1309 lines
184 KiB
XML
1309 lines
184 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3792092" ID-GBIF-Dataset="70f30818-47a1-4f8f-97ff-db22e04e16bf" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163976998" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3792092" checkinTime="1587979450880" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Frank, Howard, Erwin, Terry & Hemenway, Robert" docDate="2009" docId="F870F11EFFB8843E33C092BC0074A38F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2003.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 14 (14)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@18c8ecf5" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Pheropsophus aequinoctialis" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="04498966FFA98423334C921A0367A507" masterDocTitle="Economically Beneficial Ground Beetles. The specialized predators Pheropsophus aequinoctialis (L.) and Stenaptinus jessoensis (Morawitz): Their laboratory behavior and descriptions of immature stages (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Brachininae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1634708639738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
|
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:title>Economically Beneficial Ground Beetles. The specialized predators Pheropsophus aequinoctialis (L.) and Stenaptinus jessoensis (Morawitz): Their laboratory behavior and descriptions of immature stages (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Brachininae)</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Frank, Howard</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Entomology and Nematology Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, U. S. A. & Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Erwin, Terry</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Washington DC, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Hemenway, Robert</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>University of Florida, Gainesville ,,</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2009-07-10</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>14</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>14</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>36</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.14.188</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">70f30818-47a1-4f8f-97ff-db22e04e16bf</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576469</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
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||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3792092" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163976998" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3792092" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F870F11EFFB8843E33C092BC0074A38F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F870F11EFFB8843E33C092BC0074A38F" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[140,575,165,193]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,575,165,193]" box="[140,575,165,193]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading box="[140,575,165,193]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Linne)" baseAuthorityName="Linne" box="[140,575,165,193]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,575,165,193]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,477,166,193]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pheropsophus aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
(Linné)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,237,475]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,157,237,263]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,187,242,261]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">EGG</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[206,293,237,264]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="20.[140,212,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,517,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[140,1108,517,1602]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 15. Scanning Electron Micrograph of egg of P. aequinoctialis: a, complete egg; b, apical aspect showing polygonical relief; c, surface texture; d, microperforation distribution; e, microperforations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814873/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). White. Rectangulate with moderately rounded apices. Surface polygonic, with numerous very close-spaced large perforations; micropore not obvious.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,237,475]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,196,307,333]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[196,261,312,331]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">INSTAR</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[270,370,307,333]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">I. Form.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[387,471,307,334]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) Campodeiform planidium; head relatively small compared to prothorax, eyes absent. Frontale with three simple-tooth egg-bursters near base of head on frontale. Body setiferous dorsally, less so than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maindron" authorityYear="1906" box="[839,965,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,965,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stenaptinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above). Segment X (PY): sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[437,531,413,439]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[543,573,413,439]" captionStart="Figures 23-24. 23" captionStartId="23.[140,222,903,925]" captionTargetBox="[189,1057,180,874]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[177,1071,165,888]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figures 23-24. 23 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 24 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814881/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">24</figureCitation>
|
||
) medially with two widely spaced non-serrated recurved teeth and with seta PY7 normal. Urogomphi (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[800,880,448,475]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814867" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814867/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[140,222,1590,1612]" targetBox="[174,1060,540,1551]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,1590,1676]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,300,1590,1612]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figures 8-11. 8</emphasis>
|
||
– Th orax (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[560,659,1591,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[560,659,1591,1612]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar; legs not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[927,940,1590,1612]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">9</emphasis>
|
||
– Thorax (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[237,337,1623,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,337,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar; legs not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[605,631,1622,1644]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1 0</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[311,337,1654,1676]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[766,865,1655,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[766,865,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1108,166,686]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,324,166,192]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,319,166,192]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">Coloration</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Mostly white color with creamy-colored head capsule and slightly rufescent mandibles darkened toward the tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1108,166,686]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,326,237,263]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,321,237,263]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[336,395,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Head</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[420,515,237,263]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[530,606,237,263]" captionStart="Figures 17-18. 17" captionStartId="21.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[148,1097,955,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[140,1108,944,1570]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 17-18. 17 Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and right antenna not shown. 18 Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">17, 18</figureCitation>
|
||
) Frontale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[736,820,237,263]" captionStart="Figures 17-18. 17" captionStartId="21.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[148,1097,955,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[140,1108,944,1570]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 17-18. 17 Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and right antenna not shown. 18 Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 9 “ancestral” setae (FR1 – FR9, FR10 and 11 missing), and one auxiliary seta each side, and 2 pores (FRd
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,155,307,333]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">–</emphasis>
|
||
FRe, a, c, and f missing) left side, right side devoid of pores in specimen illustrated. Parietale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[250,343,343,369]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[355,385,343,369]" captionStart="Figures 17-18. 17" captionStartId="21.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[148,1097,955,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[140,1108,944,1570]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 17-18. 17 Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and right antenna not shown. 18 Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">17</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 18 setae (PA1 – PA18) and 8 pores (PAa – PAl; pores d, f, g, h absent) each side. Antenna (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[506,599,378,404]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[610,642,378,404]" captionStart="Figures 17-18. 17" captionStartId="21.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[148,1097,955,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[140,1108,944,1570]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 17-18. 17 Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and right antenna not shown. 18 Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">17</figureCitation>
|
||
): antennomere 1 with 5 “ancestral” pores (ANa – ANe) and one auxillary pore (unlabeled); antennomere 2 absent or fused with 3; antennomere 3 with 3 “ancestral” setae (AN1 – AN3), one auxillary seta, and 1 pore (ANf), plus a dome-shaped hyaline sensillum; antennomere 4 with 4 setae (AN4 – AN7) and 1 auxillary seta, no pores, and 2 small apical sensilla. Mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1015,1099,519,545]" captionStart="Figures 17-18. 17" captionStartId="21.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[148,1097,955,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[140,1108,944,1570]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 17-18. 17 Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and right antenna not shown. 18 Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
) falciform without setae and pores. Labium (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[650,735,554,580]" captionStart="Figures 17-18. 17" captionStartId="21.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[148,1097,955,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[140,1108,944,1570]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 17-18. 17 Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and right antenna not shown. 18 Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
): prementum with 1 seta (LA3) and 1 pore (LAa) each side; palpomere 1 with 1 seta and 3 pores, none of which correspond to the “ancestral” schema; palpomere 2 with 1 apical sensillum. Maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 17-18. 17" captionStartId="21.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[148,1097,955,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[140,1108,944,1570]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 17-18. 17 Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and right antenna not shown. 18 Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814877/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
): cardo without setae; stipes with 5 “ancestoral” setae (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[797,849,660,686]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
1 –
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[889,940,659,686]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
5), and 2 pores
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814869" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814869/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[140,222,1622,1644]" targetBox="[161,1073,809,1576]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1108,1622,1676]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,324,1622,1644]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="8.[140,212,910,932]" captionStartId-1="10.[140,212,735,757]" captionStartId-2="10.[141,213,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox-0="[140,1108,165,891]" captionTargetBox-1="[148,1104,174,694]" captionTargetBox-2="[145,1107,1070,1592]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[140,1109,165,891]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[221,1109,165,619]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[215,1110,1064,1520]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="Figure 1. Riverine beach habitat of P.aequinoctialis along the Río Madre de Dios watershed, Peru (Photo credit:T.L. Erwin)." captionText-1="Figure 2. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by S. jessoensis females in February 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." captionText-2="Figure 3. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by P. aequinoctialis females in February-April 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814863" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768292" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768294" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3814863/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3768292/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3768294/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,324,1622,1644]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figures 12-13. 1 2</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
– Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[745,843,1623,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[745,843,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[955,982,1622,1644]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1 3</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[457,556,1655,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,556,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814871" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814871/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[140,212,1307,1329]" targetBox="[177,1052,207,1270]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[140,1108,1307,1362]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,252,1307,1329]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,246,1307,1329]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="8.[140,212,910,932]" captionStartId-1="10.[140,212,735,757]" captionStartId-2="10.[141,213,1622,1644]" captionStartId-3="15.[140,212,873,895]" captionTargetBox-0="[140,1108,165,891]" captionTargetBox-1="[148,1104,174,694]" captionTargetBox-2="[145,1107,1070,1592]" captionTargetBox-3="[140,1108,165,854]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[140,1109,165,891]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[221,1109,165,619]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[215,1110,1064,1520]" captionTargetId-3="figure@15.[140,1109,165,854]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="15" captionText-0="Figure 1. Riverine beach habitat of P.aequinoctialis along the Río Madre de Dios watershed, Peru (Photo credit:T.L. Erwin)." captionText-1="Figure 2. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by S. jessoensis females in February 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." captionText-2="Figure 3. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by P. aequinoctialis females in February-April 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." captionText-3="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Micrograph of egg of S. jessoensis: a, complete egg; b, apical micropore; c, surface texture; d, microperforations." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814863" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768292" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768294" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768296" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3814863/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3768292/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3768294/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3768296/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Legs (dorsal aspect, left side of thorax) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[650,750,1308,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[650,750,1308,1329]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar. Top, anterior leg; middle, middle leg; bottom, posterior leg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[140,1108,1434,1672]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
(MXa – MXb), and no variable setae (gMX) on dorsal side; lacinia (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[931,1014,1434,1460]" captionStart="Figures 17-18. 17" captionStartId="21.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[148,1097,955,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[140,1108,944,1570]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figures 17-18. 17 Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and right antenna not shown. 18 Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814877/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 1 seta (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[196,247,1469,1495]" name="Mexico" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
10); galeomere 1 with 1 seta (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[571,620,1469,1495]" name="Mexico" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
7) and no pores; galeomere 2 with 2 minute dorsal setae, no pores; maxillary palpomeres without visible sensatory features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[140,1108,1434,1672]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,261,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[276,382,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Prothorax</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[396,479,1540,1566]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Notum</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[496,589,1539,1565]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[602,632,1540,1566]" captionStart="Figures 19-22. 19" captionStartId="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[154,1092,435,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[140,1108,424,1573]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19-22. 19 Thorax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 20 Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 21 Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 22 Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">19</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 1 identifiable major “ancestral” seta (
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[148,187,1575,1601]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
9) and numerous auxiliary setae (not labeled),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[698,738,1575,1601]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
1 absent, and no pores.
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F870F11EFFB8843E33C092BC0074A38F:750616D3FFBA843030AF943D0733A346" box="[995,1108,1575,1601]" municipality="Notum" name="Epimeron" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" stateProvince="Para">Epimeron</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,232,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figures 19-22. 19" captionStartId="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[154,1092,435,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[140,1108,424,1573]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19-22. 19 Thorax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 20 Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 21 Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 22 Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 1 seta (
|
||
<specimenCode box="[399,449,1610,1636]" collectionCode="EP" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">EP1</specimenCode>
|
||
), and no pores. Episternum and trochantin not defined. Prosternite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[278,359,1645,1671]" captionStart="Figures 19-22. 19" captionStartId="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[154,1092,435,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[140,1108,424,1573]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19-22. 19 Thorax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 20 Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 21 Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 22 Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 1 seta “ancestral” (Pt1) and one auxiliary seta; gPS absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[140,1108,167,440]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,314,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mesothorax</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[372,499,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">metathorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Notum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[615,712,167,193]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[724,801,167,193]" captionStart="Figures 19-22. 19" captionStartId="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[154,1092,435,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[140,1108,424,1573]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19-22. 19 Thorax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 20 Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 21 Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 22 Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">19, 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 1 identifiable major “ancestral” seta (
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[342,382,202,228]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
9) and numerous auxiliary setae (not labeled),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[961,1003,202,228]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
1 absent, and no pores. Mesepisternum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[522,612,237,263]" captionStart="Figures 19-22. 19" captionStartId="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[154,1092,435,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[140,1108,424,1573]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19-22. 19 Thorax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 20 Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 21 Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 22 Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 2 setae (ES1, ES2) and no pores. Trochantin and epimeron not defined. Mesoprosterite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[797,883,272,298]" captionStart="Figures 19-22. 19" captionStartId="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[154,1092,435,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[140,1108,424,1573]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19-22. 19 Thorax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 20 Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 21 Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 22 Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 3 setae (Pt1, Pt2, Pt3) each side; metaprosternite with 3 setae (Pt1, Pt2, Pt3). Metepisternum with 3 setae (ES1, ES2, ES4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[140,1108,167,440]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,287,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[301,391,378,404]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[402,474,378,404]" captionStart-0="Figures 19-22. 19" captionStart-1="Figures 23-24. 23" captionStartId-0="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionStartId-1="23.[140,222,903,925]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1092,435,1563]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1057,180,874]" captionTargetId-0="figure@22.[140,1108,424,1573]" captionTargetId-1="figure@23.[177,1071,165,888]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="23" captionText-0="Figures 19-22. 19 Thorax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 20 Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 21 Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 22 Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." captionText-1="Figures 23-24. 23 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 24 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814881" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3814881/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[402,432,378,404]" captionStart="Figures 19-22. 19" captionStartId="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[154,1092,435,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[140,1108,424,1573]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19-22. 19 Thorax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 20 Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 21 Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 22 Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">21</figureCitation>
|
||
-24
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. Tergite I (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[591,683,378,404]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[694,724,378,404]" captionStart="Figures 19-22. 19" captionStartId="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[154,1092,435,1563]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[140,1108,424,1573]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figures 19-22. 19 Thorax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 20 Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown. 21 Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 22 Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">21</figureCitation>
|
||
) with possibly one “ancestral” seta (TE2) and numerous auxiliary setae (not labeled), and no pores. Tergites II – VIII as in
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814873" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814873/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[140,212,1622,1644]" targetBox="[140,1108,517,1602]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[140,1107,1622,1676]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,253,1622,1644]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,246,1622,1644]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStartId-0="8.[140,212,910,932]" captionStartId-1="10.[140,212,735,757]" captionStartId-2="10.[141,213,1622,1644]" captionStartId-3="15.[140,212,873,895]" captionStartId-4="15.[140,212,1649,1671]" captionTargetBox-0="[140,1108,165,891]" captionTargetBox-1="[148,1104,174,694]" captionTargetBox-2="[145,1107,1070,1592]" captionTargetBox-3="[140,1108,165,854]" captionTargetBox-4="[140,1108,1126,1607]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[140,1109,165,891]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[221,1109,165,619]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[215,1110,1064,1520]" captionTargetId-3="figure@15.[140,1109,165,854]" captionTargetId-4="figure@15.[140,1108,1126,1607]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="15" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionText-0="Figure 1. Riverine beach habitat of P.aequinoctialis along the Río Madre de Dios watershed, Peru (Photo credit:T.L. Erwin)." captionText-1="Figure 2. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by S. jessoensis females in February 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." captionText-2="Figure 3. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by P. aequinoctialis females in February-April 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." captionText-3="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Micrograph of egg of S. jessoensis: a, complete egg; b, apical micropore; c, surface texture; d, microperforations." captionText-4="Figure 5. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814863" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768292" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768294" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768296" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768298" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3814863/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3768292/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3768294/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3768296/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3768298/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 15</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning Electron Micrograph of egg of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[648,792,1622,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[648,792,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a, complete egg; b, apical aspect showing polygonical relief; c, surface texture; d, microperforation distribution; e, microperforations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,167,404]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Tergite 1. Tergite IX, X and urogomphi (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[600,692,167,193]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[704,736,167,193]" captionStart="Figures 23-24. 23" captionStartId="23.[140,222,903,925]" captionTargetBox="[189,1057,180,874]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[177,1071,165,888]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figures 23-24. 23 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 24 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">23</figureCitation>
|
||
), IX with 4 setae (UR8 – UR11) and no pores. Epipleurite IX (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[479,561,202,229]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 2 setae (EP1 – EP2) and no pores. Hypopleurite VII (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[291,374,237,264]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 2 setae (HY1 – HY2) and no pores. Segment VII sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,230,272,298]" captionStart="Figures 23-24. 23" captionStartId="23.[140,222,903,925]" captionTargetBox="[189,1057,180,874]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[177,1071,165,888]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figures 23-24. 23 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 24 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 5 setae (ST1 – ST5) each side and no pores. Segment IX sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 23-24. 23" captionStartId="23.[140,222,903,925]" captionTargetBox="[189,1057,180,874]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[177,1071,165,888]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figures 23-24. 23 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 24 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 3 setae (ST1 – ST3) each side and no pores. Segment X (PY) sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[186,216,343,369]" captionStart="Figures 23-24. 23" captionStartId="23.[140,222,903,925]" captionTargetBox="[189,1057,180,874]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[177,1071,165,888]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figures 23-24. 23 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 24 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">24</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 1 seta (ST1) each side, no pores. Medially with two wide-spaced nonserrated and recurved teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[461,554,378,404]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="21.[140,212,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[137,1110,425,858]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 16. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar; legs not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[566,599,378,404]" captionStart="Figures 23-24. 23" captionStartId="23.[140,222,903,925]" captionTargetBox="[189,1057,180,874]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[177,1071,165,888]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figures 23-24. 23 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar. 24 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814881/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">24</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814875" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814875" box="[140,942,878,900]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814875/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[140,212,878,900]" targetBox="[146,1101,465,839]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,942,878,900]" box="[140,942,878,900]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,251,878,900]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,244,878,900]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStart-5="Figures 6-7. 6" captionStartId-0="8.[140,212,910,932]" captionStartId-1="10.[140,212,735,757]" captionStartId-2="10.[141,213,1622,1644]" captionStartId-3="15.[140,212,873,895]" captionStartId-4="15.[140,212,1649,1671]" captionStartId-5="16.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox-0="[140,1108,165,891]" captionTargetBox-1="[148,1104,174,694]" captionTargetBox-2="[145,1107,1070,1592]" captionTargetBox-3="[140,1108,165,854]" captionTargetBox-4="[140,1108,1126,1607]" captionTargetBox-5="[167,1064,979,1591]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[140,1109,165,891]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[221,1109,165,619]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[215,1110,1064,1520]" captionTargetId-3="figure@15.[140,1109,165,854]" captionTargetId-4="figure@15.[140,1108,1126,1607]" captionTargetId-5="figure@16.[155,1092,960,1605]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="15" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionText-0="Figure 1. Riverine beach habitat of P.aequinoctialis along the Río Madre de Dios watershed, Peru (Photo credit:T.L. Erwin)." captionText-1="Figure 2. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by S. jessoensis females in February 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." captionText-2="Figure 3. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by P. aequinoctialis females in February-April 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." captionText-3="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Micrograph of egg of S. jessoensis: a, complete egg; b, apical micropore; c, surface texture; d, microperforations." captionText-4="Figure 5. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar; legs not shown." captionText-5="Figures 6-7. 6 – Head (dorsal aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and left antenna not shown. 7- Head (ventral aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814863" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768292" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768294" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768296" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768298" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814865" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3814863/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3768292/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3768294/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3768296/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3768298/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3814865/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus (left lateral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[537,680,878,900]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[537,680,878,900]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar; legs not shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814877" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814877/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[140,222,1590,1612]" targetBox="[148,1097,955,1560]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,1590,1676]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,330,1590,1612]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figures 17-18. 1 7</emphasis>
|
||
Head (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[566,711,1590,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[566,711,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar; ventral mouthparts and right antenna not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[328,354,1622,1644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">1 8</emphasis>
|
||
Head (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[587,730,1622,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[587,730,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[140,1108,166,369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,230,167,192]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[252,332,166,193]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="24.[140,212,1067,1089]" captionTargetBox="[243,1008,186,1033]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[218,1028,165,1059]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 25. Legs (dorsal aspect, left side of thorax) of P. aequinoctialis, first instar.Top, anterior leg; middle, middle leg; bottom, posterior leg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768300/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
) All legs stout, similar in proportions and setation; anterior leg slightly shorter than middle and posterior ones. Coxa with 7 setae (ancestral CO10 – CO17, with CO1-9 absent, and no pores. Trochanter with 5 setae (TR2 – TR5, and TR8) and one pore. Femur with 4 setae (FE2 – FE5) and no pores FEa and FEb. Tibia with 7 setae (TI1 – TI7) and no pores. Tarsus with 1 constant seta (TA1) and no pores. Claws simple, with no setae or tooth, symmetrical in shape and size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814879" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814879/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[140,222,1590,1612]" targetBox="[154,1092,435,1563]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[140,1109,1590,1676]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,331,1590,1612]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,250,1590,1612]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStart-5="Figures 6-7. 6" captionStart-6="Figures 8-11. 8" captionStartId-0="8.[140,212,910,932]" captionStartId-1="10.[140,212,735,757]" captionStartId-2="10.[141,213,1622,1644]" captionStartId-3="15.[140,212,873,895]" captionStartId-4="15.[140,212,1649,1671]" captionStartId-5="16.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionStartId-6="17.[140,222,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox-0="[140,1108,165,891]" captionTargetBox-1="[148,1104,174,694]" captionTargetBox-2="[145,1107,1070,1592]" captionTargetBox-3="[140,1108,165,854]" captionTargetBox-4="[140,1108,1126,1607]" captionTargetBox-5="[167,1064,979,1591]" captionTargetBox-6="[174,1060,540,1551]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[140,1109,165,891]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[221,1109,165,619]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[215,1110,1064,1520]" captionTargetId-3="figure@15.[140,1109,165,854]" captionTargetId-4="figure@15.[140,1108,1126,1607]" captionTargetId-5="figure@16.[155,1092,960,1605]" captionTargetId-6="figure@17.[162,1086,532,1570]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="15" captionTargetPageId-4="15" captionTargetPageId-5="16" captionTargetPageId-6="17" captionText-0="Figure 1. Riverine beach habitat of P.aequinoctialis along the Río Madre de Dios watershed, Peru (Photo credit:T.L. Erwin)." captionText-1="Figure 2. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by S. jessoensis females in February 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." captionText-2="Figure 3. Frequency of numbers of eggs laid daily by P. aequinoctialis females in February-April 1987 (Σ observations = 145 excluding records of zero)." captionText-3="Figure 4. Scanning Electron Micrograph of egg of S. jessoensis: a, complete egg; b, apical micropore; c, surface texture; d, microperforations." captionText-4="Figure 5. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar; legs not shown." captionText-5="Figures 6-7. 6 – Head (dorsal aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar; ventral mouthparts and left antenna not shown. 7- Head (ventral aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar; mandibles and antennae not shown." captionText-6="Figures 8-11. 8 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar; legs not shown. 9 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar; legs not shown.10 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar. 11 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of S. jessoensis, first instar." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814863" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768292" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768294" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768296" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768298" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814865" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814867" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3814863/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3768292/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3768294/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3768296/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3768298/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3814865/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3814867/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figures 19</figureCitation>
|
||
-22. 1 9
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Thorax (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[583,728,1590,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[583,728,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar; legs not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1007,1033,1590,1612]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">20</emphasis>
|
||
Thorax (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[311,454,1622,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[311,454,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar; legs not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[720,746,1622,1644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2 1</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[164,307,1654,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[164,307,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[422,448,1654,1676]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">22</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,999,1654,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[856,999,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814881/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[140,222,903,925]" targetBox="[189,1057,180,874]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1107,903,957]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,327,903,925]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figures 23-24. 23</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[763,906,903,925]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[763,906,903,925]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1022,1048,903,925]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">24</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[540,683,935,957]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[540,683,935,957]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,1011,1672]" box="[185,1041,1011,1038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,196,1011,1037]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[196,261,1016,1035]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">INSTAR</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[268,377,1011,1037]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">II. Form.</emphasis>
|
||
(generally as in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[560,640,1011,1038]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="26.[140,212,1006,1028]" captionTargetBox="[149,1103,717,958]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,708,961]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 35. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768304/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
) Hypermetamorphic stage 2 instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,1011,1672]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,324,1046,1072]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,319,1046,1072]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">Coloration</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
White; head capsule creamy-white with mouthparts slightly infuscated in part; mandibles piceous at tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,1011,1672]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,324,1117,1143]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,319,1117,1143]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[331,389,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Head</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[412,540,1117,1144]" captionStart="Figures 26-27. 26" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[149,1102,1146,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[145,1110,1138,1606]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 26-27. 26 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 27 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 26-27</figureCitation>
|
||
) Frontale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[664,745,1117,1144]" captionStart="Figures 26-27. 26" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[149,1102,1146,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[145,1110,1138,1606]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 26-27. 26 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 27 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 7 “ancestral” setae (FR1 – FR7), and no pores. Parietale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[479,613,1152,1178]" captionStart="Figures 26-27. 26" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[149,1102,1146,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[145,1110,1138,1606]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 26-27. 26 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 27 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 26, 27</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 12 setae (PA3, PA5– PA7, PA9, PA11 – PA13, PA15 and PA17) and no pores. Antenna (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[714,807,1187,1214]" captionStart="Figures 26-27. 26" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[149,1102,1146,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[145,1110,1138,1606]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 26-27. 26 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 27 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
): antennomere 1 with one “ancestral” seta (AN1) and no pores. Dome-shaped hyaline sensillum absent. Mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,230,1258,1285]" captionStart="Figures 26-27. 26" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[149,1102,1146,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[145,1110,1138,1606]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 26-27. 26 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 27 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
) falciform without setae and pores. Labium (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[749,831,1258,1284]" captionStart="Figures 26-27. 26" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[149,1102,1146,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[145,1110,1138,1606]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 26-27. 26 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 27 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
) without setae or pores. Maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[241,325,1293,1319]" captionStart="Figures 26-27. 26" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[149,1102,1146,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[145,1110,1138,1606]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 26-27. 26 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 27 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
): cardo without setae; stipes with 3 “ancestral” setae (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[937,986,1293,1319]" name="Mexico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
3 –
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1031,1081,1293,1320]" name="Mexico" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
5), and no pores, nor variable setae (gMX) on dorsal side; lacinia (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[852,934,1328,1354]" captionStart="Figures 26-27. 26" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[149,1102,1146,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[145,1110,1138,1606]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 26-27. 26 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 27 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; antennae not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
) without setae; galeomere without setae; palpomere 1 and 2 without setae, palpomere 3 with 2 minute apical setae, no pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,1011,1672]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,384,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Thorax. Prothorax</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation box="[400,534,1434,1460]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 28-29</figureCitation>
|
||
. Notum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[648,731,1434,1460]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 12 major “ancestral” setae (
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[148,186,1469,1495]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
2 –
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[230,268,1469,1495]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
4,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[296,333,1469,1495]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
6 –
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[377,415,1469,1495]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
14) and numerous auxiliary setae (not labeled), and no pores on each side. Epimeron, episternum, and trochantin not defined. Prosternite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1018,1099,1504,1530]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a ring of auxiliary setae, gPS absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[140,1108,1011,1672]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,308,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mesothorax</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[368,490,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">metathorax</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation box="[505,638,1575,1601]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 28-29</figureCitation>
|
||
. Mesonotum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[805,888,1575,1601]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 9 “ancestral” setae (ME1 – ME2, ME8 – ME14), and no pores on each side. Mesepisternum (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 1 seta (PL1) and no pores. Trochantin and epimeron not defined. Sternum
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768300" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768300/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[140,212,1067,1089]" targetBox="[243,1008,186,1033]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1107,1067,1121]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,251,1067,1089]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 25.</emphasis>
|
||
Legs (dorsal aspect, left side of thorax) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[640,783,1067,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[640,783,1067,1089]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first instar. Top, anterior leg; middle, middle leg; bottom, posterior leg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814883" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814883/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[140,222,1620,1642]" targetBox="[149,1102,1146,1597]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,1620,1674]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,332,1620,1642]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figures 26-27. 26</emphasis>
|
||
– Head (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[591,736,1620,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[591,736,1620,1642]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, second instar; ventral mouthparts not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[212,238,1652,1674]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">27</emphasis>
|
||
– Head (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[490,633,1652,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[490,633,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, second instar; antennae not shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,166,440]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,228,167,193]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 9 setae (unlabeled) in a median rosette. Metanotum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[888,968,167,193]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 5 “ancestral” setae (MT2, MT7 – MT9, MT12), and no pores on each side. Metepisternum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,229,237,263]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 5 setae (unlabeled) and no pores. Trochantin and epimeron not defined. Sternum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[253,334,272,298]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 14 setae (unlabeled) in a median rosette.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,166,440]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,292,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[298,423,307,334]" captionStart-0="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStart-1="Figure 34" captionStartId-0="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionStartId-1="26.[140,212,606,628]" captionTargetBox-0="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetBox-1="[341,908,189,577]" captionTargetId-0="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetId-1="figure@26.[329,919,165,586]" captionTargetPageId-0="25" captionTargetPageId-1="26" captionText-0="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." captionText-1="Figure 34. Abdominal sterna VII to X (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768302" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3768302/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 30-34</figureCitation>
|
||
. Tergite I (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[538,616,307,334]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 11 “ancestral” setae (TE1 – TE11) and 5 auxiliary setae (not labeled), and no pores each side.Tergites II – VIII as in Tergite 1 with numerous auxiliary setae. Sternum with numerous setiferous rosettes. Tergite IX, X and urogomphi (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[277,357,413,439]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
), all with numerous setae in raised rosettes or on raised lobes, and no
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" targetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,1526,1676]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,313,1526,1548]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 28-33. 28</emphasis>
|
||
– Th orax (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[565,707,1526,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[565,707,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, second instar; legs not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[994,1020,1526,1548]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">29</emphasis>
|
||
– Thorax (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[315,460,1558,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[315,460,1558,1580]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, second instar; legs not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[762,788,1558,1580]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">30</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[232,374,1590,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[232,374,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, second instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[515,541,1590,1612]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">3 1</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[960,1102,1590,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[960,1102,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, second instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[272,298,1622,1644]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">32</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[735,878,1622,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[735,878,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, second instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1022,1048,1622,1644]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">33</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[540,683,1654,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[540,683,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, second instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768302" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768302" box="[140,993,606,628]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768302/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[140,212,606,628]" targetBox="[341,908,189,577]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[140,993,606,628]" box="[140,993,606,628]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,251,606,628]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 34.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal sterna VII to X (left lateral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[712,855,606,628]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[712,855,606,628]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, second instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768304" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768304" box="[140,914,1006,1028]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768304/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[140,212,1006,1028]" targetBox="[149,1103,717,958]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[140,914,1006,1028]" box="[140,914,1006,1028]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,244,1006,1028]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 35</emphasis>
|
||
. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[537,680,1006,1028]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[537,680,1006,1028]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar; legs shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814887/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[140,222,1622,1644]" targetBox="[157,1089,1122,1588]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[140,1109,1622,1676]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,323,1622,1644]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figures 36-37. 36</emphasis>
|
||
– Head (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[560,701,1622,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[560,701,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar; ventral mouthparts not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,166,1654,1676]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">37</emphasis>
|
||
– Head (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[418,561,1654,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[418,561,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar; antennae shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768306" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768306" box="[140,914,521,543]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768306/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[140,212,521,543]" targetBox="[323,926,170,496]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,914,521,543]" box="[140,914,521,543]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,251,521,543]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 38.</emphasis>
|
||
Head and prothorax (left lateral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[651,794,521,543]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[651,794,521,543]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,1108,589,1672]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
pores. Epipleurites (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[353,430,589,615]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
) with numerous setae and no pores. Hypopleurite not defined. Segment VII sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[387,467,624,650]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
) with numerous setae in rosettes and no pores. Segments VIII and IX with numerous setae (not in rosettes) each side and no pores. Segment X (PY) sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[234,314,695,721]" captionStart="Figure 28-33. 28" captionStartId="25.[140,212,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[149,1097,487,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[140,1108,479,1480]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 28-33. 28 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 29 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar; legs not shown. 30 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, second instar. 31 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 32 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar. 33 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, second instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814885/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
, 34) with numerous auxiliary setae in apical 2/3
|
||
<superScript attach="none" box="[837,850,694,708]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">rd</superScript>
|
||
, with no pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,1108,589,1672]" box="[185,930,730,757]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,238,731,756]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Legs.</emphasis>
|
||
As in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[310,392,730,757]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="26.[140,212,1006,1028]" captionTargetBox="[149,1103,717,958]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,708,961]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 35. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768304/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
; reduced size and setation compared to instar I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,1108,589,1672]" box="[185,885,765,792]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,196,765,791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[196,261,770,789]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">INSTAR</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[268,388,765,791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">III. Form.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[403,484,765,792]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="26.[140,212,1006,1028]" captionTargetBox="[149,1103,717,958]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,708,961]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 35. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768304/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
) Hypermetamorphic stage 3 instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,1108,589,1672]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,324,800,826]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,319,800,826]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">Coloration</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
White; head capsule creamy-white with mouth parts slightly infuscated in part; mandibles piceous at tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,1108,589,1672]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,326,870,896]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,321,870,896]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[334,393,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Head</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[417,548,870,897]" captionStart-0="Figure 35" captionStart-1="Figures 36-37. 36" captionStartId-0="26.[140,212,1006,1028]" captionStartId-1="26.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox-0="[149,1103,717,958]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1089,1122,1588]" captionTargetId-0="figure@26.[140,1108,708,961]" captionTargetId-1="figure@26.[140,1108,1095,1566]" captionTargetPageId-0="26" captionTargetPageId-1="26" captionText-0="Figure 35. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs shown." captionText-1="Figures 36-37. 36 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, third instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 37 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; antennae shown." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768304" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814887" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3768304/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3814887/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[417,509,870,897]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="26.[140,212,1006,1028]" captionTargetBox="[149,1103,717,958]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,708,961]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 35. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768304/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
-37
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) Frontale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[676,758,871,898]" captionStart="Figures 36-37. 36" captionStartId="26.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1089,1122,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,1095,1566]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 36-37. 36 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, third instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 37 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; antennae shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814887/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 9 “ancestral” setae (FR1 – FR5, FR7 and FR9) and and no pores each side. Parietale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[829,964,906,932]" captionStart="Figures 36-37. 36" captionStartId="26.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1089,1122,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,1095,1566]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 36-37. 36 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, third instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 37 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; antennae shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814887/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs. 36, 37</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 5 “ancestral” setae (PA4 – PA8) and 3 pores (PAa – Pac) each side. Antenna (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[955,1094,941,967]" captionStart="Figures 36-37. 36" captionStartId="26.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1089,1122,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,1095,1566]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 36-37. 36 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, third instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 37 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; antennae shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814887/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs. 36, 37</figureCitation>
|
||
): antennomere 3 with 1 seta (unlabeled); antennomere 4 with
|
||
<quantity box="[843,890,976,1002]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
an apical ring; the dome-shaped hyaline sensillum absent. Mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[706,787,1011,1038]" captionStart="Figures 36-37. 36" captionStartId="26.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1089,1122,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,1095,1566]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 36-37. 36 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, third instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 37 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; antennae shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814887/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
) falciform without setae and pores. Labium (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[319,404,1047,1073]" captionStart="Figures 36-37. 36" captionStartId="26.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1089,1122,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,1095,1566]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 36-37. 36 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, third instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 37 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; antennae shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814887/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
): prementum with 1 seta (LA5) and no pores each side; labial palpomeres reduced and without vestiture. Maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[731,816,1082,1108]" captionStart="Figures 36-37. 36" captionStartId="26.[140,222,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[157,1089,1122,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,1095,1566]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figures 36-37. 36 – Head (dorsal aspect) of P.aequinoctialis, third instar; ventral mouthparts not shown. 37 – Head (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; antennae shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814887/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
): cardo with 1ventral seta (ca1); stipes with 5 “ancestral” setae (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[552,604,1117,1143]" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
1 –
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[641,692,1117,1144]" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
5), and no pores and no variable setae (gMX) on dorsal side; lacinia and galeomere absent; maxillary palpomeres reduced with palpomere 1 unisetose (pa10) and without other visible sensory features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,1108,589,1672]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,261,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[280,387,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Prothorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Notum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[509,673,1223,1249]" captionStart-0="Figure 38" captionStart-1="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId-0="27.[140,212,521,543]" captionStartId-1="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox-0="[323,926,170,496]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId-0="figure@27.[306,942,162,504]" captionTargetId-1="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId-0="27" captionTargetPageId-1="28" captionText-0="Figure 38. Head and prothorax (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." captionText-1="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768306" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3768306/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs. 38 – 40</figureCitation>
|
||
) with numerous long setae on front margin and numerous shorter setae posteriorly (not labeled), and no pores on each side. Parietal with 6 “ancestral” setae (
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[577,615,1293,1319]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
2 –
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[660,699,1293,1319]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
4,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[727,766,1293,1319]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
6,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[793,833,1293,1319]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
8,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[859,898,1293,1319]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
14) and numerous auxiliary setae (not labeled), and no pores on each side. Epimeron (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[929,1013,1328,1354]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="27.[140,212,521,543]" captionTargetBox="[323,926,170,496]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[306,942,162,504]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 38. Head and prothorax (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768306" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768306/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 5 setae (EP3 – EP4, EP6, EP10 – EP11), and no pores on each side. Episternum and trochantin not defined. Prosternite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[565,651,1399,1425]" captionStart="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||
) with numerous medial auxiliary setae some in a rosette, gPS absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,1108,589,1672]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,308,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Mesothorax</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[367,489,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">metathorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Notum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[604,698,1469,1495]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="27.[140,212,521,543]" captionTargetBox="[323,926,170,496]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[306,942,162,504]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 38. Head and prothorax (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768306" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768306/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[711,741,1469,1495]" captionStart="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">39</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 2 long setae medially and 3 shorter setae nearby (not labeled), and no pores on each side. Episternum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1016,1099,1504,1530]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="27.[140,212,521,543]" captionTargetBox="[323,926,170,496]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[306,942,162,504]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 38. Head and prothorax (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768306" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768306/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
) with numerous stout setae and no pores. Epimeron and trochantin not defined. Sternum with rosette of setae medially (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[544,628,1575,1601]" captionStart="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[140,1108,589,1672]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,287,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[302,451,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs. 41 – 44</figureCitation>
|
||
. Tergite I (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[571,652,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 2 stout setae medially and numerous shorter auxiliary setae in patches (not labeled), and no pores each side. Tergites
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" targetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[140,1108,1526,1676]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,327,1526,1548]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figures 39-44. 39</emphasis>
|
||
– Th orax (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[589,732,1526,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[589,732,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar; legs not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1011,1037,1526,1548]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">40</emphasis>
|
||
– Thorax (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[347,490,1558,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[347,490,1558,1580]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar; legs not shown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[769,795,1558,1580]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">4 1</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[234,377,1590,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[234,377,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[503,529,1590,1612]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">42</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[959,1102,1590,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[959,1102,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[253,279,1622,1644]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">43</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[708,850,1622,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[708,850,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[974,1000,1622,1644]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">44</emphasis>
|
||
– Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,641,1654,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">P. aequinoctialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, third instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768308" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3768308" box="[140,1036,724,746]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768308/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[140,212,724,746]" targetBox="[145,1105,181,694]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[140,1036,724,746]" box="[140,1036,724,746]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,244,724,746]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 45</emphasis>
|
||
. Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[334,477,724,746]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[334,477,724,746]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dorsal (left), ventral (middle), and left (right) lateral aspects
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[140,1108,800,1672]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
II – VIII as in Tergite 1. Tergite IX with 2 stout setae each side and numerous shorter setae nearby. Tergite X (PY) with numerous short apical setae and no pores. Epipleurite IX (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[186,271,871,897]" captionStart="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
|
||
) with numerous long and stout setae on raised knob and no pores. Hypopleurite not defined. Segment VII and VIII sternites (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[776,859,906,932]" captionStart="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
|
||
) with numerous setae on raised knobs in rosettes each side and no pores. Segment IX sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[959,1041,941,967]" captionStart="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
|
||
) with subapical band of short setae each side and no pores. Segment X (PY) sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1020,1103,976,1003]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="26.[140,212,1006,1028]" captionTargetBox="[149,1103,717,958]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,708,961]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 35. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768304/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,171,1012,1038]" captionStart="Figures 39-44. 39" captionStartId="28.[140,222,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[156,1094,234,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[140,1108,224,1467]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figures 39-44. 39 – Th orax (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 40 – Thorax (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs not shown. 41 – Abdominal terga I & II (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 42 – Abdominal sterna I & II (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 43 – Abdominal terga VII to X (dorsal aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar. 44 – Abdominal sterna VII to X (ventral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814889/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">44</figureCitation>
|
||
) with numerous scattered short setae each side, no pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[140,1108,800,1672]" box="[185,930,1046,1073]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,230,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
. As in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[310,392,1046,1073]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="26.[140,212,1006,1028]" captionTargetBox="[149,1103,717,958]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[140,1108,708,961]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 35. Habitus (left lateral aspect) of P. aequinoctialis, third instar; legs shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768304/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
; reduced size and setation compared to instar I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[140,1108,800,1672]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[185,242,1082,1108]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,202,1082,1108]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[202,242,1087,1106]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">PUPA</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[242,330,1082,1108]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">. Form.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[345,427,1082,1109]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="29.[140,212,724,746]" captionTargetBox="[145,1105,181,694]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[137,1110,165,704]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 45. Pupa of P. aequinoctialis, dorsal (left), ventral (middle), and left (right) lateral aspects" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3768308" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3768308/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
) Typical of carabid species. In addition, pygidium with fine short setae and dorsal surface with an array of small tubercules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[140,1108,800,1672]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,1029,1152,1178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,253,1152,1178]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">Notes</emphasis>
|
||
on advancing an understanding of phylogenetic relationships.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Much works still needs to be done in solving to infer the relationships between the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonelli" authorityYear="1810" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brachininae">Brachininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
tribes
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jeannel" authorityYear="1949" box="[256,433,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Crepidogastrini">Crepidogastrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonelli" authorityYear="1810" box="[489,608,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Brachinini">Brachinini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the subtribes
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonelli" authorityYear="1810" box="[817,944,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Brachinina">Brachinina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Pheropsophina, and Masticina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Erwin TL" box="[363,507,1258,1284]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="4 - 215" refId="ref14728" refString="Erwin TL (1970) A reclassification of bombardier beetles and a taxonomic revision of the North and Middle American species (Carabidae: Brachinida). Quaestiones Entomologicae 6: 4 - 215." type="journal article" year="1970">Erwin 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Here we have added larval traits that will, in part, add information toward a more robust phylogenetic analysis in the future. Immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jeannel" authorityYear="1949" box="[239,416,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Crepidogastrini">Crepidogastrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Masticina are, as yet unknown, and we do not even know whether they are ectoparasitoids, or specialized predators. Likely, they are one or the other, but on what taxa? Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Juliano" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[530,638,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[530,638,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brachinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
develop in 5 instars; they also have 6 eyespots (as in other carabids), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jeannel" authorityYear="1949" box="[557,727,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllotalpidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pheropsophina">Pheropsophina</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have 3 instars and at most a single eye-spot, usually none. First instar
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Juliano" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[642,750,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[642,750,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brachinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have no egg burster and chew their way out of the egg (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Erwin TL" box="[425,566,1504,1531]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="41 - 55" refId="ref14691" refString="Erwin TL (1967) Bombardier beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of North America: Part II. Biology and behavior of Brachinus pallidus Erwin in California. Coleopterists Bulletin 21: 41 - 55." type="journal article" year="1967">Erwin 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maindron" authorityYear="1906" box="[587,713,1505,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[587,713,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Stenaptinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae possess a single-toothed egg burster; those of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Motschoulsky" authorityYear="1855" box="[336,466,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[336,466,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Pheropsopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a triple-toothed egg burster.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jeannel" authorityYear="1949" box="[863,1033,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllotalpidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pheropsophina">Pheropsophina</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have pygidial hooks that aid them in attacking mole cricket egg clutches (Habu and Sadanga 1969), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Juliano" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[421,529,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[421,529,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brachinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae do not. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maindron" authorityYear="1906" box="[815,941,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[815,941,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Stenaptinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Juliano" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[999,1107,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[999,1107,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brachinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess urogomphi whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[553,697,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[553,697,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Pheropsophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,495,181,208]" box="[140,495,181,208]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<heading box="[140,495,181,208]" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,495,181,208]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Conclusion and discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1109,237,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[212,384,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[212,384,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and many
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[516,637,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[516,637,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
burrowed in sand-filled containers in the laboratory. Many
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[337,455,273,299]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[337,455,273,299]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
̴ 91.4%) but few
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[663,833,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[663,833,272,298]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
̴ 16.7%) were active on the surface in daylight. Th is supports field observations that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,992,307,333]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,992,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults are active nocturnally. Very few
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[452,622,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[452,622,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults (1.2%) found brown paper towel on the sand surface to be as adequate a refuge as their burrows; perhaps more solid objects (as a result of photoperception or thigmoperception) would have been more acceptable as refuges. In contrast, more
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[463,583,449,475]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[463,583,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults (78.7%) sheltered under paper towel in daylight than sheltered in burrows, but most did not shelter at all. Th ere is a clear contrast between the mainly diurnal behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[628,745,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[628,745,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the mainly nocturnal behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[207,369,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[207,369,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Timing of daily activity will have an effect on ability to find food.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1109,237,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
All diets presented to these adults were consumed, but we did not observe cannibalism by adults. Larvae of
|
||
<emphasis box="[417,466,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">T. ni</emphasis>
|
||
alone sustained adult
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[721,841,625,651]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[721,841,625,651]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of unknown age for an average 12 months. Earlier authors showed that a broad diet of animal food is acceptable to them, and neither we nor previous authors tested acceptability of plant food alone. A diet of mealworm pupae, oatmeal and raisins was avidly fed upon by adult
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and sustained them well, so they will feed on plant food, supporting an observation of feeding upon palm fruits in nature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reichardt H" box="[565,742,800,826]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="31 - 34" refId="ref15628" refString="Reichardt H (1971) Notes on the bombarding behavior of three carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 15: 31 - 34." type="journal article" year="1971">Reichardt 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We did not attempt to produce an optimal diet for adults of either species. Adults of the two species produced many eggs on the diets provided. Females of both species oviposited abundantly on crumpled, moist, brown paper towel under highly artificial conditions. Chemicals produced by eggs or adults of mole crickets are not necessary to stimulate abundant oviposition. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Weed AS & Frank JH" box="[140,412,976,1003]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="707 - 723" refId="ref15844" refString="Weed AS, Frank JH (2005) Oviposition behavior of Pheropsophus aequinoctialis L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae): a natural enemy of Scapteriscus mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 18: 707 - 723." type="journal article" year="2005">Weed and Frank (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that more eggs were laid in tunnels excavated by mole crickets than in artificial tunnels, suggesting that perhaps allomones produced by adult mole crickets are detected by female
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[543,711,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[543,711,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and influence placement of eggs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1109,237,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[259,426,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[259,426,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
oviposited in all months of the year; and adult
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[983,1107,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,1107,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
oviposited in most months of the year in the laboratory. Seasonality of oviposition in the field is mutable under laboratory conditions. We suspect that neonate larvae of both species suffer high mortality because they fail to detect suitable prey and thus die. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[254,428,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[254,428,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[484,605,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[484,605,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are highly fecund, Th iele (1977) gave examples of high fecundity among other carabids without such a specialized life cycle. Fertility of laboratory-produced
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[449,625,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,625,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs varied for unknown reasons, at some times being very low. Th e evolutionary consideration is: Why are so many infertile eggs produced? Presence of two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[566,680,1363,1389]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[566,680,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bacteria: Rickettsiae) in our 1992
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stock from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[430,509,1399,1425]" name="Bolivia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
has been demonstrated. A suggested heat-treatment to eliminate the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[330,444,1434,1460]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,444,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resulted in mortality of some adults, temporarily reduced oviposition, and failed to eliminate production of infertile eggs. Th e heat treatment may, of course, have killed some essential flora in the digestive system. Incubation of fertile eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[297,419,1540,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[297,419,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
took 11.4 days and of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[680,855,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[680,855,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13.5 days on average.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[140,1109,237,1672]" lastBlockId="31.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Most neonate larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[434,549,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[434,549,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[600,765,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[600,765,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
died when presented with mole cricket eggs in Petri dishes. Th ey wandered for days until they died, almost continually in motion. Neonate larvae were presented with alternative diets including
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[918,1059,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Acheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domesticus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[918,1059,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. domesticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,215,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,215,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. eggs, eggs and pieces of larvae of
|
||
<emphasis box="[615,661,167,192]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">T. ni</emphasis>
|
||
, intact pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[849,953,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Tenebrio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molitor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[849,953,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">T. molitor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and pieces of cucumber. All neonate larvae of both species died when presented with any diet other than mole cricket eggs although imbibition of fluid was observed from pieces of cucumber. However, a few began to feed on mole cricket eggs. Th ose eggs were of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abbreviatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scapteriscus abbreviatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1894" box="[248,357,307,334]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borellii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[248,357,307,334]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sc. borellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[372,482,308,334]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[372,482,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sc. vicinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[544,701,307,333]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Neocurtilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hexadactyla">
|
||
<emphasis box="[544,701,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">N. hexadactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, replication was inadequate to determine any differences in survival success between these mole cricket eggs diets. At least it can be stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[427,545,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[427,545,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can survive on mole cricket eggs other than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[170,288,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Gryllotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[170,288,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gryllotalpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in contrast to unsupported claims by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Habu A & Sadanaga K" box="[721,1021,413,440]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="81 - 216" refId="ref15054" refString="Habu A, Sadanaga K (1965) Illustrations for identification of larvae of the Carabidae found in cultivated fields and paddy-fields (III). Bulletin of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Japan) Series C 19: 81 - 216 [In Japanese, see pp. 172 - 177]." type="journal article" year="1965">Habu and Sadanaga (1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Habu A & Sadanaga K" box="[1034,1095,413,440]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="113 - 143" refId="ref15110" refString="Habu A, Sadanaga K (1969) Illustrations for identification of larvae of the Carabidae found in cultivated fields and paddy-fields (Suppl. I). Bulletin of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Japan) Series C 23: 113 - 143 [in Japanese, see pp. 133 - 135]." type="journal article" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Once neonate larvae began to feed, their survival to the adult stage on the same diet was highly probable. Perhaps larvae will not begin to feed until they encounter enough eggs to complete their development (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Habu A & Sadanaga K" box="[487,772,518,545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="81 - 216" refId="ref15054" refString="Habu A, Sadanaga K (1965) Illustrations for identification of larvae of the Carabidae found in cultivated fields and paddy-fields (III). Bulletin of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Japan) Series C 19: 81 - 216 [In Japanese, see pp. 172 - 177]." type="journal article" year="1965">Habu and Sadanaga 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Habu A & Sadanaga K" box="[783,843,519,546]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="113 - 143" refId="ref15110" refString="Habu A, Sadanaga K (1969) Illustrations for identification of larvae of the Carabidae found in cultivated fields and paddy-fields (Suppl. I). Bulletin of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Japan) Series C 23: 113 - 143 [in Japanese, see pp. 133 - 135]." type="journal article" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but we have no data to support this claim. Faced with the impasse that neonate larvae would seldom develop on a diet of mole cricket eggs in a Petri dish, even when that dish was enclosed totally with aluminum foil to exclude light, we adopted a variant of the rearing method proposed for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,257,660,686]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,257,660,686]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Habu A & Sadanaga K" box="[300,608,659,686]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="113 - 143" refId="ref15110" refString="Habu A, Sadanaga K (1969) Illustrations for identification of larvae of the Carabidae found in cultivated fields and paddy-fields (Suppl. I). Bulletin of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Japan) Series C 23: 113 - 143 [in Japanese, see pp. 133 - 135]." type="journal article" year="1969">Habu and Sadanaga (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Using this method, an artificial mole cricket egg chamber is made in sand in a plastic vial, stocked with 30 mole cricket eggs, covered with sand, and a neonate larva is dropped onto the sand surface. The larva burrows down to enter the chamber and begins feeding on eggs. Th is resulted in high survival of larvae and pupae to the adult stage, and became our standard rearing method. Feeding and development seldom occurred in the more artificial conditions of a small Petri dish with mole cricket eggs piled onto a disc of paper towel, even in the dark, but we ran many feeding trials under those circumstances. Unfortunately, the method of an artificial egg chamber excluded frequent observation. Much later, we found by accident that the artificial egg chamber did not need covering with sand to exclude light. Th en, we conducted more feeding trials and confirmed that
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[586,775,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Acheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domesticus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[586,775,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Acheta domesticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[848,1024,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Tenebrio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molitor">
|
||
<emphasis box="[848,1024,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Tenebrio molitor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupae, and pieces of cucumber are not acceptable diets.Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[734,900,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[734,900,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are scavengers and generalist predators. Larvae, however, so far as determined, are specialist predators on mole cricket eggs. Th ey can develop under laboratory conditions on a diet containing only eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[221,468,1152,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abbreviatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[221,468,1152,1179]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Scapteriscus abbreviatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1894" box="[482,590,1152,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borellii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[482,590,1152,1179]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sc. borellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[604,714,1153,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[604,714,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sc. vicinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[757,1001,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Neocurtilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hexadactyla">
|
||
<emphasis box="[757,1001,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Neocurtilla hexadactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but none survived using any other diet tried. Proof of restriction of the larval diet still is inadequate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Each larva of the carabid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="" box="[550,827,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neobrachinus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[550,655,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brachinus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis box="[673,817,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Neobrachinus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on only one water beetle pupa and is an ectoparasitoid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Erwin TL" box="[539,675,1258,1284]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="41 - 55" refId="ref14691" refString="Erwin TL (1967) Bombardier beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of North America: Part II. Biology and behavior of Brachinus pallidus Erwin in California. Coleopterists Bulletin 21: 41 - 55." type="journal article" year="1967">Erwin 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Erwin TL" box="[685,743,1258,1284]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="479 - 484" refId="ref14789" refString="Erwin TL (1979) A review of the natural history and evolution of ectoparasitoid relationships in carabid beetles. In: Erwin TL, Ball GE, Whitehead DR (Eds). Carabid beetles: their evolution, natural history and classification. Proceedings of the First International Symposium of Carabidology, Washington, DC, 1976. W. Junk, Boston, MA, 479 - 484." type="book chapter" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) replacing its host in a small mud chamber constructed by the water beetle larva. In Europe,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Juliano" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[806,911,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis box="[806,911,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brachinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[921,980,1294,1320]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
larvae feed on the pupal stage of the carabid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Saska and Honek 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Saska and Honek" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[577,935,1328,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[577,649,1329,1355]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Amara</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Saska P & Honek A" box="[663,927,1328,1354]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="29 - 36" refId="ref15658" refString="Saska P, Honek A (2004) Development of the beetle parasitoids, Brachinus explodens and B. crepitans (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Journal of Zoology (London) 262: 29 - 36." type="journal article" year="2004">Saska and Honek 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, each larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[227,395,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[227,395,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[449,566,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,566,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
requires tens of mole cricket eggs as food to complete its development. Such behavior is more aptly termed predation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van Driesche RG & Bellows TS" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref15795" refString="Van Driesche RG, Bellows TS (1996) Biological Control. Chapman and Hall, New York." type="book" year="1996">Van Driesche and Bellows 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 21 citing many earlier authors), so we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[869,1009,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[869,1009,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pheropsophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maindron" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Stenaptinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae to be specialist predators. At no time in our laboratory cultures did more than one
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[248,418,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[248,418,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[460,579,1505,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[460,579,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva survive long on a single cache of eggs, so we believe they practice fratricide as has been noted in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Juliano 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Juliano" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[749,1027,1539,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[749,854,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brachinus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Juliano SA" box="[869,1020,1539,1566]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="358 - 360" refId="ref15274" refString="Juliano SA (1984). Multiple feeding and aggression among larvae of Brachinus lateralis Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 37: 358 - 360." type="journal article" year="1984">Juliano 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Erwin TL" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="41 - 55" refId="ref14691" refString="Erwin TL (1967) Bombardier beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of North America: Part II. Biology and behavior of Brachinus pallidus Erwin in California. Coleopterists Bulletin 21: 41 - 55." type="journal article" year="1967">Erwin (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that fratricide did not occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erwin. Below" authorityYear="1965" box="[633,828,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,828,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brachinus pallidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rather the first larva that began feeding became the “owner” of the pupa and the other larvae departed in search of another pupa. Th ese larvae, when offered a fresh pupa, developed to the adult stage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,600,180,207]" box="[140,600,180,207]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,600,180,207]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Implications for biological control</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,237,1671]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The studies reported above were initiated because of a suspicion by T.L. Erwin that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,284,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,284,272,298]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pheropsophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. larvae might, as had been reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maindron" authorityYear="1906" box="[785,911,273,299]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[785,911,273,299]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Stenaptinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, develop only on a diet of mole cricket eggs. It was eggs of invasive species of the South American mole cricket genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1868" box="[302,428,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[302,428,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scapteriscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[632,687,343,369]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
that were the target of our studies. These studies were initiated by J.H. Frank in the name of the University of Florida/ Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences’ Mole Cricket Research Program (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Walker TJ" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref15814" refString="Walker TJ (Ed) (1985) Mole crickets in Florida. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Bulletin, 846 (1984): i-iv, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1985">Walker 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Frank JH & Walker TJ" box="[216,496,448,475]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="138 - 144" refId="ref15021" refString="Frank JH, Walker TJ (2006). Permanent control of pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus) in Florida. American Entomologist 52: 138 - 144." type="journal article" year="2006">Frank and Walker 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Early mention of the studies was made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hudson WG & Frank JH & Castner JL" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="192 - 198" refId="ref15168" refString="Hudson WG, Frank JH, Castner JL (1987) Biological control of Scapteriscus mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) in Florida. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 34: 192 - 198." type="journal article" year="1987">Hudson et al. (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Prey specificity of these beetle larvae was important because the native North America mole cricket
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[465,720,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Neocurtilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hexadactyla">
|
||
<emphasis box="[465,720,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neocurtilla hexadactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not a target. Might the South American
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[258,402,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[258,402,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pheropsophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
be adapted to South American
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1868" box="[773,899,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[773,899,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scapteriscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mole crickets but the Old World
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maindron" authorityYear="1906" box="[314,440,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[314,440,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Stenaptinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
be adapted to the largely Old World genus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[935,1057,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Gryllotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[935,1057,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Gryllotalpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,237,1671]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Habu A & Sadanaga K" box="[185,499,624,651]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="81 - 216" refId="ref15054" refString="Habu A, Sadanaga K (1965) Illustrations for identification of larvae of the Carabidae found in cultivated fields and paddy-fields (III). Bulletin of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Japan) Series C 19: 81 - 216 [In Japanese, see pp. 172 - 177]." type="journal article" year="1965">Habu and Sadanaga (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[636,759,625,651]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[636,759,625,651]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae feed only on eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Palisot de Beauvois. Th" authorityName="Palisot de Beauvois. Th" authorityYear="1805" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Gryllotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">G. africana</emphasis>
|
||
Palisot de Beauvois. Th
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ey provided no evidence that they had experiment- ed with other diets. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Palisot de Beauvois. Th" authorityYear="1805" box="[491,617,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Gryllotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,617,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">G. africana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not occur in Asia, and the species of mole cricket encountered by those authors may have been
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Burmeister" authorityName="Burmeister" box="[834,1107,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Gryllotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[834,972,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">G. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Townsend BC" box="[147,338,765,791]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="175 - 203" refId="ref15761" refString="Townsend BC (1983) A revision of the Afrotropical mole-crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 46: 175 - 203." type="journal article" year="1983">Townsend 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We had no access to eggs of
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,824,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[694,821,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Gryllotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllotalpa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
By 1987, we had found that larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[296,418,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[296,418,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[476,651,800,826]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[476,651,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would develop on a diet of eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Neocurtilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neocurtilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[235,401,835,862]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllotalpidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gryllotalpinae">Gryllotalpinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1868" box="[452,578,836,862]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[452,578,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scapteriscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zeuner" authorityYear="1939" box="[595,757,835,862]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllotalpidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scapteriscinae">Scapteriscinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) mole crickets but, because of difficulties in getting neonate larvae to initiate feeding, we had conducted scores of failed trials with these and other diets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,237,1671]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Little that we had studied pointed to need for chemoperception. Adults laid eggs abundantly on paper towels. Neonate larvae may have used chemoperception to detect that mole cricket eggs are food, but there was no evidence that such detection occurred except in a pit in sand.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,237,1671]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The Mole Cricket Research Program then concentrated on other biological control agents, which were successful, until its funding was ‘unearmarked’ in 1991 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Frank JH & Parkman JP" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="39 - 52" refId="ref14989" refString="Frank JH, Parkman JP (1999) Integrated pest management of pest mole crickets with emphasis on the southeastern USA. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 4: 39 - 52." type="journal article" year="1999">Frank and Parkman 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At this devastating event, to save expenses and because
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[854,967,1153,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[854,967,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly could not be a specialist of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1868" box="[362,481,1188,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[362,481,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scapteriscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mole crickets, cultures of both species were terminated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[140,1108,237,1671]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
A culture of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[327,502,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,502,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reinitiated with stock from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[867,946,1223,1249]" name="Bolivia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1992. One reason was that an additional biological control agent that could be used in the vicinity of water bodies, on their banks in particular, could be beneficial in integrated pest management because application of chemical pesticides is prohibited from use in such habitats. A second reason is because of egg-guarding behavior by female
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Neocurtilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hexadactyla">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neocurtilla hexadactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Th ese excavate two side-by-side underground cells, one of which receives the eggs, the other serves as a resting site for the female, from which she emerges fom time to time to tend the eggs (J.H. Frank and R.C. Hemenway, obs.). In contrast, each
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1868" box="[140,267,1505,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Scapteriscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,267,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Scapteriscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. female excavates only one cell and then, after oviposition of a clutch of eggs, leaves and blocks the entrance to the cell (J.H. Frank and R.C. Hemenway, obs.). It might therefore be possible for female
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[663,824,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Neocurtilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hexadactyla">
|
||
<emphasis box="[663,824,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N. hexadactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to detect and kill intruding bombardier beetle larvae. If this can be demonstrated in the laboratory, it might justify release of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[328,503,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[328,503,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Florida.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[140,1108,167,581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Research will not be complete until the subject of egg-guarding by
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[945,1108,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Neocurtilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hexadactyla">
|
||
<emphasis box="[945,1108,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N. hexadactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females is adequately investigated.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Chaudoir" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[547,643,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Amara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">A major</taxonomicName>
|
||
problem is that we have not devised a robust method for culturing
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[468,631,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Lathiceridae" genus="Neocurtilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hexadactyla">
|
||
<emphasis box="[468,631,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">N. hexadactyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Survival of adults and nymphs was poor, perhaps because the diet we used was inadequate. We observed that females move their eggs when they are disturbed, which we believe to be a previously unreported facet of their presocial behavior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[140,1108,167,581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Finally, some objection might be made to the release of a beetle whose adults are scavengers and generalist predators, even though this habit is shared with adults of many other insects, including adults of the ̴ 18 native species of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Juliano" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[892,1001,448,474]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Brachinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[892,1001,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Brachinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bombardier beetles in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[309,395,483,509]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Still, population sizes must be limited by availability of mole cricket eggs, and we now have some idea of the quantity of food (≤ 2.3 large
|
||
<emphasis box="[1052,1104,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">T. ni</emphasis>
|
||
larvae per day) consumed by pairs of adult beetles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[140,393,674,701]" box="[140,393,674,701]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<heading box="[140,393,674,701]" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,393,674,701]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Acknowledgments</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[140,1109,730,1426]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Most of the work described here was supported by funds earmarked by the Florida Legislature for mole cricket research at the University of Florida in
|
||
<date box="[878,1004,765,791]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1978" valueMax="1991">1978-1991</date>
|
||
(the UF/ IFAS Mole Cricket Research Program). Earmarking was withdrawn (but the program was not de-authorized) after three biological control agents had been released and established in Florida, but before research on them, let alone
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[765,937,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[765,937,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has not been released, was complete. Thomas J. Walker (Entomology and Nematology Dept., Univ Florida), supplied
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[428,505,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[428,505,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. eggs. Fred Adams, USDA-CMAVE laboratory (Gainesville, FL) supplied
|
||
<emphasis box="[435,483,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">T. ni</emphasis>
|
||
eggs and larvae. A. Jeyaprakash (Entomology & Nematology Dept., Univ. Florida) investigated and confirmed the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[940,1053,1011,1037]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[940,1053,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults. Harold A.
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[495,602,1047,1073]" name="Denmark" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, now retired) identified to generic level a paramegistid mite from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[321,496,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[321,496,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Aquiles Silveira-Guido (Montevideo) was contracted to supply specimens and information. Karl Zinner (São Paulo) exchanged specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[171,344,1187,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pheropsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequinoctialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[171,344,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">P. aequinoctialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[546,667,1188,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenaptinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jessoensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[546,667,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. jessoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Herein is the background to a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[173,275,1223,1249]" class="Secernentea" family="Rhabditidae" genus="Rhabditis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[173,275,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Rhabditis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described as new by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smart GC & Nguyen KB" box="[531,843,1223,1249]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="19 - 24" refId="ref15696" refString="Smart GC, Nguyen KB (1994) Rhabditis (Oscheius) pheropsophi n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae). Journal of Nematology 26: 19 - 24." type="journal article" year="1994">Smart and Nguyen (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Young Sohn provided the illustrations of the immature stages and Karolyn Darrow assembled the illustration plates; both individuals are members of the Department of Entomology at the Smithsonian Institution. Paul E. Skelley (Florida State Collection of Arthropods) provided the scanning electron micrographs of the eggs. We thank Robert McSorley and Frank Slansky, Jr. (Entomology & Nematology Dept., Univ Florida) for manuscript reviews.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |