance explained by each axis in parentheses. (B) Influence of variables with main loading values in the acoustic space. (C) Violin plots showing the variance of different acoustic parameters. %IQR = percentage of call duration where more than 50% of call energy is concentrated; AE = average entropy; BW = bandwidth; CAP = call amplitude peak; CD = call duration; CenF = center frequency; CF = call fall; CR = call rise; DF = dominant frequency; IQR = value where more than 50% of call energy is concentrated; MaxF = maximum frequency; MinF = minimum frequency; N° pulses = number of pulses; N° harmonics = number of harmonics; PPR = pulse repetition rate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB6FFFA52CF92EDFD337E2F" blockId="17.[151,1437,1468,2034]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB6FFFA52CF92EDFE627D9F" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[199,411,1468,1494]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB6FFFA52CF92EDFE627D9F" box="[199,411,1468,1494]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB6FFFA502192EDFD3F7D9F" box="[553,710,1468,1494]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="franciscana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB6FFFA502192EDFD3F7D9F" box="[553,710,1468,1494]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">V. franciscana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the occurrence of enameled iridophores on dorsum (absence of enameled iridophores on dorsum); absence of pair of enlarged subcloacal warts (present); developed and crenulated outer tarsal and ulnar folds (outer tarsal and ulnar folds low); occurrence of enameled tubercles on tibia forming a fold-like (tibia without enameled tubercles); pair of developed horizontal flaps below and to either side of the cloaca (subcloacal ornamentation with pair of low folds).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB6FFFA52CF9121FE707E9B" blockId="17.[151,1437,1468,2034]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">
|
||
In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB6FFFA53459121FDDB7EC3" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[333,546,1648,1674]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB6FFFA53459121FDDB7EC3" box="[333,546,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species of the genus found in the southernmost Atlantic Forest (states of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BA47BCFFB6FFFA52BE91C5FE717EE7" box="[182,392,1684,1710]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BA47BCFFB6FFFA53C891C5FD917EE7" box="[448,616,1684,1710]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F369C9CEFFB6FFFA507B91C5FD437EE7" box="[627,698,1684,1710]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Missiones province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F369C9CEFFB6FFFA51D591C5FBB77EE7" box="[989,1102,1684,1710]" name="Argentina" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
) after more than 120 years of scientific inventories.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB6FFFA52CF918DFB567FBB" blockId="17.[151,1437,1468,2034]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB6FFFA52CF918DFE7A7EBC" bold="true" box="[199,387,1755,1782]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
In Lages,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB6FFFA53FA918DFD3F7EBF" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[498,710,1756,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB6FFFA53FA918DFD3F7EBF" box="[498,710,1756,1782]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in creeks and streams inside a secondary-growth Araucaria forest, a formation commonly found in high-altitude areas of the southern Atlantic Forest. We found individuals during the night, with males starting call activity right after dusk (~19:30h). Males were found calling always in the upper side of leaves, being more active on rainy days. We observed a combat behavior between males, like the one reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFB6FFFA5346903DFDAC7FCF" author="Fernandes, I. Y. & Candido-Junior, J. F. & Kaefer, I. L." box="[334,597,1900,1926]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" pagination="671 - 673" refId="ref13945" refString="Fernandes, I. Y., Candido-Junior, J. F. & Kaefer, I. L. (2018) Combat behaviour in the glassfrog Vitreorana uranoscopa (M ¸ ller, 1924). Herpetology Notes, 11, 671 - 673." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Fernandes
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB6FFFA53C0903DFDF87FCF" box="[456,513,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Males were found in amplexus-like position, with the top male raising the posterior part of its body and rotating while the bottom male tried to unclasp. Afterward, they grappled to the border of the leaf and finished with the bottom male climbing on the leaf and pushing the other with his legs, making him fall off. The winning male came back to its position on the leaf and resumed calling (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFB6FFFA56479089FB587FBB" box="[1103,1185,2008,2034]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-21@19.[151,1435,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Sequence of combat behaviors (A to D) between two topotypic males of Vitreorana parvula. (A) Combat behavior in amplexus-like position; (B) rotation of upper male while clasping bottom male; (C) males grappling in border of leaf; (D) winning male resuming call. Not collected individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693241/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB5FFF952CF97C6FA7179C0" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,393]" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">
|
||
We found four clutches in different stages of development, all deposited in the upper side of leaves, inside or on the borders of the stream bed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFB5FFF953E097EAFDC3789C" box="[488,570,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1943]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1326,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[151,1435,1326,1896]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Egg clutches of Vitreorana parvula (not collected) in its type locality at early (left) and late (right) stages of development. Red arrow points to an empty capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693243/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Clutches had 25 to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7842D7FFB5FFF9512B97EAFC81789C" box="[803,888,187,213]" count="27" pageId="18" pageNumber="369" type="egg">27 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
with a jelly-rich matrix surrounding them. Early-stage clutches showed eggs with general cream coloration, a light brown portion in the animal pole, and presence of empty capsules. Late-stage clutches showed developed embryos with light brown coloration and reddish hues, presenting a yellowish cream vitellus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFB5FFF950369676FD697908" box="[574,656,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1919,1943]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1326,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[151,1435,1326,1896]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Egg clutches of Vitreorana parvula (not collected) in its type locality at early (left) and late (right) stages of development. Red arrow points to an empty capsule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693243/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Clutches are similar to those illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFB5FFF956709676FA967908" author="Machado, I. F. & Abadie, M. & Junior, A. P. S. - Jr. & Santos, R. R." box="[1144,1391,295,321]" pageId="18" pageNumber="369" pagination="443 - 446" refId="ref15458" refString="Machado, I. F., B ¸ hler, D., Abadie, M., Junior, A. P. S. - Jr. & Santos, R. R. (2014) Distribution extension of Vitreorana uranoscopa (Anura: Centrolenidae) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Herpetology Notes, 7, 443 - 446." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Machado
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB5FFF956ED9676FAE57908" box="[1253,1308,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We only found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB5FFF95310961AFE2A792D" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[280,467,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="icterica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB5FFF95310961AFE2A792D" box="[280,467,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">Rhinella icterica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring in syntopy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB5FFF95109961AFC8B792C" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[769,882,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB5FFF95109961AFC8B792C" box="[769,882,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">V. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in one of the sampled streams. More information on the reproductive behavior (courtship, amplexus, oviposion, and maternal care) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB5FFF9564A963EFB4A79C0" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1090,1203,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB5FFF9564A963EFB4A79C0" box="[1090,1203,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">V. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFB5FFF9529F90DDFB047FA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693239" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693239/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="369" startId="18.[151,250,1932,1956]" targetBox="[153,1433,419,1907]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB5FFF9529F90DDFB047FA5" blockId="18.[151,1436,1932,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB5FFF9529F90DDFEE77FED" bold="true" box="[151,286,1932,1956]" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB5FFF9504290DDFD227FED" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1951" box="[586,731,1932,1956]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Centrolenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with focus on Atlantic Forest
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB5FFF9560D90DCFB887FED" box="[1029,1137,1933,1956]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB5FFF9560D90DCFB887FED" box="[1029,1137,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">Vitreorana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(log likelihood = -11671.506) inferred from a maximum likelihood analysis of concatenated COI and 16S sequences. Values above branches are bootstrap frequencies (≥ 50%) of 1000 pseudoreplicates. Terminals in red bold represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB5FFF951B09084FBD97FA5" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[952,1056,2004,2028]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB5FFF951B09084FBD97FA5" box="[952,1056,2004,2028]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="369">V. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
topotypic specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFB4FFF8529F93C0FD3D7CB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693241/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="370" startId="19.[151,250,1169,1193]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1145]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB4FFF8529F93C0FD3D7CB8" blockId="19.[151,1437,1169,1265]" pageId="19" pageNumber="370">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB4FFF8529F93C0FEE77CE0" bold="true" box="[151,286,1169,1193]" pageId="19" pageNumber="370">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Sequence of combat behaviors (A to D) between two topotypic males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB4FFF851F193C3FB437CE0" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1017,1210,1169,1193]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB4FFF851F193C3FB437CE0" box="[1017,1210,1169,1193]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="370">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (A) Combat behavior in amplexus-like position; (B) rotation of upper male while clasping bottom male; (C) males grappling in border of leaf; (D) winning male resuming call. Not collected individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF01D9D6FFB4FFF8529F902EFD547FF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693243" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10693243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693243/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="370" startId="19.[151,250,1919,1943]" targetBox="[151,1435,1326,1896]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB4FFF8529F902EFD547FF5" blockId="19.[151,1436,1919,1980]" pageId="19" pageNumber="370">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB4FFF8529F902EFEDB7FDE" bold="true" box="[151,290,1919,1943]" pageId="19" pageNumber="370">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Egg clutches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB4FFF853DF90D1FD627FD1" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[471,667,1920,1944]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB4FFF853DF90D1FD627FD1" box="[471,667,1920,1944]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="370">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(not collected) in its type locality at early (left) and late (right) stages of development. Red arrow points to an empty capsule.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC1895EFFB3FFFF52CF97C7FDDD7908" blockId="20.[151,1436,150,321]" pageId="20" pageNumber="371">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB3FFFF52CF97C7FE0D78F9" bold="true" box="[199,500,150,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="371">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB3FFFF50EF97C6FC3878F8" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[743,961,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB3FFFF50EF97C6FC3878F8" box="[743,961,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="371">Vitreorana parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
encompasses the distribution previously defined for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7EF2DDFFB3FFFF532D97EAFE33789D" box="[293,458,187,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Centrolenidae" genus="Vitreorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uranoscopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90A554CFFB3FFFF532D97EAFE33789D" box="[293,458,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="371">V. uranoscopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occupying forested streams, creeks, and waterfalls throughout the Atlantic Forest extension, from the south of Bahia to the north of Rio Grande do Sul and part of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F369C9CEFFB3FFFF5616978EFB6978B0" box="[1054,1168,223,249]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="371">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from about sea level to high altitudinal areas (≥
|
||
<quantity id="4C8624BBFFB3FFFF53A59652FDFA7954" box="[429,515,259,285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="371" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.;
|
||
<figureCitation id="134595DBFFB3FFFF50469652FD5B7954" box="[590,674,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1047,1071]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,345,1020]" captionTargetId="figure-103@20.[160,1428,345,1024]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 13. Map of eastern Brazil and neighboring countries with the locality of Vitreorana parvula samples used in the phylogenetic analysis indicated by dots and star. Brazilian states abbreviations: BA = Bahia, ES = Espírito Santo, MG = Minas Gerais, PR = Paraná, RJ = Rio de Janeiro, RS = Rio Grande do Sul, SC = Santa Catarina, SP = S„o Paulo. Photographs (right) of the habitats in which topotypic individuals were found." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10693245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10693245/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="371">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is likely to occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F369C9CEFFB3FFFF51BD9652FBE47954" box="[949,1053,259,285]" name="Paraguay" pageId="20" pageNumber="371">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
on the border with
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F369C9CEFFB3FFFF56F49652FA927954" box="[1276,1387,259,285]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="371">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F369C9CEFFB3FFFF529F9676FF227908" box="[151,219,295,321]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="371">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEFF4AFFFB3FFFF52E29676FDE17908" author="Brusquetti, F. & Lavilla, E. O." box="[234,536,295,321]" pageId="20" pageNumber="371" pagination="3 - 79" refId="ref13254" refString="Brusquetti, F. & Lavilla, E. O. (2006) Lista comentada de los anfibios de Paraguay. Cuadernos de Herpetologia, 20 (2), 3 - 79." type="journal article" year="2006">Brusquetti & Lavilla 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |