268 lines
31 KiB
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268 lines
31 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804" ID-PMC="PMC8971126" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e80804" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" ID-PubMed="35437395" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e80804" checkinTime="1648143502398" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sennikov, Alexander & Lazkov, Georgy" docDate="2022" docId="C7D89800811F5A91857F380BDD0F15BF" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e80804" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-03-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804" docTitle="Alkekengi officinarum Moench 1802" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" lastPageNumber="80804" masterDocId="FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503" masterDocTitle="The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2" masterLastPageNumber="80804" masterPageNumber="80804" pageNumber="80804" updateTime="1668122133334" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 2</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sennikov, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-7657</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia & University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lazkov, Georgy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>80804</mods:start>
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<mods:end>80804</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e80804</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFDE48E03D055CC0A8E7C293CA35A503</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C7D89800811F5A91857F380BDD0F15BF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7D89800811F5A91857F380BDD0F15BF" lastPageNumber="80804" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName LSID="C7D89800-811F-5A91-857F-380BDD0F15BF" authority="Moench, 1802" authorityName="Moench" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Alkekengi" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alkekengi officinarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">Alkekengi officinarum Moench, 1802</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Moench" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Alkekengi" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alkekengi officinarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">Alkekengi officinarum</taxonomicName>
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Moench, Suppl. Meth.: 177 (1802) -
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Physalis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physalis alkekengi" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alkekengi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Physalis alkekengi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L., Sp. Pl. 1: 183 (1753).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Moench" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Alkekengi" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alkekengi officinarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">Alkekengi officinarum</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Physalis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physalis franchetii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="franchetii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Physalis franchetii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Alkekengi" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alkekengi officinarum subsp. var. var. franchetii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="officinarum" subSpecies="var." variety="franchetii">Alkekengi officinarum var. franchetii</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Moench" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Alkekengi" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alkekengi officinarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">Alkekengi officinarum</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Physalis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physalis praetermissa" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praetermissa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Physalis praetermissa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Moench" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Alkekengi" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alkekengi officinarum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">Alkekengi officinarum</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Physalis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physalis glabripes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glabripes">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Physalis glabripes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="native distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Native distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Many popular sources and even scientific data aggregators, including Plants of the World Online (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pojarkova, A. I." journalOrPublisher="Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Botanicheskogo Instituta Imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7478418" refString="PoWo Plants of the World online http://powo.science.kew.org/ 2021-09-21T00:00:00+03:00" year="1955">PoWo 2021</bibRefCitation>
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), stated that this species is native to Eurasia with the continuous distribution from Portugal to Japan. Palaeobotanical data definitely show that the species was present in Europe as early as in Pliocene (
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<bibRefCitation author="Saerkinen, Tiina" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7478440" refString="Saerkinen, Tiina, Bohs, Lynn, Olmstead, R. G., Knapp, Sandra, 2013. A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000-tip tree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (1)" title="A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000 - tip tree" volume="13" year="2013">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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), but this evidence does not indicate its continuous presence in the territory. As evident from the details of its distribution in particular countries, the species is native in two disjunct areas: the Caucasus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Grossheim, A. A." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Caucasus" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479012" refString="Grossheim, A. A., 1967. . Flora of the Caucasus Vol. 7" volume="Vol. 7" year="1967">Grossheim 1967</bibRefCitation>
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) and central China (
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, S. C." journalOrPublisher="Georgetown Press, San Francisco" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7478449" refString="Li, S. C., 1973. Chinese medicinal herbs: A modern edition of a classic sixteenth-century manual. Georgetown Press, San Francisco" title="Chinese medicinal herbs: A modern edition of a classic sixteenth-century manual" year="1973">Li 1973</bibRefCitation>
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) with adjacent territories.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="secondary distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Secondary distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species was a common vegetable in pre-historic times (
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<bibRefCitation author="Colledge, Sue" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Science Reviews" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="193 - 206" refId="B7478457" refString="Colledge, Sue, Conolly, James, 2014. Wild plant use in European Neolithic subsistence economies: a formal assessment of preservation bias in archaeobotanical assemblages and the implications for understanding changes in plant diet breadth. Quaternary Science Reviews 101: 193 - 206" title="Wild plant use in European Neolithic subsistence economies: a formal assessment of preservation bias in archaeobotanical assemblages and the implications for understanding changes in plant diet breadth" volume="101" year="2014">Colledge and Conolly 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). For this reason, it had been transported with people as they settled in new territories since the Neolithic period (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Kohler-Schneider, Marianne" journalOrPublisher="Vegetation History and Archaeobotany" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="61 - 74" refId="B7478475" refString="Kohler-Schneider, Marianne, Caneppele, Anita, 2007. Late Neolithic agriculture in eastern Austria: archaeobotanical results from sites of the Baden and Jevisovice cultures (3600-2800 b.c.). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 18 (1): 61 - 74" title="Late Neolithic agriculture in eastern Austria: archaeobotanical results from sites of the Baden and Jevisovice cultures (3600 - 2800 b. c.)" volume="18" year="2007">Kohler-Schneider and Caneppele 2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Reed, Kelly" journalOrPublisher="Vegetation History and Archaeobotany" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="601 - 619" refId="B7478466" refString="Reed, Kelly, 2015. From the field to the hearth: plant remains from Neolithic Croatia (ca. 6000-4000 cal BC). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24 (5): 601 - 619" title="From the field to the hearth: plant remains from Neolithic Croatia (ca. 6000 - 4000 cal BC)" volume="24" year="2015">Reed 2015</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Jin, Guiyun" journalOrPublisher="Antiquity" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1426 - 1443" refId="B7479001" refString="Jin, Guiyun, Chen, Songtao, Li, Hui, Fan, Xianjun, Yang, Aiguo, Mithen, Steven, 2020. The Beixin Culture: archaeobotanical evidence for a population dispersal of Neolithic hunter-gatherer-cultivators in northern China. Antiquity 94 (378): 1426 - 1443" title="The Beixin Culture: archaeobotanical evidence for a population dispersal of Neolithic hunter-gatherer-cultivators in northern China" volume="94" year="2020">Jin et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). With humans, it expanded as an archaeophyte to Europe, Central Asia and neighbouring mountainous areas (including Xinjiang). Its occurrence in the Russian Far East (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ignatov, M. S." journalOrPublisher="Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7478586" refString="Ignatov, M. S., 1991. . Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East 5" volume="5" year="1991">Ignatov 1991</bibRefCitation>
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) originated from the ancient Chinese colonisation (
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<bibRefCitation author="Schischkin, I. K." journalOrPublisher="Far East Publishing House, Khabarovsk" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7634509" refString="Schischkin, I. K., 1936. Weedy plants of the southern part of the Far East Region. Far East Publishing House, Khabarovsk" title="Weedy plants of the southern part of the Far East Region" year="1936">Schischkin 1936</bibRefCitation>
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). Its non-native status in Central Asia was established by
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<bibRefCitation author="Pojarkova, A. I." journalOrPublisher="Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Botanicheskogo Instituta Imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="321 - 332" refId="B7478626" refString="Pojarkova, A. I., 1954. On Physalis sect. Megista Rydb. and its Asiatic species. Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Botanicheskogo Instituta Imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR 16: 321 - 332" title="On Physalis sect. Megista Rydb. and its Asiatic species" volume="16" year="1954">Pojarkova (1954a)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">The species is a neophyte outside Eurasia, in North America and northern Africa.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution in central asia">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution in Central Asia</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species is widely distributed in Central Asia and has been recorded from every country of the region (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kovalevskaya, S. S." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454329" refString="Kovalevskaya, S. S., 1987. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1987">Kovalevskaya 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). It was commonly cultivated before the Russian colonisation (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fedtschenko, O. A." journalOrPublisher="Izvestia Turkestanskogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obschestva" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1 - 200" refId="B7552105" refString="Fedtschenko, O. A., Fedtschenko, B. A., 1913. Conspectus florae Turkestanicae. Izvestia Turkestanskogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obschestva 6 (Supplement 5): 1 - 200" title="Conspectus florae Turkestanicae" volume="6" year="1913">Fedtschenko and Fedtschenko 1913</bibRefCitation>
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) and occurred spontaneously in gardens and around populated places.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Due to a technical error,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. viscosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="viscosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">P. viscosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L. was reported as historically occurring in Uzbekistan (
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<bibRefCitation author="Khassanov, F. O." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Uzbekistan" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454253" refString="Khassanov, F. O., Sennikov, A. N., Juramurodov, I. J., 2020. . Flora of Uzbekistan Vol. 3" volume="Vol. 3" year="2020">Khassanov et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). This record was based on a misfiled collection of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. officinarum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="officinarum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">A. officinarum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Tashkent (cultivated or weedy), dated 1919.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="distribution in kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Distribution in Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Western Tian-Shan, Northern Tian-Shan, Alay-Turkestan.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species has been commonly observed in and around populated places, along irrigation ditches and field margins. It was commonly cultivated in the whole country (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spota, E. I." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479455" refString="Spota, E. I., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Spota 1960</bibRefCitation>
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) but went out of fashion and became rare nowadays (Lazkov, pers. obs.). Historical specimens do not provide any reliable data on its former distribution (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F7479678" captionText="Figure 2. Recorded distribution of Alkekengi officinarum in Kyrgyzstan, according to historical specimens examined (cultivated plants excluded) and recent observations." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/632494" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">2</figureCitation>
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); we assume that the cultivation was concentrated in climatically favourable, agricultural areas of western and northern Kyrgyzstan.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Ecology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Riversides in moist forests in the native distribution area; cultivated lands, sides of watercourses, humid forests in the secondary distribution area.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Biology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Perennial, rhizomatous, spreading by rhizome growth, persisting for a long time without seed reproduction.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The disjunct native distribution of the species in Eurasia is reflected in its infraspecific variability and, consequently, in its synonymy.
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<bibRefCitation author="Pojarkova, A. I." journalOrPublisher="Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Botanicheskogo Instituta Imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="321 - 332" refId="B7478626" refString="Pojarkova, A. I., 1954. On Physalis sect. Megista Rydb. and its Asiatic species. Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariya Botanicheskogo Instituta Imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR 16: 321 - 332" title="On Physalis sect. Megista Rydb. and its Asiatic species" volume="16" year="1954">Pojarkova (1954a)</bibRefCitation>
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recognised that plants from the eastern (Chinese) part of the distribution area largely differ in subglabrous leaves, calyces and pedicels, and established a few species-level segregates to reflect this observation. She mostly referred Central Asian plants to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. praetermissa" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="praetermissa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">P. praetermissa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a subglabrous variant of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. alkekengi" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="alkekengi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">P. alkekengi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with its centre of distribution in China, thus indicating their human-dispersed origin from that country. Latest taxonomic treatments (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, Z. Y." journalOrPublisher="Flora of China" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479052" refString="Zhang, Z. Y., Lu, A., D'Arcy, W. G., 1994. . Flora of China Vol. 17" volume="Vol. 17" year="1994">Zhang et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
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) did not support this splitting, leaving the species as the sole member of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Alkekengi" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alkekengi" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Alkekengi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a generic segregate related to
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Physalis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physalis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Physalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Whitson, Maggie" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="216 - 230" refId="B7479033" refString="Whitson, Maggie, Manos, P. S., 2005. Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the physaloids: A two-gene phylogeny of the Physalinae. Systematic Botany 30 (1): 216 - 230" title="Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the physaloids: A two-gene phylogeny of the Physalinae" volume="30" year="2005">Whitson and Manos 2005</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Zamora-Tavares, Maria del Pilar" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="41 - 50" refId="B7479042" refString="Zamora-Tavares, Maria del Pilar, Martinez, Mahinda, Magallon, Susana, Guzman-Davalos, Laura, Vargas-Ponce, Ofelia, 2016. Physalis and physaloids: A recent and complex evolutionary history. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 41 - 50" title="Physalis and physaloids: A recent and complex evolutionary history" volume="100" year="2016">Zamora-Tavares et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). Since both subglabrous and hairy variants of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. officinarum" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="species" species="officinarum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">A. officinarum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are present extensively in China and Central Asia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Vasilieva, A. N." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Kazakhstan" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479065" refString="Vasilieva, A. N., 1965. . Flora of Kazakhstan Vol. 8" volume="Vol. 8" year="1965">Vasilieva 1965</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, Z. Y." journalOrPublisher="Flora of China" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479052" refString="Zhang, Z. Y., Lu, A., D'Arcy, W. G., 1994. . Flora of China Vol. 17" volume="Vol. 17" year="1994">Zhang et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
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), these variants are currently treated at the level of variety, as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="A. officinarum subsp. var. var. franchetii" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" rank="variety" species="officinarum" subSpecies="var." variety="franchetii">A. officinarum var. franchetii</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, Z. Y." journalOrPublisher="Flora of China" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479052" refString="Zhang, Z. Y., Lu, A., D'Arcy, W. G., 1994. . Flora of China Vol. 17" volume="Vol. 17" year="1994">Zhang et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wang, Ruijiang" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="59 - 60" refId="B7479078" refString="Wang, Ruijiang, 2014. A new combination in Alkekengi (Solanaceae) for the Flora of China. Phytotaxa 178 (1): 59 - 60" title="A new combination in Alkekengi (Solanaceae) for the Flora of China" volume="178" year="2014">Wang 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="introduction to kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Introduction to Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="period of introduction">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Period of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Archaeophyte.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species is an archaeophyte of the Neolithic period, which was introduced from China in pre-historic times. It has been grown in China for at least six thousand years (
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<bibRefCitation author="Jin, Guiyun" journalOrPublisher="Antiquity" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" pagination="1426 - 1443" refId="B7479001" refString="Jin, Guiyun, Chen, Songtao, Li, Hui, Fan, Xianjun, Yang, Aiguo, Mithen, Steven, 2020. The Beixin Culture: archaeobotanical evidence for a population dispersal of Neolithic hunter-gatherer-cultivators in northern China. Antiquity 94 (378): 1426 - 1443" title="The Beixin Culture: archaeobotanical evidence for a population dispersal of Neolithic hunter-gatherer-cultivators in northern China" volume="94" year="2020">Jin et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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) for its edible fruits (
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<bibRefCitation author="Li, S. C." journalOrPublisher="Georgetown Press, San Francisco" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7478449" refString="Li, S. C., 1973. Chinese medicinal herbs: A modern edition of a classic sixteenth-century manual. Georgetown Press, San Francisco" title="Chinese medicinal herbs: A modern edition of a classic sixteenth-century manual" year="1973">Li 1973</bibRefCitation>
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) and is still consumed in some rural territories (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Kang, Yongxiang" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479530" refString="Kang, Yongxiang, Luczaj, Lukasz, Kang, Jin, Zhang, Shijiao, 2013. Wild food plants and wild edible fungi in two valleys of the Qinling Mountains (Shaanxi, central China). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9 (1)" title="Wild food plants and wild edible fungi in two valleys of the Qinling Mountains (Shaanxi, central China)" volume="9" year="2013">Kang et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wang, Jing" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479539" refString="Wang, Jing, Seyler, B. C., Ticktin, Tamara, Zeng, Yonggang, Ayu, Kede, 2020. An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by the Yi people of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 16 (1)" title="An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by the Yi people of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China" volume="16" year="2020">Wang et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="pathways of introduction">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Pathways of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Escape from confinement: Agriculture.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">The species was introduced and originally used as a vegetable. When its role as a vegetable had decreased and was largely forgotten, it was still cultivated as an ornamental and traditional plant.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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The species colonised the territory around the places of original cultivation by vegetative growth and seemingly by seed dispersal along water streams (cf.
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<bibRefCitation author="Cappers, R. T. J." journalOrPublisher="Vegetation History and Archaeobotany" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479521" refString="Cappers, R. T.J., 1993. Seed dispersal by water: a contribution to the interpretation of seed assemblages. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2 (3)" title="Seed dispersal by water: a contribution to the interpretation of seed assemblages" volume="2" year="1993">Cappers 1993</bibRefCitation>
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). Whereas the species was frequently noted in walnut forests in the proximity of villages in Uzbekistan (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kovalevskaya, S. S." journalOrPublisher="Flora of Uzbekistan" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7454266" refString="Kovalevskaya, S. S., 1961. . Flora of Uzbekistan Vol. 5" volume="Vol. 5" year="1961">Kovalevskaya 1961</bibRefCitation>
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), no such wild occurrence is known in Kyrgyzstan, thus indicating that its seed dispersal was very limited or inefficient. Most likely, the main agent of its local dispersal was humans.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="source of introduction">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Source of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">China.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="invasion status">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Invasion status</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Largely casual (persisting in places of original cultivation) or locally established. All recent observations are from the places of former cultivation (Lazkov, pers. obs.), which should be treated as casual. Not invasive.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="evidence of impact">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Evidence of impact</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Agriculture - no impact (the species currently does not occur as a weed, although it was formerly recorded along fields:
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<bibRefCitation author="Spota, E. I." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479455" refString="Spota, E. I., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Spota 1960</bibRefCitation>
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). Native ecosystems - no impact (not occurring in native habitats). Urban areas - minor impact (may occur as a ruderal in populated places when the cultivation was abandoned).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" type="trend">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">Trend</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">
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Strongly decreasing. The species had been very common in agricultural areas and, at that time, was commonly observed around populated places (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spota, E. I." journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Kirghiz SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804" refId="B7479455" refString="Spota, E. I., 1960. . Flora of the Kirghiz SSR Vol. 9" volume="Vol. 9" year="1960">Spota 1960</bibRefCitation>
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). When the tradition of the species cultivation had practically ceased, it disappeared or much decreased in many places and can be rarely seen nowadays (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F7477049" captionText="Figure 3. Alkekengi officinarum, a survivor of long-abandoned cultivation in Bishkek (photo by G. Lazkov, 21 September 2021)." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e80804.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591538" pageId="0" pageNumber="80804">3</figureCitation>
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); this observation evidences that the species largely relied on cultivation for its persistence.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |