304 lines
55 KiB
XML
304 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="8BEBD040CD53770D5A39E739E050C0DB" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3925.2.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6e961bd7-f065-467e-8da8-8fceaa017cba" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="237357" ID-ZooBank="36A48498-7944-4A88-BE50-1165F5E74E64" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461001465239" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas & Yadav, Arun K." docDate="2015" docId="2A2F8784FF98FFB90ABDFE5FFBA7FC49" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03925p210.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3925 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Chordodes combiareolatus Schmidt-Rhaesa & Yadav, 2015, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="206" masterDocId="D616FFFCFF99FFBD0A2AFFCEFF9CFFA4" masterDocTitle="Chordodes combiareolatus, a new species of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) from Nagaland, India, with further comments on Chordodes moutoni" masterLastPageNumber="210" masterPageNumber="202" pageNumber="203" updateTime="1698564815898" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="95E85964608CD93BE97965237234D4FE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="3BA60DA9B0E4A8FDE75EDE369476B391">
|
||
<mods:title id="395B7AD3B4DAF4734BB10BB8D378DB87">Chordodes combiareolatus, a new species of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) from Nagaland, India, with further comments on Chordodes moutoni</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="CAA0E0A72757094DCE595AA3027F724A" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="0F421A09CE39EB503CAF5296A64F6848">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="6BDD6BDC0C349A1005148B3FF419B031">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="812C478ACFA56391A70131EFFADAF66F">Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="39EB8F8ECEC58BEC55E6FEF24795681F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="05FE0B04EB105E092F070AD862166EE5">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="16E108CBA8F88B17CB687029AF6FA31B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="829C8FDE0BDE423F229C07129CC1D913">Yadav, Arun K.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="F0D8CEE84FE2C725A7CF312E4720E882">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="D44BC1A51E7A96801A2A70CA206EAE59" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="A83024C2C82B1606D12770FD57FA6684">
|
||
<mods:title id="9071D0BD09FB170401E18E93D36F45CB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="86258433C28C94903BF4B06BF83435B6">
|
||
<mods:date id="EC04DE9DC9CC3541944140248F6F0DD7">2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="658BDC6C69F2634C04D3F5C1C77ADACF" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="183B6B05029D8CDA1E6456AF7BE7D185">3925</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="5AB6063249F7325209151B0B5DA841C4" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="353F8DE5931737CE2DC5F9ED8ABD2766">2</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="CAEDD32CE9B43B72E57EF9C40985DDCF" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="470193E9FE0F1FCB8652592F52B8606C">202</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="7ED9B7BFE4280E04519834AC3EA76232">210</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="5B7535E9213E76CC771B6E132C9BDD3A">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4EE1C12BACB12C0BD53EF6E28AD1A7A7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3925.2.3</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="90A5EE43A9A140E0708717908ED531E3" type="GBIF-Dataset">6e961bd7-f065-467e-8da8-8fceaa017cba</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="936253E0CB5DEC83D5642D921C74CAD8" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3F5877887BF633A05B725CC40DE7A54B" type="Zenodo-Dep">237357</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8626103A3203631AEC2C87D6CD2F6056" type="ZooBank">36A48498-7944-4A88-BE50-1165F5E74E64</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="2A2F8784FF98FFB90ABDFE5FFBA7FC49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6112040" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119598671" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6112040" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A2F8784FF98FFB90ABDFE5FFBA7FC49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2A2F8784FF98FFB90ABDFE5FFBA7FC49" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA9C6519FF98FFBC0ABDFE5FFEB3FE68" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBC0ABDFE5FFDB8FE0F" blockId="1.[151,548,401,461]" box="[151,548,401,427]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<heading id="F97181FEFF98FFBC0ABDFE5FFDB8FE0F" bold="true" box="[151,548,401,427]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC0ABDFE5FFDB8FE0F" bold="true" box="[151,548,401,427]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF98FFBC0ABDFE5FFE46FE0F" box="[151,474,401,427]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="combiareolatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC0ABDFE5FFE46FE0F" bold="true" box="[151,474,401,427]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Chordodes combiareolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8BC157FBFF98FFBC0BCBFE5FFDB8FE0F" box="[481,548,401,427]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBC0ABDFE7AFEB3FE68" blockId="1.[151,548,401,461]" box="[151,303,436,461]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0AB4FE7AFE95FE68" box="[158,265,436,461]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0B3DFE7AFEBAFE68" box="[279,294,436,460]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">2</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA9C6519FF98FFBC0ABDFE32FCA3FD9C" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBC0ABDFE32FCA3FD9C" blockId="1.[151,1437,508,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC0ABDFE32FE97FDB1" bold="true" box="[151,267,508,533]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF98FFBC0ABDFE32FE9AFDB1" box="[151,262,508,533]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
One female from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF98FFBC0829FE33FDAFFDB1" box="[515,563,509,533]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, deposited in the Zoological Survey of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DA917602FF98FFBC0E61FE32FB1BFDB1" box="[1099,1159,508,533]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, North Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong under the accession number IV/NERC-308.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA9C6519FF98FFBC0AEDFD8AFE11FD24" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBC0AEDFD8AFE11FD24" blockId="1.[151,1437,508,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC0AEDFD8AFED2FDF9" bold="true" box="[199,334,580,605]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF98FFBC0BCAFD8AFD11FDF8" box="[480,653,580,604]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="combiareolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC0BCAFD8AFD11FDF8" box="[480,653,580,604]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">combiareolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” refers to a unique
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF98FFBC0951FD8BFC37FDF9" box="[891,939,581,605]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of areoles, in which characteristics of two areoles are combined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA9C6519FF98FFBC0AEDFD42FDA1FD6C" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBC0AEDFD42FDA1FD6C" blockId="1.[151,1437,508,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC0AEDFD42FEEEFD01" bold="true" box="[199,370,652,677]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF98FFBC0AEDFD42FE9EFD01" box="[199,258,652,677]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Terrace paddy field in Tsupo, Viswema, Kohima, Nagaland,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DA917602FF98FFBC0EBBFD42FB57FD01" box="[1169,1227,652,677]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C7B25055FF98FFBC0ECDFD42FA0FFD01" box="[1255,1427,652,677]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" precision="1" value="25.58072">25°34’50.59”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
/
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C7B25055FF98FFBC0ABDFD61FED8FD6C" box="[151,324,687,712]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" precision="1" value="94.1658">94°09’56.89”E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), elevation:
|
||
<quantity id="657E9B77FF98FFBC0BE7FD61FDA6FD6C" box="[461,570,687,712]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2725399999999998" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" unit="ft" value="4175.0">4175 feet</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA9C6519FF98FFB90AEDFD1AFBA7FC49" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBC0AEDFD1AFEEBFCFC" blockId="1.[151,1437,508,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC0AEDFD1AFE5BFD49" bold="true" box="[199,455,724,749]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Description of female</emphasis>
|
||
. The specimen is
|
||
<quantity id="657E9B77FF98FFBC08BFFD1AFD6EFD48" box="[661,754,724,748]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" unit="mm" value="210.0">210 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and has a width of
|
||
<quantity id="657E9B77FF98FFBC0E20FD1AFBFDFD48" box="[1034,1121,724,748]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the midbody region. The anterior end is tapered; the anterior most tip is white. The main body colour is moderately dark brown with darker patches forming the so-called “leopard pattern”. The posterior end is distinctly swollen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0E80FCD2FB6DFC90" box="[1194,1265,796,821]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C), the cloacal opening is terminal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBC0AEDFCABFADEF98D" blockId="1.[151,1437,508,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
In the midbody region, all 6
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF98FFBC0821FCABFDDAFCD9" box="[523,582,869,893]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of areoles known from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF98FFBC09E0FCAAFBD8FCD8" box="[970,1092,868,892]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC09E0FCAAFBD8FCD8" box="[970,1092,868,892]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are present. Areoles cover the body with moderate density, meaning that regions of non-areolar cuticular surface can be seen between the areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0AB5FC62FF71FC60" box="[159,237,940,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 1C). This surface is structured into parallel superficial folds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC09C2FC62FBB0FC60" box="[1000,1068,940,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The most abundant
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF98FFBC0F63FC63FAE5FC61" box="[1353,1401,941,965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of areoles is simple areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0B97FC01FD94FC4C" box="[445,520,975,1000]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 1C). They are of differing height and smooth except for an apical tiny tuft of bristles. Tubercle areoles are present among simple areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0966FC3AFC11FBA8" box="[844,909,1012,1037]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). They appear as a mixture between simple and tubercle areoles by combining characters of both these areolar
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF98FFBC0988FBD6FC7DFB94" box="[930,993,1048,1072]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">types</typeStatus>
|
||
. Tubercle areoles carry a tuft of small bristles on their apical surface and have a finger-like tubercle, which is rarely placed centrally, but more often shifted towards the edge of the areole or even originating from the side of the areole (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0E7CFB91FB03FBDC" box="[1110,1183,1119,1144]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 1B). There are also tubercle areoles that correspond to the “typical” form (
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC08D6FB4BFC8BFB38" box="[764,791,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
. without bristles and with a more or less central tubercle) (
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC0A8AFB67FF5DFB64" box="[160,193,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0AFAFB69FE8CFB64" box="[208,272,1191,1216]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C), but the “combined
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF98FFBC083CFB66FDD4FB64" box="[534,584,1192,1216]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
” occurs more often. Thorn areoles are present, and the thorns have a broad basis and are slightly curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0BC4FB02FDB3FB40" box="[494,559,1228,1253]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Clusters of crowned areoles are present. On the lateral sides of the body, these clusters are composed of two central crowned areoles and 8‒10 surrounding circumcluster areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0F19FB21FAE2FAAC" box="[1331,1406,1263,1288]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 1E). The circumcluster areoles appear as elongated simple areoles, they also carry a tuft of bristles on top (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0F13FADAFAE4FA88" box="[1337,1400,1300,1325]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E). The crowned areoles have a flat apical surface, from which filaments of moderate length (10‒15 µm) extend laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0B29FA92FEDFFAD0" box="[259,323,1372,1397]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Some of these filaments divide into several branches. We observed in several cases that in one of the two crowned areoles the filaments branch off from the entire surface, while in the second areole the side facing the first areole remains free of filaments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC08E9FA6AFC98FA18" box="[707,772,1444,1469]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E). We could not observe a tubercle between the crowned areole, a structure which is present in several other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF98FFBC08CFFA06FCC3FA44" box="[741,863,1480,1504]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="1" pageNumber="203" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC08CFFA06FCC3FA44" box="[741,863,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Along the midline (it was not possible to determine if this was the ventral or the dorsal one) crowned areoles occur on both sides next to the midline and have distinctly longer apical filaments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0878F9C1FD0DF98C" box="[594,657,1551,1576]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D). The length of the filaments is maximally around 150 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBC0AEDF9FBFC74F9D4" blockId="1.[151,1437,508,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
We could also observe a number of arrangements of areoles, in which areoles resembling circumcluster areoles surround a central flat region with roughly structures surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0964F999FC0BF9D4" box="[846,919,1623,1648]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1435,303,1721]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F, 1G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBC0AEDF9B3FC73F8EC" blockId="1.[151,1437,508,2009]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
In the anterior end, the shape of the areoles changes strongly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC09A2F9B2FC51F930" box="[904,973,1660,1685]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The dominating
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF98FFBC0E99F9B3FB7FF931" box="[1203,1251,1661,1685]" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of areoles has a dense tuft of apical filaments on top (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0811F951FD1CF91C" box="[571,640,1695,1720]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). These areoles are not arranged in particular patterns with respect to each other, but cover the cuticle densely. Between these areoles some long tubercles appear, but the origin of these tubercles was unclear,
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF98FFBC0BB9F926FE32F95B" box="[403,430,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
. whether they originated directly from the cuticular surface or from an areole (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0F33F929FAC1F8A4" box="[1305,1373,1767,1792]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). In the anterior-most tip of the animal the areoles still have a tuft of apical filaments, but not as dense as in the areoles described previously. Additionally, the apical surface is depressed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC09A2F8E1FC57F8EC" box="[904,971,1839,1864]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF98FFBF0AEDF89BFC90FF5C" blockId="1.[151,1437,508,2009]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="204" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">
|
||
In the posterior end the terminal cloacal opening is surrounded by a region with smooth cuticle with a radius of approximately 200 µm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC0B8DF8B9FE6AF834" box="[423,502,1911,1936]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 2D). In the margin of this smooth circular region of the cuticle some bristles are present as the cuticle transitions into the typical areolar pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF98FFBC094BF852FC38F810" box="[865,932,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="203">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Areoles transform from simple elevations of different shape to the areolar pattern described above. Crowned areole clusters start about 600 µm from the margin between smooth and areolated cuticle. The circular appearance of the posterior end is only interrupted by one slight groove that runs to the margin of the terminal smooth region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF9BFFBF09E8FF72FB99FF70" box="[962,1029,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="204">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D). In this part, areoles are present a bit further inside the smooth region than in other places.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F6F9661AFF9BFFBF0ABDF91FFB6FF825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237358/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="204" targetBox="[152,1434,303,1720]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF9BFFBF0ABDF91FFB6FF825" blockId="2.[151,1436,1745,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9BFFBF0ABDF91FFE89F942" bold="true" box="[151,277,1745,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="204">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9BFFBF0B34F91FFDADF943" box="[286,561,1745,1767]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="204" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="combiareolatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9BFFBF0B34F91FFDADF943" box="[286,561,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="204">Chordodes combiareolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8BC157FBFF9BFFBF0810F91CFDEAF943" box="[570,630,1746,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="204" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9BFFBF0810F91CFDEAF943" bold="true" box="[570,630,1746,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="204">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A. Cuticle in mid-body region with simple areoles (sar) and tubercle areoles (tuar), showing also the cuticular surface between areoles. B. Tubercle areole with strongly displaced tubercle. C. Thorn areole (thar). D. Position of crowned areole clusters on lateral body sides (encircled) and of crowned areole clusters with long filaments along the ventral midline (arrows). E. Crowned areole cluster composed of a pair of crowned areoles (crar) and surrounding circumcluster areoles (ccar). F. Overview showing the mixed occurrence of crowned areole clusters (encircled) and clusters with a flat central surface (dotted circles). G. Magnification of a cluster with a flat central surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F6F9661AFF9AFFBE0ABDF9AFFC17F977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="205" targetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF9AFFBE0ABDF9AFFC17F977" blockId="3.[151,1436,1633,1747]" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9AFFBE0ABDF9AFFE88F9D2" bold="true" box="[151,276,1633,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9AFFBE0B31F9AFFDB2F9D3" box="[283,558,1633,1655]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="205" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="combiareolatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9AFFBE0B31F9AFFDB2F9D3" box="[283,558,1633,1655]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">Chordodes combiareolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8BC157FBFF9AFFBE081FF9ACFDF3F9D3" box="[565,623,1634,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="205" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9AFFBE081FF9ACFDF3F9D3" bold="true" box="[565,623,1634,1655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF9AFFB90AEDF934FC40FEC1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1786,2028]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,1005]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9AFFBE0AEDF934FE4CF8B7" bold="true" box="[199,464,1786,1811]" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">Taxonomic comments</emphasis>
|
||
. The specimen described above shows several characters well distributed among species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9AFFBE0BA5F8D1FD95F893" box="[399,521,1823,1847]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="205" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9AFFBE0BA5F8D1FD95F893" box="[399,521,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Simple areoles are the most abundant
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF9AFFBE09F5F8EEFB93F89C" box="[991,1039,1824,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of areole, and tubercle and thorn areoles are also widely distributed
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF9AFFBE0835F88DFDC2F8FF" box="[543,606,1859,1883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">types</typeStatus>
|
||
. Crowned areoles are characteristic for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9AFFBE0EA5F88DFA95F8FF" box="[1167,1289,1859,1883]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="205" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9AFFBE0EA5F88DFA95F8FF" box="[1167,1289,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in many species they occur along the ventral and sometimes also along the dorsal midline with very long bristles. The character that separates the new species from the previous descriptions is that the tubercle areoles include the tuft of bristles present in simple areoles. Usually, tubercle areoles have a smooth surface and the tubercle is positioned apically. Some exceptions are known. In the African species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9AFFBE0910F81DFB09F84F" authority="Von Linstow, 1901" authorityName="Von Linstow" authorityYear="1901" box="[826,1173,2003,2028]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="205" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="digitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9AFFBE0910F81DFC20F84F" box="[826,956,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="205">C. digitatus</emphasis>
|
||
Von
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6174B63FF9AFFBE09DFF81DFB09F84F" author="Linstow" box="[1013,1173,2003,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="205" refString="Linstow, O von. (1901) Helminthen von den Ufern des Nyassa-Sees. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaften, 35, 409 - 428." type="journal article" year="1901">Linstow, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the basal areolar part is horseshoe-shaped and surrounds the tubercle (Fig. 5 A, 5B in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6174B63FF9DFFB90978FF56FBEDFF14" author="De" box="[850,1137,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" refString="De Villalobos, C., Zanca, F. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2007) Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958. Journal of Natural History, 41 (45 - 48), 2775 - 2788. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701754855" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DA917602FF9DFFB90978FF56FCEFFF0B" box="[850,883,152,175]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
Villalobos
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9DFFB909DEFF57FBB1FF14" box="[1012,1069,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the African species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9DFFB90FA8FF56FE60FF70" authority="Von Linstow, 1901" authorityName="Von Linstow" authorityYear="1901" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9DFFB90FA8FF56FEBEFF70" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">C. tuberculatus</emphasis>
|
||
Von
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6174B63FF9DFFB90B76FF72FE60FF70" author="Linstow" box="[348,508,188,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" refString="Linstow, O von. (1901) Helminthen von den Ufern des Nyassa-Sees. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaften, 35, 409 - 428." type="journal article" year="1901">Linstow, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tubercles appear to be displaced from areoles or attach laterally on areoles (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6174B63FF9DFFB90F51FF73FE05FF5C" author="De" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" refString="De Villalobos, C., Zanca, F. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2007) Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958. Journal of Natural History, 41 (45 - 48), 2775 - 2788. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701754855" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DA917602FF9DFFB90F51FF73FA00FF70" box="[1403,1436,189,212]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
Villalobos
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9DFFB90B3FFF2FFECDFF5C" box="[277,337,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Japanese species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9DFFB908E0FF2EFC62FF5C" authority="Inoue, 1951" authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1951" box="[714,1022,223,248]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="japonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9DFFB908E0FF2EFCFBFF53" box="[714,871,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">C. japonensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6174B63FF9DFFB90958FF2EFC62FF5C" author="Inoue" box="[882,1022,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" refString="Inoue, I. (1951) An additional new species of Gordiacean parasitizing praying mantids, and the domestic and overseas distribution of the genus Chordodes. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo), 60, 32." type="journal article" year="1951">Inoue, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tubercle areoles are usually of the “standard pattern”, but one broad tubercle areole is documented, which carries a tubercle and a small tuft of bristles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3ABD2A17FF9DFFB90AB5FEE9FF7FFEE4" box="[159,227,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,193,1612]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Chordodes combiareolatus n. sp. A. Overview on the anterior end and its cuticular structures. B. Areoles with a strong tuft of apical filaments and some tubercles in the anterior end. C. Overview on the posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow). D. The terminal cloacal opening (arrow) is surrounded by a smooth region. Note the longitudinal groove. E. Transition between the smooth region and the areoles on the posterior end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237359/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6174B63FF9DFFB90B36FEE9FD85FEE4" author="Schmidt-Rhaesa" box="[284,537,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" refString="Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2004) Japanese Horsehair Worms (Nematomorpha) from the Lake Biwa Museum. Species Diversity, 9, 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="2004">Schmidt-Rhaesa 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). None of these cases looks exactly like in the new species, but this shows that too little attention has been paid to the exact shape of certain areolar
|
||
<typeStatus id="7D3D8830FF9DFFB909B0FE83FC45FEC1" box="[922,985,333,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">types</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF9DFFB90AEDFEA1FB52FE74" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">The crowned areoles of the new species show (at least in several clusters) an asymmetrical pair of crowned areoles, where apical filaments originate from all sides in one areole, but not from all sides in the other areole. Such a pattern has not been described yet and may be another diagnostic character of the new species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF9DFFB90AEDFE12FA0DFD0C" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">The regions, in which some longer areoles surround a circular region of flat surface are interpreted by us as crowned areole clusters (circumcluster areoles), where the central crowned areoles are broken off. The reasons for this interpretation are that the regions with an “empty center” are distributed in the same pattern as otherwise the crowned areole clusters. The circular ring of elevated areoles resembles circumcluster areoles and the rough surface in the centre does not appear to be the regular, undamaged cuticular surface. Crowned areoles are prominent elevated structures that might be prone to mechanical damage and abrasion under some circumstances.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF9DFFB90AEDFD7AFB22FCDB" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">
|
||
The anterior end of the specimen described above shows a dramatic change in areoles and the areolar pattern in the anterior end differs completely from the one in midbody. This shows the importance of comparing cuticular sections from comparable body regions. The cuticular structure is rarely described in detail. Areoles with a dense tuft of bristles are described also from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9DFFB90866FCEEFD56FC93" box="[588,714,800,823]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="moutoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9DFFB90866FCEEFD56FC93" box="[588,714,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">C. moutoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below) and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9DFFB909E0FCEEFE33FCF8" authority="Chiu, Huang, Wu & Shiao, 2011 (Chiu et al. 2011)" authorityName="Chiu, Huang, Wu & Shiao, 2011 (Chiu et al." authorityYear="2011" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="fomosanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9DFFB909E0FCEEFBFFFC9C" box="[970,1123,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">C. fomosanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6174B63FF9DFFB90E40FCD1FF52FCF8" author="Chiu" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" refString="Chiu, M. C., Huang, C. G., Wu, W. J. & Shiao, S. F. (2011) A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis. ZooKeys, 160, 1 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 160.2290" type="journal article" year="2011">Chiu, Huang, Wu & Shiao, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6174B63FF9DFFB90ACBFC8AFE3AFCF8" author="Chiu" box="[225,422,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" refString="Chiu, M. C., Huang, C. G., Wu, W. J. & Shiao, S. F. (2011) A new horsehair worm, Chordodes formosanus sp. n. (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from Hierodula mantids of Taiwan and Japan with redescription of a closely related species, Chordodes japonensis. ZooKeys, 160, 1 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 160.2290" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Chiu
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9DFFB90B0EFC8BFEFCFCF8" box="[292,352,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore the change of the areolar pattern may be further distributed than currently documented and we hesitate to include this character as species specific for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9DFFB909C3FCA6FB2BFC24" box="[1001,1207,872,896]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="species" species="combiareolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9DFFB909C3FCA6FB2BFC24" box="[1001,1207,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">C. combiareolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2393692FF9DFFB90AEDFC42FBA7FC49" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">
|
||
The posterior end in general corresponds to the female posterior ends that have been described for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65864D11FF9DFFB90ABDFC7EFE8DFC6C" box="[151,273,944,968]" class="Gordioida" family="Chordodidae" genus="Chordodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gordioidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="206" phylum="Nematomorpha" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90F2EA80FF9DFFB90ABDFC7EFE8DFC6C" box="[151,273,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="206">Chordodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is usually swollen, in contrast to the posterior ends in other genera (see Schmidt-Rhaesa 2012) and the terminal cloacal opening is in the center of a flat or even concave terminal disc.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |