320 lines
24 KiB
XML
320 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho–)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. & De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="BA48CC4106221486BCAB79BAADEFC9EB" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. bucklandi Bowerbank 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1668164561298" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>68</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360703" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA48CC4106221486BCAB79BAADEFC9EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA48CC4106221486BCAB79BAADEFC9EB" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bowerbank, 1858" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1858" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="bucklandi">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">Dercitus</pageBreakToken>
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Dercitus bucklandi bucklandi (Bowerbank, 1858)
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D3A–E">A-D3A-E</normalizedToken>
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5a-eTable 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halina bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Halina bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="279 - 332" title="On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the Spicula." volume="148" year="1858">Bowerbank 1858</bibRefCitation>
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: 288.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Hymeniacidon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hymeniacidon bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Hymeniacidon bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2" year="1866">Bowerbank 1866</bibRefCitation>
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: 226; 1874: pl. 38 figs 9-12.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="492 - 558" title="Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera." volume="1867" year="1867">Gray 1867</bibRefCitation>
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: 542;
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
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: 528;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ackers, RG" journalOrPublisher="Marine Conservation Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Sponges of the British Isles (' Sponges V')" volumeTitle="A Colour Guide and Working Document" year="1992">Ackers et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
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(2007): 52;
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<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" journalOrPublisher="Balkema, Rotterdam" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="World Porifera database" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera" year="2008">Van Soest et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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(CD-ROM).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Pachastrella bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Grundzuege einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes" year="1870">Schmidt 1870</bibRefCitation>
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: 76.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">Dercitus niger</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 15" title="A Descriptive Account of three Pachytragous Sponges growing on the Rocks of the South Coast of Devon." volume="7" year="1871">Carter 1871</bibRefCitation>
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: 3, pl. IV fig.1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Battersbyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Battersbyia bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Battersbyia bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3" year="1874">Bowerbank 1874</bibRefCitation>
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: 346, pl. 92 fig. 8;
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<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 4 (Supplement)" year="1882">Bowerbank and Norman 1882</bibRefCitation>
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: 93.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Schizoholotype (2 slides, one with dissociated spicules, the other with section at right angles to surface): NHM collection, Bwbk. 542 (labeled as
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Battersbyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Battersbyia bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Battersbyia bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Hymeniacidon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hymeniacidon bucklandi" order="Suberitida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Hymeniacidon bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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), part of holotype BMNH 1877.5.21.142 (wet, fragment examined); locality presumed to be Abbey Bay, near Torquay, Devon, England (but this is not indicated on the labels).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">Dercitus niger</taxonomicName>
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Carter, 1871 (dry) BMNH 1895.4.27.1-6 (Fig. 3); dry schizotype ZMB 3046, (including 17 slides); locality Straight Point,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Budleigh–Salterton">Budleigh-Salterton</normalizedToken>
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, South Devon.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(amalgamated from various descriptions of material from the British Isles and NW France). Cushion-shaped to massive-lobose (Figs 2A, 3A), filling crevices in vertical rock faces. Size frequently over 5cm2. Black to dark grey-brown externally. Surface smooth but often has ridges looking like stretch-marks. The surface is usually concave. Apertures (oscules?) are flush with the surface, variable in size and usually collected into groups towards the centre of the sponge. Consistency moderately firm but compressible and spongy when in situ, liver-like in preserved condition.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Skeleton: Main skeleton of confused, randomly arranged calthrops, a layer of sanidasters and many toxas occur near the surface, but these also occur in the choanosome. There are many large pigment cells (?) with black inclusions evident in sections.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Spicules</pageBreakToken>
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: Calthrops, toxiform microscleres, sanidasters.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Calthrops (Figs 2B, 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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), often with axial canals seen clearly, occasional bifid cladi or with angulated curve, rarely with 5 cladi, size of cladi: 80
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–218.9–">-218.9-</normalizedToken>
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305
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–28.1–">-28.1-</normalizedToken>
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48
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, cladomes 120
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–311.3–">-311.3-</normalizedToken>
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480
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Smooth toxiform microscleres (Figs 2C, 3D, 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="a–e">a-e</normalizedToken>
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), often slightly swollen near the apices, occasionally with irregular side branches (Fig. 2C): 51
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–86.8–">-86.8-</normalizedToken>
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111
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1-2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Sanidasters (Figs 2D, 3E) relatively robust with strong spines in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘mature’">'mature'</normalizedToken>
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condition: 22
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–25.7–">-25.7-</normalizedToken>
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31
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–5.2–">-5.2-</normalizedToken>
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7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(spines included in width).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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, fragment of type BMNH 1877.5.21.142, A habit B various calthrops shapes C toxas, including several malformations D various sanidaster shapes.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) niger</taxonomicName>
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(= j.syn. of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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), type specimens, BMNH 1895.4.27.1-6, A habit B overview of spicule complement C calthrops D toxas E sanidasters.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Table 1. Spicule data reported for specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bucklandi">Dercitus bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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, upper part:
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. bucklandi" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="bucklandi">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi bucklandi</taxonomicName>
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, lower part
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi subsp. lusitanicus" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="bucklandi" subGenus="Dercitus" subSpecies="lusitanicus">Dercitus (Dercitus) bucklandi lusitanicus</taxonomicName>
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ssp. n. (*denotes computed lengths, see text).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<table pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">Author</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">calthrops cladi</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">cladome</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">sanidasters</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">toxas</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">locality</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
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<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="279 - 332" title="On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the Spicula." volume="148" year="1858">Bowerbank 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2" year="1866">1866</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank, JS" journalOrPublisher="Ray Society, London" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3" year="1874">1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 15" title="A Descriptive Account of three Pachytragous Sponges growing on the Rocks of the South Coast of Devon." volume="7" year="1871">Carter 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent 1895</bibRefCitation>
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||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
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<bibRefCitation author="Ferrer-Hernandez, F" journalOrPublisher="Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Serie Zoologia" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 39" title="Esponjas del litoral de Asturias." volume="36" year="1918">Ferrer 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xavier, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1643 - 1653" title="Demosponge fauna of Ormonde and Gettysburg Seamounts (Gorringe Bank, north-east Atlantic): diversity and zoogeographical affinities." volume="87" year="2007">Xavier and van Soest 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">In crevices in vertical rock faces in clean water. Particularly common on limestone substrata. From the extreme low water mark to a few meters subtidally in rock pools and caves.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
British Isles (SW coast of England and N and W coast of Ireland), and France (Roscoff, Iles de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Glénan">Glenan</normalizedToken>
|
||
). There is a record from the northern Gulf of Mexico (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Teerling, J" journalOrPublisher="University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="A survey of the sponges from thr northwestern Gulf of Mexico" year="1975">Teerling 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this has not been verified and is unlikely to be correct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Named after Mrs. Buckland of Guernsey, who collected one of the type specimens (in fact the species should probably have been named
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“bucklandae”">"bucklandae"</normalizedToken>
|
||
since the named person is female).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbank’s">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||
type specimen (a fragment, BMNH 1877.5.21.142, Fig. 2A) and slide (Bwbk. 542) and two of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 15" title="A Descriptive Account of three Pachytragous Sponges growing on the Rocks of the South Coast of Devon." volume="7" year="1871">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carter’s">Carter's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1871)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
types of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dercitus niger" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">Dercitus niger</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 1895.4.27.1-6, Fig. 3A, and ZMB 3046) were reexamined (see also Table 1).
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbank’s">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||
material (Fig. 2) had calthrops with cladi 81-318
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
12-48
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(cladome 120-480
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
), toxas 64-111
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1-2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, and sanidasters 22-31
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.5-7. In the type material, the toxas showed some peculiar straight or curled side branches usually in the mid section (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Carter’s">Carter's</normalizedToken>
|
||
type specimens (Fig. 3) possessed spicule sizes closely similar to those of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bowerbank’s">Bowerbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||
type: calthrops 108-356
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
17-37
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(cladome up to 472
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
), toxas
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">51</pageBreakToken>
|
||
-103
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.5-3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, sanidasters 21-31
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3-7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. However, there was a curious discrepancy in shapes of calthrops and the sanidasters between the BMNH and ZMB Carter type specimens. Presumably this conveys a large variability among specimens from the same locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale (3)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="493 - 590" title="Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa" volume="3" year="1895">Topsent (1895)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gives the following measurements of specimens from the W coast of France: calthrops with cladi 310-320
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
38-45
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(thicker than the types), toxas 75-90 (similar to the types), sanidasters 21-27
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(similar to the types).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">In view of some of the discrepancies we considered it worthwhile to investigate whether spicular differences of specimens within the known range of the species would yield a pattern that could explain some of the differences. We compared spicular data from the northern samples cited above with those of samples from areas in the southern part of the range, from the coasts and offshore localities of Portugal obtained from Dr Joana Xavier and examined spicule sizes and shapes. This led us to the conclusion that there are consistent differences between samples from these areas which should be recognized at the subspecies level.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |