505 lines
57 KiB
XML
505 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="A4728AFEACADA13B5B034162FB850C72" ID-CLB-Dataset="36820" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3829.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a4b69269-5a4c-4b5b-9f89-6b314d3ba284" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="286556" ID-ZooBank="75210CDC-AC6A-4624-A6F1-1BC969BC7CAA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460452709399" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pyron, Robert Alexander & Wallach, Van" docDate="2014" docId="03B587DDC117B162CFD7CBDFFE62FEE2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03829p081.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3829 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Typhlops Oppel 1811" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FF8CFFA5C13AB14CCF40CA0EFFB9FFA2" masterDocTitle="Systematics of the blindsnakes (Serpentes: Scolecophidia: Typhlopoidea) based on molecular and morphological evidence" masterLastPageNumber="81" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1698338434491" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="19C047F6B1BA512C2C0F379A07994490" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="21335C5397E74A77C5116FDA053827EE">
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<mods:title id="860B30D65D7249D27C4D12A13380C9BB">Systematics of the blindsnakes (Serpentes: Scolecophidia: Typhlopoidea) based on molecular and morphological evidence</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="23A142559AC91C374659E2FFE05FDB86">Pyron, Robert Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="3B8D4C75FFB40399BB42599153FB2E90" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="72069614F285EE6723C3C035C7FE54FA">Wallach, Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:titleInfo id="EB1F5EDFC9595D21D470F44CD88F422B">
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<mods:title id="A5406E77D88311998D99CE8877E2A813">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="262A181C0D4CE35EF0A7F5921807465C">
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<mods:date id="2EBF02CB1772B85E0203C6EC11C573C7">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="3CFAF4F8A828C91BDD88C853301FD9E9" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A492D5594BE7CCFE4B1D4BA02BED112F">3829</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="38F21347E7389ECB1F22D261CAFEE343" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3829.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B587DDC117B162CFD7CBDFFE62FEE2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6127976" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127668686" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6127976" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B587DDC117B162CFD7CBDFFE62FEE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B587DDC117B162CFD7CBDFFE62FEE2" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection id="C3066540C117B161CFD7CBDFFE19FE49" box="[151,416,465,491]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA336CBC117B161CFD7CBDFFE19FE49" blockId="45.[151,416,465,491]" box="[151,416,465,491]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="D0EB81A7C117B161CFD7CBDFFE19FE49" bold="true" box="[151,416,465,491]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CFD7CBDFFE19FE49" authority="Oppel, 1811" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[151,416,465,491]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CFD7CBDFFE19FE49" bold="true" box="[151,416,465,491]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CFD7CBDFFEBCFE49" bold="true" box="[151,261,465,491]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Typhlops</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC117B161CE4CCBDFFE19FE49" author="Oppel" box="[268,416,465,491]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Oppel, M. (1811) Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien, als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. J. Lindauer, Munchen, 110 pp." type="book" year="1811">Oppel, 1811</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3066540C117B161CFD7C819FF04FC8E" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA336CBC117B161CFD7C819FD78FD92" blockId="45.[151,1437,535,2037]" box="[151,705,535,560]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CFD7C819FE8BFD92" bold="true" box="[151,306,535,560]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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||
<typeStatus id="54A78869C117B161CFD7C819FF6BFD92" box="[151,210,535,560]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE79C816FD78FD92" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[313,705,535,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE79C816FDB4FD92" box="[313,525,535,560]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Anguis lumbricalis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC117B161CD54C819FD78FD92" author="Linnaeus" box="[532,705,535,560]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC117B161CF87C832FF04FC8E" blockId="45.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CF87C832FD30FDF7" bold="true" box="[199,649,572,597]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Species content.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CED2C832FD30FDF7" box="[402,649,572,597]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agoralionis">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CED2C832FD30FDF7" box="[402,649,572,597]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Typhlops agoralionis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDDAC832FC8EFDF7" box="[666,823,572,597]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anchaurus">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CDDAC832FC8EFDF7" bold="true" box="[666,823,572,597]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. anchaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC09C833FC16FDF6" box="[841,943,573,596]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annae">T. annae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CCFFC832FBFEFDF7" box="[959,1095,572,597]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anousius">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CCFFC832FBFEFDF7" bold="true" box="[959,1095,572,597]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. anousius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB19C832FB07FDF1" box="[1113,1214,572,595]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arator">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB19C832FB07FDF1" bold="true" box="[1113,1214,572,595]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. arator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB90C832FACBFDF7" box="[1232,1394,572,597]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biminiensis">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB90C832FACBFDF7" bold="true" box="[1232,1394,572,597]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. biminiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CAC6C832FEAEFDDA" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capitulatus">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CAC6C832FEAEFDDA" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. capitulatus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE6AC86EFE70FDD5" box="[298,457,608,631]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catapontus">
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||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE6AC86EFE70FDD5" bold="true" box="[298,457,608,631]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. catapontus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE9DC86EFD2AFDDA" box="[477,659,607,632]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caymanensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE9DC86EFD2AFDDA" bold="true" box="[477,659,607,632]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. caymanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDE6C86FFC90FDDA" box="[678,809,609,632]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coecatus">T. coecatus</taxonomicName>
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(?),
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CC28C86EFB56FCAA" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC28C86EFBAFFDDA" box="[872,1046,607,632]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="contorhinus">
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<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CC28C86EFBAFFDDA" bold="true" box="[872,1046,607,632]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. contorhinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB6AC86EFB66FDDA" box="[1066,1247,607,632]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dominicanus">
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||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB6AC86EFB66FDDA" bold="true" box="[1066,1247,607,632]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. dominicanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CBB4C86FFACCFDDA" box="[1268,1397,609,632]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="epactius">T. epactius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CAC6C86EFEB5FD39" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eperopeus">
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||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CAC6C86EFEB5FD39" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. eperopeus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE5DC88AFE12FD39" box="[285,427,644,667]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geotomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE5DC88AFE12FD39" bold="true" box="[285,427,644,667]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. geotomus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CEFCC88BFD83FD3F" box="[444,570,644,669]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="golyathi">T. golyathi</taxonomicName>
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||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CD08C88BFD5FFD3E" box="[584,742,645,668]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gonavensis">T. gonavensis</taxonomicName>
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||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDB5C88AFCE3FD3F" box="[757,858,644,669]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CDB5C88AFCE3FD3F" bold="true" box="[757,858,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. granti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC2CC88AFB86FD3F" box="[876,1087,644,669]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guadeloupensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CC2CC88AFB86FD3F" bold="true" box="[876,1087,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. guadeloupensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB10C88AFB02FD3F" box="[1104,1211,644,669]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB10C88AFB02FD3F" bold="true" box="[1104,1211,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. hectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB8CC88AFACCFD3F" box="[1228,1397,644,669]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomethes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB8CC88AFACCFD3F" bold="true" box="[1228,1397,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. hypomethes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CAC6C88AFEA7FD62" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CAC6C88AFEA7FD62" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. jamaicensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE6EC8A7FE02FD62" box="[302,443,679,704]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptolepis">T. leptolepis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE89C8A6FDD2FD62" box="[457,619,679,704]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE89C8A6FDD2FD62" bold="true" box="[457,619,679,704]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CD3BC8A6FCBCFD1D" box="[635,773,680,703]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monastus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CD3BC8A6FCBCFD1D" bold="true" box="[635,773,680,703]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. monastus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC58C8A7FC19FD62" box="[792,928,681,704]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monensis">T. monensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CCEEC8A6FB9BFD1D" box="[942,1058,680,703]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naugus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CCEEC8A6FB9BFD1D" bold="true" box="[942,1058,680,703]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. naugus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB72C8A6FB65FD62" box="[1074,1244,679,704]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notorachius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB72C8A6FB65FD62" bold="true" box="[1074,1244,679,704]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. notorachius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CBACC8A7FAC3FD62" box="[1260,1402,679,704]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxyrhinus">T. oxyrhinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CAC7C8A7FE9DFD47" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pachyrhinus">T. pachyrhinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE6EC8C3FE7BFD47" box="[302,450,716,741]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">T. paradoxus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE8DC8C3FDD2FD47" box="[461,619,716,741]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perimychus">T. perimychus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CD36C8C2FC88FD47" box="[630,817,716,741]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platycephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CD36C8C2FC88FD47" bold="true" box="[630,817,716,741]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. platycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC7EC8C3FC5CFD47" box="[830,997,716,741]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proancylops">T. proancylops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CCAFC8C2FBDCFD47" box="[1007,1125,716,741]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CCAFC8C2FBDCFD47" bold="true" box="[1007,1125,716,741]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. pusillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB33C8C2FB4BFD47" box="[1139,1266,716,741]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="richardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB33C8C2FB4BFD47" bold="true" box="[1139,1266,716,741]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. richardii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CA41C8C2FA2CFD47" box="[1281,1429,716,741]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CA41C8C2FA2CFD47" bold="true" box="[1281,1429,716,741]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. rostellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CFD7C8FFFEB2FCAA" box="[151,267,751,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="satelles">T. satelles</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE56C8FEFE26FCAA" box="[278,415,751,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwartzi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE56C8FEFE26FCAA" bold="true" box="[278,415,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. schwartzi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CEF0C8FFFDBAFCAA" box="[432,515,751,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silus">T. silus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CD4FC8FEFD30FCAA" box="[527,649,751,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CD4FC8FEFD30FCAA" bold="true" box="[527,649,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. sulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDDBC8FEFCAEFCAA" box="[667,791,751,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylleptor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CDDBC8FEFCAEFCAA" bold="true" box="[667,791,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. sylleptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC67C8FEFC0DFCAA" box="[807,948,751,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="syntherus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CC67C8FEFC0DFCAA" bold="true" box="[807,948,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. syntherus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC84C8FFFBD0FCAA" box="[964,1129,751,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tetrathyreus">T. tetrathyreus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB35C8FEFB56FCAA" box="[1141,1263,751,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="titanops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB35C8FEFB56FCAA" bold="true" box="[1141,1263,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. titanops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CA6EC8FFFA25FCAA" box="[1326,1436,751,776]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CA6EC8FFFA25FCAA" box="[1326,1436,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. zenkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(?).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3066540C117B161CF87C939FEABFACF" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC117B161CF87C939FC57FAA2" blockId="45.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CF87C939FEF8FCF2" bold="true" box="[199,321,823,848]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE0BC939FE09FCF2" box="[331,432,823,848]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE0BC939FE09FCF2" box="[331,432,823,848]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Typhlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from all other typhlopoids by its subtriangular preocular with an anterior extension that is only in contact with the third supralabial. Small- to large-sized (total length
|
||
<quantity id="4CE49B2EC117B161CA45C952FA29FCD6" box="[1285,1424,860,885]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="265.0" valueMax="460.0" valueMin="70.0">70–460 mm</quantity>
|
||
), stout- to slender-bodied (length/width ratio 23–78 but average 30–50) snakes with 16–24 scale rows (with or without reduction), 231–629 total middorsals, short to long tail (0.9–5.6% total length) with 5–22 subcaudals (length/width ratio 0.8–3.2), and apical spine usually small and spike-like, occasionally thorn-like or even a reduced nubbin. Dorsal and lateral head profiles bluntly rounded or tapered, narrow to moderate oval, sagittate, parallel or waisted rostral (0.17–0.49 head width), preocular in contact with third supralabial, eye small to moderate, with or without a pupil, T-III
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30B765BC117B161CD13CE3AFDC2FBEE" box="[595,635,1076,1100]" name="Cyprus" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">SIP</collectingCountry>
|
||
(T-0 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CD94CE3BFCF9FBEF" box="[724,832,1076,1101]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CD94CE3BFCF9FBEF" box="[724,832,1076,1101]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. zenkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tentatively placed here), and postoculars 1–2. Lateral tongue papillae absent; left lung absent, tracheal lung, cardiac and right lungs usually multicameral (with 18–38 chambers and 1–7 pockets), but also paucicameral (with 1–33 pockets), and unicameral; testes unsegmented; hemipenis eversible, lacking retrocloacal sacs; rectal caecum usually small (0.6–4.0% SVL), and rarely absent. Coloration sometimes pink (pigmentless), but usually light or golden-brown to brown dorsally, fading to an immaculate golden-yellow venter, sometimes snout and cloacal region light.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC117B161CF87CF02FEABFACF" blockId="45.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CF87CF02FE5BFA87" bold="true" box="[199,482,1292,1317]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Phylogenetic definition.</emphasis>
|
||
Includes the MRCA of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDB6CF02FC5AFA87" box="[758,995,1292,1317]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CDB6CF02FC5AFA87" box="[758,995,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Typhlops lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB5BCF03FB0EFA87" box="[1051,1207,1292,1317]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biminiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB5BCF03FB0EFA87" box="[1051,1207,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. biminiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all descendants thereof, and all species more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDF3CF3FFCF6FAEA" box="[691,847,1327,1352]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lumbricalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CDF3CF3FFCF6FAEA" box="[691,847,1327,1352]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. lumbricalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A78869C117B161CC9BCF3EFBB2FAEA" box="[987,1035,1328,1352]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the 15 typhlopid genera listed here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3066540C117B161CF87CF79FCC7FA2D" box="[199,894,1399,1424]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC117B161CF87CF79FCC7FA2D" blockId="45.[151,1437,535,2037]" box="[199,894,1399,1424]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CF87CF79FEF7FA32" bold="true" box="[199,334,1399,1424]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
From the Greek for blind
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CD35CF79FD61FA32" box="[629,728,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">(typhlos)</emphasis>
|
||
and eye
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CC7CCF76FCC7FA2D" box="[828,894,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">(ops).</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3066540C117B161CF87CF92FB78FA16" box="[199,1217,1436,1461]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC117B161CF87CF92FB78FA16" blockId="45.[151,1437,535,2037]" box="[199,1217,1436,1461]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CF87CF92FED9FA17" bold="true" box="[199,352,1436,1461]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The West Indies (most species) and West Africa (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CCD1CF93FBB7FA16" box="[913,1038,1437,1460]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coecatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CCD1CF93FBB7FA16" box="[913,1038,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. coecatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB04CF93FB08FA17" box="[1092,1201,1436,1461]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB04CF93FB08FA17" box="[1092,1201,1436,1461]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. zenkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3066540C117B162CF87CFB1FE62FEE2" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC117B161CF87CFB1FEEBF8BE" blockId="45.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CF87CFB1FE82FA7A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1471,1496]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Note that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC117B161CEFCCFB1FD15FA7A" box="[444,684,1471,1496]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Hedges, S. B., Marion, A. B., Lipp, K. M., Marin, J. & Vidal, N. (2014) A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology, 49, 1 - 61." type="journal article">
|
||
Hedges
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CD5BCFCFFDEEFA7A" box="[539,599,1471,1496]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
transferred two West African species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB38CFB1FAF0FA7A" box="[1144,1353,1471,1496]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coecatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB38CFB1FAF0FA7A" box="[1144,1353,1471,1496]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Typhlops coecatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CAC7CFCFFF51FA5F" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CAC7CFCFFF51FA5F" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. zenkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE58CFEAFE31FA5F" box="[280,392,1508,1533]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Letheobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE58CFEAFE31FA5F" box="[280,392,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Letheobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a nasal suture originating at the second labial and a subocular scale, respectively. However, these species appear to be strongly allied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC47CC09FCD5F982" box="[775,876,1543,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CC47CC09FCD5F982" box="[775,876,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Typhlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the preocular shape, 18–20 scale rows, narrow rostral, unicameral tracheal lung, T-III
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30B765BC117B161CDDFCC22FD71F9E6" box="[671,712,1580,1604]" name="Cyprus" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">SIP</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CDACCC23FCD6F9E6" box="[748,879,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDACCC23FCD5F9E6" box="[748,876,1581,1604]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coecatus">T. coecatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and absence of rectal caecum in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CBA2CC23FAF7F9E7" box="[1250,1358,1580,1605]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CBA2CC23FAF7F9E7" box="[1250,1358,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. zenkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table 2). Both West African species have a primitive unicameral lung system, as do several of the examined Caribbean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CFD7CC7AFF45F92F" box="[151,252,1652,1677]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CFD7CC7AFF45F92F" box="[151,252,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Typhlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE54CC7BFD04F92F" box="[276,701,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE54CC7BFEC7F92F" box="[276,382,1652,1677]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hectus">T. hectus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CED7CC7BFD9EF92E" box="[407,551,1653,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monensis">T. monensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CD7BCC7BFD00F92F" box="[571,697,1652,1677]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">T. pusillus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC45CC7BFC26F92F" box="[773,927,1652,1677]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CC45CC7BFC26F92F" box="[773,927,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. rostellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In contrast, all Afrotyphlopinae have a multicameral tracheal lung, while the unicameral condition is only found in
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB17CC99FAE2F912" box="[1111,1371,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB17CC99FB5BF912" box="[1111,1250,1687,1712]" class="Reptilia" family="Gerrhopilidae" genus="Gerrhopilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gerrhopilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CBB7CC99FAE2F912" box="[1271,1371,1687,1712]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Typhlops</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CFD7CCB2FE90F977" box="[151,297,1724,1749]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Indotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CFD7CCB2FE90F977" box="[151,297,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Indotyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table 2). Visceral anatomy also strongly links the species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC99CCB2FB84F977" box="[985,1085,1724,1749]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CC99CCB2FB84F977" box="[985,1085,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Typhlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being markedly different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CFD7CCD1FEBEF95A" box="[151,263,1759,1784]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Letheobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CFD7CCD1FEBEF95A" box="[151,263,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Letheobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69E0370C117B161CE58CCD1FECBF95A" box="[280,370,1759,1784]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="46.[151,239,368,391]" captionTargetBox="[159,1352,578,1964]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="TABLE 4. Visceral character states comparing Typhlops coecatus and T. zenkeri with African Letheobia (LET) and American Amerotyphlops (AME) and Typhlops (TYP), based on measurement of the specimens in Appendix II (part). Characters are as follows: data in sections (A) - (D) represent sample means as % SVL; organ lengths (PT = posterior tip) are included in section (A); organ midpoints (MP) are listed in section (B); organ gaps (GAP) and intervals (INT) are compiled in section (C); organ midpoint intervals (MP-MP INT) are included in section (D); meristic values are listed in section (E)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF636643C114B162CFD7CB7EFEAAFD85" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="DF636643C114B162CFD7CB7EFEAAFD85">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Thus, we restore these species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC4DCCD1FCC8F95A" box="[781,881,1759,1784]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CC4DCCD1FCC8F95A" box="[781,881,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Typhlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, giving that genus a small range in West Africa (Table 1,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13272A4EC117B161CE41CD0AFEF8F8BE" box="[257,321,1796,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="39.[151,249,1923,1945]" captionTargetBox="[212,1348,195,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[208,1364,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 1. Results from a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 95 of the 275 known, extant species of typhlopoid blindsnakes. Tree represents the ML estimate from a concatenated matrix of 4 mitochondrial and 6 nuclear genes (6290 bp total), inferred using 200 independent searches in RAxMLv 7.2.8, with support estimated from 1000 non-parametric BS replicates (> 50 % shown)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286557/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA336CBC117B162CF85CD29FE62FEE2" blockId="45.[151,1437,535,2037]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
This genus includes the Caribbean Arc Radiation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC117B161CC6ECD29FBDAF8E2" author="Dixon" box="[814,1123,1831,1856]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Dixon, J. R. & Hendricks, F. S. (1979) The Wormsnakes (Family Typhlopidae) of the Neotropics, exclusive of the Antilles. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 173, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1979">Dixon & Hendricks 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Major Antillean Radiation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC117B161CE52CD42FE0BF8C6" author="Thomas" box="[274,434,1868,1893]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Thomas, R. (1989) The relationships of Antillean Typhlops (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) and the description of three new Hispaniolan species. In: Woods, C. A. (Ed.) Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, Present, and Future. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, pp. 409 - 432." type="book chapter" year="1989">Thomas 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), reclassified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC117B161CD2FCD42FCECF8C6" box="[623,853,1868,1893]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refString="Hedges, S. B., Marion, A. B., Lipp, K. M., Marin, J. & Vidal, N. (2014) A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology, 49, 1 - 61." type="journal article">
|
||
Hedges
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CD8ACD43FCBAF8C7" box="[714,771,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to place
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CCFBCD43FAD5F82A" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CCFBCD43FBA4F8C6" box="[955,1053,1869,1892]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annae">T. annae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB69CD43FB7AF8C6" box="[1065,1219,1869,1892]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catapontus">T. catapontus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB8ECD43FAC5F8C7" box="[1230,1404,1868,1893]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dominicanus">T. dominicanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CAC7CD43FEBCF82A" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geotomus">T. geotomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE51CD7FFECDF82A" box="[273,372,1905,1928]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granti">T. granti</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CEC0CD7FFDF7F82A" box="[384,590,1903,1928]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guadeloupensis">T. guadeloupensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CD1ACD7FFD44F82A" box="[602,765,1903,1928]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomethes">T. hypomethes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CC49CD7FFC28F82A" box="[777,913,1905,1928]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monastus">T. monastus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CCDECD7FFB9CF82A" box="[926,1061,1905,1928]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monensis">T. monensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB71CD7FFB18F82A" box="[1073,1185,1905,1928]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="naugus">T. naugus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CBEDCD7FFAD1F82A" box="[1197,1384,1903,1928]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platycephalus">T. platycephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CFD7CD9BFEACF80F" box="[151,277,1940,1965]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="richardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CFD7CD9BFEACF80F" box="[151,277,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. richardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE07CD9AFE4BF80F" box="[327,498,1940,1965]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Antillotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CE07CD9AFE4BF80F" box="[327,498,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Antillotyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CD7FCD9BFB97F873" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CD7FCD9BFD62F80F" box="[575,731,1940,1965]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anchaurus">T. anchaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDAECD9BFCCEF80E" box="[750,887,1941,1964]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anousius">T. anousius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CCCACD9BFC4DF80E" box="[906,1012,1941,1964]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arator">T. arator</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB47CD9BFB14F80F" box="[1031,1197,1940,1965]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biminiensis">T. biminiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB80CD9BFACCF80E" box="[1216,1397,1941,1964]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caymanensis">T. caymanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CAC8CD9BFEA6F873" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="contorhinus">T. contorhinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CE6BCDB7FE1FF872" box="[299,422,1977,2000]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="epactius">T. epactius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CEF2CDB7FD94F873" box="[434,557,1976,2001]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="golyathi">T. golyathi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CD78CDB7FD67F873" box="[568,734,1976,2001]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notorachius">T. notorachius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDA9CDB7FCC7F873" box="[745,894,1976,2001]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">T. paradoxus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CCC9CDB7FB90F873" box="[905,1065,1976,2001]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perimychus">T. perimychus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CB25CDB7FB6CF873" box="[1125,1237,1976,2001]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="satelles">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CB25CDB7FB6CF873" box="[1125,1237,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. satelles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CBB9CDB6FA25F873" box="[1273,1436,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CBB9CDB6FA21F873" box="[1273,1432,1976,2001]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cubatyphlops</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A78869C117B161CE7FCDD3FED6F857" box="[319,367,2013,2037]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CEBDCDD2FD20F857" box="[509,665,2012,2037]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CEBDCDD2FD20F857" box="[509,665,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cubatyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C117B161CDEFCDD3FCECF857" box="[687,853,2012,2037]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biminiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C117B161CDEFCDD3FCECF857" box="[687,853,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. biminiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is strongly supported as the sister group to the remaining
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C114B162CE56CA99FDC0FF12" box="[278,633,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C114B162CE56CA99FE0DFF12" box="[278,436,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cubatyphlops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C114B162CE87CA99FDCCFF12" box="[455,629,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Antillotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Antillotyphlops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C114B162CDFDCA99FC99FF12" box="[701,800,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C114B162CDFDCA99FC99FF12" box="[701,800,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Typhlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13272A4EC114B162CC78CA99FC38FF12" box="[824,897,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="39.[151,249,1923,1945]" captionTargetBox="[212,1348,195,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[208,1364,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 1. Results from a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 95 of the 275 known, extant species of typhlopoid blindsnakes. Tree represents the ML estimate from a concatenated matrix of 4 mitochondrial and 6 nuclear genes (6290 bp total), inferred using 200 independent searches in RAxMLv 7.2.8, with support estimated from 1000 non-parametric BS replicates (> 50 % shown)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286557/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, we formally propose to synonymize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C114B162CFD7CAB2FE8AFF77" box="[151,307,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C114B162CFD7CAB2FE8AFF77" box="[151,307,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Cubatyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C114B162CEC9CAB2FD8DFF77" box="[393,564,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Antillotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C114B162CEC9CAB2FD8DFF77" box="[393,564,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Antillotyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C114B162CDD5CAB2FD41FF77" box="[661,760,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Typhlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C114B162CDD5CAB2FD41FF77" box="[661,760,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Typhlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as they also cannot be unambiguously diagnosed morphologically (Table 2). The only alternative would be to restrict
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C114B162CCF6CAD1FBEBFF5A" box="[950,1106,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C114B162CCF6CAD1FBEBFF5A" box="[950,1106,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Cubatyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C114B162CB3DCAEEFA98FF5A" box="[1149,1313,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biminiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C114B162CB3DCAEEFA98FF5A" box="[1149,1313,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. biminiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and erect another new genus for the remaining former species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D48C114B162CC4ACB0AFC1CFEBF" box="[778,933,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Typhlopidae" genus="Cubatyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C114B162CC4ACB0AFC1CFEBF" box="[778,933,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Cubatyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This group contains additional undescribed species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3AC114B162CFB6CB29FE76FEE2" author="Hedges" box="[246,463,295,320]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refString="Hedges, S. B., Marion, A. B., Lipp, K. M., Marin, J. & Vidal, N. (2014) A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology, 49, 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Hedges
|
||
<emphasis id="B968EAD9C114B162CE13CB27FE32FEE2" box="[339,395,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |