119 lines
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119 lines
14 KiB
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<document id="4DFF83175BDF3CBF864C7015D9A53A34" ID-CLB-Dataset="6194" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="529d48db-4299-4e2d-9aaf-6c4178c08b18" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4804909" ID-ZooBank="DB7C9028-3EDF-454F-88D0-336624AD1DC4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1622016306479" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shear, William A. & Marek, Paul E." docDate="2021" docId="03B18797FFEC9D0C4BA50158DCD42790" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4975.1.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4975 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Polydesmidae Leach 1815" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="FF88FFEFFFE99D094B32053AD943204D" masterDocTitle="Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae)" masterLastPageNumber="126" masterPageNumber="81" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1698991024886" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="77ED0D097F4EB8738E109E49E8D89850">
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<mods:title id="805CB3E334C9EEED8F382C676DAEA133">Three new genera and eighteen new species of miniature polydesmid millipedes from the northwestern United States (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3ABC88D8DD73116EFCDA845915636791" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="709171FF522B891208948EE1355F5869">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E93DD2C1C0E659BD9CEE511C3C464912">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="89472733F7382564B5C33D971C6DD914">Professor Emeritus, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney VA 23943; present address 1950 Price Drive, Farmville VA 23901.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="55151B14CAF63EC19EF0DB1BF1466A41" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4BEC3DC882408A4350A9CA17895B5197">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="58EC9027CB52676F092EB890F98A8A7C">Marek, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C94B2EB1AEF05115C2A5CBBC49CF303A" type="ORCID">0000-0002-7048-2514</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="0281505FFE03DB79B9387553A6487284">Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. pmarek @ vt. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7048 - 2514</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BA08308DC9CA6A88EB6F3DB120162414" type="email">pmarek@vt.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="BB9926453CAE926EEA0D9537A2C6BE34">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9B78F65675EB1C278C0E48A1062DE09C">
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<mods:date id="54026CA28B5D68473E2B8605C781DD1E">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EC9EE97FD5E85243B14106CFCC1993B4">2021-05-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C3261047356E8AA3D7C4E2B2A196C22F">4975</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="BD16AD2171080B67C8217B50819A1F37">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7934FF071F433FFD0CFB9227B013D803" type="CLB-Dataset">6194</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9AE1A46D2DA9D4990CDCF7A921521FAB" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B18797FFEC9D0C4BA50158DCD42790" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4923558" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182644886" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4923558" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B18797FFEC9D0C4BA50158DCD42790" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B18797FFEC9D0C4BA50158DCD42790" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
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<subSubSection id="C302650AFFEC9D0C4BA50158DB022431" box="[151,577,1122,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA73681FFEC9D0C4BA50158DB022431" blockId="5.[151,577,1122,1149]" box="[151,577,1122,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
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<heading id="D0EF81EDFFEC9D0C4BA50158DB022431" bold="true" box="[151,577,1122,1149]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA93FFEC9D0C4BA50158DB022431" bold="true" box="[151,577,1122,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C4BC50158DB022431" ID-CoL="7NKL4" authority="Leach, 1815" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[247,577,1122,1149]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae Leach, 1815</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C302650AFFEC9D0C4BA50191DCD42790" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA73681FFEC9D0C4BA50191DA31257C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1195,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
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Diagnosing the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C4AA80191DB742488" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[410,567,1195,1221]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
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in a way that distinguishes its members from other, closely related and similar families is not easy. We contend that the superfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C480601F5DD6424A4" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1910" box="[820,1063,1231,1257]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Trichopolydesmoidea">Trichopolydesmoidea</taxonomicName>
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is superfluous and synonymous with
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C4BE201C9D83D2540" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[208,382,1267,1293]" class="Diplopoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Polydesmoidea">Polydesmoidea</taxonomicName>
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, bringing
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C4ADC01C9DB952540" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1910" box="[494,726,1267,1293]" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichopolydesmidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C49D301C9DA982540" authorityName="Brolemann" authorityYear="1916" box="[737,987,1267,1293]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C48D501C9DD8F2540" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1914" box="[999,1228,1267,1293]" class="Diplopoda" family="Mastigonodesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mastigonodesmidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C4FE401C9DC2E2540" authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1980" box="[1238,1389,1267,1293]" class="Diplopoda" family="Opisotretidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Opisotretidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C4BA5002DD8C1257C" authorityName="Brolemann" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,386,1303,1329]" class="Diplopoda" family="Fuhrmannodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fuhrmannodesmidae</taxonomicName>
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into consideration in delineating the family.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA73681FFEC9D0C4BF50001DB082764" blockId="5.[151,1437,1195,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
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The most recent attempt to diagnosis
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C49490001DA5B2518" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[635,792,1339,1365]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
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is that of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B70FFEC9D0C48A10001DDC82518" author="Enghoff, H. & Golovatch, S. I. & Short, M. & Stoev, P. & Wesener, T." box="[915,1163,1338,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" refId="ref19655" refString="Enghoff, H., Golovatch, S. I., Short, M., Stoev, P. & Wesener, T. (2015) Diplopoda - taxonomic overview. In: Minelli, A. (Ed.), The Myriapoda. Vol. 2. Brill, Leiden, pp. 363 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004188273 _ 017" type="book" year="2015">
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Enghoff
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<emphasis id="B96CEA93FFEC9D0C48CA0001DD6F2518" box="[1016,1068,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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. (2015)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Their account includes qualifying words “usually”, “occasionally” and “often”, and this is necessary because the family presently includes some discordant elements and as has been often stated, the taxa give the characters and not
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<emphasis id="B96CEA93FFEC9D0C4F9900B9DC6725D1" box="[1195,1316,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">vice versa.</emphasis>
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Nevertheless, it is possible to list a few characters for
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C49B9009DDA6B258C" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[651,808,1447,1473]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
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that may provide guidance: 1) presence on the gonopod of a fimbriate pad or projection (pulvillus) at the point where the seminal pore opens, 2) presence of a vesicle in the distal part of the seminal canal, 3) the seminal canal with a distinct arch or loop proximal to the vesicle. One or more of these characters may be absent in species presently considered polydesmids, including a few described here. Nonsexual characters that are helpful include a microspiculate limbus and the presence of sphaerotrichomes on at least some of the anterior legs of males. Species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C483E0361DD452638" authorityName="Brolemann" authorityYear="1916" box="[780,1030,1627,1653]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
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, in our view the most closely related family and the only other polydesmoid family in North America, lack these gonopod characters, but many do have sphaerotrichomes; in addition, macrosternodesmids have the gonopod prefemorite transverse with respect to the gonocoxae such that the acropodite makes a right angle with it. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C48B103FDDD6026AC" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[899,1059,1735,1761]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
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, the acropodite continues the line of the prefemorite. Characteristically, the acropodites of macrosternodesmids are more complex, with at least three major branches, including an exomere.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA73681FFEC9D0C4BF50209DCD42790" blockId="5.[151,1437,1195,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">
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In the genera and families described herein, even the characters just listed do not always occur together, possibly because of phenotypic simplification associated with a great reduction in size. However, the pulvillus is always present in the species discussed here, the vesicle in only a few, and the loop in the seminal canal in none of the species.
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C4A1202A5D8B927F4" box="[288,506,1951,1977]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Bidentogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA93FFEC9D0C4A1202A5D8E227F4" box="[288,417,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Bidentogon</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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are the exception, retained for now in
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C488202A5DD1327F4" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[944,1104,1951,1977]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
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, but lacking all three of these important characters, unless our hypothesis about the origin of the solenomere in
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D02FFEC9D0C4F1502F9DC432790" box="[1063,1280,1987,2013]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Bidentogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA93FFEC9D0C4F1502F9DDEB2790" box="[1063,1192,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Bidentogon</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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is supported.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |