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<document ID-DOI="10.1038/s41467-019-08438-0" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c1ebfd12-0ea2-4062-9463-99c646f80485" ID-PMC="PMC6355912" ID-PubMed="30705269" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2554790" checkinTime="1549543447453" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chevrette, Marc G., Carlson, Caitlin M., Ortega, Humberto E., Thomas, Chris, Ananiev, Gene E., Barns, Kenneth J., Book, Adam J., Cagnazzo, Julian, Carlos, Camila, Flanigan, Will, Grubbs, Kirk J., Horn, Heidi A., Hoffmann, Michael, Klassen, Jonathan L., Knack, Jennifer J., Lewin, Gina R., McDonald, Bradon R., Mulle, Laura, Melo, Weilan G. P., Pinto-Tomás, Adrián A., Schmitz, Amber, Wendt-Pienkowski, Evelyn, Wildman, Scott, Zhao, Miao, Zhang, Fan, Bugni, Tim S., Andes, David R., Pupo, Monica T. &amp; Currie, Cameron R." docDate="2019" docId="03F98792895CFFE0FF85C480FD03FD38" docLanguage="en" docName="nature_s41467-019-08438-0.pdf" docOrigin="Nature Communications 10 (516)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Streptomyces" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="FFC0FFEA895CFFE2FC25C548FFACFFD0" masterDocTitle="The antimicrobial potential from insect microbiomes of Streptomyces" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" originalUpdateDomain="Boston" originalUpdateTime="1549005664000" originalUpdateUser="plazi" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668137207571" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>The antimicrobial potential from insect microbiomes of Streptomyces</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Ortega, Humberto E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Grubbs, Kirk J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Horn, Heidi A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Hoffmann, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Klassen, Jonathan L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Knack, Jennifer J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Lewin, Gina R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>McDonald, Bradon R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Melo, Weilan G. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Pinto-Tomás, Adrián A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Wendt-Pienkowski, Evelyn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Andes, David R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Pupo, Monica T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Nature Communications</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5945285" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152409661" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5945285" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F98792895CFFE0FF85C480FD03FD38" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F98792895CFFE0FF85C480FD03FD38" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis box="[928,1260,456,513]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Streptomyces</emphasis>
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</heading>
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Marc
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. Chevrette
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,
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Caitlin
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. Carlson
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,
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Humberto
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. Ortega
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,
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Gene
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. Ananiev
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Kenneth
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Adam
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. Book
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Kirk
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Heidi
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Jonathan
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Jennifer
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Gina
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Bradon
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Weilan
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.
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Tim
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David
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Monica
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&amp;
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Cameron
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<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1089,974,997]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antimicrobial resistance is a global health crisis and few novel antimicrobials have been</paragraph>
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discovered in recent decades. Natural products, particularly from
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<emphasis box="[796,928,1011,1034]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Streptomyces</emphasis>
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, are the source
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of most antimicrobials, yet discovery campaigns focusing on
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<emphasis box="[800,932,1048,1071]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Streptomyces</emphasis>
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from the soil
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<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1089,1085,1108]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">largely rediscover known compounds. Investigation of understudied and symbiotic sources</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1088,1123,1146]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">has seen some success, yet no studies have systematically explored microbiomes for anti-</paragraph>
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microbials. Here we assess the distinct evolutionary lineages of
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<emphasis box="[823,955,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from insect
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1088,1197,1220]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">microbiomes as a source of new antimicrobials through large-scale isolations, bioactivity</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1089,1234,1257]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
assays, genomics, metabolomics, and in vivo infection models. Insect-associated
<taxonomicName box="[957,1089,1234,1257]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[957,1089,1234,1257]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1089,1271,1295]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
inhibit antimicrobial-resistant pathogens more than soil
<taxonomicName box="[718,850,1272,1295]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[718,850,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Genomics and meta-
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1090,1309,1332]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">bolomics reveal their diverse biosynthetic capabilities. Further, we describe cyphomycin,</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1089,1346,1369]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a new molecule active against multidrug resistant fungal pathogens. The evolutionary</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1089,1383,1406]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
trajectories of
<taxonomicName box="[268,400,1383,1406]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[268,400,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the insect microbiome influence their biosynthetic potential
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,1088,1420,1443]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">and ability to inhibit resistant pathogens, supporting the promise of this source in augmenting</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1090,974,1480]" box="[116,438,1457,1480]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">future antimicrobial discovery.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="0.[116,1472,1734,1970]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<superScript attach="left" box="[116,122,1734,1749]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</superScript>
Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
<collectionCode box="[789,818,1739,1758]" country="Lithuania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14699" name="Vilnius University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">WI</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry box="[828,870,1739,1758]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectionCode box="[828,870,1739,1758]" country="USA" name="University of South Alabama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">USA</collectionCode>
</collectingCountry>
.
<superScript attach="right" box="[879,888,1734,1749]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</superScript>
Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
<collectionCode box="[264,293,1765,1784]" country="Lithuania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14699" name="Vilnius University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">WI</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry box="[303,345,1765,1784]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectionCode box="[303,345,1765,1784]" country="USA" name="University of South Alabama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">USA</collectionCode>
</collectingCountry>
.
<superScript attach="right" box="[354,363,1760,1775]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3</superScript>
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of
<collectingRegion box="[953,1042,1765,1784]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903
<collectionCode box="[1290,1314,1765,1784]" country="Brazil" name="Instituto de Botânica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">SP</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1323,1372,1765,1784]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
<superScript attach="left" box="[116,126,1787,1802]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</superScript>
Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53705
<collectionCode box="[1070,1099,1792,1811]" country="Lithuania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14699" name="Vilnius University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">WI</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1109,1151,1792,1811]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectionCode box="[1109,1151,1792,1811]" country="USA" name="University of South Alabama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">USA</collectionCode>
</collectingCountry>
.
<superScript attach="right" box="[1160,1169,1787,1802]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</superScript>
McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research,
<collectingRegion box="[207,299,1818,1837]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53705
<collectionCode box="[1033,1062,1818,1837]" country="Lithuania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14699" name="Vilnius University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">WI</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1072,1114,1818,1837]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectionCode box="[1072,1114,1818,1837]" country="USA" name="University of South Alabama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">USA</collectionCode>
</collectingCountry>
.
<superScript attach="right" box="[1123,1133,1814,1829]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</superScript>
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of
<collectingRegion box="[304,411,1845,1864]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
, Storrs 0 6269
<collectionCode box="[541,569,1845,1864]" country="South Africa" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14492" name="University of Cape Town" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">CT</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry box="[577,619,1845,1864]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectionCode box="[577,619,1845,1864]" country="USA" name="University of South Alabama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">USA</collectionCode>
</collectingCountry>
.
<superScript attach="right" box="[627,636,1840,1855]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</superScript>
Department of Biology, Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth 55812
<collectionCode box="[116,152,1872,1891]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">MN</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry box="[162,204,1872,1891]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectionCode box="[162,204,1872,1891]" country="USA" name="University of South Alabama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">USA</collectionCode>
</collectingCountry>
.
<superScript attach="right" box="[213,223,1867,1882]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</superScript>
School of Biological Sciences,
<collectingCountry box="[490,558,1872,1891]" name="Georgia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Georgia</collectingCountry>
Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332
<collectionCode box="[915,946,1872,1891]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15610" name="University of Georgia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">GA</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry box="[955,997,1872,1891]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectionCode box="[955,997,1872,1891]" country="USA" name="University of South Alabama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">USA</collectionCode>
</collectingCountry>
.
<superScript attach="right" box="[1006,1016,1867,1882]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9</superScript>
Center for Research in Microscopic Structures and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of
<collectingCountry box="[667,763,1898,1917]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion box="[771,847,1898,1917]" country="Costa Rica" name="San Jose" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">San José</collectingRegion>
10102,
<collectingCountry box="[915,1011,1898,1917]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
.
<superScript attach="right" box="[1019,1035,1893,1908]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10</superScript>
Department of Medicine, University of
<collectingRegion box="[1380,1472,1898,1917]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison 53705
<collectionCode box="[607,636,1925,1944]" country="Lithuania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14699" name="Vilnius University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">WI</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry box="[646,688,1925,1944]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectionCode box="[646,688,1925,1944]" country="USA" name="University of South Alabama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">USA</collectionCode>
</collectingCountry>
. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to
<collectionCode box="[116,131,1951,1970]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode box="[134,148,1951,1970]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode box="[151,166,1951,1970]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</collectionCode>
. (email: currie@bact.wisc.edu)
</paragraph>
<footnote box="[418,1211,2007,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<paragraph blockId="0.[418,1211,2007,2023]" box="[418,1211,2007,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<docYear box="[422,465,2007,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2019</docYear>
) 10:
<docIssue box="[495,523,2007,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">516</docIssue>
| https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08438-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph blockId="1.[116,778,134,828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
he rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial
<collectionCode box="[116,181,134,232]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">T</collectionCode>
and fungal pathogens is a public health crisis1,2. Novel therapeutics are needed to counter resistance, yet no new antimicrobial classes have been clinically approved in over three decades3. Natural products are the main source of antimicrobials, the majority of which are produced by Actinobacteria cultured from the soil3,4. However, contemporary studies of this once prolific source of novel chemistry face dramatically diminishing returns, largely due to the rediscovery of known compounds5. Efforts to address this issue, including genome mining6,7, synthetic biology8, and exploring alternative microbial sources, such as marine microbial environments9
<emphasis box="[501,511,438,456]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">–</emphasis>
12 and underrepresented taxa13,14, have yielded limited success. To combat the continual emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, there is a critical and constant need to discover new antimicrobial natural products.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="1.[116,778,134,828]" lastBlockId="1.[810,1472,132,828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Natural products are the language of microbial interactions, evolved to mediate communication and antagonism among and between species15,16. Within microbiomes, the ecology and diversity of natural product chemistry reflect the underlying interactions between the microbial community, host, and environment. Exploration of the specialized natural product chemistry embedded within host microbiomes is an emerging new paradigm in antimicrobial drug discovery. Antimicrobials have recently been discovered from the microbiomes of diverse eukaryotic hosts, ranging from sea squirts17 to humans18.
<collectionCode box="[1454,1471,137,158]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">A</collectionCode>
particularly compelling source of novel antimicrobials lies in defensive symbioses, where bacterial symbionts produce antimicrobials to protect against opportunistic and specialized pathogens19
<emphasis box="[932,942,243,261]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">–</emphasis>
23. In insects, these symbioses are best exemplified in fungus-growing ant19
<emphasis box="[1033,1043,271,289]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">–</emphasis>
21, solitary digger wasp22, and southern pine beetle23 (
<figureCitation box="[972,1051,304,326]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="1.[116,146,1894,1914]" captionTargetBox="[231,1356,883,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[249,1354,883,1871]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1 Sampling strategy for Streptomyces from insect microbiomes. Streptomyces were isolated from a wide range of insects and geographies (1445 insects; 10,178 strains; dot size, insects sampled). Streptomyces production of the antifungal mycangimycin (1) in the Southern Pine Beetle system is shown at right. Cyphomycin (2) is a new antifungal described herein. Photo credits: southern pine beetle - Erich G. Vallery; fungus-growing ant – Alexander Wild" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2554792/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
, right) systems, where Actinobacteria (typically
<taxonomicName box="[917,1045,332,353]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[917,1045,332,353]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) provide chemical defenses, paralleling our own reliance on the antimicrobials produced by these taxa to combat infectious disease. For example, the
<taxonomicName box="[1281,1409,388,409]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1281,1409,388,409]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
symbiotically associated with the southern pine beetle (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1836" box="[1332,1471,416,437]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dendroctonus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dendroctonus</taxonomicName>
frontalis
</emphasis>
) produce the secondary metabolites frontalamide
<collectionCode box="[1448,1467,444,465]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">A</collectionCode>
, frontalamide
<collectionCode box="[949,965,472,493]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B</collectionCode>
, and mycangimycin23,24. Mycangimycin inhibits the beetles
<emphasis box="[914,920,499,520]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">’</emphasis>
antagonistic fungus
<emphasis box="[1128,1317,499,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName box="[1128,1249,499,520]" class="Secernentea" family="Cystidicolidae" genus="Ophiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Ophiostoma</taxonomicName>
minus
</emphasis>
and has potent inhibitory activity against malaria while the frontalamides have general antifungal activity23,24. Solitary wasps also associate with
<taxonomicName box="[810,938,583,604]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[810,938,583,604]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that provide antibacterial and antifungal chemical protection to their larvae through production of streptochlorin, a variety of piericidin analogs, and other molecules25. The antifungal compound sceliphrolactam was discovered from
<taxonomicName family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
associated with a mud dauber wasp25. The natalamycin derivatives produced by
<taxonomicName box="[1069,1197,723,744]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1069,1197,723,744]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the fungus-growing termite system provide similar antifungal defense26. Further, over 10 new natural products with antimicrobial activity have been identified from the chemical characterization of approximately
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2554792/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[116,146,1894,1914]" targetBox="[231,1356,883,1870]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph blockId="1.[116,1473,1894,1970]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,163,1894,1914]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1</emphasis>
Sampling strategy for
<taxonomicName box="[361,472,1895,1914]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[361,472,1895,1914]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from insect microbiomes.
<taxonomicName box="[706,817,1895,1914]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[706,817,1895,1914]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were isolated from a wide range of insects and geographies (1445 insects; 10,178 strains; dot size, insects sampled).
<taxonomicName box="[483,594,1923,1942]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[483,594,1923,1942]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
production of the antifungal mycangimycin (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[988,997,1922,1942]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">1</emphasis>
) in the Southern Pine Beetle system is shown at right. Cyphomycin (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[242,253,1950,1970]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</emphasis>
) is a new antifungal described herein. Photo credits: southern pine beetle - Erich G. Vallery; fungus-growing ant – Alexander Wild
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="1.[585,1377,2007,2023]" box="[585,1377,2007,2023]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
(
<bibRefCitation author="Zhao, M." box="[589,632,2007,2023]" journalOrPublisher="Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 62, e 02542" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="516" part="10" refId="ref11673" refString="(2019) 10: 516 | https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41467 - 019 - 08438 - 0 | www. nature. com / naturecommunications" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
) 10:516 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08438-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[116,779,132,744]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
100 insect-
<taxonomicName box="[229,357,137,158]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[229,357,137,158]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strains23,24,27,28. Globally there are over five million insect species that occupy virtually every terrestrial niche29. Although insects are among the most diverse organisms on the planet29, studies of Actinobacteria from these systems have been limited to only a few insect orders, specifically
<taxonomicName authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[638,777,249,270]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[170,283,276,298]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
. Further, insects themselves exhibit complex chemistry that mediates and maintains the diversity of their ecological interactions30.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[116,779,132,744]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Here, we systematically examine our hypothesis that insect microbiomes are a valuable source of new antimicrobials. The extreme diversity of insects presents untapped potential for drug discovery from their equally diverse microbial communities. However, the breadth of natural product biosynthesis and antimicrobial potential within insect microbiomes remains relatively unknown. We hypothesize that
<taxonomicName box="[447,575,528,549]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[447,575,528,549]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from insect microbiomes represent a promising source of antimicrobials with distinct evolutionary histories from soil
<taxonomicName box="[509,637,583,604]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[509,637,583,604]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, upon which most antimicrobial discovery efforts have focused. We focus on
<taxonomicName box="[116,244,639,660]" family="Streptomycetaceae" genus="Streptomyces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[116,244,639,660]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Streptomyces</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because this genus: (i) is the source of most clinically used antibacterials and antifungals, (ii) has established genetic tools to facilitate development8, and (iii) has been implicated in readily forming associations with diverse insect hosts31.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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