664 lines
78 KiB
XML
664 lines
78 KiB
XML
<document id="71F16A80CD8FD1BC52978DC12C716B5C" ID-CLB-Dataset="51187" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264653" ID-ZooBank="680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459686029873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2016" docId="0386D843FFA2B13ACEEC96232494FC49" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Erionota torus Evans 1941" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="210" masterDocId="FFBFA03BFFA0B133CE7B927B2616FD2C" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="203" updateTime="1698208999773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="74F228D97AD29C96D5423466FF93D020">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="438BA1C256B14B6E073CE87AC0B84795">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D2DC405C33AB7E0C7CFCD1B4DBE858B9">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="7350A74438AC4AF0BB6560B0B430849F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4E3E5C0C8F4071DF43EE4C3CBE817DF1">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="29E4086053743DE7FD879B880241309C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="642AEFA26AAD0EF6468695C12D257059">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="17D94B0DD31B0B99D3EF659EC0786079">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="51934AA976D4D6AB733301E804421E89">4066</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFA2B13ACEEC96232494FC49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614499" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614499" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFA2B13ACEEC96232494FC49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFA2B13ACEEC96232494FC49" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFA2B131CEEC96232729F86B" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFA2B131CEEC962327CBF95E" blockId="2.[151,477,1112,1138]" box="[151,477,1112,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FFA2B131CEEC962327CBF95E" bold="true" box="[151,477,1112,1138]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CEEC962327CBF95E" ID-CoL="3B55M" authority="Evans 1941" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1941" box="[151,477,1112,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CEEC962327CBF95E" bold="true" box="[151,477,1112,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CEEC96232751F95E" bold="true" box="[151,327,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Erionota torus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA2B131CF35962327CBF95E" author="Evans" box="[334,477,1112,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1941) A revision of the genus Erionota Mabille (Lep.: Hesp.). Entomologist, 74, 158 - 160." type="journal article" year="1941">Evans 1941</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFA2B131CEEC96E52729F86B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1182,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
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||
Much of the following background is based on a recent critical literature review of the pest
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CAE696DB2317F99B" box="[1181,1281,1184,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CAE696DB2317F99B" box="[1181,1281,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Erionota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. by Cock (2015).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CE9496BF2782F9F7" box="[239,404,1220,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CE9496BF2782F9F7" box="[239,404,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA2B131CFD996B82415F9F7" box="[418,515,1219,1244]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1473,1495]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,517,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[170,1417,517,1452]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Adult male Erionota torus collected on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4 km East of Titi, 25. x. 2014, MJWC 14 / 1 B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264655/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is indigenous in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CD4A96B8257BF9F0" box="[817,877,1219,1244]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CD0396B825A8F9F0" box="[888,958,1219,1244]" name="Nepal" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CA1F96B82288F9F0" box="[1124,1182,1219,1244]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
to southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CB5296B8237AF9F0" box="[1321,1388,1219,1244]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CF6D969D2769F9D3" box="[278,383,1254,1279]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but it spread to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CC3A969D24B8F9D3" box="[577,686,1254,1279]" name="Mauritius" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
around 1968 (reported as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CDA6969322DEF9D3" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[989,1224,1254,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CDA69693222FF9D3" box="[989,1081,1254,1279]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CB4596932368F9D3" box="[1342,1406,1256,1279]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1971,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CEA697702739F808" box="[221,303,1291,1316]" name="Taiwan" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1986, the southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CC50977024BFF808" box="[555,681,1291,1316]" name="Philippines" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
probably in the early 1980s and has just been found in the Western Ghats of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CE869755272CF86B" box="[253,314,1326,1351]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFA2B130CEBC972F2738FCFC" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="204" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA2B131CEBC972F26F6FBF8" blockId="2.[151,1437,1182,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CEBC972F2778F840" ID-CoL="3B55L" box="[199,366,1363,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CEBC972F2778F840" box="[199,366,1363,1388]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Erionota thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well known as the banana skipper of South-East Asia, and as an introduced pest in various Pacific territories. However, applied entomologists mostly overlooked that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA2B131CD9A97032261F8A3" author="Evans" box="[993,1143,1399,1423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1941) A revision of the genus Erionota Mabille (Lep.: Hesp.). Entomologist, 74, 158 - 160." type="journal article" year="1941">Evans (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CA8A9703235CF8A3" ID-CoL="3B55M" box="[1265,1354,1400,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CA8A9703235CF8A3" box="[1265,1354,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which he differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CFD997E72417F898" ID-CoL="3B55L" box="[418,513,1435,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CFD997E72417F898" box="[418,513,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on male wing shape and genitalia, but having very similar females.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA2B131CB4197E02746F8FB" author="Inoue" pageId="2" pageNumber="246" refString="Inoue, S. & Kawazoe, A. (1970) Hesperiid butterflies from South Vietnam (5). Tyo to Ga, 21 (1, 2), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1970">Inoué & Kawazoé (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrate the genitalia of both sexes. Both species occur in mainland South-East Asia and both are common and feed on banana, but only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CC27979F24AFF8D0" ID-CoL="3B55L" box="[604,697,1507,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CC27979F24AFF8D0" box="[604,697,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears in the applied literature. Hence, it is not surprising that when ‘the banana skipper’ appeared in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CC25947D24D8FB33" box="[606,718,1542,1567]" name="Mauritius" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, two female specimens sent to the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology were misidentified as
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CC499457248FFB68" box="[562,665,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CC4994572483FB68" ID-CoL="3B55L" box="[562,661,1579,1604]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">E. thrax</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Subsequent material collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CA509450228EFB68" box="[1067,1176,1579,1604]" name="Mauritius" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
and deposited in The Natural History Museum, London, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CC44942B248CFB4B" ID-CoL="3B55L" box="[575,666,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CC44942B248CFB4B" box="[575,666,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes two males and a female collected by P.M.H. Davis at Black River in 1979, and reported in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA2B131CF8494082518FBA7" author="Davis" box="[511,782,1651,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Davis, P. M. H. & Barnes, M. J. C. (1991) The butterflies of Mauritius. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 30, 145 - 161. Available from: www. lepidopteraresearchfoundation. org / pdf / pdf 30 / 30 - 145. pdf (Accessed 13 Jan. 2016)" type="journal article" year="1991">Davis & Barnes (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, all of which are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CDA7940F2221FBA7" ID-CoL="3B55M" box="[988,1079,1652,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CDA7940F2221FBA7" box="[988,1079,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, leading to the conclusion that unless fresh collections can show that both species are present, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CDD794E32210FB83" ID-CoL="3B55M" box="[940,1030,1688,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CDD794E32210FB83" box="[940,1030,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
actually occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CA9994ED2359FB83" box="[1250,1359,1686,1711]" name="Mauritius" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Cock 2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA2B130CEBC94A52738FCFC" blockId="2.[151,1437,1182,2036]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="204" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CEBC94A52422FBDB" bold="true" box="[199,564,1758,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
|
||
Biological control in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CFC794A52422FBDB" box="[444,564,1758,1783]" name="Mauritius" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA2B131CC3A94A52596FBDB" author="Waterhouse" box="[577,896,1758,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="247" refString="Waterhouse, D. F.; K. R. Norris, K. R. (1989) 8. Erionota thrax (Linnaeus). In: Waterhouse, D. F. & Norris, K. R. (Eds.), Biological Control Pacific Prospects - Supplement 1. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, frontispiece + pp. 89 - 99." type="book chapter" year="1989">Waterhouse & Norris (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide a detailed review of the implementation of successful biological control against
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CC2A957F24BFFA37" ID-CoL="3B55M" box="[593,681,1796,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CC2A957F24BFFA37" box="[593,681,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CCAC957F2526FA30" ID-CoL="3B55L" box="[727,816,1795,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CCAC957F2526FA30" box="[727,816,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CD26957825DCFA30" box="[861,970,1795,1820]" name="Mauritius" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA2B131CDA395782272FA37" author="Monty" box="[984,1124,1795,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="247" refString="Monty, J. (1977) Entomological news from the Agricultural Services of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and the Environment. Revue Agricole et Sucriere de l'Ile Maurice, 56 (3), 107 - 109." type="journal article" year="1977">Monty 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CAD9957F22EAFA30" ID-CoL="3B55L" box="[1186,1276,1795,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CAD9957F22EAFA30" box="[1186,1276,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Pacific. There are numerous natural enemies in the indigenous range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CDF7955325FDFA13" ID-CoL="3B55L" box="[908,1003,1830,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CDF7955325FDFA13" box="[908,1003,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CA5295532290FA13" ID-CoL="3B55M" box="[1065,1158,1832,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CA5295532290FA13" box="[1065,1158,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and several have been considered for use as biological control agents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA2B131CCD5953025F7FA4F" author="Waterhouse" box="[686,993,1867,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="247" refString="Waterhouse, D. F.; K. R. Norris, K. R. (1989) 8. Erionota thrax (Linnaeus). In: Waterhouse, D. F. & Norris, K. R. (Eds.), Biological Control Pacific Prospects - Supplement 1. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, frontispiece + pp. 89 - 99." type="book chapter" year="1989">Waterhouse & Norris 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Cock 2015). Selected parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CBFF953726C5FAAB" ID-CoL="3B55L" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CBFF953726C5FAAB" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Sabah were sent to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CF9395152443FAAB" box="[488,597,1902,1927]" name="Mauritius" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="FF914F95FFA2B131CCFA95142516FAAB" box="[641,768,1903,1927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" value="1971" valueMax="1973">1971–1973</date>
|
||
and a larval parasitoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CA6195142361FAAB" ID-CoL="YX7V" authority="Wilkinson" authorityName="Wilkinson" box="[1050,1399,1902,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Cotesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erionotae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CA61951422F1FAAB" box="[1050,1255,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Cotesia erionotae</emphasis>
|
||
(Wilkinson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CEEC95E8276FFA87" box="[151,377,1939,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erionotae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CEEC95E8276FFA87" box="[151,377,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Apanteles erionotae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CFF295E8241BFA80" ID-CoL="7D4" box="[393,525,1939,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and egg parasitoid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CC8795EF226FFA80" ID-CoL="74NRX" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[764,1145,1939,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Ooencyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CC8795EF25E2FA80" box="[764,1012,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">Ooencyrtus pallidipes</emphasis>
|
||
(Ashmead)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CADF95EF238EFA80" authority="Ferriere" authorityName="Ferriere" box="[1188,1432,1939,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erionotae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA2B131CADF95EF2322FA87" box="[1188,1332,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA2B131CADF95EF22ADFA87" box="[1188,1211,1940,1963]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="203">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
. erionotae
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ferrière
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA2B131CEEC95CD2704FAE3" ID-CoL="9P4" box="[151,274,1974,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) became established. These parasitoids quickly provided effective biological control. In 1975 a cyclone severely damaged banana plants and drastically reduced banana skipper and parasitoid populations but nevertheless the banana skipper population built up again in 1976. None of the parasites established earlier was recovered in the two years following the cyclone, but damage to banana by the skipper was recorded as being very low in 1978 and it remained uncommon thereafter.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA3B130CCA392A425C8FDD4" author="Davis" box="[728,990,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="245" refString="Davis, P. M. H. & Barnes, M. J. C. (1991) The butterflies of Mauritius. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 30, 145 - 161. Available from: www. lepidopteraresearchfoundation. org / pdf / pdf 30 / 30 - 145. pdf (Accessed 13 Jan. 2016)" type="journal article" year="1991">Davis & Barnes (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report that specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CA80929A2343FDD4" ID-CoL="3B55M" box="[1275,1365,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CA80929A2343FDD4" box="[1275,1365,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CBFF929A26C4FC31" ID-CoL="3B55L" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CBFF929A26C4FC31" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were taken on the west coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA3B130CC3D937F24A5FC31" box="[582,691,260,285]" name="Mauritius" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1979, but it was not seen elsewhere between the years
|
||
<date id="FF914F95FFA3B130CB4E937F26C4FC6C" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" value="1976" valueMax="1980">1976 and 1980</date>
|
||
, so that its status was considered unclear. ABRI collectors found early stages in 2014, so
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CACF9352231BFC6C" ID-CoL="3B55M" box="[1204,1293,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CACF9352231BFC6C" box="[1204,1293,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
continues as an uncommon species of no significant pest status in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA3B130CD7A93372567FC49" box="[769,881,332,357]" name="Mauritius" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, almost certainly kept under effective biological control by its introduced parasitoids. None of the other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CD0093142217FCA4" ID-CoL="6254D" box="[891,1025,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
found on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA3B130CA0F931422F7FCA4" box="[1140,1249,367,392]" name="Mauritius" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
are known to be parasitized by the parasitoid species introduced against
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CD6693EE256CFC80" ID-CoL="3B55M" box="[797,890,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CD6693EE256CFC80" box="[797,890,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(J. Monty pers. comm.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFA3B130CAED93EF22F8FC81" box="[1174,1262,404,429]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.04698" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="1987.0">1987 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA3B130CA8393EF2737FCFC" author="Waterhouse" pageId="3" pageNumber="247" refString="Waterhouse, D. F.; K. R. Norris, K. R. (1989) 8. Erionota thrax (Linnaeus). In: Waterhouse, D. F. & Norris, K. R. (Eds.), Biological Control Pacific Prospects - Supplement 1. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, frontispiece + pp. 89 - 99." type="book chapter" year="1989">Waterhouse & Norris 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA3B130CEEC97BA278BF8DA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264655/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" targetBox="[170,1416,517,1452]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA3B130CEEC97BA278BF8DA" blockId="3.[151,1436,1473,1526]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CEEC97BA2707F8FB" bold="true" box="[151,273,1473,1495]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. Adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CFDF97B92428F8FB" box="[420,574,1474,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CFDF97B92428F8FB" box="[420,574,1474,1495]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4km East of Titi, 25.x.2014, MJWC 14/1B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFA3B13ACEBC94582494FC49" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA3B130CEBC9458271CFBC3" blockId="3.[151,1437,1571,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CEBC94582742FB10" bold="true" box="[199,340,1571,1596]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Food plants</emphasis>
|
||
. Cock (2015) has reviewed the literature on food plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CD8F945F224EFB17" box="[1012,1112,1572,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CD8F945F224EFB17" box="[1012,1112,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Erionota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and found considerable confusion and indications of errors. The early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CD7294332572FB73" box="[777,868,1606,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CD7294332572FB73" box="[777,868,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CDE0943325E2FB73" box="[923,1012,1608,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CDE0943325E2FB73" box="[923,1012,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be distinguished, and they are both common pests of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CFE0941727CCFBAF" box="[411,474,1644,1667]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CFE0941727CCFBAF" box="[411,474,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Musa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. Because there has been confusion between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CA7F94172276FBA8" box="[1028,1120,1643,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CA7F94172276FBA8" box="[1028,1120,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CAE2941722E5FBAF" box="[1177,1267,1644,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CAE2941722E5FBAF" box="[1177,1267,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the two co-occur in mainland South-East Asia, food plant records without voucher specimens can only be accepted for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CBFF94EB26C7FBE7" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CBFF94EB26C7FBE7" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with full confidence where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CC6A94CF247BFBE0" box="[529,621,1715,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CC6A94CF247BFBE0" box="[529,621,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not occur. It is clear that like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CD8494CF224DFBE0" box="[1023,1115,1715,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CD8494CF224DFBE0" box="[1023,1115,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CA1194CF22D5FBE7" box="[1130,1219,1716,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CA1194CF22D5FBE7" box="[1130,1219,1716,1739]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds primarily on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CEEC94A326C0FBC3" box="[151,214,1752,1775]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CEEC94A326C0FBC3" box="[151,214,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Musa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA3B130CEBC94802295FAE4" blockId="3.[151,1437,1571,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
There are a few published records of palms as food plants for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CD06948725C3FA3F" box="[893,981,1788,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CD06948725C3FA3F" box="[893,981,1788,1811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA3B130CD9F948022F6FA3F" box="[996,1248,1787,1812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="247" refString="Robinson, G. S., Ackery, P. R., Kitching, I. J., Beccaloni, G. W. & Hernandez, L. M. (2001) Hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the Oriental Region. The Natural History Museum, London, 744 pp." type="book">
|
||
Robinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CA2D9487229EFA38" box="[1110,1160,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CB6A9487237BFA3F" box="[1297,1389,1788,1811]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Caryota" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CB6A9487237BFA3F" box="[1297,1389,1788,1811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Caryota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CEEC955B275BFA1B" box="[151,333,1824,1847]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Roystonea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CEEC955B275BFA1B" box="[151,333,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Roystonea regia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In their treatment of pests of rattan palm in Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA3B130CDBD95652226FA1B" box="[966,1072,1822,1847]" name="Malaysia" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA3B130CA4795652334FA1B" box="[1084,1314,1822,1847]" pageId="3" pageNumber="246" refString="Maziah, Z., Azmi, M. & Kirton, L. G. (1992) Pests and diseases of rattans. In: Wan Razali, W. M., Dransfield, J. & Manokaran, N. (Eds.), A Guide to the Cultivation of Rattans. Malayan Forest Records, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, No. 35, pp. 127 - 141." type="book chapter">
|
||
Maziah
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CAEC955B22DEFA1B" box="[1175,1224,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1992)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CBFF955B26C7FA77" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CBFF955B26C7FA77" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although Steiner (2001) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA3B130CC5295382565FA77" author="Steiner" box="[553,883,1859,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="247" refString="Steiner, H. & Aminuddin, M. (2001) Survey of hesperids found in three age groups of Calamus manan planted under rubber trees. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 13 (2), 270 - 282." type="journal article" year="2001">Steiner & Aminuddin (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
subsequently indicate that this record should be treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CF7395132423FA53" authority="Wood-Mason" authorityName="Wood-Mason" box="[264,565,1894,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acroleuca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CF7395132780FA53" box="[264,406,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. acroleuca</emphasis>
|
||
Wood-Mason
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
& de Nicéville (=
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CD73951D2547FA53" box="[776,849,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">hiraca</emphasis>
|
||
Moore). There are internet records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CA849513234EFA53" box="[1279,1368,1896,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CA849513234EFA53" box="[1279,1368,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CEEC95F726F4FA8F" box="[151,226,1932,1955]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cannaceae" genus="Canna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CEEC95F726F4FA8F" box="[151,226,1932,1955]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Canna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp(p). (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CF4D95F027A5FA8F" box="[310,435,1931,1955]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cannaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as food plants, but these have not been traced to any formal publication, and may well be derived from records for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CFCB95CB241CFAE4" box="[432,522,1967,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CFCB95CB241CFAE4" box="[432,522,1967,1992]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, when the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CCB295CB2534FAEB" box="[713,802,1968,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CCB295CB2534FAEB" box="[713,802,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was misapplied to that species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA3B137CEBC95A8228BFC31" blockId="3.[151,1437,1571,2028]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,717]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA3B130CEBC95A826F0FAC7" box="[199,230,2003,2027]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
documented below, the leaf shelters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CCDA95AF24ECFAC7" box="[673,762,2004,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CCDA95AF24ECFAC7" box="[673,762,2004,2027]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA3B130CD4295AF2585FAC0" box="[825,915,2003,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA3B130CD4295AF2585FAC0" box="[825,915,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) can only be built using a leaf with a large flat lamina, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CF4F92E22765FD9C" box="[308,371,153,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CF4F92E22765FD9C" box="[308,371,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Musa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CFB292EC2421FD9C" box="[457,567,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CFB292EC2421FD9C" box="[457,567,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Heliconia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CCA292EC2564FD9C" box="[729,882,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Strelitziaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CDFC92E3220FFD83" box="[903,1049,152,175]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CA5592EC22C6FD9C" box="[1070,1232,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, etc. (all in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CEEC92C7273EFDF9" box="[151,296,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Zingiberales</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and unlikely to be used on pinnate palms. Cock (2015) concluded that all food plant records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CBFF92C626C7FDD4" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CBFF92C626C7FDD4" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from palms should be disregarded, and although the possibility of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CDAB92A4224AFDD4" box="[976,1116,223,248]" class="Liliopsida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Zingiberales</taxonomicName>
|
||
other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CA9B929A2308FDD4" box="[1248,1310,225,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CA9B929A2308FDD4" box="[1248,1310,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Musa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. being used as food plants cannot be discounted, none should be considered confirmed at this time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA4B137CEBC935C273DFCD9" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CEBC935C2740FC6C" bold="true" box="[199,342,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Life history</emphasis>
|
||
. Reporting the establishment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CCA493522528FC6C" box="[735,830,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CCA493522528FC6C" box="[735,830,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA4B137CD16935C25CCFC6C" box="[877,986,295,320]" name="Mauritius" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA4B137CD9D9353230EFC6C" author="Monty" box="[998,1304,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" refString="Monty, J. (1970) Notes on a new insect pest in Mauritius: the banana leaf-roller Erionota thrax L. (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Revue Agricole et Sucriere de l'ile Maurice, 49, 107 - 109." type="journal article" year="1970">
|
||
Monty (1970 as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CACB93522319FC6C" box="[1200,1295,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CACB93522319FC6C" box="[1200,1295,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
includes a summary of the life history.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA4B137CFA993372480FC49" author="Hoffmann" box="[466,662,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="246" refString="Hoffmann, W. E. (1935) Observations on a hesperid leaf-roller and a lace-bug, two pests of banana in Kwangtung. Lingnan Science Journal, 14, 634 - 649." type="journal article" year="1935">Hoffmann (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA4B137CCB7933725C6FC48" box="[716,976,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" refString="Bascombe, M. J., Johnston, G. & Bascombe, F. S. (1999) The butterflies of Hong Kong. Academic Press, London, xiii + 422 pp., 222 pls." type="book">
|
||
Bascombe
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CD3C9336256EFC49" box="[839,888,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
describe and illustrate the early stages of from Hong-Kong / Canton, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA4B137CC6593142543FCA4" author="Igarashi" box="[542,853,367,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="246" refString="Igarashi, S. & Fukuda, H. (2000) The life histories of Asian butterflies. Vol. 2. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 711 pp." type="book" year="2000">Igarashi & Fukuda (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
include the life history from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA4B137CAB8930B2310FCAB" box="[1219,1286,368,391]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. We include documentation of the life history from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA4B137CC1A93EF24D8FC81" box="[609,718,404,429]" name="Mauritius" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
(TCEC) and Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA4B137CD8A93EF224EFC81" box="[1009,1112,404,429]" name="Malaysia" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MJWC). The observations reported here do not differ substantially from those for other parts of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CA2893C222B8FCFC" box="[1107,1198,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CA2893C222B8FCFC" box="[1107,1198,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">E. torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CB4493C22731FCD9" authority="Cock 2015" authorityName="Cock" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CB4493C2238DFCFC" box="[1343,1435,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">E. thrax</emphasis>
|
||
(Cock 2015)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA4B137CEBC93842332FFE1" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CEBC93842704FF34" bold="true" box="[199,274,511,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
. We have not documented ova. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA4B137CCCB907B2520FF34" box="[688,822,512,536]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Canton, ova are
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFA4B137CA4C907B22A0FF34" box="[1079,1206,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.2mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, domeshaped with 22–29 fine ribs stopping short of the micropyle; they are red, pink or variegated pink and yellowish white when laid, becoming paler as they develop; they are usually laid on the leaf underside, and may be laid singly, but more often in clusters of up to 30, rarely 50 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA4B137CD5D901725C9FFA9" author="Hoffmann" box="[806,991,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="246" refString="Hoffmann, W. E. (1935) Observations on a hesperid leaf-roller and a lace-bug, two pests of banana in Kwangtung. Lingnan Science Journal, 14, 634 - 649." type="journal article" year="1935">Hoffmann 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA4B137CD96901722FCFFA8" author="Bascombe" box="[1005,1258,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" refString="Bascombe, M. J., Johnston, G. & Bascombe, F. S. (1999) The butterflies of Hong Kong. Academic Press, London, xiii + 422 pp., 222 pls." type="book" year="1999">
|
||
Bascombe
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CA1090162289FFA9" box="[1131,1183,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 103.1–2;
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA4B137CEEC90F426E0FF84" box="[151,246,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1434,1456]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,756,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,756,1410]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Ova of Erionota torus, Kerala, India, 2013; cropped from a photograph by P. Manoj (©, see acknowledgements)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264656/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA4B137CF5190F4278CFF84" box="[298,410,655,680]" name="Mauritius" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, TCEC noted that the female prefers to lay her ova on young banana plants. We assume that on hatching the young caterpillar eats the eggshell completely, as no hatched ova were found near them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA4B137CEEC97E12384F89C" box="[151,1426,1434,1456]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264656/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" targetBox="[151,1436,756,1409]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA4B137CEEC97E12384F89C" blockId="4.[151,1426,1434,1456]" box="[151,1426,1434,1456]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CEEC97E1271BF89C" bold="true" box="[151,269,1434,1456]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. Ova of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CF1E97E027EFF89C" box="[357,505,1435,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CF1E97E027EFF89C" box="[357,505,1435,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kerala, India, 2013; cropped from a photograph by P. Manoj (©, see acknowledgements).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA4B137CEBC97A72413FB11" blockId="4.[151,1437,1500,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA4B137CEBC97A72774F8D9" bold="true" box="[199,354,1500,1525]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
. Caterpillars roll the leaf in a way not seen in any Afrotropical species. The young caterpillars make a cut from the leaf edge, slightly curved distally or more usually basally, and roll the resultant flap under at an angle to the leaf edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA4B137CFEE945F27EEFB11" box="[405,504,1572,1597]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,821,843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,339,797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,339,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Erionota torus caterpillars on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4 km East of Titi, 25 Oct 2014, MJWC 14 / 1 D. 1, a row of five early shelters along one leaf edge (lower edge in figure); 2, n- 3 instar caterpillar in unrolled shelter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264657/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA4B136CEBC943324B7FC31" blockId="4.[151,1437,1500,2029]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
The older caterpillars make a similar curved cut in the leaf, starting distally and extending towards the midrib and leaf base, and roll the cut portion, extending the cut across the leaf over time. Normally the shelter is a leaf roll (Figure 5.1), but sometimes the shape is more conical (Figure 5.2); this seems to be individual variation. If it is sufficiently disturbed or meets the cut of another shelter, the caterpillar makes a new leaf roll. No evidence of eating can be seen outside the shelter, and when the tube is unrolled, the unrolled leaf does not refill the leaf space it originally occupied. The caterpillar feeds by eating the inner layers of the tube, thus avoiding the dangers inherent in emerging from its shelter. One effect of this is that the inside diameter of the tube becomes much greater than is usual in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA4B137CF32953F27D9FA71" box="[329,463,1860,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
tube shelters. The bottom end of the shelter is loosely sealed with silk, often retaining the frass, thus hindering access by predators. TCEC observed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA4B137CDFD951325E5FAAD" box="[902,1011,1896,1921]" name="Mauritius" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
that the top of the shelter is crudely closed with silk, but must be opened when the caterpillar extends the cut, and rolls more of the leaf; old strands of silk are cut and remain visible along the cut on the leaf section not incorporated into the shelter (Figure 5.2). This detail is at variance with the description and diagrams of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA4B137CD4C95AF2209FAC1" author="Makibayashi" box="[823,1055,2004,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="246" refString="Makibayashi, I. (1981) [An observation of the nest making of Erionota torus final instar larva]. Cho Cho, The Rhopalocerists' Magazine, Fukuoka, Japan, 4 (9), 14 - 18. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1981">Makibayashi (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and MJWC’s observations from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA5B136CE8E92EC274AFD9C" box="[245,348,151,176]" name="Malaysia" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
that the silk strands used to form the shelter are attached to parts of the leaf that are subsequently incorporated into the shelter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA5B136CF9F92C72479FDF9" box="[484,623,188,213]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,655,677]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1954,1976]" captionTargetBox-0="[180,1396,193,636]" captionTargetBox-1="[207,1384,803,1931]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[180,1396,193,637]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[207,1385,803,1931]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Erionota torus leaf shelters on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4 km East of Titi, 25. x. 2014, MJWC 14 / 1. 1, a typical final instar shelter; 2, three shelters (two abandoned) on one leaf; 3, a shelter from below with dangling leaf strip from centre of shelter. Note in # 2 and # 3 there is no trace of silk attachments on the leaf under surface adjacent to the cut (cf. Figure 5.2)." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Leaf shelter of mature caterpillar of Erionota torus on Musa sp., Malaysia, Seremban, Serdang, 6 Feb 1993, MJWC 93 / 106. 1, shelter in situ, seem from above; 2, detached shelter seen from below; 3, detail of the closed upper end; 4, the shelter unrolled (same orientation of bottom left leaf edge as # 2), with mature caterpillar in centre of roll." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/264659/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/264660/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Figures 6–7</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is possible that this difference is associated with the conical (Figure 5.2) rather than tubular shape (Figure 5.1) of the leaf roll; the latter is normal, but the former occurs occasionally. Further observations are needed to clarify this.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA5B136CEEC914E26F6FEA2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264657/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" targetBox="[151,1436,339,797]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA5B136CEEC914E26F6FEA2" blockId="5.[151,1436,821,910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA5B136CEEC914E2719FE67" bold="true" box="[151,271,821,843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA5B136CF65914C27A3FE60" box="[286,437,823,844]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA5B136CF65914C27A3FE60" box="[286,437,823,844]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
caterpillars on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4km East of Titi, 25 Oct 2014, MJWC 14/1D.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA5B136CF4D912C2755FE41" bold="true" box="[310,323,855,877]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">1</emphasis>
|
||
, a row of five early shelters along one leaf edge (lower edge in figure);
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA5B136CA4C912C2252FE41" bold="true" box="[1079,1092,855,877]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">2</emphasis>
|
||
, n-3 instar caterpillar in unrolled shelter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA5B136CEEC95D22520FAF1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264658/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" targetBox="[176,1411,965,1941]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA5B136CEEC95D22520FAF1" blockId="5.[151,1435,1961,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA5B136CEEC95D2271BFA93" bold="true" box="[151,269,1961,1983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||
. Shelters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA5B136CFF595D12435FA93" box="[398,547,1962,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA5B136CFF595D12435FA93" box="[398,547,1962,1983]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on banana, Chamarel, south-west Mauritius, 18 Apr 2014 [TCEC].
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA5B136CAA395D222F3FA93" bold="true" box="[1240,1253,1961,1983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">1</emphasis>
|
||
, shelter in situ;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA5B136CBF295D22383FA93" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1961,1983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">2</emphasis>
|
||
, shelter from below showing old silk attachments along line of cut.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA6B135CEEC90F427E0FE2D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264659/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" targetBox="[180,1396,193,636]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA6B135CEEC90F427E0FE2D" blockId="6.[151,1436,655,769]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CEEC90F42706FF89" bold="true" box="[151,272,655,677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA6B135CF5B90EB27AEFF89" box="[288,440,656,677]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CF5B90EB27AEFF89" box="[288,440,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf shelters on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4km East of Titi, 25.x.2014, MJWC 14/1.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CF5C90D52722FFE8" bold="true" box="[295,308,686,708]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">1</emphasis>
|
||
, a typical final instar shelter;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CC0390D52493FFE8" bold="true" box="[632,645,686,708]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">2</emphasis>
|
||
, three shelters (two abandoned) on one leaf;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CA1790D5226EFFE8" bold="true" box="[1132,1144,686,708]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">3</emphasis>
|
||
, a shelter from below with dangling leaf strip from centre of shelter. Note in #2 and #3 there is no trace of silk attachments on the leaf under surface adjacent to the cut (cf. Figure 5.2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA6B135CEEC95D922D6FAD9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264660/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" targetBox="[207,1384,803,1931]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA6B135CEEC95D922D6FAD9" blockId="6.[151,1436,1954,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CEEC95D92706FA94" bold="true" box="[151,272,1954,1976]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
|
||
. Leaf shelter of mature caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA6B135CCDF95D8252DFA94" box="[676,827,1955,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CCDF95D8252DFA94" box="[676,827,1955,1976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA6B135CD1395D825B6FA94" box="[872,928,1955,1976]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CD1395D825B6FA94" box="[872,928,1955,1976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Musa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Malaysia, Seremban, Serdang, 6 Feb 1993, MJWC 93/106.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CF4395BA2752FAFB" bold="true" box="[312,324,1985,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">1</emphasis>
|
||
, shelter in situ, seem from above;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CCE495BA24BAFAFB" bold="true" box="[671,684,1985,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detached shelter seen from below;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CA6D95BA2235FAFB" bold="true" box="[1046,1059,1985,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">3</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of the closed upper end;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA6B135CB1F95BA2366FAFB" bold="true" box="[1380,1392,1985,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">4</emphasis>
|
||
, the shelter unrolled (same orientation of bottom left leaf edge as #2), with mature caterpillar in centre of roll.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA7B134CEEC914226D8FE42" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264661/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" targetBox="[151,1436,179,801]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA7B134CEEC914226D8FE42" blockId="7.[151,1435,825,878]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA7B134CEEC91422718FE63" bold="true" box="[151,270,825,847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
|
||
. Caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA7B134CFD791412457FE63" box="[428,577,826,847]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA7B134CFD791412457FE63" box="[428,577,826,847]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on banana, Chamarel, south-west Mauritius, 19–20 Apr 2014 [TCEC], dorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA7B134CEEC95E624B0FADD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264662/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" targetBox="[151,1436,912,1927]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA7B134CEEC95E624B0FADD" blockId="7.[151,1436,1949,2033]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA7B134CEEC95E6271AFA9F" bold="true" box="[151,268,1949,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
|
||
. Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA7B134CC6C95E424BDFA98" box="[535,683,1951,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA7B134CC6C95E424BDFA98" box="[535,683,1951,1972]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4km East of Titi, 25.x.2014, 41mm; MJWC 14/1J.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA7B134CC5895C72439FAFE" bold="true" box="[547,559,1980,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA7B134CC8695C7251CFAFE" bold="true" box="[765,778,1980,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA7B134CA3095C72241FAFE" bold="true" box="[1099,1111,1980,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">3</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA7B134CBF295C72383FAFE" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1980,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">4</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of posterior portion, posterodorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA8B13BCEEC9660275DF942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264663/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1029]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA8B13BCEEC9660275DF942" blockId="8.[151,1436,1051,1134]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCEEC9660270AF91D" bold="true" box="[151,284,1051,1073]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
|
||
. Mature final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA8B13BCCFD9667250BF91D" box="[646,797,1052,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCCFD9667250BF91D" box="[646,797,1052,1073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA8B13BCDD5966725F0F91D" box="[942,998,1052,1073]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCDD5966725F0F91D" box="[942,998,1052,1073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Musa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Malaysia, Seremban, Serdang, 6 Feb 1993, 47mm; MJWC 93/106.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCFB2964227C0F963" bold="true" box="[457,470,1081,1103]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCC1C96422465F963" bold="true" box="[615,627,1081,1103]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">2</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCD449642255DF963" bold="true" box="[831,843,1081,1103]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">3</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCA0D96422294F963" bold="true" box="[1142,1154,1081,1103]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">4</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of posterior portion, dorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA8B13BCEBC96ED228DF9FE" blockId="8.[151,1436,1173,1234]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
For pupation, the caterpillar makes an inner, wax lined, sealed pocket within the leaf roll (partially apparent in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA8B13BCEEC96C22713F9FE" box="[151,261,1209,1234]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="9.[151,250,827,849]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,805]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,409,806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 12. Pupa of Erionota torus collected on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4 km East of Titi, 25. x. 2014, 40 mm; MJWC 14 / B. 1, dorsal view; 2, ventrolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264665/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), within which it pupates, head up, attached at the cremaster, but without a girdle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFA8B13BCEEC956C2376FA01" box="[151,1376,1815,1838]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264664/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" targetBox="[151,1436,1289,1789]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA8B13BCEEC956C2376FA01" blockId="8.[151,1376,1815,1838]" box="[151,1376,1815,1838]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCEEC956C270EFA01" bold="true" box="[151,280,1815,1837]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">FIGURE 11</emphasis>
|
||
. Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA8B13BCF039562241BFA02" box="[376,525,1817,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erionota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCF039562241BFA02" box="[376,525,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Erionota torus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on banana, Chamarel, south-west Mauritius, 19–20 Apr 2014 [TCEC], lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA8B13ACEBC952F273EFDD4" blockId="8.[151,1436,1876,2009]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA8B13BCEBC952F275DFA41" bold="true" box="[199,331,1876,1901]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
. All instars are pale green with a dark or black head.
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA8B13BCDAC952F2253FA41" box="[983,1093,1876,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="7.[151,250,825,847]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,179,801]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,177,801]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 8. Caterpillar of Erionota torus on banana, Chamarel, south-west Mauritius, 19 – 20 Apr 2014 [TCEC], dorsolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264661/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Figures 8</figureCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA8B13BCAE9952F22E9FA41" box="[1170,1279,1876,1901]" name="Mauritius" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
and 10 from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA8B13BCEEC950326E8FABD" box="[151,254,1912,1937]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
show a brown head, whereas
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA8B13BCC2B950324B9FABD" box="[592,687,1912,1937]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,912,1927]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,912,1928]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 9. Final instar caterpillar of Erionota torus collected on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4 km East of Titi, 25. x. 2014, 41 mm; MJWC 14 / 1 J. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterior view; 3, detail of head, lateral view; 4, detail of posterior portion, posterodorsolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264662/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFA8B13BCC8F9503254DFABD" box="[756,859,1912,1937]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
shows a head that is almost black; this seems to be individual variation. From an early age (Figure 4.2), the caterpillar is covered with an increasingly thick layer of white powder, so that the body appears white with erect pale setae partially covered with the powder (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA8B13BCB7E95BB2399FAF5" box="[1285,1423,1984,2009]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,825,847]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,179,801]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,912,1927]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1436,177,801]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,912,1928]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Caterpillar of Erionota torus on banana, Chamarel, south-west Mauritius, 19 – 20 Apr 2014 [TCEC], dorsolateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Final instar caterpillar of Erionota torus collected on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4 km East of Titi, 25. x. 2014, 41 mm; MJWC 14 / 1 J. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterior view; 3, detail of head, lateral view; 4, detail of posterior portion, posterodorsolateral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/264661/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/264662/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Figures 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
), and shortly before pupation, the uniformly dark head is partially obscured with the white powder (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA9B13ACA9192EC234AFD9C" box="[1258,1372,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1029]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1029]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 10. Mature final instar caterpillar of Erionota torus collected on Musa sp., Malaysia, Seremban, Serdang, 6 Feb 1993, 47 mm; MJWC 93 / 106. 1, dorsal view; 2, dorsolateral view; 3, detail of head, lateral view; 4, detail of posterior portion, dorsolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264663/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The caterpillar grows to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFA9B13ACF0C92C727A9FDF9" box="[375,447,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="55.0">55mm</quantity>
|
||
in length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFA9B13ACC4C92C7255AFDF8" author="Igarashi" box="[567,844,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" refString="Igarashi, S. & Fukuda, H. (2000) The life histories of Asian butterflies. Vol. 2. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 711 pp." type="book" year="2000">Igarashi & Fukuda 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is covered with white flocculence as it prepares for pupation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFA9B13ACEBC937F2494FC49" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFA9B13ACEBC937F2713FC31" bold="true" box="[199,261,260,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
. The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFA9B13ACFF1937F243BFC30" box="[394,557,260,285]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1815,1837]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,827,849]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1289,1789]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,409,805]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,1289,1791]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[151,1436,409,806]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Pupa of Erionota torus on banana, Chamarel, south-west Mauritius, 19 – 20 Apr 2014 [TCEC], lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Pupa of Erionota torus collected on plantation banana, Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, 3.4 km East of Titi, 25. x. 2014, 40 mm; MJWC 14 / B. 1, dorsal view; 2, ventrolateral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/264664/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/264665/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Figures 11–12</figureCitation>
|
||
) is up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFA9B13ACCED937F24C8FC31" box="[662,734,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="45.0">45mm</quantity>
|
||
long, pale brown with a variable and patchy covering of white powder. The proboscis extends beyond the cremaster. The pupa is attached at the cremaster, and unlike many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFA9B13ACEEC9337270BFC49" box="[151,285,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not construct a silk girdle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |