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<document id="2BFDE4BA92B9C7065106E79697C22954" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629711042571" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Takaoka, Hiroyuki &amp; Shrestha, Suchitra" docDate="2010" docId="CE07391FFF8A244AFF7BBB65FD9BF8DC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02731p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2731" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Simulium (Simulium) titarense Takaoka &amp; Shrestha 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="323E4167FFAE246DFFECBC3BFFFEFFA6" masterDocTitle="New species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Nepal 2731" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1699099897232" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="FEB9BA5AC07C767C9AAD33E05E2B66AD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="DF1D4D842B799994946D9628571B9AF6">
<mods:title id="A15BC45669D6C3D2E04D1F396F1F3715">New species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Nepal 2731</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="AD5D6B9BED4CEAA6891774399824D314" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F6B2D290F02CD9C41D11A0C1B7547F34">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="78ECCA66409034E3B0BD4FADAF975150">Takaoka, Hiroyuki</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="10EF0D3D7064B2D6236CB8299AADB96D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D0682F85BF32C33E71A52AE162F41FD3">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C4AC2F39F9FB93FF0F2211173C4F38A8">Shrestha, Suchitra</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title id="7E5946039EC335B306A6937960F3193F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="A3514D3ED64D82C56EBA507E9313897A">
<mods:date id="B15D6E8476520D1801C69DC2D6BED5DA">2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="B992885E25EE394598FC4B97E7111873" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="C145318A3530D3EC263AB1BDAE4BAFCF">2010-12-24</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="8E74BA7CB49AC976BD13F7FF33A7A190" type="volume">
<mods:number id="6CD3AC7DA512D3E40F6E883CF5789C13">2731</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="4F05CA144123325A254F22A92BBFB6E8">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5CBAE03BE22A228418202B509585C955" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="CE07391FFF8A244AFF7BBB65FD9BF8DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5294952" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5294952" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE07391FFF8A244AFF7BBB65FD9BF8DC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE07391FFF8A244AFF7BBB65FD9BF8DC" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF8A2449FF7BBB65FC82F8DE" box="[151,892,1886,1912]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="46118809FF8A2449FF7BBB65FC82F8DE" blockId="36.[151,892,1886,1912]" box="[151,892,1886,1912]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<heading id="1D593F65FF8A2449FF7BBB65FC82F8DE" bold="true" box="[151,892,1886,1912]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="1">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8A2449FF7BBB65FC82F8DE" bold="true" box="[151,892,1886,1912]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF8A2449FF7BBB65FCE9F8DE" ID-CoL="8DYZM" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,791,1886,1912]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titarense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8A2449FF7BBB65FEF0F8DE" bold="true" box="[151,270,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8A2449FEF3BB65FE68F8DE" bold="true" box="[287,406,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8A2449FE4BBB65FDF1F8DE" bold="true" box="[423,527,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">titarense</emphasis>
Takaoka &amp; Shrestha
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF8A2449FCF2BB65FC82F8DE" box="[798,892,1886,1912]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF8A244AFF7BBB95FD79FC2C" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph id="46118809FF8A2448FF7BBB95FBFCF81A" blockId="36.[151,1436,1966,2032]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1437,152,1980]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8A2449FF7BBB95FED6F86E" bold="true" box="[151,296,1966,1992]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Description</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8A2449FEDABB95FE8BF86E" bold="true" box="[310,373,1966,1992]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Male</emphasis>
. Body length 3.0 mm.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8A2449FD68BB95FD3BF86E" bold="true" box="[644,709,1966,1992]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Head</emphasis>
. Wider than thorax. Upper eye consisting of large facets in 20 vertical columns and in 20 horizontal rows. Clypeus brownish-black, thickly white pruinose and brightly iridescent when illuminated at certain angle of light, sparsely covered with dark brown hairs along and near lateral margins (most of central portion bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, medium to dark brown except scape and pedicel dark yellow and base of 1st flagellomere yellow when viewed dorsally (though 1st to 3rd flagellomeres appearing dark yellow to light brown when viewed ventrally); 1st flagellomere elongate, 1.82 times as long as 2nd one. Maxillary palp dark brown, composed of 5 segments with proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments 1.00:1.29:2.78; 3rd segment (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FB99BD5BFB21FEDC" box="[1141,1247,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
) of normal size; sensory vesicle (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FEB1BDB3FE34FE04" box="[349,458,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
) ellipsoidal, 0.31 times as long as 3rd segment, and with small opening.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8B2448FAD7BDBCFA6AFE07" bold="true" box="[1339,1428,391,417]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Thorax</emphasis>
. Scutum brownish-black to black, with whitish-gray pruinose pattern, i.e., anterior pair of large spots on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins and connected to large transverse spot entirely covering prescutellar area; either anterior or posterior 1/2 of large pruinose spot on each shoulder disappearing depending on angle of light; pruinose areas brightly iridescent when illuminated at certain angle of light; scutum uniformly and moderately covered with yellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum dark brown, with several dark long upright hairs as well as yellow short recumbent hairs. Postnotum dark brown, bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum brownish-black, bare.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8B2448FF7BBEFCFF2EFD47" bold="true" box="[151,208,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Legs</emphasis>
. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow except ventral surface light brown; femur yellow except apical cap medium brown; tibia yellowish-white except apical cap and inner margin dark brown, and with white large sheen on outer surface; tarsus dark brown, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.33 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter dark brown except base whitish-yellow; femur yellow except apical cap dark yellow; tibia yellowish-white to yellow except apical cap medium brown; tibia with white large sheen on posterior surface; tarsus medium brown except basal 1/2 of basitarsus yellow. Hind leg: coxa dark brown to brownish-black; trochanter yellow; femur yellow except apical cap medium brown; tibia medium to dark brown except base yellowish-white; tarsus medium brown except little less than basal 1/2 of both basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere yellowish-white (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FB4FB833FAEFFB84" box="[1187,1297,1032,1058]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20B</figureCitation>
); basitarsus (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FF73B80BFEF5FBEC" box="[159,267,1072,1098]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20B</figureCitation>
) enlarged, gradually widened from base toward apical 1/4, then narrowed to apex, 3.75 times as long as wide, and 0.96 and 1.14 times as wide as greatest width of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FF73B8BBFEF7FB3C" box="[159,265,1152,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20B</figureCitation>
) developed, small, 0.82 times as long as its basal width, and 0.22 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FE4BB893FDEFFB64" box="[423,529,1192,1218]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20B</figureCitation>
) well developed at basal 1/3 of 2nd tarsomere.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8B2448FBA8B89CFB7AFB67" bold="true" box="[1092,1156,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Wing</emphasis>
. Length
<quantity id="815625ECFF8B2448FB03B893FAB3FB64" box="[1263,1357,1192,1218]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
.
<collectingRegion id="846A46EBFF8B2448FAB5B893FA65FB64" box="[1369,1435,1192,1218]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Costa</collectingRegion>
with dark brown spinules and hairs. Subcosta with 1 or 2 hairs. Hair tuft on stem vein dark. Basal portion of radius fully haired. R
<subScript id="DA2A8A4CFF8B2448FE7FB933FE65FAB0" attach="left" box="[403,411,1288,1302]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
with dark spinules and hairs. R
<subScript id="DA2A8A4CFF8B2448FCFFB933FCE5FAB0" attach="left" box="[787,795,1288,1302]" fontSize="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2</subScript>
with dark hairs only. Basal cell and basal median cell absent.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8B2448FF1DB919FE9AFA9A" bold="true" box="[241,356,1314,1340]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Basal scale brownish-black, with fringe of dark brown long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium to dark brown, moderately covered with brassy short hairs intermixed with dark brown short to medium-long hairs; segments 2 and 5–7 each with pair of bright iridescent pruinose spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 connected broadly to each other in middle; segment 8 also with pair of shiny spots laterally when illuminated at certain angle of light.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF8B2448FD63B9F9FD01FA7A" bold="true" box="[655,767,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Genitalia</emphasis>
. Coxite in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FBC4B9F9FB6DFA7A" box="[1064,1171,1474,1500]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20C</figureCitation>
) nearly quadrate, 1.16 times as long as wide; coxite in ventrolateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FD03B9D1FCA7F9A2" box="[751,857,1514,1540]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20D</figureCitation>
) 0.86 times as long as wide. Style in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FF73BA29FEF7F98A" box="[159,265,1554,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20C</figureCitation>
) and in ventrolateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FDA2BA29FD46F98A" box="[590,696,1554,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20D</figureCitation>
) elongate, slightly sinuous, nearly parallel-sided, 1.48 times as long as coxite, with subapical spine; style in medial view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FCB1BA01FC39F9F2" box="[861,967,1594,1620]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20E</figureCitation>
) with long basal protuberance directed dorsomedially, bearing 3 or 4 spinules on its apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FBBDBA59FB45F9DA" box="[1105,1211,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20C</figureCitation>
) with nearly quadrate body, though lateral margins slightly widened posteriorly and posterior margin somewhat concave, and moderately covered with minute setae on anterior and anterolateral surfaces; arms diverged basally from each other at obtuse angle; ventral plate in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FD16BAE1FC9CF952" box="[762,866,1754,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20F</figureCitation>
) triangular, though ventral tip rounded, with no serrated posterior margin; ventral plate in end view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FD10BB39FC98F8BA" box="[764,870,1794,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20G</figureCitation>
) bell-shaped, without seta. Median sclerite (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FA80BB39FF35F8E2" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20H</figureCitation>
) well sclerotized, plate-like, gradually widened, and with round apical tip. Paramere (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FB00BB11FAAEF8E2" box="[1260,1360,1834,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20I</figureCitation>
) wide basally, with several short to long hooks. Aedeagal membrane very densely covered with minute setae; dorsal plate (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FF0EBB41FEBBF832" box="[226,325,1914,1940]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20J</figureCitation>
) small, moderately sclerotized. Abdominal segment 10 (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FC00BB41FB8CF832" box="[1004,1138,1914,1940]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20K,L</figureCitation>
) without distinct hair on ventral surface. Cercus (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF8B2448FE58BB99FDC6F81A" box="[436,568,1954,1980]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 20K,L</figureCitation>
) small, rounded, with 10 distinct hairs.
</paragraph>
<caption id="12D1D881FF88244BFF7BB9DCFB47F939" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" targetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" targetPageId="38">
<paragraph id="46118809FF88244BFF7BB9DCFB47F939" blockId="38.[151,1436,1511,1695]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF88244BFF7BB9DCFED7FA59" bold="true" box="[151,297,1511,1535]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
Male of
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF88244BFE62B9D3FD25FA59" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[398,731,1512,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titarense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF88244BFE62B9D3FE0AFA59" box="[398,500,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF88244BFDEAB9D3FD92FA59" box="[518,620,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF88244BFD91B9D3FD25FA59" box="[637,731,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">titarense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF88244BFD0FB9DCFCC5FA59" bold="true" box="[739,827,1511,1535]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF88244BFD0FB9DCFCC5FA59" box="[739,827,1511,1535]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="46118809FF88244AFF2ABAF3FACEFCC1" blockId="38.[151,1436,1736,2004]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1437,152,1914]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF88244BFF2ABAF3FEF9F944" bold="true" box="[198,263,1736,1762]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Pupa</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="815625ECFF88244BFE59BAF3FDEAF944" box="[437,532,1736,1762]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF88244BFDCEBAF3FD9DF944" bold="true" box="[546,611,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Head</emphasis>
. Integument yellow to dark yellow, densely and elaborately covered with small round tubercles except antennal sheaths mostly bare; frons with 2 pairs of simple short trichomes (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF88244BFF73BB36FEF0F881" box="[159,270,1805,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 21A</figureCitation>
); face with pair of simple medium-long trichomes (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF88244BFC99BB36FC1FF881" box="[885,993,1805,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 21B</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF88244BFC1BBB36FBAFF881" bold="true" box="[1015,1105,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thorax</emphasis>
. Integument yellow to dark yellow, densely and elaborately covered with small round tubercles except most tubercles on dorsal surface of posterior area covered with cone-shaped tubercles; thorax on each side with 3 trifid or quadrifid long stout trichomes anterodorsally (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF88244BFE31BB4EFDB0F829" box="[477,590,1909,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 21C</figureCitation>
), 2 trichomes (1 simple, medium-long, 1 bifid, very long and stout) anterolaterally (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF88244BFEB5BBA3FE34F814" box="[345,458,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 21D</figureCitation>
), 1 simple medium-long stout trichome mediolaterally (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF88244BFB95BBA3FB16F814" box="[1145,1256,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 21E</figureCitation>
), and 3 simple trichomes (2 long, stout, 1 short, slender) ventrolaterally (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF88244BFC9CBB81FC1EF872" box="[880,992,1978,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 21F</figureCitation>
). Gill (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF88244BFBD5BB81FB54F872" box="[1081,1194,1978,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 21G</figureCitation>
) with 6 thread-like filaments arranged as 2+1+1+1+1 from dorsal to ventral; dorsal pair with short stalk, 4 filaments of ventral and middle groups independently arising (i.e., bases of these filaments not touching each other); lowermost filament shortest (
<quantity id="815625ECFF89244AFE82BCE6FE27FF51" box="[366,473,221,247]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="0.95">0.95 mm</quantity>
long) and uppermost filament probably longest (tip of this filament on each side lost, then exact length unmeasureable, probably
<quantity id="815625ECFF89244AFD38BD3BFCCEFEBC" box="[724,816,256,282]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
) and other filaments intermediate in length (1.0–
<quantity id="815625ECFF89244AFA9BBD3BFF35FE9A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
); relative thickness of filaments from dorsal to ventral 1.00:0.82:0.91:0.82:1.00:0.73 (right gill) and 1.00:0.82:0.82:0.82:1.00:0.82 (left gill) when compared basally (inner filament of middle group of left gill and ventralmost filament of right gill very slightly constricted at base); all filaments light ocherous, covered with annular ridges and furrows except basal short portion without such ridges and furrows and densely covered with minute tubercles on entire surface.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFD06BD96FC9EFE61" bold="true" box="[746,864,429,455]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Dorsally, nearly transparent except segment 1 weakly sclerotized and light ocherous; segment 1 without tubercles, with 1 simple short seta on each side; segment 2 without tubercles, with 1 simple short seta and 5 simple very short setae, of which 3 somewhat stout and spinous, on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with 4 distinct simple hooks and 1 simple very short seta on each side; segments 5–7 and 9 lacking spine-combs; segment 8 with distinct spine-combs in transverse row; segments 6–9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 without pair of terminal hooks. Ventrally, segments 3–8 transparent, each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 4 with few simple very short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid stout hooks submedially and few simple very short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and simple outer stout hooks somewhat separated from each other and few simple very short setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFD5BBF3CFCE9FC87" bold="true" box="[695,791,775,801]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Cocoon</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF89244AFCC6BF33FC60FC84" box="[810,926,776,802]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 21H</figureCitation>
). Light yellow, wall-pocket shaped, with anterolateral windows (1 large open space on right side and 2 medium-sized open spaces on left side), tightly woven and not extending ventrolaterally; individual threads invisible;
<quantity id="815625ECFF89244AFC22BF76FBD6FCC1" box="[974,1064,845,871]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="815625ECFF89244AFB63BF76FB16FCC1" box="[1167,1256,845,871]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF89244AFF2ABF54FD79FC2C" blockId="39.[151,1437,152,1914]" box="[198,647,879,906]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF2ABF54FEDFFC2F" bold="true" box="[198,289,879,905]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Female</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFEB6BF54FE03FC2F" bold="true" box="[346,509,879,905]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">mature larva</emphasis>
. Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF89244AFF2ABFAEFE13FBCC" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="46118809FF89244AFF2ABFAEFEDAFBB9" blockId="39.[151,1437,152,1914]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF2ABFAEFE73FC09" bold="true" box="[198,397,917,943]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Type specimen.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="F6C68254FF89244AFE77BFAEFEDAFBB9" collectingDate="2009-09-23" country="Nepal" elevation="2" location="Titar" municipality="Mustang" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="991536ABFF89244AFE77BFAEFDF6FC09" box="[411,520,917,943]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) (preserved in 80% ethanol), collected from a stream (width
<quantity id="815625ECFF89244AFD99BF81FD5AFC72" box="[629,676,954,980]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="2.0">
<elevation id="CD836F3AFF89244AFD99BF81FD5AFC72" box="[629,676,954,980]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, water temperature 18.0˚C, exposed to the sun, altitude
<quantity id="815625ECFF89244AFAD8BF81FA69FC72" box="[1332,1431,954,980]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="1700.0">
<elevation id="CD836F3AFF89244AFAD8BF81FA69FC72" box="[1332,1431,954,980]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="1700.0">1,700 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 28˚56’37.3” N, 83˚63’59.1” E), moderately flowing along the road, on the way to
<location id="4371DED2FF89244AFB65BFDBFB3BFC5C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE07391FFF8A244AFF7BBB65FD9BF8DC:4371DED2FF89244AFB65BFDBFB3BFC5C" box="[1161,1221,992,1018]" country="Nepal" municipality="Mustang" name="Titar" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Titar</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A6751273FF89244AFB3EBFDBFAC1FC5C" box="[1234,1343,992,1018]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Mustang</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FF89244AFAA0BFDBFA69FC5C" box="[1356,1431,992,1018]" name="Nepal" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="3210AEC9FF89244AFF7BB83EFEDEFBB9" box="[151,288,1029,1055]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2009-09-23">
<collectingDate id="22545721FF89244AFF7BB83EFEDEFBB9" box="[151,288,1029,1055]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2009-09-23">23.IX.2009</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF89244AFF2AB811FE13FBCC" blockId="39.[151,1437,152,1914]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF2AB811FE6DFBE2" bold="true" box="[198,403,1066,1092]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Biological notes.</emphasis>
The pupa of this new species was collected from a grass leaf trailing in water. No other speices was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF89244AFF2AB84EFEF6FB12" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="46118809FF89244AFF2AB84EFEF6FB12" blockId="39.[151,1437,152,1914]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF2AB84EFEADFB29" bold="true" box="[198,339,1141,1167]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFDACB84EFD58FB28" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[576,678,1141,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titarense">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFDACB84EFD58FB28" box="[576,678,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">titarense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the locality name, Titar, where this new species was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF89244AFF2AB884FD9BF8DC" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="46118809FF89244AFF2AB884FEDFFAEC" blockId="39.[151,1437,152,1914]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF2AB884FEC1FB7F" bold="true" box="[198,319,1215,1241]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Remarks.</emphasis>
This new species is assigned to the
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFCF1B8FBFC65FB7F" authorityName="Brunetti" authorityYear="1911" box="[797,923,1216,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseifrons">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFCF1B8FBFC65FB7F" box="[797,923,1216,1241]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">griseifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFAC1B8FBFEE6FB59" authority="(Simulium)" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFAC1B8FBFA62FB7F" box="[1325,1436,1216,1241]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF4DB8DEFEF1FB58" box="[161,271,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Simulium</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
in that it has the style bearing an elongate basal protuberance (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF89244AFC12B8DEFB96FB59" box="[1022,1128,1253,1279]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 20E</figureCitation>
), the ventral plate without toothed posterolateral margins (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF89244AFDE1B931FD70FA82" box="[525,654,1290,1316]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="38.[151,256,1511,1535]" captionTargetBox="[173,1416,189,1493]" captionTargetId="figure-273@38.[167,1419,169,1509]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 20. Male of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; ventrolateral view); E, style with basal protuberance (left side; medial view); F, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); G, ventral plate (end view); H, median sclerite (end view); I, paramere with several hooks (left side; end view); J, dorsal plate (ventral plate); K &amp; L, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; K, lateral view; L, end view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–L." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 20F,G</figureCitation>
) in the male, combined with the gill with six filaments (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF89244AFAC4B931FA6AFA82" box="[1320,1428,1290,1316]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 21G</figureCitation>
) in the pupa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF89244AFF2AB96EFC3DF942" blockId="39.[151,1437,152,1914]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
This new species is similar to
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFDDBB96EFDB8FAC8" box="[567,582,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFDBBB96EFBBDFAC9" authority="Chen, Luo &amp; Yang, S." authorityName="Chen, Luo &amp; Yang, S." box="[599,1091,1365,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hongpingense" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFD8DB96EFD8EFAC8" box="[609,624,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFD67B96EFCD0FAC8" box="[651,814,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">hongpingense</emphasis>
Chen, Luo &amp; Yang,
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFBC2B96EFBC2FAC8" box="[1070,1084,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFBA2B96EFF1EFA32" authority="Zhang &amp; Wang" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Wang" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multifurcatum" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFBB4B96EFB99FAC8" box="[1112,1127,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFB6DB96EFAD8FAC8" box="[1153,1318,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">multifurcatum</emphasis>
Zhang &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFF06B940FDD5FA32" authority="Chen, S." authorityName="Chen, S." box="[234,555,1402,1428]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ramulosum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF06B940FF07FA32" box="[234,249,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFEFEB940FED6FA32" box="[274,296,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFED7B940FE41FA32" box="[315,447,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ramulosum</emphasis>
Chen,
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFDF9B940FDDAFA32" box="[533,548,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFDDFB941FC13FA32" authority="An, Hao &amp; Yan" authorityName="An, Hao &amp; Yan" box="[563,1005,1402,1428]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shangchuanense" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFDD1B940FDB2FA32" box="[573,588,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFD89B940FCD6FA32" box="[613,808,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">shangchuanense</emphasis>
An, Hao &amp; Yan
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFBC0B940FBC5FA32" box="[1068,1083,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFBB8B940FB9DFA32" box="[1108,1123,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFB90B940FAB1FA32" box="[1148,1359,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">shennongjianense</emphasis>
Yang, Luo &amp; Chen, all from
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FF89244AFE4CB99BFE18FA1C" box="[416,486,1440,1466]" name="China" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FF89244AFE1AB99BFD5AFA1C" author="An, J. Y. &amp; Hao, B. S. &amp; Yang, G." box="[502,676,1440,1466]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="187 - 193" refId="ref37217" refString="An, J. Y., Hao, B. S. &amp; Yang, G. (1998) Two new blackflies of Simulium (Simulium) from Guangdong Province, China (Diptera: Simuliidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 41, 187 - 193. (In Chinese with English summary)." type="journal article" year="1998">
An
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFDCFB99BFDA9FA1F" box="[547,599,1440,1465]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FF89244AFD5CB99BFCCAFA1C" author="Chen, H. B." box="[688,820,1440,1466]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="100 - 103" refId="ref37275" refString="Chen, H. B. (2000) Descriptions of two new species from Leigong Mountain, Guizhou Province, China (Diptera: Simuliidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 25, 100 - 103." type="journal article" year="2000">Chen 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FF89244AFCADB99BFBF6FA1C" author="Chen, H. B. &amp; Luo, H. B. &amp; Yang, M." box="[833,1032,1440,1466]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="874 - 879" refId="ref37313" refString="Chen, H. B., Luo, H. B. &amp; Yang, M. (2006) First list of blackflies with two new species from Shennongjia, Hubei Province, China (Diptera: Simuliidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 31, 874 - 879." type="journal article" year="2006">
Chen
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFC6BB99BFC45FA1F" box="[903,955,1440,1465]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FF89244AFBF9B99BFB24FA1C" author="Yang, M. &amp; Luo, H. B. &amp; Chen, H. B." box="[1045,1242,1440,1466]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="839 - 841" refId="ref38507" refString="Yang, M., Luo, H. B. &amp; Chen, H. B. (2005) Description of a new species of the genus Simulium Latreille from Shennongjia, Hubei, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30, 839 - 841." type="journal article" year="2005">
Yang
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFBB5B99BFB73FA1F" box="[1113,1165,1440,1465]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FF89244AFB0BB99BFF2BFA79" author="Zhang, I. &amp; Wang, D. Q." pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="109 - 113" refId="ref38555" refString="Zhang, I. &amp; Wang, D. Q. (1991) A new species of Simulium from Fujian, China (Diptera: Simuliidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 16, 109 - 113." type="journal article" year="1991">Zhang &amp; Wang 1991</bibRefCitation>
) in sharing the following pupal characteristics: head and thoracic integument densely covered with tubercles, thoracic integument with branched trichomes, abdominal segment 9 lacking terminal hooks and cocoon with a large anterolateral window on each side. However,
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFC4EBA2BFC4EF98F" box="[930,944,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFC2CBA2BFBA9F98F" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[960,1111,1552,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="titarense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFC26BA2BFC27F98F" box="[970,985,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFC1EBA2BFBA9F98F" box="[1010,1111,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">titarense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFBB3BA34FB43F98F" bold="true" box="[1119,1213,1551,1577]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF89244AFBB3BA34FB43F98F" box="[1119,1213,1551,1577]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is distinguished in the male from
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFEA8BA0EFEADF9E8" box="[324,339,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFE8FBA0EFDC4F9E8" box="[355,570,1589,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hongpingense" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFE80BA0EFE85F9E8" box="[364,379,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFE78BA0EFDC4F9E8" box="[404,570,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">hongpingense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFDD6BA0EFDABF9E8" box="[570,597,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">, S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFD88BA0EFCA9F9E8" box="[612,855,1589,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shangchuanense" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFD82BA0EFD83F9E8" box="[622,637,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFD7ABA0EFCA9F9E8" box="[662,855,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">shangchuanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFC7EBA0EFC5FF9E8" box="[914,929,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFC56BA0EFC36F9E8" box="[954,968,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFC0EBA0EFB4AF9E8" box="[994,1204,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">shennongjianense</emphasis>
by the shape of the ventral plate which is flat in all these three known species, and also in the pupa from
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFB69BA60FB6AF9D2" box="[1157,1172,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFB4FBA61FA87F9D2" box="[1187,1401,1626,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hongpingense" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFB40BA60FB45F9D2" box="[1196,1211,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFB38BA60FA87F9D2" box="[1236,1401,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">hongpingense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFA95BA60FA83F9D2" box="[1401,1405,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFA69BA60FEA8F93F" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ramulosum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFA69BA60FA6AF9D2" box="[1413,1428,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF4DBABBFF46F93F" box="[161,184,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF20BABBFEA8F93F" box="[204,342,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ramulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFE79BABBFE5AF93F" box="[405,420,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFE2CBABBFE31F93F" box="[448,463,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFE07BABBFD37F93F" box="[491,713,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">shennongjianense</emphasis>
by the absence of spine-combs on the seventh abdominal segment and from
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFE9DBA9EFE7EF918" box="[369,384,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFE62BA9EFD9AF918" box="[398,612,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multifurcatum" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFE74BA9EFE58F918" box="[408,422,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFE53BA9EFD9AF918" box="[447,612,1701,1726]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">multifurcatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the middle and ventral paired filaments which are almost sessile in this new species (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF89244AFE89BAF1FE2EF942" box="[357,464,1738,1764]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="40.[151,256,1357,1381]" captionTargetBox="[185,1408,201,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-234@40.[172,1416,182,1355]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) titarense sp. nov. A, frontal trichomes; B, facial trichome; C–F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral); G, anterior part of thorax with 6 gill filaments (left side; outer view); H, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.5 mm for H; 0.1 mm for G; 0.01 mm for A–F." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 21G</figureCitation>
) but short-stalked in
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFD25BAF0FD26F942" box="[713,728,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFD0ABAF1FC42F942" box="[742,956,1738,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multifurcatum" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFD1CBAF0FD01F942" box="[752,767,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFCFBBAF0FC42F942" box="[791,956,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">multifurcatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF89244AFF2ABACBFD9BF8DC" blockId="39.[151,1437,152,1914]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFF2ABACBFECBF8AF" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[198,309,1776,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFF2ABACBFECBF8AF" box="[198,309,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Simulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF89244AFED3BACBFD85F8AC" authority="Datta" authorityName="Datta" authorityYear="1974" box="[319,635,1776,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biforaminiferum" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFEA5BACBFEA9F8AF" box="[329,343,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF89244AFE9EBACBFDCCF8AF" box="[370,562,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">biforaminiferum</emphasis>
Datta
</taxonomicName>
described from
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FF89244AFCAFBACBFC81F8AC" box="[835,895,1776,1802]" name="India" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FF89244AFC7DBACBFBE6F8AC" author="Datta, M." box="[913,1048,1776,1802]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="457 - 468" refId="ref37577" refString="Datta, M. (1974) New species of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Darjeeling area, India. Oriental Insects, 8, 457 - 468." type="journal article" year="1974">Datta 1974</bibRefCitation>
) shows some similarities to this new species in having the six pupal gill filaments and the cocoon with an anterolateral window on each side, but differs by the presence of terminal hooks in the last abdominal segment as well as the presence of spinecombs on the abdominal segments 7–9.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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