331 lines
37 KiB
XML
331 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="4839CA4EFF1D1A4BBB0FA631F450A0EC" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2719c069-24fe-4cd6-967d-aea11f80e344" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="221852" ID-ZooBank="92C07D63-F2F5-4898-A7FE-4937F4D5A043" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460577976854" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Rapp, Hans Tore & Klautau, Michelle" docDate="2013" docId="038E706DEC167440FF172C0CC66EFD4B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03619p314.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3619 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Leucascus simplex Dendy 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="280" masterDocId="FFB70815EC147445FF802B45C42DFF87" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Leucascus Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea) with revalidation of Ascoleucetta Dendy & Frederick, 1924 and description of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="314" masterPageNumber="275" pageNumber="277" updateTime="1698323617962" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="1162CFCBE72CBA63C4FF4C1E0288BE80" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9BF9A4319A45F4B8CE3F03E38612DA83">
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<mods:title id="B013F6B456E72B48A4BE20F6501D9CD4">Taxonomic revision of Leucascus Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea) with revalidation of Ascoleucetta Dendy & Frederick, 1924 and description of three new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="0D38736C17F1784AE4E1D26F122D839C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0F3366A2ACF8EC8E248C3E3AB34FB903">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BD1EEC1B1F84F71C4B6CA5562DB056EA">Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A19A0EC09445156B9C775B78FFE009EB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F20455D85B3CE987DE58887BA7C98321">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="964CA09C363BF65589033A3025355953" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B532034788A8070F9555B14F2DDDB55B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0313857FD8AAD264680890DE8C3191CD">Klautau, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DC1BAFD89D8721E51499B593B28FE0AB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="16DFC0E08C5A811D5A2482ECE1E4F83F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3AA6927DB96C9789F92530A69949F2C5">
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<mods:date id="986DF61B43EC1641AFB487B358B51ACB">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="523AC0A541D06CED56631EF4882BB83A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="FB5D3A195C713811BA3748308555384A">3619</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="EFFE78A7095778F3335F978AB1B8D0C4">275</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="503805D919C81360A4FDBB7097C4BA3E">314</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="DF2098075084EDE72DB2EB59573F084D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6856B9C059CCC00D8AB81A947B6B42D7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="84C7B379B362AA2E8D0F9E61F750970B" type="GBIF-Dataset">2719c069-24fe-4cd6-967d-aea11f80e344</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DE75FF89AE7040B7EA3481B75A4BA83F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="73B9A93835CBD5AF02FD066164A955B6" type="Zenodo-Dep">221852</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6CAB5E737DB18F5F82D4C2210A0ED053" type="ZooBank">92C07D63-F2F5-4898-A7FE-4937F4D5A043</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="038E706DEC167440FF172C0CC66EFD4B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6153178" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119560644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6153178" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038E706DEC167440FF172C0CC66EFD4B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E706DEC167440FF172C0CC66EFD4B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">
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<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC167447FF172C0CC775F803" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC167447FF172C0CC634F8E5" blockId="2.[151,856,1864,1924]" box="[151,537,1864,1891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">
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<heading id="D0D07617EC167447FF172C0CC634F8E5" bold="true" box="[151,537,1864,1891]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC167447FF172C0CC634F8E5" ID-CoL="6Q3XK" authority="Dendy, 1892" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,537,1864,1891]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC167447FF172C0CC634F8E5" bold="true" box="[151,537,1864,1891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC167447FF172C0CC557F8E4" bold="true" box="[151,378,1865,1891]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">Leucascus simplex</emphasis>
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Dendy, 1892
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC167447FF172C29C775F803" blockId="2.[151,856,1864,1924]" box="[151,856,1900,1924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">
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(
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC167447FF1E2C29C4FDF803" box="[158,208,1900,1924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">type</typeStatus>
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species, by subsequent designation; Dendy & Row 1913)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC167446FF172CF0C5E7F81C" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="278" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC167447FF172CF0C7D1F877" blockId="2.[151,1436,1972,2032]" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC167447FF172CF0C53CF84B" box="[151,273,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Cortical, choanosomal, and atrial skeletons composed mainly of triactines. Apical actine of the tetractines ornamented with spines. Choanocyte tubes predominantly smooth.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF5891F3EC177446FF172D9AC683F8B4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221853/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" targetBox="[158,1427,195,1735]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC177446FF172D9AC683F8B4" blockId="3.[151,1436,1759,1843]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC177446FF172D9AC53FF972" bold="true" box="[151,274,1759,1782]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC177446FE982DA4C64DF972" authority="Dendy 1892" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1892" box="[280,608,1759,1782]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC177446FE982DA4C5F9F972" box="[280,468,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Leucascus simplex</emphasis>
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: Dendy 1892
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</taxonomicName>
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. A, Preserved syntype (NMV
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<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC177446FC0F2DA5C7CDF971" box="[911,992,1760,1782]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42419" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="EnaNcbi">F42419</accessionNumber>
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); B, Transverse section showing the cortical membrane (arrow); C, Cortical membrane; D, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; E, Apical actine (arrow) projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube; F, Atrial membrane.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC177446FF472C25C5E7F81C" blockId="3.[151,1436,1887,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC177446FF472C25C579F8F0" box="[199,340,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Synonymies:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC177446FEDC2C24C6DCF8F0" authority="Dendy 1892: 77" authorityName="Dendy" authorityPageNumber="77" authorityYear="1892" box="[348,753,1887,1912]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC177446FEDC2C24C602F8FF" box="[348,559,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Leucascus simplex</emphasis>
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Dendy 1892: 77
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</taxonomicName>
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; Kirk 1897: 313; Dendy 1913: 9; Dendy & Row 1913: 731; Row & Hôzawa 1931: 742.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC177441FF472CECC53BFEE3" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="279" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC177441FF472CECC0C9FF70" blockId="3.[151,1436,1887,2020]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,716]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="279" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC177446FF472CECC547F847" box="[199,362,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC177446FF472CECC4D4F847" box="[199,249,1961,1984]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Type</typeStatus>
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material:
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</emphasis>
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BMNH 1925.11.1.1729 (
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC177446FD102CE2C6C1F838" box="[656,748,1959,1983]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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; Port Phillip Heads,
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<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC177446FC5A2CE2C069F838" box="[986,1092,1959,1983]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Australia</collectingCountry>
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; R.N. 229; Dendy collection), BMNH 1925.11.1.1730 (
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC177446FE342C89C63DF863" box="[436,528,1996,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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; Port Jackson,
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<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC177446FD412C89C706F863" box="[705,811,1996,2020]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Australia</collectingCountry>
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; R.N. 217; Dendy collection), BMNH 1925.11.1.1731 (
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC107441FF1F2BD2C4D6FF28" box="[159,251,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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; Port Phillip,
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<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC107441FE182BD2C62FFF28" box="[408,514,151,175]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Australia</collectingCountry>
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; R.N. 226; Dendy collection), BMNH 1925.11.1.34 (
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC107441FBDD2BD2C094FF28" box="[1117,1209,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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; Port Phillip Heads,
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<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC107441FF172BF9C52CFF53" box="[151,257,188,212]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Australia</collectingCountry>
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; R.N. 230; Dendy collection), NMV
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<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC107441FD7C2BF9C77FFF53" box="[764,850,188,212]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42418" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="EnaNcbi">F42418</accessionNumber>
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(
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC107441FCF02BF9C7E1FF53" box="[880,972,188,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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; fragment of the specimen BMNH 1925.11.1.1730), and NMV
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<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC107441FE542B9AC604FF70" box="[468,553,223,247]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42419" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="EnaNcbi">F42419</accessionNumber>
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(
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC107441FDB82B9AC6B9FF70" box="[568,660,223,247]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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; fragment of the specimen BMNH 1925.11.1.1731).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF472A40C69DFE9B" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,716]" box="[199,688,260,284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF472A40C572FE9B" box="[199,351,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC107441FF472A40C4D6FE9B" box="[199,251,261,284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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</emphasis>
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Port Phillip Heads,
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<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC107441FDC22A41C681FE9B" box="[578,684,260,284]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF472A6DC53BFEE3" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF472A6DC634FEC7" box="[199,537,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Additional analysed material:</emphasis>
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BMNH 1925.11.1.1399a (Hamburg, S.W. Australian Expedition, 1905; Dendy collection).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC107441FF472A34C1BFFBA0" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF472A34C001FDBB" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF472A34C579FE0F" box="[199,340,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Description:</emphasis>
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The colour
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<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FE5C2A34C60AFE0F" box="[476,551,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">in vivo</emphasis>
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is unknown, but the preserved specimens are beige (
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<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC107441FBF32A2AC0FDFE00" box="[1139,1232,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1428,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leucascus simplex: Dendy 1892. A, Preserved syntype (NMV F 42419); B, Transverse section showing the cortical membrane (arrow); C, Cortical membrane; D, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; E, Apical actine (arrow) projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube; F, Atrial membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221853/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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A). The cormus is massive, formed by tightly anastomosed tubes. The consistency is firm but compressible. The cormus is covered by a thin membrane. In the preparations made by Dendy (BMNH 1925.11.1.1399a, and BMNH 1925.11.1.1731), the cortical membrane could be observed only in some regions (
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<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC107441FCCF2A99C782FE73" box="[847,943,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1428,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leucascus simplex: Dendy 1892. A, Preserved syntype (NMV F 42419); B, Transverse section showing the cortical membrane (arrow); C, Cortical membrane; D, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; E, Apical actine (arrow) projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube; F, Atrial membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221853/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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B). Nevertheless, it was easily observed in slides of the
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<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC107441FEAC2945C5A3FD9F" box="[300,398,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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NMV
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<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC107441FE622ABAC61AFD90" box="[482,567,511,535]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42418" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="EnaNcbi">F42418</accessionNumber>
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and NMV
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<accessionNumber id="94745C98EC107441FD3D2ABAC73BFD90" box="[701,790,511,535]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/F42419" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="EnaNcbi">F42419</accessionNumber>
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. Oscula are simple apertures without any ornamentation and the atrium is reduced, surrounded by a membrane and predominantly smooth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF472902C64AFD4B" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
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The skeletons of the cortex and tubes are formed mainly by triactines, but rare tetractines are also present (
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<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC107441FF1E2929C525FD03" box="[158,264,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1428,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leucascus simplex: Dendy 1892. A, Preserved syntype (NMV F 42419); B, Transverse section showing the cortical membrane (arrow); C, Cortical membrane; D, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; E, Apical actine (arrow) projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube; F, Atrial membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221853/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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C, D). Consequently, tubes are predominantly smooth, but some of them are slightly hispid because of the apical actine of the rare tetractines (
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<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC107441FDD229CAC69DFD20" box="[594,688,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1428,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leucascus simplex: Dendy 1892. A, Preserved syntype (NMV F 42419); B, Transverse section showing the cortical membrane (arrow); C, Cortical membrane; D, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; E, Apical actine (arrow) projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube; F, Atrial membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221853/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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E). The atrial skeleton is similar to the cortical one, with abundant triactines and rare tetractines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC107441FE6829F1C668FD4B" box="[488,581,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1427,195,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1428,195,1735]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Leucascus simplex: Dendy 1892. A, Preserved syntype (NMV F 42419); B, Transverse section showing the cortical membrane (arrow); C, Cortical membrane; D, Spicules in the wall of a choanocyte tube; E, Apical actine (arrow) projected into the lumen of a choanocyte tube; F, Atrial membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221853/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5891F3EC107441FF1729B9C7F2FC94" box="[151,991,764,788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF1729B9C7F2FC94" blockId="4.[151,991,764,788]" box="[151,991,764,788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF1729B9C527FC93" bold="true" box="[151,266,764,788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Spicules measurements (µm) of the syntypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC107441FC9229B8C7F4FC93" box="[786,985,765,788]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FC9229B8C7F4FC93" box="[786,985,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Leucascus simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF6B2870C1A9FCCC" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[235,1412,821,844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF6B2870C1A9FCCC" bold="true" box="[235,1412,821,844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Spicules/ Specimens Actine Length (µm) Width (µm) N</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FD192824C164FCF0" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[665,1353,865,887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Min. Mean SD Max. Min. Mean SD Max.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF2028C8C4D1FC24" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[160,252,909,931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Triactine</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF4828FFC1BFFC48" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[200,1426,953,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">BMNH 1925.11.1.34 83.2 102.9 6.7 114.4 11.7 13.3 0.9 15.9 30</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF4828A3C1BFFC7C" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[200,1426,997,1019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">BMNH 1925.11.1.1731 83.2 99.4 8.1 114.4 7.8 10.0 1.2 13.0 30</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF482F57C1BFFBA0" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[200,1426,1041,1063]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">BMNH 25.11.1.1730 83.2 95.4 7.6 111.8 6.5 8.3 0.7 9.1 30</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC107441FF482F7BC1BFFB2C" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF482F7BC1BEFBD4" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[200,1427,1085,1108]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF482F7BC1BEFBD4" bold="true" box="[200,1427,1085,1108]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">All specimens 83.2 99.2 3.1 114.4 6.5 10.5 2.1 15.9 –</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF202F2CC647FBF8" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[160,618,1129,1151]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Tetractine Basal</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF492FD3C1BFFB2C" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[201,1426,1173,1195]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">BMNH 1925.11.1.34 72.8 100.1 9.2 117.0 10.4 12.1 1.0 14.3 30</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC107441FF492F86C1BFFA84" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF492F86C1BFFB50" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[201,1426,1218,1240]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">BMNH 1925.11.1.1731 85.8 98.8 5.9 109.2 7.8 9.0 0.8 10.4 30</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF492FABC1BFFA84" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[201,1426,1261,1283]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">BMNH 25.11.1.1730 83.2 96.8 7.3 111.8 7.8 8.3 0.7 10.4 30</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC107441FF492E5FC1BFFA00" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF492E5FC1BEFAA8" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[201,1427,1305,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF492E5FC1BEFAA8" bold="true" box="[201,1427,1305,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">All specimens 72.8 98.6 1.3 117.0 7.8 9.8 1.6 14.3 –</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FDAC2E00C642FADC" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[556,623,1349,1371]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Apical</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF4A2E36C1BFFA00" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[202,1426,1393,1416]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">BMNH 1925.11.1.34 26.0 42.3 8.8 65.0 2.6 4.0 1.0 5.2 30</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC107441FF4A2EDBC1BFFA58" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF4A2EDBC1BFFA34" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[202,1426,1437,1459]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">BMNH 1925.11.1.1731 43.7 56.9 9.6 85.0 3.7 4.8 0.5 6.1 30</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF4A2E8EC1BFFA58" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" box="[202,1426,1481,1504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">BMNH 25.11.1.1730 21.9 33.8 9.1 43.7 2.4 3.3 0.9 4.9 12</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC107441FF4A2EB3C017F953" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF4A2EB3C5B4F9EF" blockId="4.[160,1427,821,1548]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,1616,2001]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF4A2EB3C1BFF98C" bold="true" box="[202,1426,1525,1548]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">All specimens 21.9 44.3 9.5 85.0 2.4 4.0 0.6 6.1 –</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF472D15C509F9EF" box="[199,292,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Spicules</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A5F4C0EC107441FEB32D15C5A8F9EF" box="[307,389,1616,1640]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,764,788]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicules measurements (µm) of the syntypes of Leucascus simplex." pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF4E2D31C060F90B" blockId="4.[151,1436,1616,2001]" box="[206,1101,1652,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF572D30C4F2F90B" box="[215,223,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">i</emphasis>
|
||
) Triactines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC107441FEEC2D31C5E0F90B" box="[364,461,1652,1676]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1292,1315]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,769,1271]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[158,1428,769,1271]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Leucascus simplex.: Dendyt \ 1892. A, Triactine (left) and tetractine (right) (syntype BMNH 1925.11.1.34); B, Apical actine of a tetractine (SEM) (syntype NMV F 42418)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221854/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A): Regular. Actines are conical, straight, with blunt tips;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF472DDDC017F953" blockId="4.[151,1436,1616,2001]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF502DDCC4CDF937" box="[208,224,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">ii</emphasis>
|
||
) Tetractines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC107441FEFD2DDDC5CCF937" box="[381,481,1688,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1292,1315]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,769,1271]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[158,1428,769,1271]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Leucascus simplex.: Dendyt \ 1892. A, Triactine (left) and tetractine (right) (syntype BMNH 1925.11.1.34); B, Apical actine of a tetractine (SEM) (syntype NMV F 42418)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221854/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A): Similar to the triactines, but with an apical actine, which is smaller and thinner than the basal actines and shows well developed and abundant spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131CDDFEEC107441FC2B2DF9C035F953" box="[939,1048,1724,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1292,1315]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,769,1271]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[158,1428,769,1271]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Leucascus simplex.: Dendyt \ 1892. A, Triactine (left) and tetractine (right) (syntype BMNH 1925.11.1.34); B, Apical actine of a tetractine (SEM) (syntype NMV F 42418)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221854/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC107440FF472DA5C634FEE3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="280" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC107441FF472DA5C00FF857" blockId="4.[151,1436,1616,2001]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FF472DA5C51FF97F" box="[199,306,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Differently of Dendy’s description (1892), the tetractines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC107441FC7E2DA4C0FEF97F" box="[1022,1235,1760,1784]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FC7E2DA4C0FEF97F" box="[1022,1235,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Leucascus simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not present a vestigial apical actine. Considering the three
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C7FD9EC107441FD0C2C40C6C3F89A" box="[652,750,1797,1821]" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
measured in the present work, this actine has a mean value of 44.3 µm (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A5F4C0EC107441FE842C6DC57AF8C7" box="[260,343,1832,1856]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,764,788]" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicules measurements (µm) of the syntypes of Leucascus simplex." pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and previous authors have already described long apical actines in this species. Kirk (1897), for example, found a value of 70.0 µm for specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC107441FC892C08C78FF8E3" box="[777,930,1868,1892]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Dendy (1913) mentioned that the apical actine of specimens from Providence (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC107441FDCD2C35C6E5F80F" box="[589,712,1904,1928]" name="Seychelles" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
) was well developed (but did not mention the values). Another important observation related to the apical actine of the tetractines was the presence of spines in all specimens studied. This character has previously not been observed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC107441FC262CFCC036F857" box="[934,1051,1977,2000]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="279" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC107441FC262CFCC036F857" box="[934,1051,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="279">Leucascus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC117440FF472BDCC634FEE3" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FF472BDCC5DBFF37" box="[199,502,152,176]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="neocaledonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FF472BDCC5DBFF37" box="[199,502,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Leucascus neocaledonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FDB82BDCC695FF37" box="[568,696,152,176]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FDB82BDCC695FF37" box="[568,696,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. clavatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the species that are most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FB252BDCC132FF37" box="[1189,1311,152,176]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FB252BDCC132FF37" box="[1189,1311,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FEF62BF8C5C7FF53" box="[374,490,188,212]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FEF62BF8C5C7FF53" box="[374,490,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FDA32BF8C6DDFF53" box="[547,752,188,212]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="neocaledonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FDA32BF8C6DDFF53" box="[547,752,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. neocaledonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the higher abundance of tetractines in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FB482BF8C1B8FF53" box="[1224,1429,188,212]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="neocaledonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FB482BF8C1B8FF53" box="[1224,1429,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. neocaledonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which results in tubes that are more hispid. In relation to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FCAF2BA4C781FF7F" box="[815,940,224,248]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FCAF2BA4C781FF7F" box="[815,940,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. clavatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it can be easily separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FAA62BA4C1B6FF7F" box="[1318,1435,224,248]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FAA62BA4C1B6FF7F" box="[1318,1435,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mainly by the presence of diactines in the former. Moreover, it has spicules with sharp tips and an atrial skeleton composed exclusively of triactines, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FD072A6CC6D4FEC7" box="[647,761,296,320]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FD072A6CC6D4FEC7" box="[647,761,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the tips are blunt and the atrial skeleton is formed mainly by triactines and scattered tetractines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33D92F0EC117440FF472A35C66EFD4B" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B98C17BEC117440FF472A35C66EFD4B" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FF472A35C61AFE0F" box="[199,567,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">
|
||
Distribution:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FEE32A34C61AFE0F" box="[355,567,368,392]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Leucascus simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is allegedly a cosmopolitan species. Nevertheless, up to date no species of Calcarea has proved to be truly cosmopolitan. In the present work we reject the previous records of this species in the Atlantic Ocean (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FEF82AF2C5EDFE48" box="[376,448,439,463]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (Borojevic & Peixinho 1976; Muricy
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FCF52AFCC78BFE57" box="[885,934,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1991). Contrary to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FB0B2AFCC0D0FE57" box="[1163,1277,440,464]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FB0B2AFCC0D0FE57" box="[1163,1277,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the Brazilian specimens showed great abundance of tetractines in the atrial skeleton and microdiactines in several parts of the body. These specimens are being described here as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FD692944C789FD9F" box="[745,932,512,536]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="albus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FD692944C789FD9F" box="[745,932,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Leucascus albus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A260A012EC117440FC2D2945C02BFD90" box="[941,1030,512,535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Therefore, up to date
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C27BAF8EC117440FA8A2944C1ADFD9F" box="[1290,1408,512,536]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucascidae" genus="Leucascus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="5" pageNumber="280" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FA8A2944C1ADFD9F" box="[1290,1408,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">L. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered to be present in the Indian and Pacific Oceans: near Port Phillip Heads, Bass Straits, Watson’s Bay, Port Jackson (Dendy 1892); Shark Bay, Geraldton District, Fremantle District, Bunbury District (Row & Hôzawa 1931)—
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FF722929C573FD03" box="[242,350,620,644]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FEEB2929C5CEFD03" box="[363,483,620,644]" name="Seychelles" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Dendy 1913), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FD482928C772FD03" box="[712,863,620,644]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Kirk 1897). Spalding
|
||
<emphasis id="B9531D69EC117440FBE82928C0B7FD03" box="[1128,1178,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007) corresponding ecoregions are: Bassian, South Australian Gulfs, Manning-Hawkesbury, Shark Bay, Houtman, Leeuwin,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FF1729F1C53FFD4B" box="[151,274,692,716]" name="Seychelles" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33081EBEC117440FE2529F0C612FD4B" box="[421,575,692,716]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="280">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |