506 lines
82 KiB
XML
506 lines
82 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.1196007" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7" ID-ISSN="0035-418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1196007" checkinTime="1634783218614" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R., Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina, Maggioni, Davide, Montano, Simone & Schuchert, Peter" docDate="2018" docId="03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89" docLanguage="en" docName="3_Galea_etal.pdf" docOrigin="Revue suisse de Zoologie 125 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B.2:RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B" docStyleName="RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Halopteris sibogae Present" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FF9DFFD6FF832C1BFFEA8C44FFB06820" masterDocTitle="A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1673543001549" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A reassessment of Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of three new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin des Gatiers, F- 83170 Tourves, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">horia.galea@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gioia Di Camillo, Cristina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I- 60121 Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Maggioni, Davide</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Montano, Simone</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schuchert, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH- 1211 Genève 6, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revue suisse de Zoologie</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-03-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>125</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>21</mods:start>
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<mods:end>59</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.1196007</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">9f6a1d45-f725-42d1-a64c-b6ffaaae23d7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0035-418</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1196007</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="189153147" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection box="[265,642,1136,1160]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[248,659,1136,1192]" box="[265,642,1136,1160]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<heading bold="true" box="[265,642,1136,1160]" centered="true" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" reason="2">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="(Billard, 1913)" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[265,642,1136,1160]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[265,642,1136,1160]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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Halopteris sibogae (
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<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[485,634,1137,1160]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
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)
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||
</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[248,659,1169,1192]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[248,659,1136,1192]" box="[248,659,1169,1192]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<figureCitation box="[248,309,1169,1192]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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B-C, 2B, 4;
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<tableCitation box="[443,522,1169,1192]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="21.[148,201,538,559]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,658,1790]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (present study and syntype materials from Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" tableUuid="DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C">Table 1</tableCitation>
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; Appendix 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[151,757,1215,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<treatmentCitation author="Billard A." box="[151,678,1215,1236]" page="25" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1913">
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<taxonomicName authority="Billard, 1913: 25" authorityName="Billard" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,678,1215,1236]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
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<emphasis box="[151,383,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Plumularia polymorpha</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis box="[431,506,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">sibogae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[512,678,1215,1236]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913: 25</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 16. –
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<treatmentCitation author="Van Soest R. W. M." box="[244,439,1244,1265]" page="89" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1976">
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<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest R. W. M." box="[244,439,1244,1265]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="79 - 95" refId="ref29284" refString="Van Soest R. W. M. 1976. A catalogue of the Coelenterate type specimens of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. II. Benthic Hydrozoa. Beaufortia 25 (323): 79 - 95." type="journal article" year="1976">Van Soest, 1976: 89</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[151,757,1215,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName box="[151,541,1273,1294]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Thecocaulus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="polymorphus" variety="sibogae">
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<emphasis box="[151,409,1273,1294]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Thecocaulus polymorphus</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis box="[466,541,1273,1294]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">sibogae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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<treatmentCitation author="Bedot M." box="[575,729,1273,1294]" page="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1921">
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<bibRefCitation author="Bedot M." box="[575,729,1273,1294]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref26213" refString="Bedot M. 1921. Notes systematiques sur les Plumularides. 2 e partie. Revue suisse de Zoologie 29 (1): 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1921">Bedot, 1921: 9</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. –
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<treatmentCitation author="Stechow E." box="[227,420,1302,1323]" page="497" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1925">
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<bibRefCitation author="Stechow E." box="[227,420,1302,1323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="383 - 546" refId="ref29118" refString="Stechow E. 1925. Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia " 1898 - 1899 27: 383 - 546." type="journal article" year="1925">Stechow, 1925: 497</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[151,757,1215,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,516,1330,1351]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
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<emphasis box="[151,382,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis box="[441,516,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">sibogae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
–
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<treatmentCitation author="Millard N. A. H. & Bouillon J." page="84" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1973">
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<bibRefCitation author="Millard N. A. H. & Bouillon J." pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard & Bouillon, 1973: 84</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 10K. – (?)
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<treatmentCitation author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" box="[463,644,1359,1380]" page="62" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1983">
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<bibRefCitation author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" box="[463,644,1359,1380]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" refId="ref27317" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1983. Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 83 pp." type="book" year="1983">Hirohito, 1983: 62</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" box="[653,753,1359,1380]" page="244" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" year="1995">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" box="[653,753,1359,1380]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" refId="ref27346" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1995. The hydroids of Sagami Bay. II. Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 244 pp (English text)." type="book" year="1995">1995: 244</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,757,1215,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
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||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[151,377,1388,1409]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
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<emphasis box="[151,377,1388,1409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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<bibRefCitation author="Schuchert P." box="[404,561,1388,1409]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref28947" refString="Schuchert P. 1997. Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 309: 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<emphasis box="[576,667,1388,1409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">pro parte</emphasis>
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||
): 66, 69, fig. 22E [non
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<taxonomicName authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[359,736,1417,1438]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
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||
<emphasis box="[359,583,1417,1438]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[596,729,1417,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
].
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,756,1462,1869]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,383,1462,1485]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054321" accessionNumber="MF784526, MF784531" collectingDate="2011-09-27" collectingDateMax="2016-09-29" collectingDateMin="2011-09-27" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="H. R. Galea" country="Indonesia" county="Tulamben" elevation="22" location="Galea" municipality="Liberty" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
|
||
MHNG-INVE-97926;
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[645,752,1462,1485]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
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,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[151,200,1494,1517]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[234,348,1494,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Tulamben</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[383,464,1494,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Liberty</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
shipwreck, -8.27417° 115.59265°,
|
||
<quantity box="[300,367,1526,1549]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="22.0">
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||
<elevation box="[300,367,1526,1549]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="22.0">22 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, coll. H.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[497,518,1526,1549]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487AEFF8A2C10FEE38834FC356D89:8ED26063FF8A2C12FDF189B2FDEE6E2D" box="[539,606,1526,1549]" country="Indonesia" county="Tulamben" municipality="Liberty" name="Galea" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" stateProvince="Bali">Galea</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date box="[627,752,1526,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2016-09-29">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[627,752,1526,1549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2016-09-29">29.09.2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; numerous plumes up to
|
||
<quantity box="[428,508,1558,1581]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, of which many bear male gonothecae; 16S sequence
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[600,720,1590,1613]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MF784526" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">MF784526</accessionNumber>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054316" accessionNumber="MF784526, MF784531" collectingDate="2011-09-27" collectingDateMax="2016-09-29" collectingDateMin="2011-09-27" collectionCode="MHNG" collectorName="H. R. Galea" country="Indonesia" county="Tulamben" elevation="22" location="Galea" municipality="Liberty" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
|
||
– MHNG-INVE-97938;
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[419,529,1622,1645]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[557,605,1622,1645]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Padangbai, Jepun shipwreck, -8.52812° 115.51478°,
|
||
<quantity box="[626,690,1654,1677]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[626,690,1654,1677]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, coll. H.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[195,216,1686,1709]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName box="[237,304,1686,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Galea</collectorName>
|
||
;
|
||
<date box="[325,451,1686,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2016-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[325,451,1686,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2016-06-10">06.10.2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; numerous plumes up to
|
||
<quantity box="[151,230,1718,1741]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, of which 2 bear female gonothecae; 16S sequence
|
||
<accessionNumber box="[259,379,1750,1773]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MF784531" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">MF784531</accessionNumber>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391054323" accessionNumber="MF784526, MF784531" collectingDate="2011-09-27" collectingDateMax="2016-09-29" collectingDateMin="2011-09-27" collectorName="G. Allard" country="Indonesia" county="Tulamben" elevation="22" location="Galea" municipality="Liberty" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali">
|
||
– HRG-0991;
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[555,662,1750,1773]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Tukang Besi Archipelago</collectorName>
|
||
, reef north off
|
||
<collectorName box="[539,629,1782,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Hoga I.</collectorName>
|
||
, -5.44633° 123.76417°,
|
||
<quantity box="[292,352,1814,1837]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[292,352,1814,1837]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName box="[423,530,1814,1837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">G. Allard</collectorName>
|
||
;
|
||
<date box="[544,667,1814,1837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2011-09-27">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[544,667,1814,1837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" value="2011-09-27">27.09.2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; several infertile plumes up to
|
||
<quantity box="[387,461,1846,1869]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
high
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,756,1894,2077]" lastBlockId="9.[831,1437,258,790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,271,1894,1917]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[281,396,1894,1917]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[281,396,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Halopteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with cormoids reaching heights of up to
|
||
<quantity box="[276,363,1926,1949]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
, with monosiphonic, unbranched stems, divided homomerously into short internodes bearing a hydrotheca, a lateral apophysis, and up to 8 nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, 1-2 axillary ones, and commonly 2-3 above hydrotheca). Cladia alternately arranged along stem, heteromerously divided into internodes; hydrothecate internodes longer than their ahydrothecate counterparts, carrying a hydrotheca and its up to 5 associated nematothecae (1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and 1-2 axillary ones); ahydrothecate internodes short, provided with 1-2 nematothecae. Hydrothecae deep, almost tubular. Lateral nematothecae borne on well-developed apophyses; basal chamber tall, whole nematotheca greatly surpassing hydrothecal margin; rim of upper chamber with adaxial emargination. Female gonotheca broadly ovoid, with large, rounded, apical aperture perpendicular to long axis of the theca, and closed by glass-watch-shaped operculum; 3 basal nematothecae.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1100,1155,671,694]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Male</collectingRegion>
|
||
gonotheca smaller than female, ovoid, without noticeable aperture, with 2 basal nematothecae. In life, cauline polyps yellow, contrasting with their purely white cladial counterparts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[831,1437,814,2077]" lastBlockId="11.[151,756,258,312]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,973,814,837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies composed of numerous cormoids arising from tubular, creeping, branching hydrorhiza lacking nematothecae. Cormoids erect (though flaccid when out of liquid), up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1136,1214,909,932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
high. Cauli simple, monosiphonic (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1003,1071,941,964]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B-C, 2B), from straight in their lower halves to distinctly geniculate in their upper halves; basal parts of varied length (
|
||
<quantity box="[1258,1360,1004,1027]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="1.0">1-11 mm</quantity>
|
||
long), rarely entire, generally subdivided into segments by a number of transverse nodes (up to 4 observed); segments ahydrothecate, but carrying a total of 0-43 nematothecae arranged in two distinct, longitudinal, closely-set rows; distal end of last segment marked by deeply-cut, oblique node. Remainder of stem longer, with strict homomerous segmentation; each cauline internode (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1037,1124,1259,1282]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) moderately-long, bearing a hydrotheca in its lower half, a number of nematothecae, as well as at least a short, lateral apophysis supporting a cladium; up to 33 successive internodes observed. The proximal most internode bears always two opposite apophyses supporting a pair of cladia, but there may be up to 3 consecutive segments displaying this feature; all are demarcated by deeply-incised, oblique nodes, both proximally and distally. Above, the segments are separated by less-marked, oblique constrictions of the perisarc, and each bears but a single apophysis originating laterally next to the hydrotheca; apophyses alternate along the stem. There are 6-9 nematothecae per internode, of which 4-5 are associated to the hydrotheca: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, 1-2 axillar, as well as 2-4 superior ones arranged in two parallel rows (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[907,1002,1767,1790]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
); all cauline nematothecae, exclusive of those associated to the hydrothecae, tightly and backwardly appressed against stem (turned posteriad), at least in preserved material. Cladia up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1308,1372,1863,1886]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; composed of a very short, proximal, quadrangular, athecate segment, followed by a succession of alternating ahydrothecate and hydrothecate internodes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[839,967,1990,2013]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="30">Fig. 4A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); ahydrothecate internodes with proximal transverse node and oblique distal node; the reverse in hydrothecate internodes. First ahydrothecate internode comparatively longer than following counterparts, and always carrying 2 nematothecae in a row; remaining internodes with either 1 or 2 nematothecae in a row. Hydrothecate internodes, up to 8 per cladium, relatively short, accommodating a hydrotheca in their lower 3/4th and its 4-5 associated nematothecae: 1 mesial, a pair of laterals, and 1-2 axillar (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[467,595,1536,1559]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hydrothecae cup-shaped and relatively deep, adnate for half their length to corresponding internode, free adaxial and abaxial walls parallel, flaring slightly to margin; the latter circular in apical view, and slightly sigmoid laterally, with imperceptible scoop between side facing the lateral nematothecae and abaxial wall (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[624,744,1730,1753]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). All nematothecae, including the axillar ones, bithalamic and movable. Mesial ones triangular in frontal view, upper chamber with conspicuously lowered margin on adaxial side (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[296,375,1860,1883]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[376,400,1858,1872]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[376,385,1858,1872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[151,186,1664,1685]" captionTargetBox="[152,1426,257,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-5@12.[151,1436,238,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Indian Ocean (A-K) and the Caribbean (M-R). Portions of stems with cladia (A, B, M). Cauline internode (C). Portion of cladium, enlarged (D). Hydrothecate internodes in frontal (E, N) and lateral (F, O) aspects. Nematothecae (G): from caulus (G1) and cladia (G2), mesial (G3) and laterals (G4, 5) from cladial hydrothecae, single (G6) and paired (G7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. Female (H, I, P) and male (J, K, Q) gonothecae. Cnidomes (L, R). Specimens MHNG-INVE-98635 (A, C, G7), MHNG-INVE-97952 (B, F, G4, 6, L), MHNG-INVE-98633 (D, E, G1-3, 5, 8, 9, H-K), HRG-1339 (M, P), HRG-0897 (O), HRG-0337 (Q, R). Figure in N is reproduced after Galea (2008). Scale bars: 10 μm (L, R), 100 μm (C-G, N, O), 200 μm (H-K, P, Q), 300 μm (A, B, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590676/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[392,400,1858,1872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[151,186,962,983]" captionTargetBox="[151,1429,258,906]" captionTargetId="figure-555@16.[151,1436,257,912]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 6. Halopteris australis sp. nov. Portion of stem and basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem internode with hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia enlarged in frontal (C) and lateral (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and cladia (E2), mesial from cladial hydrotheca (E3), lateral from cauline (E4) and cladial (E5) hydrothecae, single (E6) and paired (E7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. All from sample MHNG-INVE-82742. Scale bars: 10 μm (G), 100 μM (B-E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590678/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">6</figureCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
). Lateral nematothecae mounted on well-developed apophyses (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[497,580,1892,1915]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[580,588,1890,1904]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[151,186,1031,1052]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,253,959]" captionTargetId="figure-411@18.[151,1436,251,960]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. Halopteris millardae sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Hydrothecae from stem (B) and cladia (C, D), the latter in frontal and lateral aspects, respectively. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1, 2) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E3, 4), mesial (E5, 6) and lateral (E7) from cauline hydrotheca, and axillar associated to both cauline (E8) and cladial (E9) hydrothecae.All from sample MHNG-INVE-98634. Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (B-E), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590680/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[580,588,1890,1904]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">7</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); long, greatly surpassing the hydrothecal rim (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[534,666,1924,1947]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
), lower chamber high, upper one relatively shallow, and with adaxial emargination. Axillar nematothecae cornucopiashaped, adaxial wall of upper chamber with significant emargination (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[319,408,2054,2077]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[409,438,2052,2066]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[409,418,2052,2066]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[151,186,806,827]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,259,774]" captionTargetId="figure-506@20.[151,1436,257,774]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 8. Halopteris brasiliensis sp. nov. Portion of stem with basal parts of three cladia (A). Stem hydrotheca (B). Portions of cladia in lateral (C) and frontal (D) aspects. Nematothecae (E): from caulus (E1) and ahydrothecate cladial internodes (E2, 3), mesial from cauline hydrotheca (E4), lateral from cladial hydrotheca (E5), from female gonotheca (E6), pair of axillar from cauline hydrotheca (E7) and single axillar from cladial hydrotheca (E8). All from sample MHNG-INVE-37495. Scale bars: 100 μm (B- E), 200 μm (F), 300 μm (A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590682/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[430,438,2052,2066]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="30.[151,183,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,939,1919]" captionTargetId="graphics-311@30.[151,1436,881,1926]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Halopterididae species obtained with RAxML (GTR + G + I model) based on 547 bp positions (after Gblock treatment) of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if> 70%). For more details, see text and Appendix 2. Highlighted in yellow boxes are species discussed in the text, boxed in grey are other species clades with more than one sample, which permit to assess the intraspecific divergences observed in this family." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590684/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">9</figureCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
). Remaining nematothecae from both caulus (not shown) and cladia (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1324,1427,1341,1366]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStartId-0="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,186,927,948]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetBox-2="[180,1374,260,911]" captionTargetId-0="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetId-1="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetId-2="figure-313@5.[151,1402,254,925]" captionTargetId-3="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." captionText-1="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." captionText-2="Fig. 2. Preserved cormoids of Halopteris spp. showing differences in their appearance. (A): H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913), MHNG- INVE-97937. (B): H. sibogae (Billard, 1913), MHNG-INVE-97938. (C-E): H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from Bali (MHNG- INVE-97952), Toliara (MHNG-INVE-98633) and Martinique (HRG-0897), respectively. (F): H. australis sp. nov. (MHNG- INVE-82742). (G): H. millardae sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-98634. (H): H. brasiliensis sp. nov., MHNG-INVE-37495, slide H12/37. Scale bar: 5 mm." captionText-3="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590664" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5590664/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 4F
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[1408,1427,1341,1355]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">1-4</superScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) similar to the lateral ones, though comparatively shorter. Hydranths with 13-15 filiform tentacles; in life, all belonging to the stem characteristically yellow, contrasting with those from the cladia that are uniformly white (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[906,990,1504,1527]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Colonies dioecious. Gonothecae arising laterally from below the stem hydrothecae through a short, lateral apophysis; mounted on short, quadrangular pedicel, broadly ovoid, though sexually dimorphic, with the males comparatively smaller than females; the latter provided basally with 3 nematothecae similar to the laterals of the hydrotheca, and a large, watchglass-shaped apical lid closing a rounded aperture with conspicuously thickened perisarc at margin (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1333,1424,1763,1786]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
); male gonothecae bearing two basal nematothecae and no noticeable aperture; a globular mass of sperm cells encircles a central, digitiform blastostyle (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1328,1424,1860,1883]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
||
); all female gonothecae observed ripe and empty, with the exception of basal remains of the blastostyle. Cnidome (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[948,1025,1957,1980]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
|
||
) composed of
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1195,1276,1957,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
|
||
of microbasic mastigophores: large, elongated-ovoid [(18.1-19.8) × (6.6-7.3) μm, in nematophores, as well as scattered in the coenosarc]; small, banana-shaped [(6.1-6.6) × (2.1- 2.3) μm, in tentacles]; small, ovoid capsules [(5.1-5.4) × (2.9-3.1) μm, scattered in the coenosarc].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" startId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" targetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[151,1437,1150,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Billard, 1913)" authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[227,570,1150,1171]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[227,413,1150,1171]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Halopteris sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[429,564,1150,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[1272,1291,1177,1189]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">1-4</superScript>
|
||
), mesial (F
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1401,1422,1177,1189]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">5, 6</superScript>
|
||
), lateral (F
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[316,323,1206,1218]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">7</superScript>
|
||
), single (F
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[430,437,1206,1218]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">8</superScript>
|
||
) and paired (F
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[583,590,1206,1218]" fontSize="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">9</superScript>
|
||
) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[151,429,336,359]" box="[151,429,336,359]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<heading box="[151,429,336,359]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,292,336,359]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Dimensions:</emphasis>
|
||
See
|
||
<tableCitation box="[343,423,336,359]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="21.[148,201,538,559]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,658,1790]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (present study and syntype materials from Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,266,383,406]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
In most stems, the proximal most hydrothecate internode gives rise to a pair of cladia; occasionally, two successive internodes are involved; in one instance, three proximal pairs occurred, followed by an internode provided with a single apophysis, and by another one giving rise to a pair of cladia. In such internodes, there are always 3 or even 4 nematothecae above the hydrotheca. The remaining stem internodes are randomly provided with either 2 or 3 nematothecae in two parallel rows. Both cauline and cladial hydrothecae bear either one (70% and 80% of cases, respectively, n=50 examined hydrothecae) or two (30% and 20% of cases, respectively) axillar nematothecae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Terminal stolonization occurs occasionally from the distal ends of both stems and cladia. Rarely, aberrant branching of cladia occurs: a short apophysis is given off laterally from either one or both apophyses supporting the lateral nematothecae; the structure of these 2nd order branchlets (not exceeding two hydrothecate internodes) is similar to that of a normal cladia, and begins with a short, quadrangular, athecate segment, followed by the first ahydrothecate intersegment carrying but a single nematotheca, instead of two as in the 1st order cladia.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Sterile cormoids, similar to the present ones, with hydrothecae provided with exceedingly long lateral nematothecae were already reported notably from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[151,255,1202,1225]" name="Indonesia" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[291,441,1202,1225]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[526,640,1202,1225]" name="Seychelles" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Millard N. A. H. & Bouillon J." pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard & Bouillon (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(both as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,708,1234,1257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Halopteris polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,234,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). According to the former author, this character mainly distinguishes his so-called
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[562,706,1297,1320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" rank="variety" variety="from">variety from</taxonomicName>
|
||
the nominal species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Similarly to the present observations, Millard & Bouillon indicate that “Intermediate athecate internodes [are] absent on stem but invariably present on hydrocladia”, although Billard observed that, on cladia, the ahydrothecate internodes may be occasionally fused to their preceding hydrothecate counterparts. Among the quite rich material studied here, only one case of fusion (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[159,243,1581,1604]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
, after the proximal most hydrotheca) was noted upon the careful examination of 10 cormoids from sample MHNG-INVE-97938.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[151,757,383,2077]" lastBlockId="11.[831,1437,258,1274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
As noted above, the most prominent morphological difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[379,549,1707,1730]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis box="[379,549,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its so-called
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,318,1738,1761]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
|
||
variety
|
||
<emphasis box="[235,318,1738,1761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is to be found in the shape and size of their lateral nematothecae, including their corresponding apophyses (compare
|
||
<figureCitation box="[396,465,1801,1824]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D-F and 4B-E). Another noteworthy difference relies in the comparatively shallower hydrothecae (compare
|
||
<figureCitation box="[519,664,1864,1887]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3D & E</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">4C & E</figureCitation>
|
||
), and shorter cauline (compare
|
||
<figureCitation box="[549,631,1896,1919]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[688,700,1896,1919]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">3</figureCitation>
|
||
A-B) and cladial ahydrothecate (compare
|
||
<figureCitation box="[564,651,1927,1950]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[716,748,1927,1950]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,186,1848,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[151,1436,255,2005]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. (A-K) Halopteris polymorpha (Billard, 1913). Portions of stems (A, B) and proximal part of a cladium (C). Stem (D) and cladial (E, F) hydrothecae, the latter in frontal and lateral views, respectively. Nematothecae (G) cauline (G1), cladial (G2), mesial from cauline (G3) and cladial (G4) hydrothecae, laterals from cladial hydrothecae (G5-9), axillar from caulus (G10) and cladium (G11), and associated to the female gonotheca (G12, 13). Female (H, I) and male (J) gonothecae. Cnidome (K). (L-O) Halopteris sp. from Siboga Stn. 299, belonging to the syntype series of Plumularia polymorpha Billard, 1913. Cauline internode (L). Portion of a cladium (M), and the same much enlarged in frontal (N) and lateral (O) views. Specimens CDC004 (A, C, F), MHNG-INVE-97937 (B, D, E, G1-7, 10, 11, H, K), HRG-0421 (G8. 9, 12, 13, I, J), H.L. 1309 (L-O). Scale bars: 10 μm (K), 100 μm (D-G, L, N, O), 200 μm (H-J), 300 μm (A-C, M). ►" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590670/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) internodes in the former. Moreover, only noticeable in living material, the bicolor aspect of the cormoids of the latter is striking (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[426,550,2022,2045]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), compared to the wholly yellow tinge observed in the former (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[654,742,2054,2077]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,186,1838,1859]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,265,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[151,1436,257,1799]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Living colonies of Halopteris spp. showing their natural coloration. (A) H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) from Bunaken, in situ (photo CGDC). (B, C) H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) from Bali, in situ. (D) H. vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). (E) H. australis sp. nov. from New Caledonia, in situ. (F) H. millardae sp. nov. from the Maldives, ex situ (photo DM & SM). Photos courtesy: N. & J-M. Bertot (B, C), E. Tardy (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590662/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
), especially when both species occur in sympatry. Other morphological and morphometrical differences observed in the material studied herein are listed in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1270,1348,322,345]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="21.[148,201,538,559]" captionTargetBox="[148,1922,658,1790]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphological and morphometrical features of H. polymorpha (Billard, 1913) (present study and syntype materials from Siboga Stn. 80 and 299) and H. sibogae (Billard, 1913) (Ho stands for homomerous, and He for heteromerous)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="DF726630FF962C0EFF7E8E5EFC2E6A6C">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. In light of these differences, we advocate here that the so-called
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[831,1001,386,409]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
|
||
variety
|
||
<emphasis box="[918,1001,386,409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must be recognized as a full species, different from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1003,1173,418,441]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1003,1173,418,441]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The 16S data clearly corroborated this (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1028,1093,450,473]" captionStart="Fig 9" captionStartId="30.[151,183,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,939,1919]" captionTargetId="graphics-311@30.[151,1436,881,1926]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Halopterididae species obtained with RAxML (GTR + G + I model) based on 547 bp positions (after Gblock treatment) of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if> 70%). For more details, see text and Appendix 2. Highlighted in yellow boxes are species discussed in the text, boxed in grey are other species clades with more than one sample, which permit to assess the intraspecific divergences observed in this family." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590684/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[831,1437,258,1274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Raising
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Billard, 1913" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="polymorpha" variety="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[927,1191,482,505]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Plumularia polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1259,1342,482,505]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full species is not threatened by
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Billard, 1911" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1911" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Plumularia sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[931,1082,546,569]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="62 - 71" refId="ref26241" refString="Billard A. 1911. Note preliminaire sur les especes nouvelles de Plumulariidae de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale (5) 8: 62 - 71." type="journal article" year="1911">Billard, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because the former is to be correctly placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Allman, 1877" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1163,1436,578,601]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1163,1277,578,601]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Halopteris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Allman G. J." box="[1286,1436,578,601]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref25915" refString="Allman G. J. 1877. Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 5 (2): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1877">Allman, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Billard, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[879,1194,610,633]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[879,1005,610,633]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[1029,1186,610,633]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], while the latter is accommodated in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Allman, 1877" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1877" box="[1027,1298,642,665]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Capnodiaceae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Capnodiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1027,1143,642,665]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Antennella</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Allman G. J." box="[1148,1298,642,665]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref25915" refString="Allman G. J. 1877. Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 5 (2): 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1877">Allman, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[831,1437,258,1274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[831,1047,674,697]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[831,1047,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Halopteris sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from its congeners through a series of characters. A number of species with “peculiarities” (see under
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1133,1302,738,761]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1133,1302,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) should be excluded from the comparison, while the remaining ones are compared in Appendix 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[831,1437,258,1274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Among them, and in accordance with the phylogenetic tree,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[892,1015,866,889]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[892,1015,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comes close to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Galea, 2008" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2008" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="vervoorti">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1215,1354,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. vervoorti</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galea H. R." pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref26877" refString="Galea H. R. 2008. On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 1878: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2008">Galea, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below an account on the latter). Besides its exceedingly long, and thus very distinctive, lateral nematothecae,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Present" baseAuthorityName="Billard" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[994,1112,962,985]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[994,1112,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares the following features with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2008" box="[888,1021,995,1018]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Stypocaulaceae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Chromista" order="Sphacelariales" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="vervoorti">
|
||
<emphasis box="[888,1021,995,1018]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">H. vervoorti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1) their cauline internodes are rather short and bear 1-2 nematothecae distal to each hydrotheca; 2) there are 1-2 axillar nematothecae associated to both cauline and cladial hydrothecae; 3) their cladia are heteromerously-segmented, their ahydrothecate internodes are short compared to their hydrothecate counterparts, and bear single nematothecae; 4) their female gonothecae are indistinguishable morphologically (compare
|
||
<figureCitation box="[939,1020,1251,1274]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1150,1171]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,257,1098]" captionTargetId="figure-373@10.[151,1436,257,1102]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Halopteris sibogae (Billard, 1913). Portion of stem and proximal part of a cladium in frontal (B) and lateral (C) aspects. Hydrotheca in frontal (D) and lateral (E) views. Cladial nematothecae (F): from ahydrothecate internodes (F1-4), mesial (F5, 6), lateral (F7), single (F8) and paired (F9) axillar ones. Female (G) and male (H) gonothecae. Cnidome (I). Specimens MHNG- INVE-97938 (A-G, I), MHNG-INVE-97926 (H). Scale bars: 10 μm (F), 100 μm (D, E, I), 200 μm (G, H), 300 μm (A-C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590674/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1072,1158,1251,1274]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[151,186,1664,1685]" captionTargetBox="[152,1426,257,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-5@12.[151,1436,238,1605]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 5. Halopteris vervoorti Galea, 2008 from the Indian Ocean (A-K) and the Caribbean (M-R). Portions of stems with cladia (A, B, M). Cauline internode (C). Portion of cladium, enlarged (D). Hydrothecate internodes in frontal (E, N) and lateral (F, O) aspects. Nematothecae (G): from caulus (G1) and cladia (G2), mesial (G3) and laterals (G4, 5) from cladial hydrothecae, single (G6) and paired (G7) axillar associated to cladial hydrothecae. Female (H, I, P) and male (J, K, Q) gonothecae. Cnidomes (L, R). Specimens MHNG-INVE-98635 (A, C, G7), MHNG-INVE-97952 (B, F, G4, 6, L), MHNG-INVE-98633 (D, E, G1-3, 5, 8, 9, H-K), HRG-1339 (M, P), HRG-0897 (O), HRG-0337 (Q, R). Figure in N is reproduced after Galea (2008). Scale bars: 10 μm (L, R), 100 μm (C-G, N, O), 200 μm (H-K, P, Q), 300 μm (A, B, M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590676/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">5H, I, P</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[831,1436,1298,1449]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[831,981,1298,1321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[992,1096,1298,1321]" name="Indonesia" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
[between Misool I. and
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">West Papua</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Billard A." box="[920,1076,1330,1353]" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref26274" refString="Billard A. 1913. Les hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie 7 a: 1 - 115." type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1104,1149,1330,1353]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
(present study), Tukang Besi Archipelago (present study)],
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1222,1337,1362,1385]" name="Seychelles" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Millard N. A. H. & Bouillon J." pageId="11" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref27956" refString="Millard N. A. H., Bouillon J. 1973. Hydroids from the Seychelles (Coelenterata). Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale 206: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1973">Millard & Bouillon, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and questionably
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1257,1318,1394,1417]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="32">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hirohito & Emperor of Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="32" refId="ref27317" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. 1983. Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 83 pp." type="book" year="1983">Hirohito, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |