449 lines
50 KiB
XML
449 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3610539" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3269bae6-36d8-4c4e-a814-cda94b6aeece" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161746378" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3610539" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F1F92AB0-583D-4AA2-AEC1-8F47D4B8B7AA" checkinTime="1579089070375" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rheindt, Frank E., Prawiradilaga, Dewi M., Ashar, Hidayat, Lee, Geraldine W. X., Wu, Meng Yue & Ng, Nathaniel S. R." docDate="2020" docId="03F587A7FFA98F27FF127253FE46FBB0" docLanguage="en" docName="science.367.167-170_aax2146-Rheindt-SM.pdf" docOrigin="Science 36" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Phyllergates cucullatus subsp. relictus Rheindt & Prawiradilaga & Ashar & Lee & Wu & Ng 2020, subspecies nova" docType="treatment" docUuid="F1F92AB0-583D-4AA2-AEC1-8F47D4B8B7AA" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="10" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="56" masterDocId="FFCCFFDFFF9B8F1FFFD2714DFFBCFFEA" masterDocTitle="A lost world in Wallacea: Description of a montane archipelagic avifauna (supplement)" masterLastPageNumber="104" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1643451873296" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A lost world in Wallacea: Description of a montane archipelagic avifauna (supplement)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rheindt, Frank E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Prawiradilaga, Dewi M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ashar, Hidayat</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lee, Geraldine W. X.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wu, Meng Yue</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ng, Nathaniel S. R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Science</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2020-01-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>36</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>104</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3608758</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">3269bae6-36d8-4c4e-a814-cda94b6aeece</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3608758</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">8114B399-C68D-43C2-B6D3-B51AA898431E</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3610539" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161746378" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3610539" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F1F92AB0-583D-4AA2-AEC1-8F47D4B8B7AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F587A7FFA98F27FF127253FE46FBB0" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection box="[192,291,798,836]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="50.[192,1388,201,1939]" box="[192,291,798,836]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,291,798,836]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">SM8:</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[302,1164,798,837]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="50.[192,1388,201,1939]" box="[302,1164,798,837]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[302,1164,798,837]" fontSize="16" level="5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" reason="0">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[302,1164,798,837]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName authority="Rheindt & Prawiradilaga & Ashar & Lee & Wu & Ng, 2020" authorityName="Rheindt & Prawiradilaga & Ashar & Lee & Wu & Ng" authorityYear="2020" box="[302,854,798,836]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cucullatus" status="subspecies nova" subSpecies="relictus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[302,854,798,836]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Phyllergates cucullatus relictus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[876,1164,798,837]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="subSpecies">subspecies nova</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="50.[192,1388,201,1939]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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(
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<vernacularName pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Banggai Mountain Leaftoiler</vernacularName>
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;
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="50.[192,1388,201,1939]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F1F92AB0-583D-4AA2-AEC1-8F47D4B8B7AA</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="50.[192,1388,201,1939]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[740,754,994,1032]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">)</emphasis>
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Frank E. Rheindt, Dewi M. Prawiradilaga, Hidayat Ashari, Suparno, Nathaniel S. R. Ng
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2549955313" collectingDate="2013-12-20" collectionCode="MZB" collectorName="Rheindt & LIPI field party" country="Indonesia" latitude="-1.004878" location="above Kokolomboi village" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="122.01459" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="MZB.Ornit.34.442" specimenCount="952" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-male="951" typeStatus="holotype">
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<paragraph blockId="50.[192,1388,201,1939]" box="[192,316,1242,1270]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<heading bold="true" box="[192,316,1242,1270]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" reason="2">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,316,1242,1270]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<typeStatus box="[192,316,1242,1270]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="50.[192,1388,201,1939]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<specimenCode box="[192,433,1316,1344]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">MZB.Ornit.34.442</specimenCode>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[450,556,1316,1344]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="85.[192,239,1389,1417]" captionTargetBox="[200,1336,200,1336]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[192,1344,192,1344]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="Fig. S12. Holotypes of Phyllergates cucullatus sulanus (MZB.Ornit.34.394) (top) and Phyllergates cucullatus relictus (MZB.Ornit.34.442) (bottom), respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3608782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3608782/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">fig. S12</figureCitation>
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);
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<specimenCount box="[580,644,1316,1344]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
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<specimenCount box="[652,714,1316,1344]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="male">male</specimenCount>
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collected
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<date box="[846,1010,1316,1345]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-12-20">
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<collectingDate box="[846,1010,1316,1345]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-12-20">20 Dec 2013</collectingDate>
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</date>
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587A7FFA98F27FF127253FE46FBB0:8E83606AFFA98F2DFC287469FAF3FAAA" box="[1018,1359,1316,1344]" latitude="-1.004878" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="122.01459" name="above Kokolomboi village" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">above Kokolomboi village</location>
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(~
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<quantity box="[217,295,1389,1417]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="950.0">
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<specimenCount box="[217,295,1389,1417]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="male">950m</specimenCount>
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</quantity>
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) on
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F587A7FFA98F27FF127253FE46FBB0:8E83606AFFA98F2DFEB27420FDB1FA63" box="[352,525,1389,1417]" latitude="-1.004878" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="122.01459" name="Peleng Island" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Peleng Island</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate box="[543,713,1389,1417]" degrees="01" direction="south" minutes="0" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" seconds="17.561" value="-1.004878">S 01⁰ 17.561</geoCoordinate>
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';
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<geoCoordinate box="[730,919,1389,1419]" degrees="122" direction="east" minutes="0" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" seconds="52.520" value="122.01459">E 122⁰ 52.520</geoCoordinate>
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'). Collected by the
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<collectorName box="[1161,1262,1389,1417]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Rheindt</collectorName>
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/
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<collectorName pageId="50" pageNumber="51">LIPI field party</collectorName>
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, including tissue samples from breast muscle and liver; skin prepared by Suparno; field number Pel16; some molt; low fat; weight
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<quantity box="[807,866,1536,1564]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="g" value="7.5">7.5g</quantity>
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; wing length
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||
<quantity box="[1040,1122,1536,1564]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="4.8">4.8cm</quantity>
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; wing spread
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||
<quantity box="[192,291,1610,1638]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="15.3">15.3cm</quantity>
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; total length
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||
<quantity box="[457,556,1610,1638]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="12.2">12.2cm</quantity>
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||
; bill
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||
<quantity box="[619,703,1610,1638]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="1.3">1.3cm</quantity>
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; tail
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<quantity box="[764,823,1610,1638]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="5.0">5cm</quantity>
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; tarsus
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||
<quantity box="[919,978,1610,1638]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="2.0">2cm</quantity>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="50.[192,1388,201,1939]" box="[192,510,1762,1790]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,510,1762,1790]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Description of holotype</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="50.[192,1388,201,1939]" lastBlockId="51.[192,1391,201,2002]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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Crown and nape rich rufous (2.5YR 4/10), slightly darker posteriorly, and not extending as far onto the nape as in the new Taliabu subspecies (
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<emphasis box="[853,1017,1910,1939]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">P. c. sulanus</emphasis>
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; see SM7). Short blackish eyestripe. Facial region from auriculars to lores dusky-grey (N3) with an increasing rufous suffusion (concolorous with crown) towards the malar and moustachial regions. Mantle and scapulars to uppertail coverts olive with a slight bronzy hue (5Y 3/4), colder-colored than in the new subspecies from Taliabu (
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<emphasis box="[632,796,422,451]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">P. c. sulanus</emphasis>
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). Remiges and rectrices are darker and duskier, but with outer edging nearly concolorous with mantle. Underparts are bicolored, with a white chin to breast, and a lemon-yellow belly and vent (5Y 8/10), brighter centrally than laterally, and with a dusky olive suffusion on the flanks. Underwing concolorous with central belly on axillaries, with increasingly white suffusion towards the remainder of the underwing. Tarsus dark-yellow. On the live bird, the upper mandible was black with a yellow tip, and the lower mandible was black with a yellow base and tip. The iris color was not clearly discerned on the live bird.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="51.[192,1391,201,2002]" box="[192,324,1089,1117]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<heading bold="true" box="[192,324,1089,1117]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" reason="2">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,324,1089,1117]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="51.[192,1391,201,2002]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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A distinct new subspecies of Mountain Leaftoiler
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<taxonomicName box="[833,1000,1163,1193]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullatus">
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<emphasis box="[833,1000,1163,1193]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">P. cucullatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(or ‘Mountain Tailorbird’), differing from adjacent subspecies to the east and to the west in important discrete characters.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="51.[192,1391,201,2002]" lastBlockId="52.[192,1394,201,2007]" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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The lack of a supercilium and the posterior extension of the rufous crown coloration onto the mid-nape set this subspecies apart from most other subspecies, except those from Sulawesi and Taliabu, which have an equally or sometimes even slightly more extensive rufous crown. It further differs from
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<taxonomicName box="[662,794,1531,1559]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullatus">
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<emphasis box="[662,794,1531,1559]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">cucullatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Java, Bali, Sumatra),
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<emphasis box="[1088,1246,1531,1559]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">cinereicollis</emphasis>
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(Borneo),
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<emphasis box="[192,331,1604,1632]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">malayanus</emphasis>
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(Malay Peninsula) and all subspecies further west and north in the absence of a strong grey hindcollar band and/or strongly grey breast sides; from
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<taxonomicName box="[1056,1202,1678,1706]" class="Aves" family="Meliphagidae" genus="Myzomela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batjanensis">
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<emphasis box="[1056,1202,1678,1706]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">batjanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Bacan Island) in its lemon-yellow belly lacking a strong olive suffusion; and from
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<emphasis box="[1162,1254,1752,1780]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">dumasi</emphasis>
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(Seram and Buru) in its much less brown-colored upperparts. In many aspects, the new taxon is similar to the set of subspecies on Sulawesi (
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<emphasis box="[766,1201,1899,1929]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">riedeli, stentor, meisei, hedymeles</emphasis>
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), but dramatically differs in its much more extensive yellow belly (versus yellow on the flanks only, or a light-yellow suffusion on the lowermost underparts, or a near-complete absence of yellow, respectively).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="52.[192,1394,201,2007]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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This new subspecies shares many unique traits with the new subspecies from Taliabu
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<emphasis box="[192,290,422,450]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">sulanus</emphasis>
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(see SM7), but differs significantly in its darker chestnut crown and its less reddish overall appearance, largely lacking a rufescent suffusion to the breast and flanks, and showing much less rufescent on the auriculars; its flanks are also much colder olive-washed (versus warmly rufescent-washed), and the upperparts and especially upper wings are colder bronze-olive. On live birds, the legs are much darker and less intensely colorful than those of birds from Taliabu.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="52.[192,1394,201,2007]" box="[192,340,937,965]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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<heading bold="true" box="[192,340,937,965]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" reason="2">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,340,937,965]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Etymology</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="52.[192,1394,201,2007]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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The subspecific epithet
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<emphasis box="[497,593,1010,1038]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">relictus</emphasis>
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, past participle of Latin ‘relinquere’ roughly translating as “the one left behind”, refers to the small size and isolated nature of the sole known population of this new subspecies, which is confined to a restricted area of montane forest on the island of Peleng.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="52.[192,1394,201,2007]" box="[192,976,1384,1412]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[192,976,1384,1412]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" reason="2">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,976,1384,1412]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Individual, sex and age-related variation within the taxon</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="52.[192,1394,201,2007]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">The juvenile and immature plumages remain undocumented. There is a great deal of uniformity across the three adult specimens procured (two males and one female) except for differences in the intensity of a rudimentary degree of rufescent suffusion on the throat and breast sides.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="52.[192,1394,201,2007]" box="[192,468,1830,1858]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[192,468,1830,1858]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,468,1830,1858]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">History of discovery</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="52.[192,1394,201,2007]" lastBlockId="53.[192,1394,201,2007]" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
FER and Filip Verbelen first encountered and documented the new subspecies during a visit to the highlands of western Peleng between 22-31 March 2009 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="F. E. Rheindt & F. Verbelen & D. D. Putra & A. Rahman & M. Indrawan" box="[1013,1045,1978,2006]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="181 - 207" part="130" refId="ref29343" refString="49. F. E. Rheindt, F. Verbelen, D. D. Putra, A. Rahman, M. Indrawan, New biogeographic records in the avifauna of Peleng Island (Sulawesi, Indonesia), with taxonomic notes on some endemic taxa. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 130, 181 - 207 (2010)." title="New biogeographic records in the avifauna of Peleng Island (Sulawesi, Indonesia), with taxonomic notes on some endemic taxa" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1013,1045,1978,2006]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">49</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We found it again during our collecting expedition to Peleng between 18-23 Dec 2013, when three specimens were collected (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="F. E. Rheindt & D. M. Prawiradilaga & S. Suparno & H. Ashari & P. R. Wilton" box="[326,358,274,302]" journalOrPublisher="Treubia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="61 - 90" part="41" refId="ref27737" refString="19. F. E. Rheindt, D. M. Prawiradilaga, S. Suparno, H. Ashari, P. R. Wilton, New and significant island records, range extensions and elevational extensions of birds in eastern Sulawesi, its nearby satellites, and Ternate. Treubia 41, 61 - 90 (2014)." title="New and significant island records, range extensions and elevational extensions of birds in eastern Sulawesi, its nearby satellites, and Ternate" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis box="[326,358,274,302]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">19</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="53.[192,1394,201,2007]" box="[192,507,427,455]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[192,507,427,455]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,507,427,455]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Distribution and status</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="53.[192,1394,201,2007]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1883" box="[332,494,500,528]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[332,494,500,528]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Phyllergates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaftoilers, this new taxon is restricted to forest edge situations, treefall gaps and bamboo thickets in montane forest on the island of Peleng in the Banggai Archipelago. During our combined visits to the island (
|
||
<emphasis box="[900,980,648,677]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="F. E. Rheindt & D. M. Prawiradilaga & S. Suparno & H. Ashari & P. R. Wilton" box="[900,932,648,676]" journalOrPublisher="Treubia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="61 - 90" part="41" refId="ref27737" refString="19. F. E. Rheindt, D. M. Prawiradilaga, S. Suparno, H. Ashari, P. R. Wilton, New and significant island records, range extensions and elevational extensions of birds in eastern Sulawesi, its nearby satellites, and Ternate. Treubia 41, 61 - 90 (2014)." title="New and significant island records, range extensions and elevational extensions of birds in eastern Sulawesi, its nearby satellites, and Ternate" type="journal article" year="2014">19</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="F. E. Rheindt & F. Verbelen & D. D. Putra & A. Rahman & M. Indrawan" box="[948,980,648,676]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="181 - 207" part="130" refId="ref29343" refString="49. F. E. Rheindt, F. Verbelen, D. D. Putra, A. Rahman, M. Indrawan, New biogeographic records in the avifauna of Peleng Island (Sulawesi, Indonesia), with taxonomic notes on some endemic taxa. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 130, 181 - 207 (2010)." title="New biogeographic records in the avifauna of Peleng Island (Sulawesi, Indonesia), with taxonomic notes on some endemic taxa" type="journal article" year="2010">49</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), we recorded this new taxon from 750m to the highest point at over 1000m elevation. It may, therefore, not range as low as the new taxon from neighboring Taliabu, although future fieldwork may well produce lower elevational records. Its presence on other islands in the Banggai Archipelago is unlikely given that only one of them, the small island of Bangkulu, slightly exceeds 600m in elevation, with only 5 ha of land lying above 600m, still well below the lowest known elevational occurrence of the new subspecies. Despite its very small range, its predilection for disturbed forest situations probably means that it is not particularly negatively affected by the current degradation that is impacting most highland forests of western Peleng.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="53.[192,1394,201,2007]" box="[192,1346,1389,1418]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[192,1346,1389,1418]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,1346,1389,1418]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Taxonomic rationale (combined for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rheindt & Prawiradilaga & Ashar & Lee & Wu & Ng" authorityYear="2020" box="[684,1104,1389,1417]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cucullatus" subSpecies="sulanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[684,1104,1389,1417]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Phyllergates cucullatus sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1172,1335,1389,1418]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. c. relictus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="53.[192,1394,201,2007]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
The Mountain Leaftoiler
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[516,684,1463,1493]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[516,684,1463,1493]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. cucullatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was previously thought to be an
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Horsfield" authorityYear="1821" box="[1107,1260,1463,1491]" class="Aves" family="Cisticolidae" genus="Orthotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1260,1463,1491]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Orthotomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tailorbird and then called Mountain Tailorbird. We here acknowledge the distant relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Horsfield" authorityYear="1821" box="[192,345,1610,1638]" class="Aves" family="Cisticolidae" genus="Orthotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,345,1610,1638]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Orthotomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tailorbirds (
|
||
<emphasis box="[503,551,1610,1638]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">13 1</emphasis>
|
||
) and therefore follow the recent trend of calling members of this species ‘leaftoilers’ rather than tailorbirds [e.g. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="J. A. Eaton & S. van Balen & N. W. Brickle & F. E. Rheindt" box="[810,842,1684,1712]" journalOrPublisher="Lynx Edicions" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref29850" refString="57. J. A. Eaton, S. van Balen, N. W. Brickle, F. E. Rheindt, Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea. (Lynx Edicions, 2016)." title="Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea" type="book" year="2016">
|
||
<emphasis box="[810,842,1684,1712]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">57</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)], a fitting translation from their re- instated scientific genus name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1883" box="[585,747,1757,1785]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[585,747,1757,1785]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Phyllergates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As for the species name
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1076,1208,1757,1785]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1076,1208,1757,1785]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">cucullatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we follow the recently proposed emendation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="E. C. Dickinson & L. Christidis" box="[643,659,1830,1858]" journalOrPublisher="Aves Press, ed" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" refId="ref27249" refString="6. E. C. Dickinson, L. Christidis, The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. (Aves Press, ed. 4, 2014), vol. 2." title="The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World" type="book" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis box="[643,659,1830,1858]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">6</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of the original spelling of the name (‘
|
||
<emphasis box="[1157,1290,1830,1858]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">cuculatus’</emphasis>
|
||
) on the basis of information in the original description showing that the name was meant to refer to the birds’ hooded appearance (from Latin cucullus – hood).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="54.[192,1389,201,1997]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[288,532,201,229]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Plumage evidence</emphasis>
|
||
: The new subspecies
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,911,201,229]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
from Taliabu is arguably one of the most distinctly-colored, if not the single most distinctly-colored subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1195,1363,274,304]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1195,1363,274,304]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. cucullatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Diagnosis) and is therefore well-deserving of subspecies status. Its reddish-suffused anterior body renders it instantly recognizable among any series of specimens. Although not as unique in morphology, we also describe
|
||
<emphasis box="[747,843,495,523]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">relictus</emphasis>
|
||
from Peleng at the subspecific level mainly on the basis of its distinct coloration. In plumage distinctness,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1087,1183,569,597]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">relictus</emphasis>
|
||
far exceeds several other previously recognized subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[835,1003,642,672]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cucullatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[835,1003,642,672]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. cucullatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1120,1343,642,672]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. c. cinereicollis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="54.[192,1389,201,1997]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[288,569,716,744]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Bioacoustic evidence</emphasis>
|
||
: We have been unsuccessful in procuring a sufficiently large sample set of song recordings of the two new subspecies, precluding rigorous bioacoustic analysis. However, we note that the songs given by these two subspecies in the field did not strike us as very different from the songs of other subspecies we are familiar with. Song playback with recordings from several other islands elicited a ready response at least in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1317,1375,1012,1040]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. c.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,288,1084,1112]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">relictus</emphasis>
|
||
. Based on our bioacoustic experience with Indonesian passerines, we do not have the impression that song differences of the two new subspecies would warrant anything but a subspecific treatment at the present time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="54.[192,1389,201,1997]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[288,536,1305,1333]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Genomic evidence</emphasis>
|
||
: We created a set of ~8,500 SNPs and a genome-wide sequence alignment of over 2 million base pairs (bp), along with an alignment of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase intron 2 (ND2) sequences, to investigate levels of differentiation among
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1883" box="[192,354,1526,1554]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,354,1526,1554]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Phyllergates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaftoilers from Sulawesi, Peleng and Taliabu. Details on laboratory and analytical methods are given in a separate Methods paragraph below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="54.[192,1389,201,1997]" lastBlockId="55.[192,1395,201,2002]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Each of the three subspecies (
|
||
<emphasis box="[669,824,1675,1703]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. c. stentor</emphasis>
|
||
from eastern Sulawesi,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1132,1294,1673,1703]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. c. relictus</emphasis>
|
||
from Peleng and
|
||
<emphasis box="[341,505,1746,1776]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. c. sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
from Taliabu) formed a spatially separate cluster in population- genomic space (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[399,505,1820,1848]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="82.[192,239,1053,1081]" captionTargetBox="[253,1338,249,947]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[192,1395,192,1008]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="Fig. S10. Map of Sulawesi, Peleng, and Taliabu; principal component analysis (PCA) plots of genome-wide marker sets for Phyllergates leaftoilers and Phylloscopus leaf- warblers. Grey areas represent modern-day land extent; black lines off the coasts depict - 120m isobaths, indicating land extent during Quaternary glacial maxima. The triangle, circle and square symbols indicate collection localities on each of the islands (Sulawesi = A, Peleng = B, and Taliabu = C). The two PCA plots on the inset are based on genome-wide sets of 8515 and 4104 SNPs for the leaftoilers and leaf-warblers, respectively. Drawings of the birds are modified from Eaton et al. (57). PC1 and 2 account for more than 50% of observed variation in both taxa, and each island population occupies its own cluster in genomic space." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3608778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3608778/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">fig. S10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The main genomic division according to a PCA based on ~8,500 SNPs occurred between
|
||
<emphasis box="[506,669,1894,1923]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. c. sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
from Taliabu versus the other two subspecies (PC1 in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[192,297,1967,1995]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="82.[192,239,1053,1081]" captionTargetBox="[253,1338,249,947]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[192,1395,192,1008]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="Fig. S10. Map of Sulawesi, Peleng, and Taliabu; principal component analysis (PCA) plots of genome-wide marker sets for Phyllergates leaftoilers and Phylloscopus leaf- warblers. Grey areas represent modern-day land extent; black lines off the coasts depict - 120m isobaths, indicating land extent during Quaternary glacial maxima. The triangle, circle and square symbols indicate collection localities on each of the islands (Sulawesi = A, Peleng = B, and Taliabu = C). The two PCA plots on the inset are based on genome-wide sets of 8515 and 4104 SNPs for the leaftoilers and leaf-warblers, respectively. Drawings of the birds are modified from Eaton et al. (57). PC1 and 2 account for more than 50% of observed variation in both taxa, and each island population occupies its own cluster in genomic space." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3608778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3608778/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">fig. S10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In contrast to the leaf-warbler analysis (see SM6), this main genomic division among leaftoilers was also supported by the mitochondrial tree and the genomic ‘species tree’ (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[201,306,274,302]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="83.[192,239,1206,1234]" captionTargetBox="[201,1390,201,1157]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[192,1395,192,1159]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Fig. S11. Cladograms comparing different phylogenetic analyses for Phyllergates leaftoilers and Phylloscopus leaf-warblers. Topologies are depicted for trees resulting from the application of (1) mitochondrial tree inference (=mtDNA), (2) a coalescent species tree method based on genomic SNPs (=species tree), and (3) concatenation methods applied to genomic SNPs and sequence-based data (=concatenation). Outgroups used (not shown) were Cettia parens for the leaftoilers and Phylloscopus poliocephalus pallescens for the leaf warblers. Branch support values <75 not shown. In the mtDNA and species tree topologies, branch support values sequentially represent mitochondrial maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap, mitochondrial maximum parsimony (MP) bootstrap, and coalescent species tree posterior probability (multiplied by 100). In the concatenation topologies, branch support values sequentially represent bootstrap from ML analysis on the concatenated read supermatrix and bootstrap from MP analysis on concatenated SNPs. Percentage values between clades denote mitochondrial raw pairwise p-divergences for the coding gene used." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3608780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3608780/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">fig. S11</figureCitation>
|
||
), consistently placing
|
||
<emphasis box="[594,755,274,304]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. relictus</emphasis>
|
||
from Peleng close to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1035,1190,276,304]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. stentor</emphasis>
|
||
from Sulawesi, although the concatenated tree built from genome-wide loci was in conflict, placing
|
||
<emphasis box="[1272,1330,350,378]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,288,422,450]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">relictus</emphasis>
|
||
closer to
|
||
<emphasis box="[413,577,422,451]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
. Coincidentally, the majority tree with a basal placement of
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,290,495,523]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
(topology 1 in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[487,589,495,523]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="83.[192,239,1206,1234]" captionTargetBox="[201,1390,201,1157]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[192,1395,192,1159]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Fig. S11. Cladograms comparing different phylogenetic analyses for Phyllergates leaftoilers and Phylloscopus leaf-warblers. Topologies are depicted for trees resulting from the application of (1) mitochondrial tree inference (=mtDNA), (2) a coalescent species tree method based on genomic SNPs (=species tree), and (3) concatenation methods applied to genomic SNPs and sequence-based data (=concatenation). Outgroups used (not shown) were Cettia parens for the leaftoilers and Phylloscopus poliocephalus pallescens for the leaf warblers. Branch support values <75 not shown. In the mtDNA and species tree topologies, branch support values sequentially represent mitochondrial maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap, mitochondrial maximum parsimony (MP) bootstrap, and coalescent species tree posterior probability (multiplied by 100). In the concatenation topologies, branch support values sequentially represent bootstrap from ML analysis on the concatenated read supermatrix and bootstrap from MP analysis on concatenated SNPs. Percentage values between clades denote mitochondrial raw pairwise p-divergences for the coding gene used." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3608780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3608780/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">fig. S11</figureCitation>
|
||
) is also the arrangement that would be supported by the extraordinarily divergent plumage of
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,770,569,597]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
, making it unique among all leaftoiler subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="55.[192,1395,201,2002]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Pairwise divergences between the subspecies (as determined by ND2 distances) were relatively low (0.3-1.7%;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[522,625,790,818]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="83.[192,239,1206,1234]" captionTargetBox="[201,1390,201,1157]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[192,1395,192,1159]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Fig. S11. Cladograms comparing different phylogenetic analyses for Phyllergates leaftoilers and Phylloscopus leaf-warblers. Topologies are depicted for trees resulting from the application of (1) mitochondrial tree inference (=mtDNA), (2) a coalescent species tree method based on genomic SNPs (=species tree), and (3) concatenation methods applied to genomic SNPs and sequence-based data (=concatenation). Outgroups used (not shown) were Cettia parens for the leaftoilers and Phylloscopus poliocephalus pallescens for the leaf warblers. Branch support values <75 not shown. In the mtDNA and species tree topologies, branch support values sequentially represent mitochondrial maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap, mitochondrial maximum parsimony (MP) bootstrap, and coalescent species tree posterior probability (multiplied by 100). In the concatenation topologies, branch support values sequentially represent bootstrap from ML analysis on the concatenated read supermatrix and bootstrap from MP analysis on concatenated SNPs. Percentage values between clades denote mitochondrial raw pairwise p-divergences for the coding gene used." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3608780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3608780/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">fig. S11</figureCitation>
|
||
), at levels generally accepted to be below the species threshold for birds [(~2-3%; (
|
||
<emphasis box="[572,684,863,893]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">100, 10 1</emphasis>
|
||
)], consistent with the current proposed subspecies status. These ND2 divergences further supported the majority tree (topology 1 in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1234,1336,937,965]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="83.[192,239,1206,1234]" captionTargetBox="[201,1390,201,1157]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[192,1395,192,1159]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="Fig. S11. Cladograms comparing different phylogenetic analyses for Phyllergates leaftoilers and Phylloscopus leaf-warblers. Topologies are depicted for trees resulting from the application of (1) mitochondrial tree inference (=mtDNA), (2) a coalescent species tree method based on genomic SNPs (=species tree), and (3) concatenation methods applied to genomic SNPs and sequence-based data (=concatenation). Outgroups used (not shown) were Cettia parens for the leaftoilers and Phylloscopus poliocephalus pallescens for the leaf warblers. Branch support values <75 not shown. In the mtDNA and species tree topologies, branch support values sequentially represent mitochondrial maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap, mitochondrial maximum parsimony (MP) bootstrap, and coalescent species tree posterior probability (multiplied by 100). In the concatenation topologies, branch support values sequentially represent bootstrap from ML analysis on the concatenated read supermatrix and bootstrap from MP analysis on concatenated SNPs. Percentage values between clades denote mitochondrial raw pairwise p-divergences for the coding gene used." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3608780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3608780/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">fig. S11</figureCitation>
|
||
) by consistently rendering
|
||
<emphasis box="[483,647,1010,1040]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
as the most deeply diverged subspecies (up to ~1.7%), whereas
|
||
<emphasis box="[305,467,1084,1114]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. relictus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[529,684,1086,1114]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. stentor</emphasis>
|
||
emerged as only 0.3% diverged.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="55.[192,1395,201,2002]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
In summary, mitochondrial sequence analysis, PCA of genome-wide SNPs and ‘species-tree’ analysis all agree in placing
|
||
<emphasis box="[736,899,1231,1261]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
basal to the other two subspecies, an arrangement supported by its distinct plumage. Therefore, we have no reason to suspect bias in the mitochondrial divergence depth (unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F.Boie" authorityYear="1826" box="[818,989,1378,1406]" class="Aves" family="Phylloscopidae" genus="Phylloscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[818,989,1378,1406]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Phylloscopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see SM6), which supports our bioacoustic assessment that both
|
||
<emphasis box="[617,713,1452,1480]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">relictus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[775,873,1452,1480]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
are at the subspecies level. Future studies of the uniquely colored
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,758,1526,1555]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
may yet challenge this assessment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="55.[192,1395,201,2002]" box="[192,372,1678,1706]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[192,372,1678,1706]" fontSize="12" level="7" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,372,1678,1706]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Methodology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="55.[192,1395,201,2002]" lastBlockId="56.[192,1388,201,2002]" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,522,1752,1780]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Laboratory procedures:</emphasis>
|
||
We extracted genomic DNA of all tissue material available for
|
||
<emphasis box="[1340,1367,1753,1781]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,320,1825,1855]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">c. sulanus</emphasis>
|
||
(n=5) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[462,623,1825,1855]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. relictus</emphasis>
|
||
(n=2), along with two samples of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1064,1219,1827,1855]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. c. stentor</emphasis>
|
||
that we had independently collected on Mt Tumpu on the adjacent eastern Sulawesi peninsula (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="F. E. Rheindt & D. M. Prawiradilaga & S. Suparno & H. Ashari & P. R. Wilton" box="[1256,1288,1899,1927]" journalOrPublisher="Treubia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="61 - 90" part="41" refId="ref27737" refString="19. F. E. Rheindt, D. M. Prawiradilaga, S. Suparno, H. Ashari, P. R. Wilton, New and significant island records, range extensions and elevational extensions of birds in eastern Sulawesi, its nearby satellites, and Ternate. Treubia 41, 61 - 90 (2014)." title="New and significant island records, range extensions and elevational extensions of birds in eastern Sulawesi, its nearby satellites, and Ternate" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1256,1288,1899,1927]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">19</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tissue of a single individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[597,770,1974,2002]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Cettia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[597,770,1974,2002]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Cettia parens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Makira in the Solomon Islands, provided by the American Museum of Natural History in New York, was also extracted to serve as an outgroup in phylogenomic rooting. Laboratory and analytical protocols followed our procedures outlined in SM6 (under
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rheindt & Prawiradilaga & Ashar & Lee & Wu & Ng" authorityYear="2020" box="[648,960,348,376]" class="Aves" family="Phylloscopidae" genus="Phylloscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emilsalimi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[648,960,348,376]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Phylloscopus emilsalimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), utilizing the same reference genome (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1843" box="[312,772,422,450]" class="Aves" family="Phylloscopidae" genus="Phylloscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="trochiloides" subSpecies="viridanus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[312,772,422,450]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Phylloscopus trochiloides viridanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but using a minimum stack depth of 5 in STACKS 1.34 and a minimum required locus coverage of 5 in pyRAD due to differences in sequencing quality. The final filtered dataset for the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1883" box="[863,1025,569,597]" class="Aves" family="Cettiidae" genus="Phyllergates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[863,1025,569,597]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Phyllergates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaftoilers totaled 8,515 SNPs and the final concatenated read supermatrix was 2,002,726 bp long, generated from 13,194 separate loci. For mitochondrial analysis, we sequenced ND2 using the primers L5219Met and H6313Trp (
|
||
<emphasis box="[541,589,790,818]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">13 2</emphasis>
|
||
) with 35 cycles of PCR performed at an annealing temperature of 50-53°C, but otherwise following the procedures as outlined in SM6. The final ND2 alignment for the leaftoilers was 1,015bp long, indel-free and fully translatable. All DNA data has been deposited with Genbank at accession number PRJNA566263 and MN518850-MN518857.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |