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<document ID-DOI="10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1653" ID-ISSN="2201-4349" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5237800" ID-ZooBank="68F315FF-3FEB-410E-96EC-5F494510F440" approvalRequired="186" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="6" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="100" approvalRequired_for_treatments="80" checkinTime="1629535407606" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Parnaby, Harry E., Ingleby, Sandy &amp; Divljan, Anja" docDate="2017" docId="03DD87C8FFF073781BB4FCC3FD9B93F3" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.69.5.277-420.pdf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 69 (5)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1653" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7863F7301B7BEE922F541F6F9B5AEEC6.2:RecAustMus.2008-2018.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="7863F7301B7BEE922F541F6F9B5AEEC6" docStyleName="RecAustMus.2008-2018.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Hapalotis boweri Ramsay 1887" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="354" masterDocId="FFE4FFB0FFB973351832FFEBFFD5973C" masterDocTitle="Type Specimens of Non-fossil Mammals in the Australian Museum, Sydney" masterLastPageNumber="420" masterPageNumber="277" pageNumber="350" updateTime="1674153641407" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Type Specimens of Non-fossil Mammals in the Australian Museum, Sydney</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Parnaby, Harry E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ingleby, Sandy</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Divljan, Anja</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-10-06</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>69</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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<mods:start>277</mods:start>
<mods:end>420</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1653</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1653</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2201-4349</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5237800</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">68F315FF-3FEB-410E-96EC-5F494510F440</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DD87C8FFF073781BB4FCC3FD9B93F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DD87C8FFF073781BB4FCC3FD9B93F3" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<subSubSection pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="73.[902,1313,808,835]" box="[902,1313,808,835]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<heading box="[902,1313,808,835]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" reason="2">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="3JKL6" authority="Ramsay, 1887 b" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1887" box="[902,1313,808,835]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hapalotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boweri">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[902,1313,808,835]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[902,1113,808,835]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Hapalotis boweri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Ramsay, E" box="[1121,1313,808,835]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" pagination="1153 - 1154" refId="ref143094" refString="Ramsay, E. P. 1887 b. Notes on a new species of Hapalotis (H. boweri) from North West Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (series 2) 1 (4): 1153 - 1154, pl. 18." type="journal article" year="1887">Ramsay, 1887b</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="73.[824,1391,855,903]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis box="[824,1137,855,876]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (ser. 2)</emphasis>
1(4): 1153, plate 18. (
<date pageId="73" pageNumber="350" value="1887-02-22">22 February 1887</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="73.[794,1243,925,949]" box="[794,1243,925,949]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[794,968,925,949]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Common name</emphasis>
. Golden-backed Tree-rat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="73.[794,1421,970,1053]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[794,957,970,994]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Current name</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName authority="(Peters, 1876 a)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[972,1417,970,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mesembriomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrurus">
<emphasis box="[972,1243,970,994]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Mesembriomys macrurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Peters, W" box="[1259,1409,970,994]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" pagination="355 - 366" refId="ref141417" refString="Peters, W. 1876 a. Uber die von S. M. S. Gazelle gesammelten Saugethiere aus den Abtheilungen der Nager, Hufthiere, Sirenen, Cetaceen und Beutelthiere. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin for 1876 (1877): 355 - 366, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1876">Peters, 1876a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, following Jackson &amp; Groves (2015), no subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="73.[793,1421,1074,1304]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[794,886,1074,1098]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<typeStatus box="[794,886,1074,1098]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Syntype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. M.1350 by subsequent determination. Male, skin mount (
<figureCitation box="[876,955,1103,1128]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="74.[304,367,1994,2016]" captionTargetBox="[166,1466,1083,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-10@74.[166,1466,1083,1979]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="Figure 30. AM M.1350, syntype skin of Hapalotis boweri Ramsay, 1887b. (Photography by Sally Cowan)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5237866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5237866/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
), skull not in skin. The M Register entry for M.1350 has “
<typeStatus box="[934,1032,1133,1157]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">holotype</typeStatus>
” written next to it in what appears to be Troughtons handwriting. M.1350 was registered from the Old Collection in
<date box="[1034,1210,1191,1216]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" value="1898-09">September 1898</date>
with the following entry: “
<taxonomicName authority="Rams." authorityName="Rams." box="[872,1133,1221,1245]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Conilurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boweri">Conilurus boweri Rams.</taxonomicName>
male NW Aust. OC [= Old Collection], skin, skull in skin?. Type. Figured. (found in stores)” but without a collection date or collector.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="73.[792,1422,1325,1672]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[794,901,1325,1349]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
?
<typeStatus box="[805,901,1325,1349]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Syntype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis bold="true" box="[919,1026,1325,1349]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">?M.1350.</emphasis>
A cranium and dentaries (
<figureCitation box="[1330,1413,1325,1349]" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="75.[121,184,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[121,1384,151,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-10@75.[121,1421,151,1876]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 31. Comparisons between, left, AM M.1350?, the alleged syntype skull of Hapalotis boweri Ramsay, 1887b and right, skull illustrations from Ramsays original account. (a) infraorbital foramen; (b) circular band of bone discolouration. (Photography by Sally Cowan and Jennifer Hull)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5237870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5237870/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
) have been matched with the skin subsequent to the Register entry for skin mount M.1350, but when and by whom is not recorded and there is doubt that the cranium and dentaries belong with the skin. An unsigned, undated note in the skull box, probably written by J. Mahoney, suggests that the cranium and dentaries are mismatched with the skin, “see my notes in checklist of
<taxonomicName box="[1047,1138,1530,1554]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
”—presumably a reference to the conclusion of Mahoney &amp; Richardson (1988) that the
<typeStatus box="[793,886,1589,1613]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">holotype</typeStatus>
skull remains unlocated. The registration number of M.2350 cited for the type by Mahoney &amp; Richardson (1988) is an error.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="73.[792,1421,1693,1805]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[794,906,1693,1717]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Condition</emphasis>
.
<emphasis bold="true" box="[917,1001,1693,1717]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">M.1350</emphasis>
. Skin mount: five fractures in the tail, ear tips torn, snout torn.
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1006,1103,1722,1746]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">?M.1350</emphasis>
. Cranium is in good condition but has jugal missing from both zygomatic arches, hole in the left orbitosphenoid bone; both dentaries complete.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="73.[792,1422,1826,1996]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[794,1152,1826,1850]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Cranial measurements (mm)</emphasis>
. M.1350?. GL, 56.04; ConL, 56.04; BasL, 52.15; NasL, 20.49; NasB, 6.25; DIL, 15.10; APV, 10.45; PPV, 1.54; PAL, 33.50; UMR (alv.), 9.40; ZB, 27.05; POC, 8.58; BUL, 8.30; MB, 19.45; DL (condyl.), 31.67; LMR (alv.), 8.81. See
<tableCitation box="[1200,1275,1943,1967]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="76.[166,229,1299,1323]" captionText="Table 5. Selected cranial and dental measurements of skull matched with skin M.1350, versus measurements taken from hardcopy of plate 18 of Hapalotis boweri Ramsay, 1887b. (Both sets of measurements by HEP)." pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Table 5</tableCitation>
for additional measurements.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[166,779,151,175]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="74.[166,779,151,175]" box="[166,779,151,175]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,312,151,175]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Type locality</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation box="[325,775,151,175]" location="Derby district" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Australia">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DD87C8FFF073781BB4FCC3FD9B93F3:8EAB6005FFF3737F1977FF7CFE0E9793" box="[325,475,151,175]" name="Derby district" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" stateProvince="Western Australia">Derby district</location>
, northern
<collectingRegion box="[582,775,151,175]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="74.[164,794,196,1042]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,292,196,220]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Comments</emphasis>
. We are unable to unequivocally determine whether the skull marked M.1350? is Ramsays original specimen. Our initial conclusion based on comparisons of the skull with Ramsays illustrations was that it could not be the skull upon which the illustrations were based. However, for reasons set out below, a more detailed assessment suggests that the possibility remains open that the skull possibly is the one used by Ramsay.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="74.[164,794,196,1042]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
Ramsay indicated that his original description was based on
<specimenCount box="[197,356,460,484]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
. The external description was based on an adult male skin without a skull, while the illustrations of skull and dentition, and possibly also manus and pes, were based on a skin and skull for which Ramsay did not state the sex. As the original description was based on both specimens, we regard them to be
<typeStatus box="[357,453,608,632]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">syntypes</typeStatus>
, contra Mahoney &amp; Richardson (1988), who refer to the “
<typeStatus box="[448,546,636,660]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">holotype</typeStatus>
” which they state was not found in the AM. Ramsays original specimens were: (1) an adult male skin, now unlocated, probably without skull, collected by T. H. Bowyer-Bower from the Derby area, northern
<collectingCountry box="[263,364,754,778]" name="Australia" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and probably collected in 1886, given that Bowyer-Bower died on a field trip in
<date box="[623,793,783,807]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" value="1886-12">December 1886</date>
(see
<bibRefCitation author="Mahoney, J" box="[217,387,812,836]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" pagination="91 - 95" refId="ref137742" refString="Mahoney, J. A. 1965. The identity of Mus burtoni Ramsay 1887 (Rodentia, Muridae, Melomys) from the neighbourhood of Derby, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 48: 91 - 95." type="journal article" year="1965">Mahoney, 1965</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Ramsay, E" box="[406,584,812,837]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" pagination="1153 - 1154" refId="ref143094" refString="Ramsay, E. P. 1887 b. Notes on a new species of Hapalotis (H. boweri) from North West Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (series 2) 1 (4): 1153 - 1154, pl. 18." type="journal article" year="1887">Ramsay (1887b)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the type specimen was sent in one of Bowyer-Bowers last batches of specimens; (2) a skin with cranium and dentaries of unspecified sex, from the Derby district, northern
<collectingCountry box="[689,790,900,924]" name="Australia" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Australia</collectingCountry>
, collected by E. J. Cairn. The collecting date is not recorded but likely to have been during 1886, given that Cairn collected in the Derby region with Bowyer-Bower, who arrived there in the first half of 1886.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="74.[837,1468,151,615]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<materialsCitation collectionCode="AM" collectorName="Cairn. However" country="Australia" location="Australia" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" specimenCount="1">
Ramsay describes the initial specimen as the “
<typeStatus box="[1362,1411,152,176]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">type</typeStatus>
” and specifically states that it was forwarded to him by Bowyer- Bower but its whereabouts remains undetermined. It is not clear if Ramsay lodged the skin in the
<collectionCode box="[1298,1341,240,264]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
Collection, retained it in his private collection, or perhaps sent it in exchange to another institution. It appears that the skin mount M.1350 is the one collected by
<collectorName box="[1175,1347,327,351]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Cairn. However</collectorName>
, we do not know if Ramsays first specimen was a skin mount or flat skin subsequently turned into a mount, nor is it known if Ramsay received the first specimen as a dry or wet skin. The tail of the skin mount is set in an unusual position (
<figureCitation box="[1375,1454,445,469]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="74.[304,367,1994,2016]" captionTargetBox="[166,1466,1083,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-10@74.[166,1466,1083,1979]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="Figure 30. AM M.1350, syntype skin of Hapalotis boweri Ramsay, 1887b. (Photography by Sally Cowan)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5237866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5237866/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
), being drawn between the legs, but in a manner that would aid transportation—perhaps the specimen was prepared in Northern
<collectingCountry box="[971,1072,533,557]" name="Australia" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Australia</collectingCountry>
. Lacerations on the head of the skin mount are consistent either with skull extraction, or to assess whether a skull was
<emphasis box="[1057,1123,592,615]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">in situ</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="74.[839,1468,637,1042]" lastBlockId="76.[165,795,151,1231]" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="353" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
The text description is based on a male skin, the skull of which Ramsay states is missing.
<bibRefCitation author="Mahoney, J" box="[1209,1391,666,690]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" pagination="91 - 95" refId="ref137742" refString="Mahoney, J. A. 1965. The identity of Mus burtoni Ramsay 1887 (Rodentia, Muridae, Melomys) from the neighbourhood of Derby, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 48: 91 - 95." type="journal article" year="1965">Mahoney (1965)</bibRefCitation>
points out that Ramsay might never have received the skull from the collector, and that the skull could have been lost during field preparation of the skin. A footnote in Ramsays original account (
<bibRefCitation author="Ramsay, E" box="[1024,1257,783,808]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" pagination="1153 - 1154" refId="ref143094" refString="Ramsay, E. P. 1887 b. Notes on a new species of Hapalotis (H. boweri) from North West Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (series 2) 1 (4): 1153 - 1154, pl. 18." type="journal article" year="1887">Ramsay, 1887b: 1154</bibRefCitation>
) indicates that after writing the description, he received another specimen from “Mr. Cairns collection” (presumably E. J. Cairn) from the same district, upon which the skull illustrations would be based, “together with the hand and foot”. The ambiguity in Ramsays footnote means that it is not clear which specimen was used to illustrate manus and pes, perhaps his second specimen. We see no grounds for rejecting skin mount M.1350 as being one of Ramsays original specimens, as indicated in the M Register. However, establishing whether skin mount M.1350 is the first or second of Ramsays skins is problematic. The head-body and tail length given by Ramsay for his first skin approximate those of M.1350, but the imprecision of those measurements combined with possible shrinkage limits further interpretation. Although the digits of the right pes of skin mount M.1350 are widely splayed, unlike those illustrated, comparisons would be void if the illustrations were prepared on the skin before it was fixed in its current configuration as a mount. This also applies to differences between the unsplayed digits of the left pes of the mount, had that been used in the illustration after appropriate image reversal. The right manus of M.1350 does resemble the illustration.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5237866" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5237866" box="[304,1330,1994,2016]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5237866/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" startId="74.[304,367,1994,2016]" targetBox="[166,1466,1083,1979]" targetPageId="74">
<paragraph blockId="74.[304,1330,1994,2016]" box="[304,1330,1994,2016]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
Figure 30. AM M.1350, syntype skin of
<taxonomicName authority="Ramsay, 1887 b" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1887" box="[692,1016,1994,2016]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hapalotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boweri">
<emphasis box="[692,860,1994,2015]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Hapalotis boweri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Ramsay, E" box="[865,1016,1994,2016]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" pagination="1153 - 1154" refId="ref143094" refString="Ramsay, E. P. 1887 b. Notes on a new species of Hapalotis (H. boweri) from North West Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (series 2) 1 (4): 1153 - 1154, pl. 18." type="journal article" year="1887">Ramsay, 1887b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. (Photography by Sally Cowan).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5237870" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5237870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5237870/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" startId="75.[121,184,1906,1928]" targetBox="[121,1384,151,1876]" targetPageId="75">
<paragraph blockId="75.[121,1421,1906,1981]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
Figure 31. Comparisons between, left, AM M.1350?, the alleged syntype skull of
<taxonomicName authority="Ramsay, 1887 b" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1887" box="[935,1263,1906,1928]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hapalotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boweri">
<emphasis box="[935,1105,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Hapalotis boweri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Ramsay, E" box="[1113,1263,1906,1928]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" pagination="1153 - 1154" refId="ref143094" refString="Ramsay, E. P. 1887 b. Notes on a new species of Hapalotis (H. boweri) from North West Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (series 2) 1 (4): 1153 - 1154, pl. 18." type="journal article" year="1887">Ramsay, 1887b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and right, skull illustrations from Ramsays original account.
<emphasis box="[563,591,1933,1954]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">(a)</emphasis>
infraorbital foramen;
<emphasis box="[806,835,1933,1954]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">(b)</emphasis>
circular band of bone discolouration. (Photography by Sally Cowan and Jennifer Hull).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="76.[165,795,151,1231]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
The skull currently matched with skin M.1350 has “M.1350?” in black ink written on the skull. The right dentary also has “M.1350?”, which partly obscures a faded ink circle with a central dot, possibly remnants of
<specimenCount box="[676,696,651,674]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="female"></specimenCount>
(Ramsay often included a dot in female, but not male, symbols). Significantly, the right dentary of M.1350? has “
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1887" box="[676,784,709,733]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hapalotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boweri">H. boweri</taxonomicName>
” clearly written in faded ink, in contrast to
<taxonomicName box="[600,785,738,762]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Conilurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boweri">
<emphasis box="[600,785,738,762]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Conilurus boweri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the name entered when registered in 1898 during Waites curatorship.
<bibRefCitation author="Ogilby, J" box="[301,454,797,821]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" refId="ref139872" refString="Ogilby, J. D. 1892. Catalogue of Australian Mammals, with Introductory Notes on General Mammalogy. Sydney: Trustees, Australian Museum. xvi + 142 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1130" type="book" year="1892">Ogilby (1892)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to apply the name
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogilby" authorityYear="1838" box="[166,273,826,850]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Conilurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[166,273,826,850]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Conilurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to this entity, and assuming that the person who wrote “
<taxonomicName box="[246,356,855,880]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Conilurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boweri">H. boweri</taxonomicName>
” on the dentary was conversant with the latest generic nomenclature, it appears that it was written prior to 1892, during Ramsays curatorship.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[165,795,151,1231]" lastBlockId="76.[837,1469,151,1231]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
If the drawings accompanying Ramsays description are an accurate representation, skull M.1350? cannot be the skull illustrated by Ramsay. There are a number of discrepancies between the two (
<figureCitation box="[509,589,1031,1056]" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="75.[121,184,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[121,1384,151,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-10@75.[121,1421,151,1876]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 31. Comparisons between, left, AM M.1350?, the alleged syntype skull of Hapalotis boweri Ramsay, 1887b and right, skull illustrations from Ramsays original account. (a) infraorbital foramen; (b) circular band of bone discolouration. (Photography by Sally Cowan and Jennifer Hull)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5237870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5237870/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
), the most obvious of which include:
<emphasis box="[374,406,1061,1084]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">(a)</emphasis>
the pronounced posterior taper of the nasals contrast with those of the matched skull;
<emphasis box="[723,755,1090,1114]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">(b)</emphasis>
the infraorbital foramina are relatively much larger than those of the matched skull (marked “a” in
<figureCitation box="[560,639,1149,1173]" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="75.[121,184,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[121,1384,151,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-10@75.[121,1421,151,1876]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 31. Comparisons between, left, AM M.1350?, the alleged syntype skull of Hapalotis boweri Ramsay, 1887b and right, skull illustrations from Ramsays original account. (a) infraorbital foramen; (b) circular band of bone discolouration. (Photography by Sally Cowan and Jennifer Hull)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5237870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5237870/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
), as seen from both dorsal and lateral drawings, yet not the ventral skull illustration;
<emphasis box="[300,330,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">(c)</emphasis>
the less anteriorly rounded braincase and broader interparietals of the matched skull; and
<emphasis box="[1321,1352,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">(d)</emphasis>
the greatly expanded angular processes of the dentaries contrast with those of the matched skull. Further, a cavity that appears to be the result of damage to the anterodorsal margin of the right orbit is evident in dorsal and lateral skull illustrations but not in the matched skull, while the anterior accessory cusps on M
<superScript attach="left" box="[970,978,326,340]" fontSize="6" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">1</superScript>
of the matched skull are not present in the illustrations. The dorsal drawing of both dentaries closely resemble those of the matched skull (other than the angular processes) but the lateral depiction of the left dentary bears no resemblance. Both dentaries are attached in the matched skull and do not appear to have been glued together and this might have forced the artist to draw freehand, with a less than accurate outcome.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[837,1469,151,1231]" lastBlockId="77.[119,751,151,1232]" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<materialsCitation collectionCode="AM" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="354" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" specimenCount="2">
Despite significant discrepancies between skull M.1350? and the illustrations of Ramsays account, several considerations support the skull as a possible match. First, at our request rodent specialist Dr Ken Aplin examined the skull and compared it with Ramsays plate. He drew our attention to several unusual circular bands of bone discolouration across the frontals of M.1350? which he regarded as a possibly unique feature of that skull and which match the three circular marks of Ramsays dorsal skull drawing (“b” in
<figureCitation box="[920,999,826,850]" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="75.[121,184,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[121,1384,151,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-10@75.[121,1421,151,1876]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 31. Comparisons between, left, AM M.1350?, the alleged syntype skull of Hapalotis boweri Ramsay, 1887b and right, skull illustrations from Ramsays original account. (a) infraorbital foramen; (b) circular band of bone discolouration. (Photography by Sally Cowan and Jennifer Hull)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5237870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5237870/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
). He concluded that, in spite of the obvious differences between the skull and illustrations, M.1350? was possibly the skull illustrated by Ramsay (pers. comm. 2016). Further support stems from skull dimensions. Ramsay did not provide cranial or dental measurements but stated that his illustrations are reproduced at life size. A comparison of measurements of the matched skull with those taken from a hardcopy of Ramsays plate 18 from the journal (
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="76.[166,229,1299,1323]" captionText="Table 5. Selected cranial and dental measurements of skull matched with skin M.1350, versus measurements taken from hardcopy of plate 18 of Hapalotis boweri Ramsay, 1887b. (Both sets of measurements by HEP)." pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Table 5</tableCitation>
) show a remarkable agreement for the majority of the 16 measurements, bearing in mind measurement error. Notable exceptions include posterior width across nasals, breadth of the infraorbital foramen and dentary length. The close match between measurements of skull and illustrations are significant considering that few specimens of this taxon were ever likely to have been in the
<collectionCode box="[457,500,152,176]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="77" pageNumber="354" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
Collection. Only
<specimenCount pageId="77" pageNumber="354" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
additional to M.1350 have been registered in the
<collectionCode box="[120,166,210,234]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="77" pageNumber="354" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
, two in 1932. It appears that there were no registered specimens of this species in the Collection when M.1350 was registered. Only
<specimenCount box="[368,523,269,293]" pageId="77" pageNumber="354" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
(A.4783) had been registered previously but had been exchanged. We do not know how many unregistered specimens existed at the time, but presumably there were few if any
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="76" pageNumber="353" startId="76.[166,229,1299,1323]">
<paragraph blockId="76.[166,1467,1298,1352]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,250,1299,1323]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Table 5</emphasis>
. Selected cranial and dental measurements of skull matched with skin M.1350, versus measurements taken from hardcopy of plate 18 of
<taxonomicName authority="Ramsay, 1887 b" authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1887" box="[422,782,1328,1352]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Hapalotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boweri">
<emphasis box="[422,608,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Hapalotis boweri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Ramsay, E" box="[614,782,1328,1352]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" pagination="1153 - 1154" refId="ref143094" refString="Ramsay, E. P. 1887 b. Notes on a new species of Hapalotis (H. boweri) from North West Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (series 2) 1 (4): 1153 - 1154, pl. 18." type="journal article" year="1887">Ramsay, 1887b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. (Both sets of measurements by HEP).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<table box="[196,1454,1378,1979]" gridcols="7" gridrows="20" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<tr box="[196,1454,1378,1403]" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<th box="[964,1454,1378,1403]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<bibRefCitation author="Ramsay, E" box="[964,1159,1378,1403]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" pagination="1153 - 1154" refId="ref143094" refString="Ramsay, E. P. 1887 b. Notes on a new species of Hapalotis (H. boweri) from North West Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (series 2) 1 (4): 1153 - 1154, pl. 18." type="journal article" year="1887">Ramsays (1887b)</bibRefCitation>
plate 18, views natural size
</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1408,1432]" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td box="[964,1037,1408,1432]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">skull</td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1408,1432]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">skull</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1408,1432]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">skull</td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1408,1432]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">jaw</td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1408,1432]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">jaw</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1437,1461]" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,912,1437,1461]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">measurement M.1350</th>
<td box="[964,1037,1437,1461]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">lateral</td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1437,1461]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">dorsal</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1437,1461]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">ventral</td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1437,1461]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">lateral</td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1437,1461]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">dorsal</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1482,1507]" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1482,1507]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">greatest length from nasals, dorsal</th>
<td box="[838,912,1482,1507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">55.90</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1482,1507]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1482,1507]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">56.60</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1482,1507]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1482,1507]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1482,1507]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1512,1536]" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1512,1536]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">greatest length from nasals, lateral</th>
<td box="[838,912,1512,1536]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">56.00</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1512,1536]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">57.70</td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1512,1536]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1512,1536]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1512,1536]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1512,1536]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1541,1565]" gridrow="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1541,1565]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">zygomatic breadth</th>
<td box="[838,912,1541,1565]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">27.00</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1541,1565]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1541,1565]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">30.70</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1541,1565]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">29.15</td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1541,1565]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1541,1565]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1570,1595]" gridrow="6" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1570,1595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">diastema (upper molar aveola to incisor alveola)</th>
<td box="[838,912,1570,1595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">15.80</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1570,1595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">15.80</td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1570,1595]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1570,1595]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1570,1595]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1570,1595]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1598,1624]" gridrow="7" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1598,1624]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">M13 left side (anterior alveola to posterior crown)</th>
<td box="[838,912,1598,1624]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">9.17</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1598,1624]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1598,1624]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1598,1624]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">9.77</td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1598,1624]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1598,1624]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1629,1653]" gridrow="8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1629,1653]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">nasals length</th>
<td box="[838,912,1629,1653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">20.60</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1629,1653]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1629,1653]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">21.2</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1629,1653]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1629,1653]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1629,1653]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1658,1682]" gridrow="9" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1658,1682]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">nasals max anterior breadth</th>
<td box="[838,912,1658,1682]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">6.25</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1658,1682]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1658,1682]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">7.51</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1658,1682]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1658,1682]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1658,1682]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1688,1712]" gridrow="10" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1688,1712]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">nasals max posterior breadth</th>
<td box="[838,912,1688,1712]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">3.20</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1688,1712]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1688,1712]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">2.63</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1688,1712]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1688,1712]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1688,1712]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1717,1741]" gridrow="11" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1717,1741]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">incisive foramina length</th>
<td box="[838,912,1717,1741]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">10.44</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1717,1741]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1717,1741]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1717,1741]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">10.36</td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1717,1741]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1717,1741]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1746,1770]" gridrow="12" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1746,1770]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">least interorbital breadth</th>
<td box="[838,912,1746,1770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">8.50</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1746,1770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1746,1770]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">8.65</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1746,1770]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1746,1770]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1746,1770]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1776,1800]" gridrow="13" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1776,1800]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">infraorbital foramen breadth</th>
<td box="[838,912,1776,1800]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">13.90</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1776,1800]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1776,1800]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">17.36</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1776,1800]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1776,1800]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1776,1800]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1805,1829]" gridrow="14" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1805,1829]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">nasal-maxillary suture to maxillo-frontal suture at midline</th>
<td box="[838,912,1805,1829]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">18.60</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1805,1829]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1805,1829]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">17.25</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1805,1829]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1805,1829]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1805,1829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1834,1859]" gridrow="15" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1834,1859]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">breadth maxillary bones at suture with frontals</th>
<td box="[838,912,1834,1859]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">11.80</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1834,1859]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1834,1859]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">10.93</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1834,1859]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1834,1859]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1834,1859]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1864,1888]" gridrow="16" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1864,1888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">interparietal maximum breadth</th>
<td box="[838,912,1864,1888]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">13.0</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1864,1888]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1864,1888]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">c. 10.0</td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1864,1888]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1864,1888]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1864,1888]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1893,1917]" gridrow="17" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1893,1917]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">left dentary length (angular process to posterior I alveola)</th>
<td box="[838,912,1893,1917]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">27.60</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1893,1917]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1893,1917]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1893,1917]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1893,1917]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">34.00</td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1893,1917]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1922,1947]" gridrow="18" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1922,1947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">left dentary height (condyle to base angular process)</th>
<td box="[838,912,1922,1947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">15.00</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1922,1947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1922,1947]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1922,1947]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1922,1947]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">14.23</td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1922,1947]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
</tr>
<tr box="[196,1454,1952,1979]" gridrow="19" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
<th box="[196,814,1952,1979]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">M13 left side (crowns)</th>
<td box="[838,912,1952,1979]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">8.85</td>
<td box="[964,1037,1952,1979]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1072,1144,1952,1979]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1175,1249,1952,1979]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1282,1349,1952,1979]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="76" pageNumber="353"></td>
<td box="[1387,1454,1952,1979]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">8.85</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="77.[119,751,151,1232]" pageId="77" pageNumber="354">
We do not know how the artist prepared the images accompanying the original description, nor the technique used to produce the plate for publication but they appear to have been prepared from photographic images. The simplest explanation for discrepancies between the matched skull and Ramsays illustrations is that the illustrator, possibly not familiar with details of rodent cranial morphology and molar loph patterns, produced an inaccurate rendition. Under this scenario, the artist might have achieved correct size and proportions for most of the skull, yet failed to accurately draw all of the skull proportions. The lateral drawing of the dentary, and the relatively large upper incisor in the lateral skull drawing are likely examples of poor draftsmanship, as is the incongruent depiction of upper molar lophs between left and right molar rows Although we cannot discount this scenario, the pit in the right orbit seen in lateral and dorsal skull views, the sharp posterior nasal taper and possibly the enlarged infraorbital foramen seem incongruent to us. If the matched skull is accepted as being Ramsays original, it would be necessary to attribute the later discrepancies to artistic license or poor draftsmanship. This would appear to be a distinct possibility, given the poor renditions accompanying other descriptions of rodent taxa by Ramsay (e.g.,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ramsay" authorityYear="1887" box="[185,320,1061,1085]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="77" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtoni">
<emphasis box="[185,320,1061,1085]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="354">Mus burtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Another possibility, however remote, is that the skull was originally selected as a match for the skin on the basis of fortuitous similarities in skull and dental dimensions with the illustrations. This would seem improbable given the small number of specimens of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1876" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mesembriomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="77" pageNumber="354" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrurus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="354">M. macrurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely to be in the AM Collection.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>