375 lines
52 KiB
XML
375 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="B73CB17BA823BEA1B38A9856780D2417" ID-CLB-Dataset="58763" ID-DOI="10.12651/JSR.2020.9.1.011" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7d89a15f-4a4a-4932-a2dc-5763ce57231e" ID-ISSN="2713-8615" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8120496" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1688645620099" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Kim, Sam-Kyu" docDate="2020" docId="03D3BA06F341FF97B57EFC634211FB77" docLanguage="en" docName="JSpeciesRes.9.1.11-18.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Species Research 9 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4D398BFF45FF8CA9E08F546BB06AE372.1:JSpeciesRes.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="4D398BFF45FF8CA9E08F546BB06AE372" docStyleName="JSpeciesRes.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov 1960" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFEAC27EF345FF91B639FFA8430BFF92" masterDocTitle="Two new genera of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Korea" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="11" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1699535238276" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="47377A5D7C3FA4E047F0C011B75ADB45">Two new genera of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Korea</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="67F570D505F798736C5C0DA9A5043EC6" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2D42C30E6C1BB90B57D8E1E346D57979">Kim, Sam-Kyu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C14D38F15FDFC958CAEA99884C2403EA" type="email">samkyuk@kangwon.ac.kr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="4461425741ED5C8A3C200F5A1D264289">Journal of Species Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1333BDA07EAECD84CA684CD0E405385A">
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<mods:date id="F9AB6ED60E00EDF8ED3DDEBEE8168771">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="51F4A0962C9B045C00F33D7D7BB1CD95">2020-02-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="644EFB3660A91A89529058FCFF7E67E9">9</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="823CEBDF275DAE62003D567E690BE8AD">1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3418D3E49C4948B9843CB72B5DF2F5B5" type="DOI">10.12651/JSR.2020.9.1.011</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D3BA06F341FF97B57EFC634211FB77" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8140287" ID-GBIF-Taxon="211053691" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8140287" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D3BA06F341FF97B57EFC634211FB77" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D3BA06F341FF97B57EFC634211FB77" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<subSubSection id="C360589BF341FF95B57EFC634611FC71" box="[839,1306,971,995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC50B10F341FF95B57EFC634611FC71" blockId="4.[839,1444,971,1318]" box="[839,1306,971,995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<heading id="D08DBC7CF341FF95B57EFC634611FC71" bold="true" box="[839,1306,971,995]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B57EFC634611FC71" bold="true" box="[839,1306,971,995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F341FF95B57EFC6347CFFC71" ID-CoL="59RGH" authority="Rubtsov, 1960" authorityName="Rubtsov" authorityYear="1960" box="[839,1220,971,995]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Twinnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonensis">
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B57EFC634715FC71" bold="true" box="[839,1054,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Twinnia japonensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F341FF95B21DFC6347CFFC71" author="Rubtsov, I. A." box="[1060,1220,971,995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" pagination="97 - 160" refId="ref5702" refString="Rubtsov, I. A. 1960. Familie 14: Simuliidae (Melusinidae) [part]. In: E. Lindner (ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region (III) 211: 97 - 160." type="journal article" year="1960">Rubtsov, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13411795F341FF95B2E9FC634619FC71" box="[1232,1298,971,995]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C360589BF341FF95B57EFC44479FFAB7" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC50B10F341FF95B57EFC444745FBD6" blockId="4.[839,1444,971,1318]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F341FF95B57EFC4447F9FB91" ID-CoL="59RGK" authority="Rubtsov, 1960" authorityName="Rubtsov" authorityYear="1960" baseAuthorityName="Dyar & Shannon" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[839,1266,1003,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Twinnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nova">
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B57EFC444745FB91" box="[839,1102,1004,1027]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Twinnia nova japonensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F341FF95B26FFC4347F9FB91" author="Rubtsov, I. A." box="[1110,1266,1003,1027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" pagination="97 - 160" refId="ref5702" refString="Rubtsov, I. A. 1960. Familie 14: Simuliidae (Melusinidae) [part]. In: E. Lindner (ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region (III) 211: 97 - 160." type="journal article" year="1960">Rubtsov, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, 14
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F341FF95B2B4FBA3460EFBB1" ID-CoL="6279F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1165,1285,1035,1059]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
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: 128.
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<typeStatus id="54C1B5B2F341FF95B371FBA44676FBB6" box="[1352,1405,1036,1060]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingCountry id="F36D4B80F341FF95B59CFB8440EAFBD1" box="[933,993,1068,1091]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Japan</collectingCountry>
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(Honshu).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC50B10F341FF95B57EFBE44087FB16" blockId="4.[839,1444,971,1318]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F341FF95B57EFBE447D8FBF6" ID-CoL="88ZV8" authority=": Bentinck, 1955" authorityName="Bentinck" authorityYear="1955" box="[839,1235,1100,1124]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Prosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novum">
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B57EFBE44716FBF6" box="[839,1053,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Prosimulium novum</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F341FF95B217FBE447D8FBF6" author="Bentinck, W." box="[1070,1235,1100,1124]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" refId="ref5367" refString="Bentinck, W. 1955. The black flies of Japan and Korea (Dip- tera: Simuliidae). 406 th Medical General Laboratory, To- kyo, Japan. 23 pp + 32 figures." type="book" year="1955">Bentinck, 1955</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, not Dyar & Shannon.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC50B10F341FF95B57EFB2447EEFB77" blockId="4.[839,1444,971,1318]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F341FF95B57EFB244669FB37" authority=": Uemoto, 1980" authorityName="Uemoto" authorityYear="1980" box="[839,1378,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Prosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonense" subGenus="Twinnia">
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B57EFB2440DAFB36" box="[839,977,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Prosimulium</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B5D9FB25473DFB36" box="[992,1078,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Twinnia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B271FB2547BEFB36" box="[1096,1205,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">japonense</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F341FF95B2FFFB254669FB37" author="Uemoto, K." box="[1222,1378,1165,1189]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" pagination="31 - 40" refId="ref6493" refString="Uemoto, K. 1980. Revision of the genus Prosimulium Rou- baud (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Japan. III. The subgenus Twinnia Stone and Jamnback, 1955 stat. n. Japanese Jour- nal of Sanitary Zoology 31: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Uemoto, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(revision); Saito
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B5D1FB054729FB57" box="[1000,1058,1197,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1996 (Japanese record);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F341FF95B37CFB054098FB77" author="Uemoto, K." pageId="4" pageNumber="15" pagination="1007 - 1033" refId="ref6540" refString="Uemoto, K. 2005. Simuliidae. In: T. Kawai and K. Tanada (eds.), Aquatic insects of Japan: manual with keys and illustrations, Tokai University Press, Japan. pp. 1007 - 1033 (in Japanese)." type="book chapter" year="2005">Uemoto, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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(Japanese key and illustrations).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC50B10F341FF95B57EFB46479FFAB7" blockId="4.[839,1444,971,1318]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F341FF95B57EFB464799FA97" ID-CoL="59RGH" authority=": Saito, 2015" authorityName=": Saito" authorityYear="2015" box="[839,1170,1261,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Twinnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonensis">
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B57EFB464704FA97" box="[839,1039,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Twinnia japonensis</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F341FF95B225FB454799FA97" author="Saito, K." box="[1052,1170,1261,1285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" pagination="13 - 20" refId="ref5745" refString="Saito, K. 2015. Origin of scientific name and Japanese com- mon name of Japanese black flies. Medical Entomology and Zoology 66: 13 - 20 (in Japanese with English abstract)." type="journal article" year="2015">Saito, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Japanese list and names);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F341FF95B567FAA540D3FAB4" author="Adler, P. H." box="[862,984,1293,1318]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" refId="ref5048" refString="Adler, P. H. 2019. World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geo- graphical Inventory. [Available from http: // www. clemson. edu / cafls / biomia / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf accessed 6 Jan. 2020]." type="url" year="2019">Adler, 2019</bibRefCitation>
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(world checklist).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C360589BF341FF95B57EFAE6471CF93B" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BC50B10F341FF95B57EFAE6471CF93B" blockId="4.[839,1444,1358,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B57EFAE640B6FAF4" bold="true" box="[839,957,1358,1382]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Larva of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F341FF95B214FAE747B6FAF4" authorityName=": Saito" authorityYear="2015" box="[1069,1213,1359,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Twinnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonensis">
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B214FAE747B6FAF4" box="[1069,1213,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">T. japonensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be easily distinguished from other black flies by the following characteristics: labral fan absent; gill histoblast with 16 filaments in [(6 + 2) + (4 + 4)] arrangement; postgenal cleft absent; head with anteromedial and posterolateral head spots absent; posteromedial head spots distinct, extended to the level of eye spot; 7 spots at posterolateral and ventral margin of head capsule; hypostoma with teeth broad, apically rounded; median tooth trifid, shorter than lateral and sublateral teeth; rectal papillae with 3 simple, long, slender lobes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C360589BF341FF94B57EF919465DF9F4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC50B10F341FF94B57EF91941E0F85B" blockId="4.[839,1444,1358,1995]" lastBlockId="5.[144,749,1324,1993]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="B90ED702F341FF95B57EF91940D9F95B" bold="true" box="[839,978,1713,1737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Description.</emphasis>
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Larva. Body length
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<quantity id="4C82A6F5F341FF95B28BF9194609F95B" box="[1202,1282,1713,1737]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
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(n = 10). Body (
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<figureCitation id="13411795F341FF95B576F97940ADF97B" box="[847,934,1745,1769]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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) light brownish grey ground color. Head capsule (
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<figureCitation id="13411795F341FF95B5BBF95940D3F898" box="[898,984,1777,1802]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
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) light brown, longer than wide, triangular shaped in dorsal view; moderately covered with pale hairs with dark base (
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<figureCitation id="13411795F341FF95B254F89A47CCF8D8" box="[1133,1223,1842,1866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
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). Cephalic apotome (frontoclypeal apotome) strongly contracted posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F341FF95B576F8DB40ADF819" box="[847,934,1907,1931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F341FF95B27CF8DB47C2F819" box="[1093,1225,1907,1931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3B-3D</figureCitation>
|
||
) with first and second anterolateral head spots distinct, well separated; anteromedial and posterolateral spots absent; posteromedial spots distinct, extended anteriorly to the level of eye spot; posterolateral margin of head capsule with 7 spots, 3 large groups of spots and 3 round spots at the area between eye spots and postocciput, single round spot ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F340FF94B709FA0542BEFA57" box="[304,437,1453,1477]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3A, 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labral fan absent. Antenna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F340FF94B6A1FA654213FA77" box="[152,280,1485,1509]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3B, 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
) with proximal and medial article transparent, distal article brown, gradually tapered toward apex; proportional ratio from proximal to distal article as 0.8: 1: 1. Postgenal cleft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F340FF94B7BAF98642DDF9D4" box="[387,470,1582,1606]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
) absent. Hypostoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F340FF94B4F8F98643A5F9F4" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 7 broad, apically rounded teeth; sublateral teeth prominent, bifid; median tooth round, trifid, shortest; lateral tooth longer than median tooth, slender, curved, dull pointed; paralateral tooth well developed, apically pointed; intermediate teeth and lateral serration well developed; Hypostomal seta 3-4 pairs, simple. Subesophageal ganglion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F340FF94B6CFF8B8424DF8BA" box="[246,326,1808,1832]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
) not pigmented. Prothoracic proleg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F340FF94B4FBF8B843BAF8DA" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
) without lateral sclerite. Gill histoblast (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F340FF94B467F89841A5F8DA" box="[606,686,1840,1864]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 16 filaments, arranged as [(6 + 2) + (4 + 4)] from dorsal to ventral, with long stems. Posterior proleg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F340FF94B457F8D841EFF81B" box="[622,740,1904,1929]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3H, 3I</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 10-12 hooks in 58-64 rows. Rectal papillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13411795F340FF94B4A5F83941EEF83B" box="[668,741,1937,1961]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" captionTargetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-391@5.[173,1384,257,1119]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Larva of Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov. (A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B-D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50μm (E, I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 3 simple, long, slender lobes. Anal sclerite Y shaped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF055B98F340FF94B6A9FBD74170FB77" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120502" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8120502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8120502/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" startId="5.[144,177,1151,1173]" targetBox="[174,1381,260,1119]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC50B10F340FF94B6A9FBD74170FB77" blockId="5.[144,1414,1151,1253]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B6A9FBD743C6FB07" bold="true" box="[144,205,1151,1173]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F340FF94B71EFB284125FB07" authority="Rubtsov." authorityName="Rubtsov." box="[295,558,1151,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Twinnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B71EFB2842DCFB07" box="[295,471,1152,1173]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Twinnia japonensis</emphasis>
|
||
Rubtsov.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A) Larva, lateral and dorsal view; (B) Head, dorsal view; (C) Head, ventral view; (D) Head, anterodorsal view; (E) Hypostoma, phase contrast photomicrograph; (F) Gill histoblast, phase contrast photomicrograph; (G) Prothoracic proleg, lateral view; (H, I) Posterior circlet, phase contrast photomicrograph; (J) Rectal papillae, posterior view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B- D); 200 μm (F, J); 100 μm (G, H); 50 μm (E, I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC50B10F340FF94B510FA84476FFAD1" blockId="5.[809,1414,1324,1993]" box="[809,1124,1324,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B510FA844060FAD6" bold="true" box="[809,875,1324,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36D4B80F340FF94B225FA84476AFAD1" box="[1052,1121,1324,1347]" name="South Korea" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC50B10F340FF94B510FAE4465DF9F4" blockId="5.[809,1414,1324,1993]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B510FAE44739FAF6" bold="true" box="[809,1074,1356,1380]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B12014DF340FF94B204FAE4475AFA57" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4152954306" collectingDate="2019-04-19" collectingDateMax="2019-04-24" collectingDateMin="2019-04-19" collectorName="SK Kim" country="South Korea" county="Banghari" elevation="75" latitude="37.698334" location="Gangwon-do" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="127.725" municipality="Namsan-myeon" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="43" specimenCount-larva="43">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36D4B80F340FF94B204FAE44783FAF1" box="[1085,1160,1356,1379]" name="South Korea" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8EA55DCBF340FF94B2AFFAE44624FAF6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D3BA06F341FF97B57EFC634211FB77:8EA55DCBF340FF94B2AFFAE44624FAF6" box="[1174,1327,1356,1380]" country="South Korea" county="Banghari" latitude="37.698334" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="127.725" municipality="Namsan-myeon" name="Gangwon-do" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Gangwon-do</location>
|
||
, Chuncheon-si,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA1916AF340FF94B5ACFAC54748FA17" box="[917,1091,1389,1413]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Namsan-myeon</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62A4739CF340FF94B269FAC447BDFA16" box="[1104,1206,1388,1412]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Banghari</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4E6DD7F340FF94B2FAFAC4464EFA16" box="[1219,1349,1387,1413]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" precision="15" seconds="16" value="37.787777">
|
||
37°47
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B33DFAC34601FA17" bold="true" box="[1284,1290,1387,1413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
16
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B31CFAC34624FA17" bold="true" box="[1317,1327,1387,1413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">ʺ</emphasis>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4E6DD7F340FF94B36BFAC44075FA36" degrees="127" direction="east" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" precision="15" seconds="28" value="127.54111">
|
||
127° 32
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B57AFA234042FA37" bold="true" box="[835,841,1419,1445]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
28
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B55AFA234066FA37" bold="true" box="[867,877,1419,1445]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">ʺ</emphasis>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, altitude
|
||
<quantity id="4C82A6F5F340FF94B5E7FA244718FA36" box="[990,1043,1420,1444]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="75.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0057EC23F340FF94B5E7FA244718FA36" box="[990,1043,1420,1444]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="75.0">75 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFC42DD0F340FF94B227FA244785FA36" box="[1054,1166,1420,1444]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" value="2019-04-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF80D438F340FF94B227FA244785FA36" box="[1054,1166,1420,1444]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" value="2019-04-19">19.iv.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="268F6EC6F340FF94B2A0FA2547FBFA36" box="[1177,1264,1420,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">SK Kim</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7CC099F340FF94B2C5FA25465AFA36" box="[1276,1361,1420,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" type="larva">4 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
with 2 ultimate, 2 penultimate);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B12014DF340FF94B262FA054630FA77" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4152954308" collectingDate="2019-04-19" collectingDateMax="2019-04-24" collectingDateMin="2019-04-19" collectorName="SK Kim" country="South Korea" county="Banghari" elevation="75" latitude="37.698334" location="Gangwon-do" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="127.725" municipality="Namsan-myeon" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="43" specimenCount-larva="43">
|
||
ditto,
|
||
<date id="FFC42DD0F340FF94B2A4FA05461BFA57" box="[1181,1296,1453,1477]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" value="2019-04-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF80D438F340FF94B2A4FA05461BFA57" box="[1181,1296,1453,1477]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" value="2019-04-24">24.iv.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7CC099F340FF94B327FA05468EFA57" box="[1310,1413,1453,1477]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" type="larva">28 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
with 3 ultimate, 11 penultimate, 14 early instars);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B12014DF340FF94B37DFA6547B0F9D4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4152954305" collectingDate="2019-04-19" collectingDateMax="2019-04-24" collectingDateMin="2019-04-19" collectorName="SK Kim" country="South Korea" county="Banghari" elevation="75" latitude="37.698334" location="Gangwon-do" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="127.725" municipality="Namsan-myeon" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="43" specimenCount-larva="43">
|
||
Gangwon-do, Hongcheon-gun, Bukbang-myeon, Wonso-ri,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4E6DD7F340FF94B510F9A640A2F9B7" box="[809,937,1548,1574]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" precision="15" seconds="54" value="37.698334">
|
||
37°41
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B550F9A44064F9B4" bold="true" box="[873,879,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
54
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B5B3F9A4409FF9B4" bold="true" box="[906,916,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">ʺ</emphasis>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4E6DD7F340FF94B58FF9A6474AF9B7" box="[950,1089,1548,1574]" degrees="127" direction="east" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" precision="15" seconds="30" value="127.725">
|
||
127°43
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B23DF9A44701F9B4" bold="true" box="[1028,1034,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
30
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B21DF9A44725F9B4" bold="true" box="[1060,1070,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">ʺ</emphasis>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, altitude
|
||
<quantity id="4C82A6F5F340FF94B29EF9A647E0F9B7" box="[1191,1259,1550,1574]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="118.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0057EC23F340FF94B29EF9A647E0F9B7" box="[1191,1259,1550,1574]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="118.0">118 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFC42DD0F340FF94B2C0F9A64662F9B4" box="[1273,1385,1550,1574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" value="2019-04-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF80D438F340FF94B2C0F9A64662F9B4" box="[1273,1385,1550,1574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" value="2019-04-19">19.iv.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7CC099F340FF94B341F9A64062F9D4" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
with 1 ultimate, 2 early instars);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B12014DF340FF94B2F8F9864659F9F4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4152954307" collectingDate="2019-04-19" collectingDateMax="2019-04-24" collectingDateMin="2019-04-19" collectorName="SK Kim" country="South Korea" county="Banghari" elevation="75" latitude="37.698334" location="Gangwon-do" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="127.725" municipality="Namsan-myeon" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="43" specimenCount-larva="43">
|
||
ditto,
|
||
<date id="FFC42DD0F340FF94B2C7F9864667F9D4" box="[1278,1388,1582,1606]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" value="2019-04-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF80D438F340FF94B2C7F9864667F9D4" box="[1278,1388,1582,1606]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" value="2019-04-23">23.iv.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7CC099F340FF94B341F9864062F9F4" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" type="larva">8 larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
with 3 ultimate, 3 penultimate, 2 early instars)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360589BF340FF97B510F9C64262FEAF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC50B10F340FF94B510F9C6409EF935" blockId="5.[809,1414,1324,1993]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B510F9C640B6F914" bold="true" box="[809,957,1646,1670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36D4B80F340FF94B5FFF9C74703F914" box="[966,1032,1647,1670]" name="South Korea" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Gangwon-do, new record),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36D4B80F340FF94B371F9C7468EF914" box="[1352,1413,1647,1670]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Honshu).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC50B10F340FF97B510F9074262FEAF" blockId="5.[809,1414,1324,1993]" lastBlockId="6.[174,779,261,1253]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B510F9074711F955" bold="true" box="[809,1050,1711,1735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">Stream information.</emphasis>
|
||
The two streams, which are the only localities where larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F340FF94B254F97847FCF975" box="[1133,1271,1744,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Twinnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F340FF94B254F97847FCF975" box="[1133,1271,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="16">T. japonensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected so far, were small mountainous stream with rubble and sandy bottom, leading to Bukhangang and Hongchengang River, respectively. There were agricultural fields and houses adjacent to the streams, but the streams were maintained relatively clean. The streams were
|
||
<quantity id="4C82A6F5F340FF94B335F8D94646F81A" box="[1292,1357,1904,1929]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3-5 m</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="4C82A6F5F340FF94B561F83940B8F83A" box="[856,947,1937,1961]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="5.0">5-20 cm</quantity>
|
||
deep. The streams were lined with trailing vegetations including reeds. The streams where larvae were collected were partially dried up after
|
||
<date id="FFC42DD0F343FF97B44DFEAE41D4FE8F" box="[628,735,261,286]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" value="2019-05">May 2019</date>
|
||
due to spring drought.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360589BF343FF97B697FEEE41D6FB36" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC50B10F343FF97B697FEEE41D6FB36" blockId="6.[174,779,261,1253]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B697FEEE4216FECC" bold="true" box="[174,285,326,350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B71AFEEE42C9FECC" author="Uemoto, K." box="[291,450,326,350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" pagination="31 - 40" refId="ref6493" refString="Uemoto, K. 1980. Revision of the genus Prosimulium Rou- baud (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Japan. III. The subgenus Twinnia Stone and Jamnback, 1955 stat. n. Japanese Jour- nal of Sanitary Zoology 31: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Uemoto (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erroneously designated the holotype of this species from the female of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B465FECE400CFEEC" author="Bentinck, W." box="[604,775,358,382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" refId="ref5367" refString="Bentinck, W. 1955. The black flies of Japan and Korea (Dip- tera: Simuliidae). 406 th Medical General Laboratory, To- kyo, Japan. 23 pp + 32 figures." type="book" year="1955">Bentinck (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This species is known as a univoltine and overwinters as an egg and hatches in the late April or early May, so the larvae were mainly collected from middle to late April (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B68CFE4F4244FE6D" author="Uemoto, K." box="[181,335,487,511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" pagination="31 - 40" refId="ref6493" refString="Uemoto, K. 1980. Revision of the genus Prosimulium Rou- baud (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Japan. III. The subgenus Twinnia Stone and Jamnback, 1955 stat. n. Japanese Jour- nal of Sanitary Zoology 31: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Uemoto, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to Japanese records (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B49CFE4F43EEFD8D" author="Bentinck, W." pageId="6" pageNumber="17" refId="ref5367" refString="Bentinck, W. 1955. The black flies of Japan and Korea (Dip- tera: Simuliidae). 406 th Medical General Laboratory, To- kyo, Japan. 23 pp + 32 figures." type="book" year="1955">Bentinck, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B6C9FDA04282FD8D" author="Uemoto, K." box="[240,393,519,543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" pagination="31 - 40" refId="ref6493" refString="Uemoto, K. 1980. Revision of the genus Prosimulium Rou- baud (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Japan. III. The subgenus Twinnia Stone and Jamnback, 1955 stat. n. Japanese Jour- nal of Sanitary Zoology 31: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Uemoto, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this species was found infrequently from rapidly flowing small streams fed by melting snow at altitudes above
|
||
<quantity id="4C82A6F5F343FF97B741FDE04115FDCD" box="[376,542,584,608]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1350.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1200.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4E6DD7F343FF97B741FDE042BEFDF2" box="[376,437,584,608]" degrees="1,200" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" precision="55" value="1.2">1,200</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4E6DD7F343FF97B78CFDE2410BFDF2" box="[437,512,584,608]" degrees="1,500" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" precision="55" value="-1.5">-1,500</geoCoordinate>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. Larvae lacked labral fans and used their modified mouthparts to graze food from stones and submerged litter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B422FD2041D4FD32" author="Adler, P. H. & D. C. Currie & D. M. Wood" box="[539,735,648,672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" refId="ref5103" refString="Adler, P. H., D. C. Currie and D. M. Wood. 2004. The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 941 pp + 24 color plates" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Adler
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B458FD214193FD32" box="[609,664,648,672]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so that the larvae and pupae usually attached themselves to the lower surface of stones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B7C3FD6141A9FD73" author="Bentinck, W." box="[506,674,713,737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" refId="ref5367" refString="Bentinck, W. 1955. The black flies of Japan and Korea (Dip- tera: Simuliidae). 406 th Medical General Laboratory, To- kyo, Japan. 23 pp + 32 figures." type="book" year="1955">Bentinck, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B496FD6143EDFC93" author="Uemoto, K." pageId="6" pageNumber="17" pagination="31 - 40" refId="ref6493" refString="Uemoto, K. 1980. Revision of the genus Prosimulium Rou- baud (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Japan. III. The subgenus Twinnia Stone and Jamnback, 1955 stat. n. Japanese Jour- nal of Sanitary Zoology 31: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Uemoto, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but could be found from various aquatic substances including submerged twigs. Korean specimens were collected from streams with moderate to rapid flow with well-developed submerged reed blades. Many larvae were collected from submerged reed roots at artificial waterways with concrete bottoms. No larvae were collected from stones. Unfortunately, no pupae and adults were collected from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36D4B80F343FF97B774FC63429BFC70" box="[333,400,971,994]" name="South Korea" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Adults can be seen from early June to early July and possibly bite humans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B467FC43400DFB91" author="Bentinck, W." box="[606,774,1003,1027]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" refId="ref5367" refString="Bentinck, W. 1955. The black flies of Japan and Korea (Dip- tera: Simuliidae). 406 th Medical General Laboratory, To- kyo, Japan. 23 pp + 32 figures." type="book" year="1955">Bentinck, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B697FBA34287FBB6" author="Shogaki, Y. & K. Makiya & K. Inuzuka" box="[174,396,1035,1060]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" pagination="263 - 278" refId="ref6398" refString="Shogaki, Y., K. Makiya and K. Inuzuka. 1978. Daily fluctu- ation of black flies and biting midges in Kamikochi area, Nagano prefecture. Journal of Kyoto Prefectural Universi- ty of Medicine 87: 263 - 278." type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Shogaki
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B734FBA4424EFBB1" box="[269,325,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB76E1F343FF97B7A0FBA4413CFBB6" author="Uemoto, K." box="[409,567,1036,1060]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" pagination="31 - 40" refId="ref6493" refString="Uemoto, K. 1980. Revision of the genus Prosimulium Rou- baud (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Japan. III. The subgenus Twinnia Stone and Jamnback, 1955 stat. n. Japanese Jour- nal of Sanitary Zoology 31: 31 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Uemoto, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species were collected along with commonly collected species such as,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F343FF97B697FBE4411CFBF6" baseAuthorityName="Takahasi" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[174,535,1100,1124]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uchidai" subGenus="Nevermannia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B697FBE4421FFBF6" box="[174,276,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B71AFBE542BFFBF6" box="[291,436,1101,1124]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Nevermannia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B7FFFBE4411CFBF6" box="[454,535,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">uchidai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F343FF97B41EFBE443FDFB16" authorityName="Rubtsov" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suzukii" subGenus="Simulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B41EFBE44186FBF6" box="[551,653,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B4A5FBE44009FBF6" box="[668,770,1100,1124]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B697FBC443FDFB16" box="[174,246,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">suzukii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F343FF97B73AFBC44155FB16" authorityName="Takaoka, Adler & Fukuda" authorityYear="2019" box="[259,606,1132,1156]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamatoense" subGenus="Simulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B73AFBC4426DFB16" box="[259,358,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B74BFBC442DFFB16" box="[370,468,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B7DAFBC54155FB16" box="[483,606,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">yamatoense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F343FF97B452FBC4426DFB36" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicum" subGenus="Simulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B452FBC441C5FB16" box="[619,718,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B4E2FBC443E2FB36" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B6C1FB25426DFB36" box="[248,358,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">japonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A7093F343FF97B7A6FB2441DDFB36" baseAuthorityName="Shiraki" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[415,726,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oitanum" subGenus="Simulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B7A6FB244109FB36" box="[415,514,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B436FB244179FB36" box="[527,626,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B4B9FB2541DDFB36" box="[640,726,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">oitanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360589BF343FF97B697FB054211FB77" pageId="6" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC50B10F343FF97B697FB054211FB77" blockId="6.[174,779,261,1253]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90ED702F343FF97B697FB054249FB57" bold="true" box="[174,322,1197,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36D4B80F343FF97B772FB054286FB56" box="[331,397,1197,1220]" name="South Korea" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Gangwon-do, new record),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36D4B80F343FF97B4F4FB054001FB56" box="[717,778,1197,1220]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="17">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Honshu).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |