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<document id="BA73C525BB41AA2A8F798F0BDBB298AE" ID-CLB-Dataset="30980" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4374.1.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="074c6ee6-2078-4a81-a9ee-2ad09eda55f2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1152712" ID-ZooBank="F59FE90F-C936-44A8-8F69-E1DEAA08CF7B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1516177911838" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sanchez, Juliana Patricia, Ezquiaga, María Cecilia &amp; Ruiz, Melanie" docDate="2018" docId="03E187D1FFB0FFEDFF4EFA51FBF4FC0A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4374.1.8.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4374 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ctenocephalides felis subsp. felis felis (Bouche 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="149" masterDocId="FFD8FFA9FFB2FFE8FFD9FFBEFFF8FD1D" masterDocTitle="Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) with public health relevance in domestic pigs (Artiodactyla: Suidae) from Argentina" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="144" pageNumber="146" updateTime="1698515478577" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="CCDDAAB196D4E2EB3D913F6805E699EA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="9EF1714594096F45EC2ED60CC1E465AE">Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) with public health relevance in domestic pigs (Artiodactyla: Suidae) from Argentina</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="32A7EDFA815724076A95279CAB1234EE">Sanchez, Juliana Patricia</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="AD4D62CBC3A8C7901865E32A068D6C9A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B6D97B94C7EDDA0B961F3F68D4268BD2">Ezquiaga, María Cecilia</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="89507003F8623EEC7F1B26984A92DCCD" type="personal">
<mods:role id="14E76A51921659404D0E631CBB207188">
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<mods:namePart id="FF3650C3727C364E3DC5315C49934462">Ruiz, Melanie</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title id="E42D15A39562F2ED82B56EAB3C9BBA6C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="9555B94728909574F29DF0043324B4EA">
<mods:date id="8574C85AFA68948C975B11D879370E64">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="4AD828879D6DA2719E3EBF3F1E252A49" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="F41B0E979CEA49D632147CD0BB2BEF5A">2018-01-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EFCE98162534FAD0FAA1F2CD762AA925">4374</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="0DE3EC0C9AECF47CB667EFFC64096567">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03E187D1FFB0FFEDFF4EFA51FBF4FC0A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5970137" ID-GBIF-Taxon="140348611" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5970137" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E187D1FFB0FFEDFF4EFA51FBF4FC0A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187D1FFB0FFEDFF4EFA51FBF4FC0A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<subSubSection id="C352654CFFB0FFEAFF4EFA51FD69FB17" box="[151,657,1519,1546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB0FFEAFF4EFA51FD69FB17" blockId="2.[151,1437,1519,2031]" box="[151,657,1519,1546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<heading id="D0BF81ABFFB0FFEAFF4EFA51FD69FB17" bold="true" box="[151,657,1519,1546]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFF4EFA51FD69FB17" ID-CoL="7GPPL" authority="felis (Bouche, 1835)" authorityName="felis (Bouche" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,657,1519,1546]" class="Insecta" family="Pulicidae" genus="Ctenocephalides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="felis" subSpecies="felis">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFF4EFA51FD69FB17" bold="true" box="[151,657,1519,1546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFF4EFA51FE29FB14" bold="true" box="[151,465,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Ctenocephalides felis felis</emphasis>
(Bouché, 1835)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352654CFFB0FFEAFF1EF9ACFC5BFB8C" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB0FFEAFF1EF9ACFC80FB34" blockId="2.[151,1437,1519,2031]" box="[199,888,1554,1577]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFF1EF9ACFE3EFB34" bold="true" box="[199,454,1554,1577]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Type host and locality.</emphasis>
“Housecat”; Type locality not indicated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB0FFEAFF1EF98BFC5BFB8C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1519,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFF1EF98BFE64FB51" bold="true" box="[199,412,1589,1612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Geographic range.</emphasis>
Cosmopolitan. In
<collectingCountry id="F35F7657FFB0FFEAFDB1F98BFD2AFB51" box="[616,722,1589,1612]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Argentina</collectingCountry>
the distribution probably includes all the country; however, these are the published records (
<figureCitation id="13732A42FFB0FFEAFE64F9E6FDFAFB72" box="[445,514,1624,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,244,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[233,1268,194,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[220,1301,191,1802]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographicaldistribution inArgentinaof Ctenocephalides felisfelis (x) andPulex irritans(●) (Lareschi et al.2016):1— Tucumán, 2—Santiago del Estero, 3—Gran Chaco, Chaco, 4—Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires, 5—Ajó, Buenos Aires, 6—La Pampa, 7—Orán (Isla de Cañas), Salta, 8—ElQuebrachal, Salta, 9—Formosa, 10—Tucumán, 11—Chumbicha,Catamarca, 12—Quines,San Luis,13—SanLuiscapital,14—Las Catitas,Mendoza,15—La Paz,Mendoza,16—SanRafael,Mendoza,17—Los Molles,Mendoza, 18-Malargüe, Mendoza, 19—Santa Eufemia, Córdoba, 20—Cañada Mariano, Buenos Aires, 21—Ajó (General Lavalle), Buenos Aires, 22—BahíaBlanca, Buenos Aires, 23—Pilcaniyeu, RíoNegro,24—LagoEpuyén,Chubut." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1152720/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
):
<collectingRegion id="498CF825FFB0FFEAFDC0F9E6FD98FB72" box="[537,608,1624,1647]" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Chaco</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="498CF825FFB0FFEAFDB7F9E6FD27FB72" box="[622,735,1624,1647]" country="Argentina" name="La Pampa" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">La Pampa</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="498CF825FFB0FFEAFD34F9E6FCA8FB72" box="[749,848,1624,1647]" country="Argentina" name="La Rioja" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">La Rioja</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="498CF825FFB0FFEAFC84F9E6FBCEFB72" box="[861,1078,1624,1647]" country="Argentina" name="Santiago del Estero" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Santiago del Estero</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="498CF825FFB0FFEAFBADF9E6FB23FB72" box="[1140,1243,1624,1647]" country="Argentina" name="Tucuman" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Tucumán</collectingRegion>
. In
<collectingRegion id="498CF825FFB0FFEAFAD1F9E6FF01FB8C" country="Argentina" name="Buenos Aires" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Buenos Aires province</collectingRegion>
: Los Yngleses and Ajó (General Lavalle) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB0FFEAFD66F9C4FC60FB8C" author="Lareschi" box="[703,920,1658,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" refString="Lareschi, M., Sanchez, J. &amp; Autino, A. (2016) A review of the fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) from Argentina. Zootaxa, 4103 (3), 239 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.3.3" type="journal article" year="2016">Lareschi et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352654CFFB0FFEAFF1EF923FBCAFAF2" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB0FFEAFF1EF923FC01FA01" blockId="2.[151,1437,1519,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFF1EF923FDB2FBA9" bold="true" box="[199,586,1693,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
Other known hosts for
<collectingCountry id="F35F7657FFB0FFEAFE16F923FDBDFBA9" box="[463,581,1693,1716]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Mammalia-Artiodactyla-Cervidae—
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFC0AF923FB2FFBA9" box="[979,1239,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFC0AF923FB94FBA9" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[979,1132,1693,1716]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Mazama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">M. americana</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFBAFF923FB2BFBA9" box="[1142,1235,1693,1716]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nana">M. nana</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Didelphimorphia- Didelphidae—
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFEE8F97EFCA5FBCA" box="[305,861,1728,1751]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFEE8F97EFE31FBCA" authorityName="Lund" authorityYear="1840" box="[305,457,1728,1751]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventris">D. albiventris</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFE0FF97EFD1FFBCA" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[470,743,1728,1751]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Lutreolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassicaudata">Lutreolina crassicaudata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFD2CF97EFCA5FBCA" box="[757,861,1728,1751]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Didelphis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
sp. Carnivora-Canidae—
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFBA8F97EFED2FBE4" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFBA8F97EFB06FBCA" box="[1137,1278,1728,1751]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="familiaris">C. familiaris</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFAD3F97EFA81FBCA" box="[1290,1401,1728,1751]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Lutreolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">L. griseus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFA5FF97EFEDEFBE4" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Lutreolina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gymnocercus">L. gymnocercus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Felidae—
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFE78F95CFD47FBE4" box="[417,703,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
Felis catus,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFDEEF95CFD43FBE4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[567,699,1762,1785]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">P. concolor</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Procyonidae—
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFCB5F95CFBB5FBE4" box="[876,1101,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFCB5F95CFC21FBE4" box="[876,985,1762,1785]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Nasua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasua">N. nasua</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFC34F95CFBB5FBE4" authorityName="Bowditch" authorityYear="1821" box="[1005,1101,1762,1785]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rodentia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
—Cricetidae—
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFB32F95CFA65FBE4" box="[1259,1437,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFB32F95CFA61FBE4" baseAuthorityName="Waterhouse" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1259,1433,1762,1785]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Graomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseoflavus">G. griseoflavus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Muridae—
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFED0F8BBFEB5FA01" box="[265,333,1797,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFED0F8BBFEB5FA01" box="[265,333,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Primates—Hominidae-
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB0FFEAFDB4F8BBFC0DFA01" authority="(Lareschi et al. 2016)" authorityName="Lareschi et al." authorityYear="2016" box="[621,1013,1797,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sapiens">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFDB4F8BBFCFDFA01" box="[621,773,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Homo sapiens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB0FFEAFCCAF8BBFC15FA01" author="Lareschi" box="[787,1005,1797,1820]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" refString="Lareschi, M., Sanchez, J. &amp; Autino, A. (2016) A review of the fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) from Argentina. Zootaxa, 4103 (3), 239 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.3.3" type="journal article" year="2016">
Lareschi
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFCAEF8BBFC55FA01" box="[887,941,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB0FFEAFF1EF896FECBFABA" blockId="2.[151,1437,1519,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<materialsCitation id="3B203C9AFFB0FFEAFF1EF896FEC8FA99" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1803234273" collectionCode="MLP" location="Azul" municipality="Specimens" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" specimenCode="JS1, JS3, JS6, JS7, JS10, JS13, JS14, JS15" specimenCount="13" specimenCount-female="13" stateProvince="Buenos Aires province">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFF1EF896FE46FA22" bold="true" box="[199,446,1832,1855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<collectingMunicipality id="6B93ACBDFFB0FFEAFF1EF896FEC7FA22" box="[199,319,1832,1855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Specimens</collectingMunicipality>
examined.
</emphasis>
<location id="8E97601CFFB0FFEAFE10F896FE07FA22" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E187D1FFB0FFEDFF4EFA51FBF4FC0A:8E97601CFFB0FFEAFE10F896FE07FA22" box="[457,511,1832,1855]" municipality="Specimens" name="Azul" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" stateProvince="Buenos Aires province">Azul</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="498CF825FFB0FFEAFDD7F896FCF5FA22" box="[526,781,1832,1855]" country="Argentina" name="Buenos Aires" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">Buenos Aires province</collectingRegion>
,
<specimenCount id="9D4EFD4EFFB0FFEAFCC5F896FC6CFA22" box="[796,916,1832,1855]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146" type="female">13 females</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFC7FF896FC26FA22" box="[934,990,1832,1855]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFC33F896FBF7FA22" box="[1002,1039,1832,1855]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS1</specimenCode>
_3,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFBE5F896FB8BFA22" box="[1084,1139,1832,1855]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFBA7F896FB5AFA22" box="[1150,1186,1832,1855]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS1</specimenCode>
_4,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFB09F896FAFFFA22" box="[1232,1287,1832,1855]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFACBF896FACFFA22" box="[1298,1335,1832,1855]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS1</specimenCode>
_5,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFABCF896FA64FA22" box="[1381,1436,1832,1855]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFF4EF8F4FF46FA7C" box="[151,190,1866,1889]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS3</specimenCode>
_3,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFF3EF8F4FEE6FA7C" box="[231,286,1866,1889]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFEFFF8F4FEB5FA7C" box="[294,333,1866,1889]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS6</specimenCode>
_2,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFEAFF8F4FE55FA7C" box="[374,429,1866,1889]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFE6CF8F4FE24FA7C" box="[437,476,1866,1889]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS7</specimenCode>
_2,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFDDFF8F4FDC5FA7C" box="[518,573,1866,1889]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFD9CF8F4FD94FA7C" box="[581,620,1866,1889]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS7</specimenCode>
_3,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFD4CF8F4FD34FA7C" box="[661,716,1866,1889]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFD0DF8F4FCF0FA7C" box="[724,776,1866,1889]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS10</specimenCode>
_2,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFCE8F8F4FC90FA7C" box="[817,872,1866,1889]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFCA8F8F4FC5EFA7C" box="[881,934,1866,1889]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS10</specimenCode>
_3,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFC17F8F4FBFDFA7C" box="[974,1029,1866,1889]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFBD4F8F4FBBAFA7C" box="[1037,1090,1866,1889]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS13</specimenCode>
_3,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFBB2F8F4FB5AFA7C" box="[1131,1186,1866,1889]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFB73F8F4FB26FA7C" box="[1194,1246,1866,1889]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS14</specimenCode>
_2,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFAD1F8F4FAC7FA7C" box="[1288,1343,1866,1889]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFA9EF8F4FA85FA7C" box="[1351,1405,1866,1889]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS15</specimenCode>
_1,
<collectionCode id="ED59AE02FFB0FFEAFF4EF8D3FF36FA99" box="[151,206,1901,1924]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">MLP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBEE9EBCFFB0FFEAFF0FF8D3FEF4FA99" box="[214,268,1901,1924]" collectionCode="MLP" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66si-588n" name="Museo de La Plata" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">JS15</specimenCode>
_3)
</materialsCitation>
; 8 males (MLP JS1_6, MLP JS1_7, MLP JS6_3, MLP JS6_4, MLP JS7_4, MLP JS7_5, MLP JS13_4, MLP JS15_2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB0FFEAFF1EF80CFBCAFAF2" blockId="2.[151,1437,1519,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB0FFEAFF1EF80CFE2AFAD4" bold="true" box="[199,466,1970,1993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="146">parasitological indexes.</emphasis>
n(fleas anterior-right flank) = 21; n(pigs) = 30; n(parasitized pigs) = 8; prevalence (anterior-right flank) = 27%; Mean abundance (anterior-right flank) = 0.7; mean intensity (anterior-right flank)= 2.6
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C352654CFFB1FFEDFF1EFF26FBF4FC0A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB1FFEBFF1EFF26FD47FCBC" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFF1EFF26FECDFDB2" bold="true" box="[199,309,152,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFEE2FF26FDAAFDB2" authority="felis" authorityName="felis (Bouche" authorityYear="1835" box="[315,594,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Pulicidae" genus="Ctenocephalides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="felis" subSpecies="felis">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFEE2FF26FDAAFDB2" box="[315,594,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Ctenocephalides felis felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by the following morphological characters: Head longer; frons oblique and strongly curved. Genal comb horizontal, with 8 spines each side, first spine of genal comb about same length as second. Eye large, dark. Occiput bearing 1 long bristle above middle of antennal fossa. Labial palpus with five segments; anterior margin thickened, well sclerotized. Fore tarsal segment V of male with only 2 sub-apical spiniform setae. Metepisternum with 1 or 2 long setae. Male with sternite VIII enlarged, enclosing most of tail end posteriorly. Fixed process of clasper with divided apical portion. Movable process of clasper arising from fixed process proper. Manubrium of clasper little dilated apically. Female without small setae above antennal fossa. Spermatheca with subglobular bulga and hila longer and with end curved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB1FFEBFF1EFE13FAE3FFC4" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">
The cat flea,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFE88FE13FE37FCD9" authority="felis" authorityName="felis (Bouche" authorityYear="1835" box="[337,463,429,452]" class="Insecta" family="Pulicidae" genus="Ctenocephalides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="felis" subSpecies="felis">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFE88FE13FE37FCD9" box="[337,463,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">C. felis felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is extremely common on cats and dogs in many temperate and tropical regions, but it also infests rats and other wildlife. It represents the great majority of fleas in human homes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFB9AFE6EFAEBFCFA" author="Durden" box="[1091,1299,464,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Durden, L. A., Judy, T. N., Martin, J. E. &amp; Spedding, L. S. (2005) Fleas parasitizing domestic dogs in Georgia, USA: species composition and seasonal abundance. Veterinary Parasitology, 130, 157 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. vetpar. 2005.03.016" type="journal article" year="2005">
Durden
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFB45FE6EFB34FCFA" box="[1180,1228,464,487]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFAC7FE6EFF29FF14" author="Bitam" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Bitam, I., Dittmar, K., Parola, P., Whiting, M. F. &amp; Raoult, D. (2010) Fleas and flea-borne diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, 667 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijid. 2009.11.011" type="journal article" year="2010">
Bitam
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFABFFE6EFA6DFCFA" box="[1382,1429,464,487]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). This flea is a recognized vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFD85FE4CFD01FF14" box="[604,761,498,521]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Rickettsiaceae" genus="Rickettsia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="felis">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFD85FE4CFD01FF14" box="[604,761,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Rickettsia felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in several countries, including
<collectingCountry id="F35F7657FFB1FFEBFB95FE4CFB4EFF14" box="[1100,1206,498,521]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFB1CFE4CFF28FF31" author="Brown" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Brown, L. D. &amp; Macaluso, K. R. (2016) Rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-borne rickettsiosis. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 3, 27 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40475 - 016 - 0070 - 6" type="journal article" year="2016">Brown &amp; Macaluso 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFF03FDABFE75FF31" author="Nava" box="[218,397,533,556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Nava, S., Perez-Martinez, L., Venzal, J. M., Portillo, A., Santiba-ez, S. &amp; Oteo, J. A. (2008) Rickettsia felis in Ctenocephalides felis from Argentina. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases, 8, 465 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2007.0243" type="journal article" year="2008">
Nava
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFEC1FDABFEBEFF31" box="[280,326,533,556]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). Infection with this agent in humans produces a disease known as flea-borne spotted fever (or cat flea typhus). This disease is considered an emergent global threat to human health, with cases likely underestimated due to similarities in clinical signs with other febrile illnesses (e.g. fever, rash, headache, and myalgia) and limited access to appropriate laboratory tests (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFE0EFDC3FD03FF89" author="Brown" box="[471,763,637,660]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Brown, L. D. &amp; Macaluso, K. R. (2016) Rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-borne rickettsiosis. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 3, 27 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40475 - 016 - 0070 - 6" type="journal article" year="2016">Brown &amp; Macaluso 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, this flea species can be naturally infected with
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFF4EFD1EFEBDFFAA" box="[151,325,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFF4EFD1EFEB9FFAA" authorityName="Philip" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Wolbach and Todd" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[151,321,672,695]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Rickettsiaceae" genus="Rickettsia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="typhi">Rickettsia typhi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the causative agent of murine typhus, a zoonotic disease that circulates in rodents via the oriental rat flea. It is also a vector of
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFE7FFD7CFD7AFFC4" box="[422,642,706,729]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFE7FFD7CFD86FFC4" box="[422,638,706,729]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Bartonellaceae" genus="Bartonella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rhizobiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="henselae">Bartonella henselae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the causative agent of Cat scratch disease (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFB96FD7CFAF7FFC4" author="Bitam" box="[1103,1295,706,729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Bitam, I., Dittmar, K., Parola, P., Whiting, M. F. &amp; Raoult, D. (2010) Fleas and flea-borne diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, 667 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijid. 2009.11.011" type="journal article" year="2010">
Bitam
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFB40FD7CFB3FFFC4" box="[1177,1223,706,729]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB1FFEBFF1EFD5BFD14F8B6" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">
This study represents the first records of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFD52FD5BFCF6FFE1" authority="felis" box="[651,782,741,764]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Rickettsiaceae" genus="Rickettsia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="subSpecies" species="felis" subSpecies="felis">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFD52FD5BFCF6FFE1" box="[651,782,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">C. felis felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFC9FFD5BFC4BFFE1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[838,947,741,764]" class="Insecta" family="Pulicidae" genus="Pulex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irritans">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFC9FFD5BFC4BFFE1" box="[838,947,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">P. irritans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasitizing
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFB98FD5BFB58FFE1" box="[1089,1184,741,764]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFB98FD5BFB58FFE1" box="[1089,1184,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">S. scrofa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F35F7657FFB1FFEBFB1FFD5BFACBFFE1" box="[1222,1331,741,764]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Argentina</collectingCountry>
. From an epidemiological point of view
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFE33FCB6FD97FE02" authority="felis" box="[490,623,776,799]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Rickettsiaceae" genus="Rickettsia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="subSpecies" species="felis" subSpecies="felis">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFE33FCB6FD97FE02" box="[490,623,776,799]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">C. felis felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFD70FCB6FCEEFE02" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[681,790,776,799]" class="Insecta" family="Pulicidae" genus="Pulex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irritans">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFD70FCB6FCEEFE02" box="[681,790,776,799]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">P. irritans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are vectors of several pathogens in various regions of the world, including
<collectingCountry id="F35F7657FFB1FFEBFE96FC94FE41FE5C" box="[335,441,810,833]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFE1EFC94FD86FE5C" author="Nava" box="[455,638,810,833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Nava, S., Perez-Martinez, L., Venzal, J. M., Portillo, A., Santiba-ez, S. &amp; Oteo, J. A. (2008) Rickettsia felis in Ctenocephalides felis from Argentina. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases, 8, 465 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2007.0243" type="journal article" year="2008">
Nava
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFDD0FC94FDCFFE5C" box="[521,567,810,833]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFD53FC94FCB1FE5C" author="Bitam" box="[650,841,810,833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Bitam, I., Dittmar, K., Parola, P., Whiting, M. F. &amp; Raoult, D. (2010) Fleas and flea-borne diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, 667 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijid. 2009.11.011" type="journal article" year="2010">
Bitam
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFD0BFC94FCF9FE5C" box="[722,769,810,833]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Both species of fleas are considered synanthropic and cosmopolitan, being able to disperse pathogens to new regions and hosts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFC00FCF3FB5EFE79" author="Bitam" box="[985,1190,845,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Bitam, I., Dittmar, K., Parola, P., Whiting, M. F. &amp; Raoult, D. (2010) Fleas and flea-borne diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, 667 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijid. 2009.11.011" type="journal article" year="2010">
Bitam
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFBFEFCF3FBA2FE79" box="[1063,1114,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). As noted by several authors, despite their cosmopolitanism, distribution of these fleas is not uniform. Instead, they are distributed in patches characterized by host and environmental conditions that are favourable for each given species (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFACAFC2CFA6FFEB4" author="Traub" box="[1299,1431,914,937]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Traub, R. (1980) The zoogeography and evolution of some fleas, lice and mammals. In: Traub, R. &amp; Starke, H. (Eds.), Fleas. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fleas. Ashton Wold, Peterborough, Rotterdam, Balkema, pp. 93 - 172." type="proceedings paper" year="1980">Traub 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFF4EFC0BFE3CFED1" author="Beaucournu" box="[151,452,949,972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Beaucournu, J. C. &amp; Menier, K. (1998) Le genre Ctenocephalides Stiles et Collins, 1930 (Siphonaptera, Pulicidae). Parasite, 5, 3 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1998051003" type="journal article" year="1998">Beaucournu &amp; Menier 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFE16FC0BFD08FED1" author="Beaucournu" box="[463,752,949,972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Beaucournu, J. C. &amp; Pascal, M. (1998) Origine biogeographique de Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc, 1800) (Siphonaptera- Ceratophyllidae) et observations sur son hote primitif. Biogeographica, 74 (3), 125 - 132." type="journal article" year="1998">
Beaucournu &amp; Pascal
<quantity id="4CB09B22FFB1FFEBFD62FC0BFD08FED1" box="[699,752,949,972]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.07492" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" unit="in" value="1998.0">1998</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFCCBFC0BFC54FED1" author="Krasnov" box="[786,940,949,972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Krasnov, B. R. (2008) Functional and Evolutionary Ecology of Fleas: A model for ecological parasitology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 593 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / CBO 9780511542688" type="book" year="2008">Krasnov 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Our results agree with these authors, because considering that the management conditions (e.g. infrastructure, sanitary controls) of all farms examined in this study were similar, fleas were found only in farms in central
<collectingRegion id="498CF825FFB1FFEBFD00FC44FC34F90C" box="[729,972,1018,1041]" country="Argentina" name="Buenos Aires" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Buenos Aires province</collectingRegion>
(Azul locality); in the north of the province these parasites were not found. Parasitological index values obtained in this study (tested only for an area of the host's body, see Materials and Methods) suggest that the presence of both flea species in Azul is not accidental. These results contribute to the knowledge of the biology of these fleas whose presence could respond to environmental characteristics. In most countries of the world there is constant concern over flea control, although the incidence of flea-borne diseases is much greater than is generally recognized by physicians and health authorities. Fleas, as hosts for a wide range of largely understudied pathogens, are no exception, and flea-borne diseases may re-emerge in epidemic form. Examples of this are the changing ecology of murine typhus, the finding of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFD07FB55FCBFF81F" authorityName="da Rocha-Lima" authorityYear="1916" box="[734,839,1259,1282]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Rickettsiaceae" genus="Rickettsia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFD07FB55FCBFF81F" box="[734,839,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Rickettsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. in new hosts, and the finding of fleas on new hosts or in geographical areas previously unreported in the literature. The past decades have seen a dramatic change in geographic and host ranges of many vector-borne pathogens and the diseases they cause. This process is often driven by climate change and the destruction of wild habitats due to human behaviour modifications (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFB65FAEEFA69F87A" author="Bitam" box="[1212,1425,1360,1383]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Bitam, I., Dittmar, K., Parola, P., Whiting, M. F. &amp; Raoult, D. (2010) Fleas and flea-borne diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, 667 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijid. 2009.11.011" type="journal article" year="2010">
Bitam
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFAD4FAEEFAB2F87A" box="[1293,1354,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Agricultural and livestock development is one of the factors of emergence and re-emergence of diseases, as a common pathway in altering the environment (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFDFEFA2AFD19F8B6" author="Jones" box="[551,737,1428,1451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Jones, B. A., Grace, D., Kock, R., Alonso, S., Rushton, J., Said, M., McKeever, D., Mutua, F., Young, J., McDermott, J. &amp; Pfeiffer, D. U. (2013) Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (21), 8399 - 8404. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1208059110" type="journal article" year="2013">
Jones
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFDB2FA2AFD61F8B6" box="[619,665,1428,1451]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB1FFEBFF1EFA08FE78FABA" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">
Considering that in the studied region in this work a strong swine livestock activity is carried out, with a high frequency of contact between pigs and humans, the presence of two fleas with sanitary importance in domestic pigs involves a potential risk to humans to acquire pathogens. Also, these findings represent a risk factor for humans for other two main reasons: 1) in pig farms of
<collectingCountry id="F35F7657FFB1FFEBFDC5F9A5FD7EFB2F" box="[540,646,1563,1586]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Argentina</collectingCountry>
rodents (mainly rats and mice) are very common (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFB45F9A5FA9CFB2F" author="Lovera" box="[1180,1380,1563,1586]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Lovera, R., Fernandez, M. S. &amp; Cavia, R. (2015) Wild small mammals in intensive milk cattle and swine production systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment, 202, 251 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. agee. 2015.01.003" type="journal article" year="2015">
Lovera
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFB29F9A5FAE6FB2F" box="[1264,1310,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
), and are recognized reservoirs of several of the zoonotic pathogens transmitted by fleas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFBC8F983FACEFB49" author="Linardi" box="[1041,1334,1597,1620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Linardi, P. M. &amp; Guimaraes, L. R. (2000) Sifonapteros do Brasil. Ed. Mzusp, FAPESP, Sao Paulo, 291 pp." type="book" year="2000">Linardi &amp; Guimarães 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFA99F983FF0CFB6B" author="Bitam" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Bitam, I., Dittmar, K., Parola, P., Whiting, M. F. &amp; Raoult, D. (2010) Fleas and flea-borne diseases. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, 667 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijid. 2009.11.011" type="journal article" year="2010">
Bitam
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFA50F983FF54FB6B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
); 2) there is strong interaction between domestic and wild pigs in the province of
<collectingRegion id="498CF825FFB1FFEBFBB2F9E1FB07FB6B" box="[1131,1279,1631,1654]" country="Argentina" name="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
, presenting an opportunity for pathogens, previously eradicated from domestic populations of pigs, to be re-introduced into those specific pathogen-free populations (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFDCDF91DFD18FBA7" author="Cooper" box="[532,736,1699,1722]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Cooper, S. M., Scott, H. M., de la Garza, G. R., Deck, A. L. &amp; Cathey, J. C. (2010) Distribution and interspecies contact of feral swine and cattle on rangeland in south Texas: Implications for disease transmission. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46, 152 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 46.1.152" type="journal article" year="2010">
Cooper
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFDB2F91DFD60FBA7" box="[619,664,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Feral pig infectious disease research is focused on the threat that feral pigs could contaminate clean domestic herds and is based on the previously known parasites and pathogens of domestic pigs and their long established disease cycles. Some bacterial and parasitic pathogens of feral pigs that can be potentially transmitted to humans and cause disease are bubonic plague and tularemia, and emerging viral diseases of high impact on human health, such as influenza and Hepatitis E (HEV) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFC70F894FBCFFA5C" author="Graves" box="[937,1079,1834,1857]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Graves, H. B. (1984) Behavior and ecology of wild and feral swine (Sus scrofa). Journal of Animal Science, 58, 482 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.2527 / jas 1984.582482 x" type="journal article" year="1984">Graves 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFB9AF894FABEFA5C" author="Mullen" box="[1091,1350,1834,1857]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Mullen, G. &amp; Durden, L. (2009) Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2 nd Edition. Academic Press / Elsevier Science, San Diego, 637 pp." type="book" year="2009">Mullen &amp; Durden 2009</bibRefCitation>
). A few epidemiological studies of feral pigs conducted in
<collectingCountry id="F35F7657FFB1FFEBFD69F8F2FCE2FA7E" box="[688,794,1868,1891]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Argentina</collectingCountry>
have detected the transmission of hemoparasites as
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFA9FF8F2FA64FA7E" box="[1350,1436,1868,1891]" class="Aconoidasida" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFA9FF8F2FA64FA7E" box="[1350,1436,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Babesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFF0BF8D0FEB2FA98" authorityName="Theiler" authorityYear="1910" box="[210,330,1902,1925]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Anaplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFF0BF8D0FEB2FA98" box="[210,330,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Anaplasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., and
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB1FFEBFE67F8D0FD80FA98" authorityName="Neimark et al." authorityYear="2002" baseAuthorityName="Splitter" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[446,632,1902,1925]" class="Mollicutes" family="Mycoplasmataceae" genus="Mycoplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Mycoplasmatales" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="suis">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFE67F8D0FD80FA98" box="[446,632,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">Mycoplasma suis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whose vectors could be haematophagous ectoparasites, to domestic pigs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD94B36FFB1FFEBFF47F82EFE8CFABA" author="Scioscia" box="[158,372,1936,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="147" refString="Scioscia, N. P., Orozco, M., Cirignoli, S., Martinez Vivot, M., Arandiaran, S., Ribicich, M., Samartino, L., Llorente, P., Cuervo, P., Mastropaolo, M. &amp; Denegri, G. M. (2011) Monitoreo sanitario de chancho cimarron (Sus scrofa), ciervo axis (Axis axis) y bufalo (Bubalus bubalis) en la Reserva Natural Ibera, Corrientes. Libro de resumenes, 24 Jornadas Argentinas de Mastozoologia, La Plata, Argentina, 159," type="journal article" year="2011">
Scioscia
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB1FFEBFF26F82EFED6FABA" box="[255,302,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="147">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF37664FFFB6FFECFF4EF8FAFBC4FAF1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1152720/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="148" targetBox="[233,1268,194,1800]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB6FFECFF4EF8FAFBC4FAF1" blockId="4.[151,1436,1860,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="148">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB6FFECFF4EF8FAFEF4FA47" bold="true" box="[151,268,1860,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="148">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Geographical distribution in Argentina of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB6FFECFD7DF8FAFC67FA44" authority="felis" authorityName="felis (Bouche" authorityYear="1835" box="[676,927,1860,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Pulicidae" genus="Ctenocephalides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="felis" subSpecies="felis">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB6FFECFD7DF8FAFC67FA44" box="[676,927,1860,1881]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="148">Ctenocephalides felis felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB6FFECFC74F8FAFC41FA47" bold="true" box="[941,953,1860,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="148">x</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB6FFECFC36F8FAFB8CFA44" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1007,1140,1860,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Pulicidae" genus="Pulex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irritans">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB6FFECFC36F8FAFB8CFA44" box="[1007,1140,1860,1881]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="148">Pulex irritans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(●) (Lareschi
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB6FFECFB27F8FAFAD7FA44" box="[1278,1327,1860,1881]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="148">et al.</emphasis>
2016): 1— Tucumán, 2—Santiago del Estero, 3—Gran Chaco, Chaco, 4—Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires, 5—Ajó, Buenos Aires, 6—La Pampa, 7—Orán (Isla de Cañas), Salta, 8—El Quebrachal, Salta, 9—Formosa, 10—Tucumán, 11—Chumbicha, Catamarca, 12—Quines, San Luis, 13—San Luis capital, 14—Las Catitas, Mendoza, 15—La Paz, Mendoza, 16—San Rafael, Mendoza, 17—Los Molles, Mendoza, 18-Malargüe, Mendoza, 19—Santa Eufemia, Córdoba, 20—Cañada Mariano, Buenos Aires, 21—Ajó (General Lavalle), Buenos Aires, 22—Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, 23—Pilcaniyeu, Río Negro, 24—Lago Epuyén, Chubut.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF736C7FFB7FFEDFF1EFF26FBF4FC0A" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,279]" pageId="5" pageNumber="149">
Our results expand knowledge about the flea fauna associated with
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB7FFEDFC43FF26FC06FDB2" box="[922,1022,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="149">
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB7FFEDFC43FF26FC01FDB2" box="[922,1017,152,175]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">S. scrofa</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and enable us to know more about the distribution, biology and ecology of
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB7FFEDFDF0FF04FD6DFDCC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[553,661,186,209]" class="Insecta" family="Pulicidae" genus="Pulex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irritans">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB7FFEDFDF0FF04FD6DFDCC" box="[553,661,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="149">P. irritans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C484D44FFB7FFEDFD17FF04FCA9FDCC" authority="felis" authorityName="felis (Bouche" authorityYear="1835" box="[718,849,186,209]" class="Insecta" family="Pulicidae" genus="Ctenocephalides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="felis" subSpecies="felis">
<emphasis id="B93CEAD5FFB7FFEDFD17FF04FCA9FDCC" box="[718,849,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="149">C. felis felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This information is relevant for smallholder farmers working on pigs and also for people engaged in all aspects of public health surveillance so they are aware of the distribution of these two flea species and prepared to control them when necessary.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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