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<mods:title id="099C807B240BC9527677B31895B918BB">Redescription of the dasydytid gastrotrich Haltidytesooeides (Brunson, 1950) based on type material</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0CEE9AECF25B76B55EE5492C45A27474">Minowa, Axell K.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="70AEEAA2D297C786CA054A646D679BCC" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0C19072FE70C7C1E06A4BA1F9C1FDA34" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="201AED9430AFAB20829ACDCBD9FE1381" ID-CoL="3JGT6" authority="Brunson, 1950" authorityName="Brunson" authorityYear="1950" family="Dasydytidae" genus="Haltidytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Haltidytes ooeides" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="ooeides">
Haltidytes
<normalizedToken id="2FC94369FD39BD48B0F20BE31C169E2C" originalValue="ooëides">ooeides</normalizedToken>
(Brunson, 1950)
</taxonomicName>
Figs 1, 2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23915AACE3A46825CC8BBC3D6CA8678E" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="redescription">
<paragraph id="68477BB903851D8A8FE5480000E68ECA" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Redescription.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CCE75DEA530EC1E4FEE594676C66E4A2" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
The observed specimen has a compact, bowling pin-shaped body, measuring 88
<normalizedToken id="0B4F566143C497E144EE99C391DEEF53" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in total body length, 184
<normalizedToken id="329F3A25A47A307FA7EBD297C3D41A33" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
with spines included. Conical head with convex sides (24
<normalizedToken id="10742E0AF0F23E2AF96A7BE2E804F71F" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
wide), pentalobate, dorsally with a middle furrow (Figure 1D). Cephalic ciliature consists of two lateral tufts, one adjacent to mouth and another slightly posterior, and a transverse band interrupted medially in the ventral and dorsal portion on middle head region (Figures 1E, 2C, D). Kephalion, trapezoidal in shape (9
<normalizedToken id="83FDA8E57B8636AD33DA696E8B5F550A" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
length, 13
<normalizedToken id="0F306E1F41837CEA8FC070812BDC8626" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
wide) (Figures 1D, 2C), hypostomion, triangular in shape (5
<normalizedToken id="76FA4143417A11F33133C60CDF4383BB" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
length, 8
<normalizedToken id="1659E1134EBC01EB80CF90E77792024B" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
wide) located around the ventral portion of the mouth ring (Figures 1F, 2D). Distinct neck constriction (17
<normalizedToken id="65513325F2F605AAD0FAB907D60D0EF7" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
wide), much narrower than the head and trunk. Trunk ovoidal in shape (42
<normalizedToken id="74D5C8FC2EEC121D309B3CC35DF10F24" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in maximum width) with a rounded posterior end (Figure 1A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A622C57EE0D705E69E912D9515DEE2A9" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
Cephalic spines or rear spines not observed. On the anterior half of the trunk four paired groups of 2-2-2-1 curved simple spines (ta1-2, tb1-2, tc1-2, td) respectively, inserted directly on the cuticle without scales (Figs 1B, C, 2
<normalizedToken id="607F27AE2B65CE798C289514B7C93B6A" originalValue="AD">A-D</normalizedToken>
). The first group (ta1 at U32; ta2 at U35) inserted ventrolaterally at the neck base strongly bends dorsally at the neck level showing a slightly (almost straight) concave curvature extending all over the trunk (Figure 2B). The other three groups (tb, tc and td) are inserted ventrally at U32, U35, U38, U40, U46, U50, and U60, respectively (Figure 1
<normalizedToken id="F73F7B072B2B2A247E29F1DE5668EEC7" originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
, 2 B). Spines tb2 turn dorsally like spines ta. Spines tb1, tc1-2, and td show a slight convex curvature and extend ventrally along the trunk, (Figure 2B). Spines of ta to tc group measure 100, 90, 75, 90, 82, 80
<normalizedToken id="1BE39D324F3D8B68700B573D6E88630D" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
respectively. Group td is composed of one pair of very long saltatorial spines, 140
<normalizedToken id="9E869BE8FE1C4FEEEC67E4D1520AB3A1" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E94756BC5F3AC4EC3C5B69EA6082BBB0" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Trunk locomotory ciliation divided into 2-paired ventral tufts at 15U and 93U on the ventral side of at the neck and posterior trunk, respectively (Figure 2C, D). No dorsal sensory bristles were observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="33B84C619230833C2768C39F56CA4D4F" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
Mouth ring is terminal (3
<normalizedToken id="8FE52423FF4197F143A6D0145FE03F75" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in diameter). Pharynx (33
<normalizedToken id="4F937D4F9BB19543E409DAB0F991C346" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in length) increases in width uniformly from 9
<normalizedToken id="D616FD0954C1D70E06174DDF2F6EC528" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
anteriorly to 11
<normalizedToken id="FBE71C5801EC4B588E6EC3C3145F2A44" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
at the posterior end) (Figure 1A, D, F).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DE48F6A12348390A8E43075BDBE0B2A3" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
<paragraph id="DD782B9EACCA233AE1E9A0D954B75158" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
Figure 1. Light micrographs (DIC) of
<taxonomicName id="6F9B126E0CFB92F15F418E87F9BA79F9" family="Dasydytidae" genus="Haltidytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Haltidytes ooeides" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="ooeides">
Haltidytes
<normalizedToken id="BE51977066E0EF5245F747D0EA5A0FEE" originalValue="ooëides">ooeides</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunson, 1950). A dorsal view,
<normalizedToken id="C33D40FB92A06761C9819731988040F0" originalValue="BC">B-C</normalizedToken>
ventral view showing the insertion of trunk spines D dorsal view of the head
<normalizedToken id="9CDC71DD98D3F7F6D1BC8A341BD6E023" originalValue="EF">E-F</normalizedToken>
ventral view of the head. Asterisks (*) indicate the body cuticle. Scales bars:
<normalizedToken id="8E323E8476349821B49BEFB9E3AC2141" originalValue="AC">A-C</normalizedToken>
50
<normalizedToken id="D18EDABB312516EE411B63A64AA02909" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="A1DED4FE87668C7F5667E95F9D4A6D9A" originalValue="DF">D-F</normalizedToken>
25
<normalizedToken id="87ED1253B9F68FF6D76A53415F88301B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. Abbreviations: alt anterior lateral ciliary tuft att anterior locomotory ciliation tuft ce cephalion, hy: hypostomion mf middle furrow mlt mediolateral ciliary tuft mo mouth plb posterior lateral ciliary band ptt posterior locomotory ciliation tuft tb1-2 trunk spines tc1-2 trunk spines td trunk spines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C11C86B3C99860382A19E73D4351D55" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="CA4F5264B40E9AD2FAD10F8E079D4188" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F8DBF204F7311FAC8304E0DCC4E424C" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
Usually, the trunk width is given as the maximum trunk widthwhich is at the midgut level. In this case, the type specimen
<taxonomicName id="B5CA3D627F6A054FD994BBE7056D9C7A" lsidName="H. ooeides" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" rank="species" species="ooeides">
H.
<normalizedToken id="AC7EB3AA480BEB15DBBEC021C173E8A0" originalValue="ooëides">ooeides</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
is 42
<normalizedToken id="30534DBAAA3FC4AC3F03B7D274EFBD5B" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
wide. However,
<bibRefCitation id="969961BA8E53D94908CCA1030E4E78B9" author="Brunson, RB" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Microscopical Society" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" pagination="325 - 352" title="An introduction to the taxonomy of the Gastrotricha with a study of eighteen species from Michigan." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3223127" volume="69" year="1950">Brunson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
measured the trunk width posterior to the midgut level (close to the posterior end of the body) and found it to be 36
<normalizedToken id="CB111C6E5ED17AC5EF92AFA854EF5E0A" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C454DF65944D796AC9A3A1BF51D54BE2" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
Differences in spines length between the original description and the present one (Table 1) are due to different measurement methods. We chose to measure each spine length outlining its curvature (100, 90, 75, 90, 82, 80
<normalizedToken id="320E1AC6D816A59A9DA300088F48DCAB" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
respectively) instead of measuring the distance between the spine base insertion and apex as a straight line, as
<bibRefCitation id="915A08350AB43F9EACE40A6231C5D910" author="Brunson, RB" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Microscopical Society" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" pagination="325 - 352" title="An introduction to the taxonomy of the Gastrotricha with a study of eighteen species from Michigan." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3223127" volume="69" year="1950">Brunson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
did (86, 86, 67, 82, 82 and 58
<normalizedToken id="07FC284A1E04FC48ABC793F7423C5C76" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
, respectively).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5B339C5968C97D3EB3AEC5BC403FC23" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
Additionally, the original description mentions a pair of caudal bristles (Figure 2C) that originate 10
<normalizedToken id="5682A4FB33EC144D81D1DBABBE9CB018" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
from the posterior end of the trunk. After reexamination of the type specimen (Figure 2A,
<normalizedToken id="D2AD2CC8934D34C3A31CCB23DF914037" originalValue="BD">B-D</normalizedToken>
) we conclude that
<bibRefCitation id="820A3DA63714AAE7D0B62885217667E6" author="Brunson, RB" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Microscopical Society" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" pagination="325 - 352" title="An introduction to the taxonomy of the Gastrotricha with a study of eighteen species from Michigan." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3223127" volume="69" year="1950">Brunson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
may have misinterpreted these structures. In fact, our observations revealed that the caudal bristles described by
<bibRefCitation id="F94F189484053DEFE8BEB60709BD9515" author="Brunson, RB" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Microscopical Society" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" pagination="325 - 352" title="An introduction to the taxonomy of the Gastrotricha with a study of eighteen species from Michigan." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3223127" volume="69" year="1950">Brunson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
actually are the ta1 spines, due to their similar position relative to the posterior trunk, size and shape (Figure 2A, B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="472F5B3332F2273D3F5C97320E7ABBA5" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
As previously mentioned, the description of some morphological characters of
<taxonomicName id="34795D57F4CB5227D8F405667750EF50" lsidName="H. ooeides" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" rank="species" species="ooeides">
H.
<normalizedToken id="6D4D5B844CD2B666293BEDC7290CD331" originalValue="ooëides">ooeides</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
were misinterpreted by
<bibRefCitation id="FB138160C36EFA68998F37CE899875B5" author="Brunson, RB" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Microscopical Society" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" pagination="325 - 352" title="An introduction to the taxonomy of the Gastrotricha with a study of eighteen species from Michigan." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3223127" volume="69" year="1950">Brunson (1950)</bibRefCitation>
and incorrectly replicated by
<bibRefCitation id="AC4D59FB8284753FE99D61E62959A08A" author="Balsamo, M" journalOrPublisher="Backhuys Publishers, Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" title="Gastrotricha: biology, ecology and systematics. Families Dasydytidae, Dichaeturidae, Neogosseidae, Proichthydiidae." year="2014">Balsamo et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="71EFBCC9C48FA2121AF66AE382A27579" author="Minowa, AK" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" pagination="100 - 109" title="A new species of Haltidytes Remane, 1936 (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida: Dasydytidae) from an urban lagoon in Brazil with a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus based on morphological data." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2017.08.003" volume="269" year="2017">Minowa and Garraffoni (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. We address this issue by correcting the taxonomic key
<taxonomicName id="379C83E4F06202DBF9D3E700560D8B42" family="Dasydytidae" genus="Haltidytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Haltidytes" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">Haltidytes</taxonomicName>
in order to correct previous misinterpretations.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9104FCB66CE6EB305A051F24911B8E54" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
<paragraph id="B8DB8DA790820324E8B65946F636D758" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
Figure 2. Light micrographs (DIC) and redrawing of the schematic drawing of
<taxonomicName id="4DA763A26D7393FF5C7C33D4B07EF3D0" family="Dasydytidae" genus="Haltidytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Haltidytes ooeides" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="ooeides">
Haltidytes
<normalizedToken id="F038C26BA074A9588408D8019DD80F29" originalValue="ooëides">ooeides</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunson, 1950). A whole animal view B redrawing of the schematic drawing of the original description C the same image of A in which the arrangement of the trunk spines is highlighted D schematic drawing of the dorsal view E schematic drawing of the ventral view. Scales bars: 50
<normalizedToken id="A967781F1DB9B9ABA01B7FE47E51CF55" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. Abbreviations: alt anterior lateral ciliary tuft att anterior locomotory ciliation tuft cd caudal bristle ce cephalion hy: hypostomion mlt mediolateral ciliary tuft mo mouth ph pharynx plb posterior lateral ciliary band ptt: posterior locomotory ciliation tuft ta1-2 trunk spines tb1-2 trunk spines tc1-2 trunk spines td trunk spines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="CC18D243F6B17B88880BBBDDC30061D1" ID-Table-UUID="CC18D243F6B17B88880BBBDDC30061D1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CC18D243F6B17B88880BBBDDC30061D1" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
<paragraph id="21A06FA2A547AA0F6D156FC726954D66" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
Table 1. Morphometric features of
<taxonomicName id="5EEF5A00ADD6D0A09A35BC407E4F99DB" family="Dasydytidae" genus="Haltidytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Haltidytes ooeides" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="ooeides">
Haltidytes
<normalizedToken id="6500EC2A9D238BB4D4A045D660BBA586" originalValue="ooëides">ooeides</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
(Brunson, 1950): measures are expressed in
<normalizedToken id="3744E710A3B509193998B63754422108" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; the relative positions of morphological structures along the body are expressed in percentage unities (U) in relation to the total body length.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="20A50A99ABA39F6051C5BCE38ABDF98F" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
<table id="7865D73E0D42D8D565A78C9FC616D63E" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
<tr id="C7248F8EC0821BF601579C9956784511" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
<th id="66D075E844031EECD3C0E56A9C983796" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1">Feature type</th>
<th id="2EF95E0D2F40174C7B8A8BB2F4C8AB83" colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" rowspan="1">Measure (μm)</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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