treatments-xml/data/03/E9/35/03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54.xml

<document id="D8DAC69B79FFFA763624A9D64DDEE554" ID-CLB-Dataset="6295" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.10.1.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5cf7f9b1-b767-428e-ad81-63e49225b6d2" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4899817" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1621602514116" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Balete, Danilo S., Pelser, Pieter B., Nickrent, Daniel L. &amp; Barcelona, Julie F." docDate="2010" docId="03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytotaxa.10.49-57.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 10" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E765CC7F3D29AC31B7D5F874DD99C2DD.4:Phytotaxa.2009-2010.journal_article" docStyleId="E765CC7F3D29AC31B7D5F874DD99C2DD" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2009-2010.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rafflesia verrucosa Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FFD04D02E33CFF98A60AFA57FFCEFF9D" masterDocTitle="Rafflesia verrucosa (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of small-flowered Rafflesia from eastern Mindanao, Philippines" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1698940655465" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="30514AEFCA8A69C54B8E1981A15BF793">Rafflesia verrucosa (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of small-flowered Rafflesia from eastern Mindanao, Philippines</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F0ED3C2FE24E13D9DE3603EABBDECEF0">Balete, Danilo S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="403588E1621AB661CD9D11914066D0B1">Pelser, Pieter B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AED762A8987918F35B0963BE257F00C2">School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CC6B09177B5F8FCFB711C697B7D22060">Nickrent, Daniel L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="670C91F6D20945A3436DBDBD7EA43688">Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 - 6509 USA. E-mail: nickrent @ plant. siu. edu. Philippine Native Plant Conservation Society, Inc. (PNPCSI), Ninoy Aquino Parks &amp; Wildlife Center (NAPWC), Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB), Department of Environment &amp; Natural Resources (DENR), North Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="17CCDBB7E4B8909063F7F5DAAD285E5D">Barcelona, Julie F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3EC27F3D3A689CFADA91A883ACA6A741">School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="288EE7D8E5DC554A748FC222B1387776">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="217B452334DF3CA2192B0BBC57AB4AE7">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="90B97B8AEA0DF67609994F955D2446A5">2010-10-28</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899819" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182492205" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4899819" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E33DFF99A69DFF7DFADFFADA" box="[151,1297,1322,1351]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33DFF99A69DFF7DFADFFADA" blockId="1.[151,1297,1322,1351]" box="[151,1297,1322,1351]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
<heading id="D0B73300E33DFF99A69DFF7DFADFFADA" bold="true" box="[151,1297,1322,1351]" fontSize="12" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A69DFF7DFADFFADA" bold="true" box="[151,1297,1322,1351]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33DFF99A69DFF7DFC5AFADA" ID-CoL="793GK" authority="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,916,1322,1351]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A69DFF7DFE59FADB" bold="true" box="[151,407,1322,1350]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Rafflesia verrucosa</emphasis>
Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A207E505E33DFF99A5A8FF7DFBC6FADA" box="[930,1032,1322,1351]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33DFF99A213FF7DFB63FADA" box="[1049,1197,1322,1351]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-180@2.[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. B. Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. C. Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. D. Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. E. Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. F. Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. A, D–F. Holotype, Balete 17. C. Balete 18. D–F. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Figs. 2A–F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33DFF99A2B1FF7DFAC9FADA" box="[1211,1287,1322,1351]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-187@4.[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Longitudinal section through a bud showing both anthers and ovary. B. Cross section through the column neck showing undersurface of disk with anthers in shallow, pubescent sulci, and corona. C. Longitudinal section through an early developing fruit showing slightly lunate ovary. D. Tetrastigma sp., host of R. verrucosa. E. Partially cleared area exposing clusters of buds and senescent flowers attached to the roots of a single host plant. F. Immature bud showing signs of predation. A. Balete 18. B. Holotype, Balete 17. A–B. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899826/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">3A–F</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E33DFF99A69DFF21FDF9F990" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33DFF99A69DFF21FDF9F990" blockId="1.[151,1436,1398,1645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A69DFF21FDF9F990" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
Rafflesiae baleteae floribus bisexualis, et 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33DFF99A458FF21FCF9FA10" box="[594,823,1398,1421]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="leonardae" subSpecies="antheris">R. leonardae antheris</taxonomicName>
numerosis, 20-21, etiam 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33DFF99A249FF21FADCFA10" box="[1091,1298,1398,1421]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="aurantiae" subSpecies="formis">R. aurantiae formis</taxonomicName>
ramentorum similis. Autem verrucis prominentibus in perigonio et diaphragmate orae aperturae attingentes, disco cupulato processibus laminaribus sinuosis consociatis confertim impletis, corona pubiscentia densa ad trientum basilarem disci externi extensa, annulo latissimo toroido relative laevi, antheris minimus numerosioris ab omnibus aliis rafflesiis parvis praesertim differt.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E33DFF99A69DFC41FE8FF9F0" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33DFF99A69DFC41FE8FF9F0" blockId="1.[151,1436,1398,1645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
Type:— 
<collectingCountry id="F357C4FCE33DFF99A6E7FC41FE41F9B0" box="[237,399,1558,1581]" name="Philippines" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
: 
<materialsCitation id="3B288E31E33DFF99A790FC41FEF3F9F0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3126609304" collectingDate="2010-03-03" collectionCode="PNH, CAHUP, F, L, SING" country="United States of America" county="Mt. Kampalili" elevation="1470" latitude="7.29112" location="Mindanao Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.3152" municipality="Municipality" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Davao Oriental" typeStatus="holotype">
<location id="8E9FD2B7E33DFF99A790FC41FD9AF9B0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54:8E9FD2B7E33DFF99A790FC41FD9AF9B0" box="[410,596,1558,1581]" country="United States of America" county="Mt. Kampalili" latitude="7.29112" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.3152" municipality="Municipality" name="Mindanao Island" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" stateProvince="Davao Oriental">Mindanao Island</location>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49844A8EE33DFF99A455FC41FCBEF9B0" box="[607,880,1558,1581]" country="Philippines" name="Davao Oriental" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Davao Oriental Province</collectingRegion>
: 
<location id="8E9FD2B7E33DFF99A571FC41FC0BF9B0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54:8E9FD2B7E33DFF99A571FC41FC0BF9B0" box="[891,965,1558,1581]" country="United States of America" county="Mt. Kampalili" latitude="7.29112" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.3152" municipality="Municipality" name="Manay" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" stateProvince="Davao Oriental">Manay</location>
(also known as 
<location id="8E9FD2B7E33DFF99A273FC41FB00F9B0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54:8E9FD2B7E33DFF99A273FC41FB00F9B0" box="[1145,1230,1558,1581]" country="United States of America" county="Mt. Kampalili" latitude="7.29112" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.3152" municipality="Municipality" name="Man-ay" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" stateProvince="Davao Oriental">Man-ay</location>
) 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9B1E16E33DFF99A2D7FC41FAA5F9B0" box="[1245,1387,1558,1581]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Municipality</collectingMunicipality>
: 
<collectingCounty id="629EFCE0E33DFF99A37CFC41FEFAF9D0" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Mt. Kampalili</collectingCounty>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE74E2ABE33DFF99A74BFC61FE0EF9D0" box="[321,448,1590,1613]" degrees="7.29112" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" precision="1" value="7.29112">7.29112° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE74E2ABE33DFF99A7C7FC61FDAAF9D0" box="[461,612,1590,1613]" degrees="126.31520" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" precision="1" value="126.3152">126.31520° E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A478FC61FD09F9D0" box="[626,711,1590,1613]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="1470.0">
<elevation id="006D635FE33DFF99A478FC61FD09F9D0" box="[626,711,1590,1613]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="1470.0">1470 m</elevation>
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, 
<date id="FFFEA2ACE33DFF99A4DEFC61FCBEF9D0" box="[724,880,1590,1613]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" value="2010-03-03">
<collectingDate id="EFBA5B44E33DFF99A4DEFC61FCBEF9D0" box="[724,880,1590,1613]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" value="2010-03-03">3 March 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A577FC61FC2BF9D0" box="[893,997,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Balete 17</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="54FB3ACEE33DFF99A5FFFC61FB9AF9D0" box="[1013,1108,1590,1613]" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED511CA9E33DFF99A257FC61FB5BF9D0" box="[1117,1173,1590,1613]" country="Philippines" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15314" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15314" name="National Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="Herbarium">PNH</collectionCode>
, isotypes 
<collectionCode id="ED511CA9E33DFF99A308FC61FA92F9D0" box="[1282,1372,1590,1613]" country="Philippines" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15301" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15301" name="University of the Philippines Los Baños" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="Herbarium">CAHUP</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED511CA9E33DFF99A363FC61FAB6F9D0" box="[1385,1400,1590,1613]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15707" name="Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="Herbarium">F</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED511CA9E33DFF99A38FFC61FA56F9D0" box="[1413,1432,1590,1613]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED511CA9E33DFF99A6CDFC01FECBF9F0" box="[199,261,1622,1645]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15640" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15640" name="Singapore Botanic Gardens" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="Herbarium">SING</collectionCode>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F357C4FCE33DFF99A705FC01FEFBF9F0" box="[271,309,1622,1645]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">US</collectingCountry>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E33DFF9BA69DFCCAFD2DFC43" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33DFF9BA69DFCCAFD2DFC43" blockId="1.[151,1436,1693,2028]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,2034]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">
Endophytic holoparasite. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A7CCFCCAFD95F92B" box="[454,603,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Mature buds</emphasis>
to 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A489FCCAFD1AF92A" box="[643,724,1693,1719]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="7.5">7.5 cm</quantity>
in diameter. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A57AFCCAFC0BF92B" box="[880,965,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Cupule</emphasis>
2.0 cm high to 6.0 cm wide. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A32EFCCAFABFF92B" box="[1316,1393,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Bracts</emphasis>
(or 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A69DFC93FEDBF940" box="[151,277,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">bud scales</emphasis>
) numerous in three to four imbricate whorls, outermost smallest, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A255FC94FB7FF940" box="[1119,1201,1731,1757]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="1.6">1.6 cm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A2F5FC94FA9FF940" box="[1279,1361,1731,1757]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
wide, innermost largest to ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A7B1FCBDFDC3F899" box="[443,525,1770,1796]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="5.1">5.1 cm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A456FCBDFD60F899" box="[604,686,1770,1796]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="6.5">6.5 cm</quantity>
wide. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A508FCBDFCAAF89E" box="[770,868,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Flowers</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A567FCBDFC35F899" box="[877,1019,1770,1796]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.525" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="15.25" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="14.5">14.5–16 cm</quantity>
in diameter when fully expanded, 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A69DFD46FEEFF8B6" box="[151,289,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.15" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="12.25" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="11.5">11.5–13 cm</quantity>
high (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33DFF99A766FD46FE05F8B6" box="[364,459,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-180@2.[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. B. Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. C. Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. D. Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. E. Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. F. Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. A, D–F. Holotype, Balete 17. C. Balete 18. D–F. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
), with a very mild putrescent smell when fresh. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A20AFD46FB6BF8B7" box="[1024,1189,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Perigone tube</emphasis>
ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A2DCFD46FA97F8B6" box="[1238,1369,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5–5.5 cm</quantity>
long, inner surface with minute pustules (broccoli-like), with a midlayer of sclerenchymatous tissue that extends to the perigone lobes, this persisting beyond senescence and into fruit maturity, often forming a cup-like structure on top of the maturing fruit (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33DFF99A457FDD2FD74F802" box="[605,698,1925,1951]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-180@2.[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. B. Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. C. Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. D. Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. E. Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. F. Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. A, D–F. Holotype, Balete 17. C. Balete 18. D–F. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A4DBFDD2FC4DF803" box="[721,899,1925,1950]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">Perigone lobes</emphasis>
5, orbicular to broadly orbicular, 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33DFF99A31DFDD2FA52F802" box="[1303,1436,1925,1951]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="4.35" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="4.2">4.2–4.5 cm</quantity>
long, 6.5–8.0 cm wide, margins irregularly sinuate, reddish orange or cinnamon, becoming dark brown with age; adaxial surface verrucose, 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33DFF99A40CFD85FD89F876" box="[518,583,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="50">warts</emphasis>
prominently raised, solitary, irregular in shape, size, and density, usually roundish, less often rod-like to narrowly elongated, white-tipped in newly opened flowers, with age becoming concolorous with perigone adaxial surface, abscising upon flower senescence leaving a persistent wood-like tissue extending from the perigone tube (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33EFF9AA49DFAB2FD37FF62" box="[663,761,229,255]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-180@2.[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. B. Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. C. Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. D. Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. E. Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. F. Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. A, D–F. Holotype, Balete 17. C. Balete 18. D–F. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
); abaxial surface covered with hardened tissue that is irregularly cracked and partially flakes off (sometimes already early in the development of the flower) revealing a pitted inner layer (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA7F6FAE9FD95FF45" box="[508,603,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-180@2.[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. B. Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. C. Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. D. Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. E. Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. F. Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. A, D–F. Holotype, Balete 17. C. Balete 18. D–F. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA47BFAE8FD36FF45" box="[625,760,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Diaphragm</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA50AFAE9FC96FF45" box="[768,856,190,216]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 cm</quantity>
in diameter, 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA5FEFAE9FBACFF45" box="[1012,1122,190,216]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.0">2–3.5 cm</quantity>
wide from aperture rim to base of perigone lobes, 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA7B9FAB2FDEDFF62" box="[435,547,229,255]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9–11 mm</quantity>
thick at base, becoming thinner towards the aperture; concolorous with or slightly darker than the adaxial perigone surface; densely covered with prominently raised, pleated, plate-like warts that are white-tipped in newly opened flowers, these variable in size, larger ones 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA2F0FB65FAAFFED1" box="[1274,1377,306,332]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3–8 mm</quantity>
tall, intermixed with smaller ones, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA428FB0EFD4FFEEE" box="[546,641,345,371]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
tall (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA4B4FB0EFCD4FEEE" box="[702,794,345,371]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-180@2.[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. B. Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. C. Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. D. Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. E. Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. F. Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. A, D–F. Holotype, Balete 17. C. Balete 18. D–F. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
); windows absent; aperture 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA26BFB0EFB00FEEE" box="[1121,1230,345,371]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4 cm</quantity>
in diameter. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA36CFB0EFA52FEEF" box="[1382,1436,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Disk</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA69DFBD7FECBFE07" box="[151,261,384,410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="5.25" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="5.0">5–5.5 cm</quantity>
in diameter, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA7C6FBD7FDF4FE07" box="[460,570,384,410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="1.0">1–1.2 cm</quantity>
thick midway between the margin and the point where the disk joins the column, cup-shaped with a prominently raised margin, concolorous with diaphragm; processes forming an interconnected system of tightly packed, laminar plates with erose margins, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA249FB9AFB7CFE7A" box="[1091,1202,461,487]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="3.0">3–11 mm</quantity>
tall (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA2FAFB9AFA41FE7A" box="[1264,1423,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-180@2.[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. B. Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. C. Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. D. Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. E. Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. F. Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. A, D–F. Holotype, Balete 17. C. Balete 18. D–F. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2C, E–F</figureCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA69DFBA3FF23FD90" box="[151,237,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">column</emphasis>
very short, up to ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA7EBFBA3FDD7FD93" box="[481,537,500,526]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
from the floor of the floral tube to the upper surface of disk, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA30CFBA3FA9BFD93" box="[1286,1365,500,526]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="2.3">2.3 cm</quantity>
wide, deeply grooved, number of sulci corresponds to the number of anthers, septa between sulci ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA2F8F84DFAE2FDA9" box="[1266,1324,538,564]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
tall, with acicular hairs (‘bristles’ sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE33FFF9BA411F816FD52FDC6" author="Nais, J." box="[539,668,577,603]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refId="ref6351" refString="Nais, J. (2001) Rafflesia of the world. Sabah Parks, Kota Kinabalu." type="book" year="2001">Nais 2001</bibRefCitation>
) ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA4D1F816FCF4FDC6" box="[731,826,577,603]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long; 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA587F816FC21FDC7" box="[909,1007,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">annulus</emphasis>
ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA22FF816FB54FDC6" box="[1061,1178,577,603]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.0">7–10 mm</quantity>
wide, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA315F816FAB4FDC6" box="[1311,1402,577,603]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 cm</quantity>
in diameter, doughnut-shaped (toroid), concolorous with the rest of the perigone tube, surface shallowly pitted and rugose (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA739F8D9FE5AFD35" box="[307,404,654,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-180@2.[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. B. Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. C. Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. D. Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. E. Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. F. Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. A, D–F. Holotype, Balete 17. C. Balete 18. D–F. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA7A6F8D8FDD4FD35" box="[428,538,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Ramenta</emphasis>
to 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA44FF8D9FD42FD35" box="[581,652,654,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long, covered with clavate pustules, polymorphic, filiform to variously branched or cleaved apically, those at the floor of the perigone tube longer and denser becoming shorter and more widely spaced on the diaphragm, nearly absent near the aperture rim, white-tipped in newly opened flowers, becoming concolorous with perigone abaxial surface with age. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA25AF955FB7FFC86" box="[1104,1201,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Flowers</emphasis>
bisexual (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA324F955FA43FC81" box="[1326,1421,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-187@4.[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Longitudinal section through a bud showing both anthers and ovary. B. Cross section through the column neck showing undersurface of disk with anthers in shallow, pubescent sulci, and corona. C. Longitudinal section through an early developing fruit showing slightly lunate ovary. D. Tetrastigma sp., host of R. verrucosa. E. Partially cleared area exposing clusters of buds and senescent flowers attached to the roots of a single host plant. F. Immature bud showing signs of predation. A. Balete 18. B. Holotype, Balete 17. A–B. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899826/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA69DF97EFF21FCDF" box="[151,239,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">anthers</emphasis>
20 (or 21), globular, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA41AF97EFD9DFCDE" box="[528,595,809,835]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter, prominently protruding from very shallow anther sulci that are 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA6C8F907FEECFCF7" box="[194,290,848,874]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA761F907FE05FCF7" box="[363,459,848,874]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
wide (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA411F907FDB8FCF7" box="[539,630,848,874]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-187@4.[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Longitudinal section through a bud showing both anthers and ovary. B. Cross section through the column neck showing undersurface of disk with anthers in shallow, pubescent sulci, and corona. C. Longitudinal section through an early developing fruit showing slightly lunate ovary. D. Tetrastigma sp., host of R. verrucosa. E. Partially cleared area exposing clusters of buds and senescent flowers attached to the roots of a single host plant. F. Immature bud showing signs of predation. A. Balete 18. B. Holotype, Balete 17. A–B. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899826/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
), basal third of disk formed into a pubescent corona with bristle-like, acicular hairs to 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA754F921FE77FC0D" box="[350,441,886,912]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA7C0F921FDEBFC0D" box="[458,549,886,912]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-180@2.[151,1436,313,1760]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. B. Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. C. Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. D. Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. E. Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. F. Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. A, D–F. Holotype, Balete 17. C. Balete 18. D–F. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA439F921FD96FC0D" box="[563,600,886,912]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-187@4.[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Longitudinal section through a bud showing both anthers and ovary. B. Cross section through the column neck showing undersurface of disk with anthers in shallow, pubescent sulci, and corona. C. Longitudinal section through an early developing fruit showing slightly lunate ovary. D. Tetrastigma sp., host of R. verrucosa. E. Partially cleared area exposing clusters of buds and senescent flowers attached to the roots of a single host plant. F. Immature bud showing signs of predation. A. Balete 18. B. Holotype, Balete 17. A–B. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899826/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">3B</figureCitation>
); 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA47AF920FD7DFC0D" box="[624,691,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">ovary</emphasis>
ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA4EFF921FCF8FC0D" box="[741,822,886,912]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
tall, 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA57EF921FC08FC0D" box="[884,966,886,912]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="4.5">4.5 cm</quantity>
wide, lenticular or reniform, becoming broadly and irregularly so as the ovary matures (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA4D7F9CAFCF5FC2A" box="[733,827,925,951]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-187@4.[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Longitudinal section through a bud showing both anthers and ovary. B. Cross section through the column neck showing undersurface of disk with anthers in shallow, pubescent sulci, and corona. C. Longitudinal section through an early developing fruit showing slightly lunate ovary. D. Tetrastigma sp., host of R. verrucosa. E. Partially cleared area exposing clusters of buds and senescent flowers attached to the roots of a single host plant. F. Immature bud showing signs of predation. A. Balete 18. B. Holotype, Balete 17. A–B. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899826/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
); developing fruits to 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA24FF9CAFB4EFC2A" box="[1093,1152,925,951]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
in diameter and 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA340F9CAFA52FC2A" box="[1354,1436,925,951]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="4.7">4.7 cm</quantity>
high, sclerenchymatous perigone tissue persistent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF3FD4E4E33EFF9AA69DFCAEFB6FF877" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899824" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4899824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899824/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" startId="2.[151,255,1785,1809]" targetBox="[151,1436,313,1760]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33EFF9AA69DFCAEFB6FF877" blockId="2.[151,1436,1785,2027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA69DFCAEFEF3F88C" bold="true" box="[151,317,1785,1809]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 2. A.</emphasis>
Newly-opened flower showing verrucose perigone lobes and diaphragm. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA26AFCAEFBB6F88C" bold="true" box="[1120,1144,1785,1809]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">B.</emphasis>
Senescent flower showing persistent sclerenchymatous perigone tissue after warts have fallen off. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA5BDFD4AFC1FF8A8" bold="true" box="[951,977,1821,1845]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">C.</emphasis>
Close-up of the diaphragm and perigone showing dense and prominently raised warts. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA480FD16FD6AF8C4" bold="true" box="[650,676,1857,1881]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">D.</emphasis>
Abaxial surface of the perigone lobe revealing pitted surface beneath corky, cracking and flaking outermost tissue. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA48FFD32FD53F8E0" bold="true" box="[645,669,1893,1917]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">E.</emphasis>
Section through the floral perigone tube showing internal components including the acicular hairs ornamenting the exterior basal 1/3 of the cup-shaped disk, the laminar, interconnected processes of the disk, and the shallowly rugose annulus. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA4F7FDFAFCDCF858" bold="true" box="[765,786,1965,1989]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">F.</emphasis>
Top view of the perigone tube interior showing the disk, its processes, and the annulus. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA7B5FD84FDDBF876" bold="true" box="[447,533,2003,2027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">A, D–F.</emphasis>
Holotype, 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA486FD84FD3FF877" box="[652,753,2003,2026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Balete 17</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA4F4FD84FCD6F876" bold="true" box="[766,792,2003,2027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">C.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA515FD84FC4AF877" box="[799,900,2003,2026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Balete 18</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33EFF9AA598FD84FC09F876" bold="true" box="[914,967,2003,2027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">D–F.</emphasis>
Specimens in spirit.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E33FFF9BA6CCF9BDFD46FB02" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33FFF9BA6CCF9BDFD46FB02" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA6CCF9BDFDE2FB99" bold="true" box="[198,556,1002,1028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Distribution and habitat:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA421F9BDFCD9FB9E" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[555,791,1002,1027]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA421F9BDFCD9FB9E" box="[555,791,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rafflesia verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from the southeastern slope of Mt. Kampalili, 
<collectingRegion id="49844A8EE33FFF9BA711FE46FD8EFBB6" box="[283,576,1041,1067]" country="Philippines" name="Davao Oriental" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Davao Oriental Province</collectingRegion>
, Mindanao Island (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA52BFE46FCA8FBB6" box="[801,870,1041,1067]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,257,867,891]" captionTargetBox="[161,1436,189,837]" captionTargetId="figure-363@1.[151,1436,173,848]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Location of known Rafflesia populations in Mindanao. Red circles: extant populations, yellow circle: historical population not observed in recent years." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899821/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). It is found between 1350 and 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA2D1FE46FAF9FBB6" box="[1243,1335,1041,1067]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="1550.0">1550 m</quantity>
. Despite extensive search efforts in the area, it was not encountered at lower (
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA5CDFE6FFB91FBCF" box="[967,1119,1080,1106]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.35" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="1125.0" valueMax="1350.0" valueMin="900.0">900–1350 m</quantity>
) or higher (
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA2E7FE6FFA5DFBCF" box="[1261,1427,1080,1106]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.625" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.55" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="1625.0" valueMax="1700.0" valueMin="1550.0">1550–1700 m</quantity>
) elevation, although the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA458FE08FD2DFBE5" authorityName="Planchon" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Miquel" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[594,739,1119,1144]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA458FE08FD2DFBE5" box="[594,739,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Tetrastigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vines, which is the host for this species, was confirmed throughout the elevational range explored.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E33FFF9BA6CCFEFBFEA9F9D5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33FFF9BA6CCFEFBFEA9F9D5" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
The habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA776FEFBFDDBFB58" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[380,533,1196,1221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA776FEFBFDDBFB58" box="[380,533,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">R. verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is montane forest in relatively rocky and moderately sloping terrain. Leaf litter is ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA713FE85FEBFFB71" box="[281,369,1234,1260]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 cm</quantity>
thick. The canopy is ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA49DFE85FD1DFB71" box="[663,723,1234,1260]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
tall and emergents reach 
<specimenCount id="9D464FE5E33FFF9BA5F5FE85FB8CFB71" box="[1023,1090,1234,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA5F5FE85FBF0FB71" box="[1023,1086,1234,1260]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
The larger trees in this forest commonly reach a DBH up to ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA43FFEAEFD4DFA8E" box="[565,643,1273,1299]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="90.0">90 cm</quantity>
. Dominant trees are oaks (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA5CDFEAEFAF8FA8E" authority="Blume 1826: 526" authorityName="Blume" authorityPageNumber="526" authorityYear="1826" box="[967,1334,1273,1299]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA5CDFEAEFB99FA8F" box="[967,1111,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE33FFF9BA26BFEAEFAF8FA8E" author="Blume, C. L." box="[1121,1334,1273,1299]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" pagination="485 - 528" refId="ref5477" refString="Blume, C. L. (1826) Synoptische beschrijving van eenige planten, behoorende tot de familie der Urticeen en Amentaceen, op eene, in de jaren 1823 - 1824 gedane reis over Java, waargenomen en beschreven. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie 10: 485 - 528. Lands Drukkerij, Batavia." type="journal article" year="1826">Blume 1826: 526</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), laurels (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA6ABFF77FE14FAA7" authority="Lamarck 1792: 574" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityPageNumber="574" authorityYear="1792" box="[161,474,1312,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA6ABFF77FF27FAA4" box="[161,233,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Litsea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE33FFF9BA6FAFF77FE14FAA7" author="Lamarck, J. B. A. P. de" box="[240,474,1312,1338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" pagination="2" refId="ref6111" refString="Lamarck, J. B. A. P. de M. (1792) Encyclopedie methodique. Botanique 3 (2). Panckoucke, Paris; Plomteux, Liege." type="journal article" year="1792">Lamarck 1792: 574</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), and myrtles (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA481FF77FC25FAA7" authority="Gaertner 1788: 166" authorityName="Gaertner" authorityPageNumber="166" authorityYear="1788" box="[651,1003,1312,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA481FF77FD34FAA4" box="[651,762,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Syzygium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE33FFF9BA508FF77FC25FAA7" author="Gaertner, J." box="[770,1003,1312,1338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refId="ref5828" refString="Gaertner, J. (1788) De fructibus et seminibus plantarum 1. Academiae Carolinae, Stuttgart." type="book" year="1788">Gaertner 1788: 166</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). Mosses are common on tree trunks and branches, and often also at the bases of trunks. Other epiphytes include ferns and lycophytes, 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA323FF10FDE0FA1A" authority="Gaudichaud-Beaupre (1830: 484)" authorityName="Gaudichaud-Beaupre" authorityPageNumber="484" authorityYear="1830" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Medinilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA323FF10FA52FAFD" box="[1321,1436,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Medinilla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE33FFF9BA69DFF3AFDE0FA1A" author="Gaudichaud-Beaupre, C." box="[151,558,1389,1415]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refId="ref5922" refString="Gaudichaud-Beaupre, C. (1830) Voyage autour du monde, entrepris par ordre du roi, … execute sur les corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne. Botanique 12. Pillet-aine, Paris." type="book" year="1830">Gaudichaud-Beaupré (1830: 484)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and orange-flowered 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA536FF3AFAC7FA1A" authority="Linnaeus (1753 a: 392)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="392" authorityYear="1753" box="[828,1289,1389,1415]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA536FF3AFC22FA1B" box="[828,1004,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rhododendron</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE33FFF9BA5FFFF3AFAC7FA1A" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1013,1289,1389,1415]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refId="ref6173" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753 a) Species plantarum 1. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753a: 392)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Understory vegetation is abundant and composed of tree ferns, other ferns and lycophytes, ground orchids, gingers and grasses. Canopy vines such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA41BFFECFB8DFA49" authority="Gaudichaud-Beaupre (1824: 509)" authorityName="Gaudichaud-Beaupre" authorityPageNumber="509" authorityYear="1824" box="[529,1091,1466,1492]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Freycinetia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA41BFFECFD52FA49" box="[529,668,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Freycinetia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE33FFF9BA4AFFFEDFB8DFA49" author="Gaudichaud-Beaupre, C." box="[677,1091,1466,1492]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" pagination="507 - 510" refId="ref5883" refString="Gaudichaud-Beaupre, C. (1824) Descriptions de quelques nouveaux genres de plantes recueilles dans le voyage autour du monde, sous les ordres du capitaine Freycinet. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 3: 507 - 510." type="journal article" year="1824">Gaudichaud-Beaupré (1824: 509)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, climbing bamboos, rattans, 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA69DFFB6FDD8FA66" authority="Linnaeus (1753 b: 1028)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="1028" authorityYear="1753" box="[151,534,1505,1531]" class="Liliopsida" family="Smilacaceae" genus="Smilax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA69DFFB6FF26FA67" box="[151,232,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Smilax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE33FFF9BA6FBFFB6FDD8FA66" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[241,534,1505,1531]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" refId="ref6190" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753 b) Species plantarum 2. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753b: 1028)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA42EFFB6FD7DFA67" authorityName="Planchon" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Miquel" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[548,691,1505,1530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA42EFFB6FD7DFA67" box="[548,691,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Tetrastigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other lianas are likewise common. Several 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA308FFB6FA52FA67" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[1282,1436,1505,1530]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA308FFB6FA52FA67" box="[1282,1436,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">R. verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants were found on 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA796FC5FFDE7F9BC" authorityName="Planchon" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Miquel" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[412,553,1544,1569]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA796FC5FFDE7F9BC" box="[412,553,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Tetrastigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vine roots growing exposed on rocky ground which resulted in deformed buds and flowers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E33FFF9BA6CCFC02FB5EF90B" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33FFF9BA6CCFC02FB5EF90B" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA6CCFC02FEBAF9F2" bold="true" box="[198,372,1621,1647]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Etymology:—</emphasis>
The specific epithet of this new taxon is derived from the Latin 
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA255FC02FB74F9F3" box="[1119,1210,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">verruca</emphasis>
(wart), which calls attention to the unique, prominently raised warts on the perigone lobes and diaphragm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E33FFF9CA6CCFCF5FBAFFF62" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33FFF9BA6CCFCF5FA4CF8AD" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA6CCFCF5FE9FF921" bold="true" box="[198,337,1698,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Ecology:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA75BFCF4FDF3F921" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[337,573,1699,1724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA75BFCF4FDF3F921" box="[337,573,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rafflesia verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to plants of a single, presently unidentified species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA69DFC9EFEECF97F" authorityName="Planchon" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Miquel" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[151,290,1737,1762]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA69DFC9EFEECF97F" box="[151,290,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Tetrastigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA73BFC9EFE40F97E" box="[305,398,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-187@4.[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Longitudinal section through a bud showing both anthers and ovary. B. Cross section through the column neck showing undersurface of disk with anthers in shallow, pubescent sulci, and corona. C. Longitudinal section through an early developing fruit showing slightly lunate ovary. D. Tetrastigma sp., host of R. verrucosa. E. Partially cleared area exposing clusters of buds and senescent flowers attached to the roots of a single host plant. F. Immature bud showing signs of predation. A. Balete 18. B. Holotype, Balete 17. A–B. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899826/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
, specimen not collected). Flowers and buds were only observed on the roots of their host plants and are absent on prostrate and aerial stems. 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA4FEFCA7FCB1F894" authorityName="Planchon" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Miquel" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[756,895,1776,1801]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA4FEFCA7FCB1F894" box="[756,895,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Tetrastigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
roots bearing 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA223FCA7FB5FF894" authorityName=", Nais" authorityYear="2001" box="[1065,1169,1776,1801]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA223FCA7FB5FF894" box="[1065,1169,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rafflesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowers or scars range from 6 to at least 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA76FFD41FE02F8AD" box="[357,460,1814,1840]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="25.5">25.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter and buds were found on roots buried up to 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA25DFD41FB5FF8AD" box="[1111,1169,1814,1840]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
below ground level.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE33FFF9CA6CCFD6AFBAFFF62" blockId="3.[151,1436,152,2034]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,255]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
A total of 15 clusters of flowers and buds were discovered in an area of ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA241FD6AFB46F8CA" box="[1099,1160,1853,1879]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
× 
<quantity id="4CB82989E33FFF9BA2A3FD6AFB27F8CA" box="[1193,1257,1853,1879]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
. At one site, at least 30 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA6F6FD33FEA8F8E0" authorityName=", Nais" authorityYear="2001" box="[252,358,1892,1917]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA6F6FD33FEA8F8E0" box="[252,358,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Rafflesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
buds in different stages of development as well as senescent flowers were observed (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E33FFF9BA366FD33FF73F839" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-187@4.[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Longitudinal section through a bud showing both anthers and ovary. B. Cross section through the column neck showing undersurface of disk with anthers in shallow, pubescent sulci, and corona. C. Longitudinal section through an early developing fruit showing slightly lunate ovary. D. Tetrastigma sp., host of R. verrucosa. E. Partially cleared area exposing clusters of buds and senescent flowers attached to the roots of a single host plant. F. Immature bud showing signs of predation. A. Balete 18. B. Holotype, Balete 17. A–B. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899826/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
). This is equivalent to ca. 7–8 flower clusters per hectare. At the time of discovery of 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9BA2F7FDDCFA55F839" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[1277,1435,1931,1956]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9BA2F7FDDCFA55F839" box="[1277,1435,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">R. verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(February–March, 2010), a notably large number of senescent flowers and developing fruits were observed. This suggests that flowering must have peaked around October to December similar to what is reported for 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE33FFF9CA389FD8FFF01FF2C" authorityName="Fernando &amp; Ong" authorityYear="2005" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mira">
<emphasis id="B934587EE33FFF9CA389FD8FFF01FF2C" italics="true" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">R. mira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species found in the adjacent Mt. Candalaga, 
<collectingRegion id="49844A8EE338FF9CA51DFACFFC34FF2F" box="[791,1018,152,178]" country="Philippines" name="Compostela" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Compostela Valley</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE338FF9CA200FACFFB30FF2F" author="Madulid, D. A. &amp; Tandang, D. &amp; Agoo, E. M. G." box="[1034,1278,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref6207" refString="Madulid, D. A., Tandang, D. &amp; Agoo, E. M. G. (2006 [2005]) Rafflesia magnifica (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Acta Manillana 53: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2006">
Madulid 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA273FACFFB60FF2C" box="[1145,1198,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). Since some mature buds, newly opened flowers, and early senescent flowers were also observed during our visit in February–March, flowering appears to continue intermittently throughout the year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF3FD4E4E338FF9CA69DFCEBFBC2F8C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899826" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4899826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899826/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" startId="4.[151,255,1724,1748]" targetBox="[151,1436,313,1711]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE338FF9CA69DFCEBFBC2F8C9" blockId="4.[151,1436,1724,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA69DFCEBFEF7F949" bold="true" box="[151,313,1724,1748]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 3. A.</emphasis>
Longitudinal section through a bud showing both anthers and ovary. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA212FCEBFBFFF949" bold="true" box="[1048,1073,1724,1748]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">B.</emphasis>
Cross section through the column neck showing undersurface of disk with anthers in shallow, pubescent sulci, and corona. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA24CFC8BFBAEF969" bold="true" box="[1094,1120,1756,1780]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">C.</emphasis>
Longitudinal section through an early developing fruit showing slightly lunate ovary. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA4E3FCABFCCDF889" bold="true" box="[745,771,1788,1812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE338FF9CA503FCAAFC60F889" box="[777,942,1789,1812]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA503FCAAFC46F889" box="[777,904,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Tetrastigma</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, host of 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE338FF9CA202FCAAFB41F889" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[1032,1167,1789,1812]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA202FCAAFB41F889" box="[1032,1167,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA297FCABFB7BF889" bold="true" box="[1181,1205,1788,1812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">E.</emphasis>
Partially cleared area exposing clusters of buds and senescent flowers attached to the roots of a single host plant. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA289FD4BFB56F8A9" bold="true" box="[1155,1176,1820,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">F.</emphasis>
Immature bud showing signs of predation. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA769FD6BFEB3F8C9" bold="true" box="[355,381,1852,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">A.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA78EFD6AFE26F8C9" box="[388,488,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Balete 18</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA7FCFD6BFDC1F8C9" bold="true" box="[502,527,1852,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">B.</emphasis>
Holotype, 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA48CFD6AFD25F8C9" box="[646,747,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Balete 17</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B934587EE338FF9CA4F3FD6BFCFCF8C9" bold="true" box="[761,818,1852,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">A–B.</emphasis>
Specimens in spirit.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E338FF9DA6CCFDFDFA42FDA9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE338FF9DA6CCFDFDFA42FDA9" blockId="4.[151,1435,1962,2027]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,1225]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
Several buds as well as a maturing ovary of a senescent flower showed evidence of damage by animals, mainly as bite marks of unidentified small-toothed mammals (
<figureCitation id="137B98E9E338FF9CA578FD86FC02F876" box="[882,972,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1724,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-187@4.[151,1436,313,1711]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. A. Longitudinal section through a bud showing both anthers and ovary. B. Cross section through the column neck showing undersurface of disk with anthers in shallow, pubescent sulci, and corona. C. Longitudinal section through an early developing fruit showing slightly lunate ovary. D. Tetrastigma sp., host of R. verrucosa. E. Partially cleared area exposing clusters of buds and senescent flowers attached to the roots of a single host plant. F. Immature bud showing signs of predation. A. Balete 18. B. Holotype, Balete 17. A–B. Specimens in spirit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4899826" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4899826/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
). Systematic trapping in the area where 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA69DFACFFEFEFF2C" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,304,152,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA69DFACFFEFEFF2C" box="[151,304,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">R. verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs yielded at least ten species of native non-volant small mammals, including a gymnure (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA6ABFAE8FE89FF45" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1905" box="[161,327,191,216]" class="Mammalia" family="Erinaceidae" genus="Podogymnura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Erinaceomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA6ABFAE8FE89FF45" box="[161,327,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Podogymnura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a shrew (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA7C7FAE8FD54FF45" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1910" box="[461,666,191,216]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beatus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA7C7FAE8FD54FF45" box="[461,666,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Crocidura beatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a tree shrew (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA55FFAE8FBDBFF45" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[853,1045,191,216]" class="Mammalia" family="Tupaiidae" genus="Urogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scandentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everetti">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA55FFAE8FBDBFF45" box="[853,1045,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Urogale everetti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), two shrew-mice (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA2F7FAE8FABBFF45" box="[1277,1397,191,216]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Crunomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA2F7FAE8FABBFF45" box="[1277,1397,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Crunomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a moss-mouse (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA74AFAB2FE7CFF63" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1905" box="[320,434,229,254]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Tarsomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA74AFAB2FE7CFF63" box="[320,434,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Tarsomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), an arboreal tree-mouse (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA4FDFAB2FC98FF63" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1905" box="[759,854,229,254]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Apomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA4FDFAB2FC98FF63" box="[759,854,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Apomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a forest mouse (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA23CFAB2FB5BFF63" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1905" box="[1078,1173,229,254]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Apomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA23CFAB2FB5BFF63" box="[1078,1173,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Apomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the large Mindanao forest rat (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA71BFB5BFE2DFEB8" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1905" box="[273,483,268,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Bullimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bagobus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA71BFB5BFE2DFEB8" box="[273,483,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Bullimus bagobus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the common Philippine forest rat (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA5B3FB5BFBACFEB8" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[953,1122,268,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everetti">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA5B3FB5BFBACFEB8" box="[953,1122,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Rattus everetti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Also reported in the area by local hunters are two species of squirrels (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA4D8FB65FC23FED6" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[722,1005,306,331]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Exilisciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concinnus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA4D8FB65FC23FED6" box="[722,1005,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Exilisciurus concinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA226FB65FA47FED6" baseAuthorityName="Waterhouse" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[1068,1417,306,331]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sundasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA226FB65FA47FED6" box="[1068,1417,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Sundasciurus philippinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Likewise, we also documented the presence of larger mammals, including palm civet (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA2FDFB0EFE9FFE04" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Paradoxurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hermaphroditus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA2FDFB0EFE9FFE04" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Philippine warty pig (
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA46DFBD7FCF4FE04" box="[615,826,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
Sus 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA49CFBD7FCF4FE04" baseAuthorityName="Waterhouse" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[662,826,384,409]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sundasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">philippinensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) and Philippine brown deer (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA29AFBD7FAA9FE04" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1168,1383,384,409]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA29AFBD7FAA9FE04" box="[1168,1383,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Cervus mariannus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). At ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E339FF9DA6CBFBF1FED1FE5D" box="[193,287,422,448]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
, wild pig diggings on the ground around three populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA203FBF0FB6CFE5D" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[1033,1186,423,448]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA203FBF0FB6CFE5D" box="[1033,1186,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">R. verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are extensive but no sign of feeding on the buds and flowers was observed, although several were trampled upon. The role of these mammals in 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA732FBA3FE68FD90" authorityName=", Nais" authorityYear="2001" box="[312,422,500,525]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA732FBA3FE68FD90" box="[312,422,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Rafflesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dispersal in the 
<collectingCountry id="F357C4FCE339FF9DA47DFBA3FCCCFD93" box="[631,770,500,526]" name="Philippines" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Philippines</collectingCountry>
remains unstudied. But in Borneo, for instance, both squirrels (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA707F84DFE6DFDAE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[269,419,538,563]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Callosciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA707F84DFE6DFDAE" box="[269,419,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Callosciurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and tree shrew (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA465F84DFD0EFDAE" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[623,704,538,563]" class="Mammalia" family="Tupaiidae" genus="Tupaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scandentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA465F84DFD0EFDAE" box="[623,704,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Tupaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are known to feed on 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA5DBF84DFBF7FDAE" authorityName=", Nais" authorityYear="2001" box="[977,1081,538,563]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA5DBF84DFBF7FDAE" box="[977,1081,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Rafflesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fruits (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE339FF9DA287F84DFA4EFDA9" author="Emmons, L. H. &amp; Nais, J. &amp; Biun, A." box="[1165,1408,538,564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="197 - 199" refId="ref5696" refString="Emmons, L. H., Nais, J. &amp; Biun, A. (1991) Fruit and consumers of Rafflesia keithii (Rafflesiaceae). Biotropica 23: 197 - 199." type="journal article" year="1991">
Emmons 
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA2F5F84DFAF7FDAE" box="[1279,1337,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E339FF9DA6CCF817FA53FBC9" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE339FF9DA6CCF817FA53FBC9" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1225]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA6CCF817FE5AFDC7" bold="true" box="[198,404,576,602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Conservation:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA79FF816FDB2FDC7" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[405,636,577,602]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA79FF816FDB2FDC7" box="[405,636,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Rafflesia verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants grow in the tropical montane forest formation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE339FF9DA306F816FF32FD1F" author="Fernando, E. S. &amp; Suh, M. &amp; Lee, J. &amp; Lee, D. K." pageId="5" pageNumber="54" refId="ref5791" refString="Fernando, E. S., Suh, M. H, Lee, J. &amp; Lee, D. K. (2008) Forest Formations of the Philippines. GeoBook, Korea." type="book" year="2008">
Fernando 
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA38DF816FF78FD1C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
) which is increasingly undergoing disturbance and fragmentation from clearing for abaca (
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA353F83FFE6DFD35" authority="Nee 1801: 123" authorityName="Nee" authorityPageNumber="123" authorityYear="1801" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="textilis">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA353F83FFF29FD35" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Musa textilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE339FF9DA6FAF8D9FE6DFD35" author="Nee, L." box="[240,419,654,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="123 - 130" refId="ref6369" refString="Nee, L. (1801) De la abaca, que es la Musa textilis. Anales de Ciencias Naturales. Madrid 4: 123 - 130." type="journal article" year="1801">Née 1801: 123</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) plantations by native Mandayas. In addition, trees in the area are cut to harvest the young palm heart of the rattan plants that climb these trees. This practice resulted in areas of up to 
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which tall trees have been cleared and the understory has been damaged. Despite this disturbance, the forest of the Mt. Kampalili Range is relatively intact and certainly does not suffer from the same degradation and loss that plague the lowland forest in which the majority of the Philippine 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA5EFF97BFB81FCD8" authorityName=", Nais" authorityYear="2001" box="[997,1103,812,837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA5EFF97BFB81FCD8" box="[997,1103,812,837]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Rafflesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1F99DE339FF9DA2D1F97BFF2BFCF1" author="Barcelona, J. F. &amp; Pelser, P. B. &amp; Balete, D. S. &amp; Co, L. L." pageId="5" pageNumber="54" pagination="77 - 93" refId="ref5116" refString="Barcelona, J. F., Pelser, P. B., Balete, D. S. &amp; Co, L. L. (2009 b) Taxonomy, ecology, and conservation status of Philippine Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Proceedings of the 7 th Flora Malesiana Symposium. Blumea 54: 77 - 93." type="journal article" year="2009">
Barcelona 
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA355F97BFA52FCD8" box="[1375,1436,812,837]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
2009b
</bibRefCitation>
). Although 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA765F904FDC8FCF1" authorityName="Balete, Pelser, Nickrent &amp; Barcelona" authorityYear="2010" box="[367,518,851,876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA765F904FDC8FCF1" box="[367,518,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">R. verrucosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is moderately common in the area, it is not known from any other site on Mt. Kampalili or elsewhere and we therefore recommend that the clearing of the forest for abaca plantations and the harvesting of other forest products must be carefully managed in the wider area to ensure the continued survival of this new species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C40FFEFE339FF9DA405F990FDB7FC7D" authorityName=", Nais" authorityYear="2001" box="[527,633,967,992]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA405F990FDB7FC7D" box="[527,633,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Rafflesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We strongly support efforts by local people (e.g. Taocanga Tribal Council Association), environmental organizations (e.g. Philippine Eagle Foundation) and concerned government agencies (e.g. Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Department of Tourism Region XI) to place certain portions of Mt. Kampalili under protected area and ancestral domain management.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AD7E7E339FF9DA6CCFE36FB3FFB54" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFF846CE339FF9DA6CCFE36FB3FFB54" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1225]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<materialsCitation id="3B288E31E339FF9DA6CCFE36FD12FB3F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3126609303" country="Philippines" county="Mindanao Island" location="Man-ay" municipality="Manay" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Davao Oriental" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA6CCFE36FCC3FBE6" bold="true" box="[198,781,1121,1147]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
Additional specimens examined (
<typeStatus id="54FB3ACEE339FF9DA46AFE36FD2FFBE6" box="[608,737,1121,1147]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
):—
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F357C4FCE339FF9DA504FE36FC71FBE6" box="[782,959,1121,1147]" name="Philippines" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingCounty id="629EFCE0E339FF9DA5C3FE36FB5DFBE6" box="[969,1171,1121,1147]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Mindanao Island</collectingCounty>
: 
<collectingRegion id="49844A8EE339FF9DA294FE36FA56FBE6" box="[1182,1432,1121,1147]" country="Philippines" name="Davao Oriental" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Davao Oriental Prov.</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9B1E16E339FF9DA69DFEDFFF27FB3F" box="[151,233,1160,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Manay</collectingMunicipality>
(= 
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) 
<location id="8E9FD2B7E339FF9DA78EFEDFFDEDFB3F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54:8E9FD2B7E339FF9DA78EFEDFFDEDFB3F" box="[388,547,1160,1186]" country="Philippines" county="Mindanao Island" municipality="Manay" name="Municipality" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" stateProvince="Davao Oriental">Municipality</location>
: 
<location id="8E9FD2B7E339FF9DA425FEDFFD12FB3F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54:8E9FD2B7E339FF9DA425FEDFFD12FB3F" box="[559,732,1160,1186]" country="Philippines" county="Mindanao Island" municipality="Manay" name="Mt. Kampalili" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" stateProvince="Davao Oriental">Mt. Kampalili</location>
</materialsCitation>
, 
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<geoCoordinate id="EE74E2ABE339FF9DA4E0FEDFFCA0FB3F" box="[746,878,1160,1186]" degrees="7.29796" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" precision="1" value="7.29796">7.29796°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE74E2ABE339FF9DA576FEDFFBD2FB3F" box="[892,1052,1160,1186]" degrees="126.31216" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" precision="1" value="126.31216">126.31216°E</geoCoordinate>
, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E339FF9DA259FEDFFB7FFB3F" box="[1107,1201,1160,1186]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.378" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="1378.0">
<elevation id="006D635FE339FF9DA259FEDFFB7FFB3F" box="[1107,1201,1160,1186]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.378" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="1378.0">1378 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFFEA2ACE339FF9DA2B4FEDFFA59FB3F" box="[1214,1431,1160,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" value="2010-02-25">
<collectingDate id="EFBA5B44E339FF9DA2B4FEDFFA59FB3F" box="[1214,1431,1160,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" value="2010-02-25">25 February 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B288E31E339FF9DA69DFEF8FB3FFB54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3126609302" box="[151,1265,1199,1225]" collectingDate="2010-02-25" collectionCode="SING" country="Philippines" elevation="1378" latitude="7.29796" location="Balete" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.31216" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA69DFEF8FEC9FB55" box="[151,263,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<location id="8E9FD2B7E339FF9DA69DFEF8FF2CFB55" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54:8E9FD2B7E339FF9DA69DFEF8FF2CFB55" box="[151,226,1199,1224]" country="Philippines" latitude="7.29796" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.31216" name="Balete" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Balete</location>
16
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED511CA9E339FF9DA71CFEF8FEAFFB54" box="[278,353,1199,1225]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15640" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15640" name="Singapore Botanic Gardens" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="Herbarium">SING</collectionCode>
); 
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; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE74E2ABE339FF9DA40EFEF8FD6FFB54" box="[516,673,1199,1225]" degrees="126.31606" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" precision="1" value="126.31606">126.31606°E</geoCoordinate>
, ca. 
<quantity id="4CB82989E339FF9DA4DCFEF8FCFFFB54" box="[726,817,1199,1225]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="1550.0">
<elevation id="006D635FE339FF9DA4DCFEF8FCFFFB54" box="[726,817,1199,1225]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="1550.0">1550 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFFEA2ACE339FF9DA537FEF8FC2AFB54" box="[829,996,1199,1225]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" value="2010-03-01">
<collectingDate id="EFBA5B44E339FF9DA537FEF8FC2AFB54" box="[829,996,1199,1225]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" value="2010-03-01">1 March 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B934587EE339FF9DA5FAFEF8FBAEFB55" box="[1008,1120,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<location id="8E9FD2B7E339FF9DA5FAFEF8FBF5FB55" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9357AE33DFF9DA69DFF7DFB3FFB54:8E9FD2B7E339FF9DA5FAFEF8FBF5FB55" box="[1008,1083,1199,1224]" country="Philippines" latitude="7.29537" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.31606" name="Balete" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Balete</location>
18
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="ED511CA9E339FF9DA265FEF8FB60FB54" box="[1135,1198,1199,1225]" country="Philippines" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14636" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14636" name="University of the Philippines" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="Herbarium">PUH</collectionCode>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F357C4FCE339FF9DA2B0FEF8FB2DFB54" box="[1210,1251,1199,1225]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">US</collectingCountry>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>