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<document id="DB58806986C1F3EC6DD51CFFE415F403" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.186122" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5c744375-dd52-4c55-a6c1-4c68e5d4ec7c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="186122" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461046248000" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wuelker, Wolfgang, Martin, Jon, Kiknadze, Iya I., Sublette, James E. &amp; Michiels, Susanne" docDate="2009" docId="BD339627FFDDFF89FF3E632FFAE0BC81" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02023p046.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2023" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chironomus blaylocki Wuelker, Martin, Kiknadze, Sublette &amp; Michiels, 2009, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="410AEE5FFFDCFF8FFFA96745FFA5BC7E" masterDocTitle="Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="28" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1698577133709" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="D292E029067E626C77C24794C642C770" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="991659C55AC42378D398EE7D6E86095A">Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C1BE374F9F5F65D4683777AB98E0C44B">Wuelker, Wolfgang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3CDC3A2CFB594E8044DB09E89F7FEB1B">Martin, Jon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="62A6E1F25CA28145178B6DD8C351D211">Kiknadze, Iya I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="BDD65ECB596C9AFE25286D63CC76FF04" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F940229EB51D11474D9E199461CF3225">Sublette, James E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="EACD984D7664A8F382A84E85D137484D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="296E4CFFF860A5346905FD35D4521E53">Michiels, Susanne</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title id="1034D0117E6A9C7AC297B850046D09EC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="5A3FAA792B553CF0925648ACE43E64CC">
<mods:date id="54822966EDD4A6E5E7AC8030C46A1E57">2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="62ACC6AB84D8C01B97CF4288D50808B2" type="volume">
<mods:number id="6D8A535F4B60B5753958B877354C5FEB">2023</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CFDEC7E8D689198390D08B9D14094DF2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.186122</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9D61210918AD8CD8301A5A4391025035" type="Zenodo-Dep">186122</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="BD339627FFDDFF89FF3E632FFAE0BC81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6215044" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119610972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6215044" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD339627FFDDFF89FF3E632FFAE0BC81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD339627FFDDFF89FF3E632FFAE0BC81" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="7D8074BAFFDDFF8EFF3E632FFE49B8FA" box="[151,492,1130,1156]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="35252731FFDDFF8EFF3E632FFE49B8FA" blockId="1.[151,492,1130,1156]" box="[151,492,1130,1156]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="6E6D905DFFDDFF8EFF3E632FFE49B8FA" bold="true" box="[151,492,1130,1156]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF3E632FFE49B8FA" bold="true" box="[151,492,1130,1156]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFF3E632FFE06B8FA" ID-CoL="9HYLX" box="[151,419,1130,1156]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF3E632FFE06B8FA" bold="true" box="[151,419,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Chironomus blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CDD4658FFDDFF8EFE03632FFE49B8FA" box="[426,492,1130,1156]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7D8074BAFFDDFF8EFF3E63F1FCB1B975" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="35252731FFDDFF8EFF3E63F1FB2FB895" blockId="1.[151,1436,1204,1419]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFF3E63F1FD84B8B5" ID-CoL="8BG93" authority="Fabricius, 1805" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[151,545,1204,1227]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentans">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF3E63F1FECAB8B5" box="[151,367,1204,1227]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Chironomus tentans</emphasis>
Fabricius, 1805
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFD8763F1FCA8B8B5" author="Blaylock" box="[558,781,1204,1227]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G., Auerbach, S. I. &amp; Nelson, D. J. (1964) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic low-level radiation. ORNL- 3531, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp." type="book" year="1964">
Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFD3F63F1FD62B8B5" box="[662,711,1204,1227]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. 1964
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFCB263F1FC1EB8B5" author="Blaylock" box="[795,955,1204,1227]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G. (1965) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic lowlevel radiation. Evolution, 19, 421 - 429." type="journal article" year="1965">Blaylock 1965</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFC6E63F1FBAFB8B5" author="Blaylock" box="[967,1034,1204,1227]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G. (1966 a) Chromosomal polymorphism in irradiated natural populations of Chironomus. Genetics, 53, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1966" yearSuffix="a">1966a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFBBE63F1FBF8B8B5" author="Blaylock" box="[1047,1117,1204,1227]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G. (1966 b) Cytogenetic study of a natural population of Chironomus inhabiting an area contaminated by radioactive waste. In Disposal of Radioactive Waste into Seas, Oceans and Surface Waters. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 835 - 846." type="book chapter" year="1966" yearSuffix="b">1966b</bibRefCitation>
: karyotype and chromosomal polymorphism (misidentification); belongs to thummi-cytocomplex (
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFC0F6391FBDBB895" author="Wuelker" box="[934,1150,1236,1259]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" refString="Wuelker, W., Sublette, J. E. &amp; Martin, J. (1968) Zur Cytotaxonomie nordamerikanischer Chironomus - Arten. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 5, 155 - 158." type="journal article" year="1968">
Wuelker
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFBA06391FB9DB895" box="[1033,1080,1236,1259]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. 1968
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDDFF8EFF3E63B1FCB1B975" blockId="1.[151,1436,1204,1419]" box="[151,788,1268,1291]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFF3E63B1FEBFB975" ID-CoL="9G2FV" box="[151,282,1268,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF3E63B1FEBFB975" box="[151,282,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFE8563B1FE25B975" ID-CoL="8BGBN" box="[300,384,1268,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFE8563B1FE25B975" box="[300,384,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">decorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. B” Martin 1979: chromosome arm F
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7D8074BAFFDDFF8EFF3E6251FCCEB915" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="35252731FFDDFF8EFF3E6251FC9BB955" blockId="1.[151,1436,1204,1419]" box="[151,830,1300,1323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFF3E6251FEBFB955" box="[151,282,1300,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF3E6251FEBFB955" box="[151,282,1300,1323]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFE856251FE47B955" authority="Blaylock" authorityName="Blaylock" box="[300,482,1300,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentans">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFE856251FEDCB955" box="[300,377,1300,1323]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">tentans</emphasis>
Blaylock
</taxonomicName>
”
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFE5B6251FD6CB955" author="Wuelker" box="[498,713,1300,1323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Devai, G., Miscolczi, M. &amp; Wuelker, W. (1989) Standardization of chromosome arms B, C, D in Chironomus, Diptera, Chironomidae. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum, Oecologica Hungarica, 2, 79 - 92." type="journal article" year="1989">
Wuelker
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFDFD6251FD26B955" box="[596,643,1300,1323]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. 1989
</bibRefCitation>
: karyotype
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDDFF8EFF3E6271FC9BB935" blockId="1.[151,1436,1204,1419]" box="[151,830,1332,1355]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFF3E6271FEBFB935" box="[151,282,1332,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF3E6271FEBFB935" box="[151,282,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFE856271FE47B935" authority="Blaylock" authorityName="Blaylock" box="[300,482,1332,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentans">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFE856271FEDCB935" box="[300,377,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">tentans</emphasis>
Blaylock
</taxonomicName>
” Wuelker
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFDFD6271FD26B935" box="[596,643,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. 1991: karyotype
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDDFF8EFF3E6211FCCEB915" blockId="1.[151,1436,1204,1419]" box="[151,875,1364,1387]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFF3E6211FEBFB915" box="[151,282,1364,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF3E6211FEBFB915" box="[151,282,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species l
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFE2B6211FDAEB915" author="Martin" box="[386,523,1364,1387]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" refString="Martin, J. (2008) North American cytospecies of the genus Chironomus. Available from https // www. genetics. unimelb. edu. au / Martin / NAcytfiles / NAchiron. html (accessed 22 December 2008)." type="journal article" year="2008">Martin 2008</bibRefCitation>
: karyotype, and associated larva.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7D8074BAFFDDFF8EFF3E6231FB63B9F5" box="[151,1222,1396,1419]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="35252731FFDDFF8EFF3E6231FB63B9F5" blockId="1.[151,1436,1204,1419]" box="[151,1222,1396,1419]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFF3E6231FDCFB9F5" ID-CoL="9HYLX" authority="Kiknadze et al. 2004" authorityName="Kiknadze et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[151,618,1396,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF3E6231FE27B9F5" box="[151,386,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Chironomus blaylocki</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFE206231FDCFB9F5" author="Kiknadze" box="[393,618,1396,1419]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" refString="Kiknadze, I. I., Istomina, A. G. &amp; Gunderina, L. I. (2004) Pattern of chromosomal polymorphism during population and species divergence in Chironomus (Diptera, Chironomidae). Siberian Ecological Journal, 11, 635 - 651." type="journal article" year="2004">
Kiknadze
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFE5C6231FD80B9F5" box="[501,549,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: banding pattern of 5 chromosome arms (
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFB8F6231FB18B9F5" box="[1062,1213,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">nomen nudum</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7D8074BAFFDDFF8DFF3E62FFFC01BCA6" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="35252731FFDDFF8EFF3E62FFFD4BB985" blockId="1.[151,1436,1466,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF3E62FFFEFBB9AA" bold="true" box="[151,350,1466,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<typeStatus id="EA219993FFDDFF8EFF3E62FFFF7CB9AA" box="[151,217,1466,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="EA219993FFDDFF8EFECF62FFFE45B9AA" box="[358,480,1466,1492]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<collectingCountry id="4D8D67A1FFDDFF8EFE4762FFFDEDB9AA" box="[494,584,1466,1492]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
, White Oak Creek, nr. Oak Ridge, Anderson Co., Tennessee, Sgc,
<date id="412401F1FFDDFF8EFF3E62A4FEACB985" box="[151,265,1505,1531]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" value="1964-01-31">31.I.1964</date>
, &quot;
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFE8B62A4FE3DB984" box="[290,408,1505,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentans">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFE8B62A4FE3DB984" box="[290,408,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">C. tentans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;, slide 3, leg. BGB, in
<collectionCode id="538BBFF4FFDDFF8EFD0362A4FD4FB985" box="[682,746,1505,1531]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">ZSM</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDDFF8EFF6C6142FA39BB8C" blockId="1.[151,1436,1466,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF6C6142FDAFBA5F" bold="true" box="[197,522,1543,1569]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Other material examined.</emphasis>
We are in possession of only 10 salivary gland chromosome squashes of this species (coll. BGB), all from Tennessee, of which only one has the larval body on the same slide: White Oak Creek, 6 chromosome squashes as
<typeStatus id="EA219993FFDDFF8EFD876110FD3EBA11" box="[558,667,1621,1647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
but various dates (VI. 1961
<date id="412401F1FFDDFF8EFC4E6110FBC8BA11" box="[999,1133,1621,1647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" value="1962-09-20">20.IX.1962</date>
and
<date id="412401F1FFDDFF8EFB0C6110FB51BA11" box="[1189,1268,1621,1647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" value="1964-01">I.1964</date>
), 4 with larval body (
<date id="412401F1FFDDFF8EFF4A6139FECFBAE8" box="[227,362,1660,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" value="1967-06-22">22.VI.1967</date>
) (location of 3 of these, partially measured, is now uncertain but likely in
<collectionCode id="538BBFF4FFDDFF8EFB766139FAB9BAE8" box="[1247,1308,1660,1686]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">ZSM</collectionCode>
or UMN); Ten Mile Creek, nr. Knoxville, Knox Co. 2 SGCs (
<date id="412401F1FFDDFF8EFD4261E7FC48BAC2" box="[747,1005,1698,1724]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" value="1962-11-08" valueMax="1962-12-18" valueMin="1962-11-08">8.XI and 18.XII.1962</date>
); Mile 37.5, Mc Coy Branch, Clinch River, Knox Co. 2 SGCs (
<date id="412401F1FFDDFF8EFE79618CFD48BA9D" box="[464,749,1737,1763]" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" value="1962-11-20" valueMax="1962-12-17" valueMin="1962-11-20">20.XI. and 17.XII.1962</date>
). There are a few male adults and larvae from White Oak Creek at the same date as the larval samples, but not clearly associated. The remark of
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFB3061B5FA3EBB74" box="[1177,1435,1776,1802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G., Auerbach, S. I. &amp; Nelson, D. J. (1964) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic low-level radiation. ORNL- 3531, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp." type="book">
Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFAA261B5FA9ABB77" box="[1291,1343,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. (1964)
</bibRefCitation>
that “7 different
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFEC86052FE51BB4E" box="[353,500,1815,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFEC86052FE51BB4E" box="[353,500,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species occur in Ten Mile Creek” is a warning against unproved association, particularly since other species, one of which has a larva similar in gross morphology to that of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFAA56078FED1BB00" authority="Spies et al. 2002" authorityName="Spies et al." authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFAA56078FA39BB28" box="[1292,1436,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDDFF8EFF366021FECEBB00" author="Spies" box="[159,363,1892,1918]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" refString="Spies, M., Sublette, J. E., Sublette, M. F., Wuelker, W., Martin, J., Hille, A., Miller, M. A. &amp; Witt, K. (2002) Pan-American Chironomus calligraphus Goeldi, 1905 (Diptera, Chironomidae): species or complex? Evidence from external morphology, karyology and DNA sequencing. Aquatic Insects, 24, 91 - 113." type="journal article" year="2002">
Spies
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFF416021FEB8BB03" box="[232,285,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, have been obtained from White Oak Creek. However, there are also some measurements of three associated larvae, and a male collected at the same place and time as these larvae. This male, while problematically associated, shows overall similarity to the adults associated by rearing of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDDFF8EFB0560F4FAE6BBB4" box="[1196,1347,1969,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDDFF8EFB0560F4FAE6BBB4" box="[1196,1347,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="29">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whose larval material constitutes a closely related cytomorphological species pair, makes the description appropriate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDEFF8DFF3E67DDFC01BCA6" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Other species recorded from the locality would not be expected to show such similarity. However, associated reared material will be necessary to confirm the adult morphology.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7D8074BAFFDEFF89FF6C67A0FAE0BC81" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="35252731FFDEFF8DFF6C67A0FBC8BC81" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,719]" box="[197,1133,229,255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFF6C67A0FEF4BC81" bold="true" box="[197,337,229,255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Etymology.</emphasis>
Elected by J.E. Sublette as a manuscript name, after B.G. Blaylock.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDEFF8DFF6C664EFCCABE70" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFF6C664EFE7EBD5B" bold="true" box="[197,475,267,293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Diagnostic characters.</emphasis>
This species is presently most accurately identified by the unique banding pattern of the polytene chromosomes. There are unique patterns in three of the seven chromosome arms. Most of the shared patterns (arms B, C2, E and F) are with species b (
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDEFF8DFCF1661CFC53BD0D" author="Martin" box="[856,1014,345,371]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Martin, J. (2008) North American cytospecies of the genus Chironomus. Available from https // www. genetics. unimelb. edu. au / Martin / NAcytfiles / NAchiron. html (accessed 22 December 2008)." type="journal article" year="2008">Martin 2008</bibRefCitation>
), which may be a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFA28661CFEA7BDE7" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFA28661CFEA7BDE7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Discussion). There is a shared pattern of arm C with
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFC0166C5FBE5BDE7" box="[936,1088,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFC0166C5FBE5BDE7" box="[936,1088,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in arms E and F1 with
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFA2866C5FE04BDBE" authority="Martin 1979" authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFA2866C5FF51BDBE" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">C. decorus</emphasis>
(Martin 1979)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFE7566E2FDF9BDBE" box="[476,604,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFE7566E2FDF9BDBE" box="[476,604,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">C. decorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R &amp; F (
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDEFF8DFD1666E3FC7BBDBE" author="Rothfels" box="[703,990,422,448]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Rothfels, K. H. &amp; Fairlie, T. W. (1957) The non-random distribution of inversion breaks in the midge Tendipes decorus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 221 - 263." type="journal article" year="1957">Rothfels &amp; Fairlie 1957</bibRefCitation>
). Due to the presence of polymorphic sequences, only the pattern blaA1 (1a–e, 8–9, 2d–3e, 15–14, 2c–1f, 16a–d, 7–4, 13a–f, 10–
<date id="412401F1FFDEFF8DFB746688FAB8BD99" box="[1245,1309,461,487]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" value="1912-01-03">12, 3i</date>
–f, 17–19) and the characteristic arm G can be expected in all specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDEFF8DFF6C655FFEF3BEB1" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">
The presumptive adult male (see below) has genitalia (
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFDEFF8DFCFB655FFC32BE4A" box="[850,919,538,564]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,258,1977,2001]" captionTargetBox="[170,1405,188,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,156,1997]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Adult characters of C. blaylocki sp. n. (a, c) and C. bifurcatus sp. n. (b, d, e). a, b—tergal patterns; c, d—genitalia (left) and superior volsella (right); e—variation in superior volsella." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186125/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
c) very similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFB7D655FFACBBE4D" box="[1236,1390,538,563]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFB7D655FFACBBE4D" box="[1236,1390,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but the superior volsella on
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFE136504FDEEBE24" box="[442,587,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFE136504FDEEBE24" box="[442,587,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while dark as
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFCAC6504FBFEBE25" authority="Johannsen, 1908" authorityName="Johannsen" authorityYear="1908" box="[773,1115,577,603]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maturus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFCAC6504FC2EBE24" box="[773,907,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">C. maturus</emphasis>
Johannsen, 1908
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFB3F6504FA97BE24" box="[1174,1330,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcatus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFB3F6504FA97BE24" box="[1174,1330,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">C. bifurcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is more smoothly curved but slightly angled as in both of those species and is almost evenly tapered from the base to the tip. The phallopodeme is distinctly different from those species, resembling that of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFB1A65CAFEF7BEB1" authority="Townes, 1945" authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1945" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrella">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFB1A65CAFA39BED6" box="[1203,1436,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Chironomus atrella</emphasis>
(Townes, 1945)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDEFF8DFF3E6447FEDEBF62" blockId="2.[151,1436,770,1067]" box="[151,379,770,796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFF3E6447FEB8BF62" bold="true" box="[151,285,770,796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Karyotype</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFDEFF8DFE856447FED5BF62" box="[300,368,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,258,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1125,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,1125,1946]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. Centromeres marked by arrowheads. Limits of intraspecific inversions marked by brackets above the region involved. N—nucleolus, BR—Balbiani ring." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186123/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDEFF8DFF6F646CFC81BFC9" blockId="2.[151,1436,770,1067]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Chromosome arm combination AB, CD, EF, G (thummi-cytocomplex). Nucleolus subterminal in arm G, no nucleolus in the long chromosome arms. Three BRs are normally visible, two in arm G (one just distal of the nucleolus, the other near the other end of the chromosome) and one in arm B (normally near middle of the arm, but may be distal due to inversion polymorphism).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDEFF8DFF3E6481FF08B855" blockId="2.[151,1436,770,1067]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">
Inversion polymorphism is known in chromosome arms B, C, D and F. Some polymorphism was described by
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDEFF8DFF3E64AFFE3DB87A" box="[151,408,1002,1028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G., Auerbach, S. I. &amp; Nelson, D. J. (1964) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic low-level radiation. ORNL- 3531, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp." type="book">
Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFEA164AFFE9EB87D" box="[264,315,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
. (1964)
</bibRefCitation>
using different names. The relationship to the identification used here is given in
<tableCitation id="7818128AFFDEFF8DFAF264AFFF02B855" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Relationship between banding pattern identifications of C. blaylocki used in this paper and those used by Blaylock et al. 1964." pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="61E577B9FFDEFF8DFF3E60F6FAA6BB93" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186123/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[151,1435,1125,1946]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="35252731FFDEFF8DFF3E60F6FAA6BB93" blockId="2.[151,1435,1971,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFF3E60F6FEB2BBB5" bold="true" box="[151,279,1971,1995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. Polytene chromosomes of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDEFF8DFDE660F1FCE0BBB5" box="[591,837,1972,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDEFF8DFDE660F1FCE0BBB5" box="[591,837,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Chironomus blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CDD4658FFDEFF8DFCE460F1FC2FBBB5" box="[845,906,1972,1995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Centromeres marked by arrowheads. Limits of intraspecific inversions marked by brackets above the region involved. N—nucleolus, BR—Balbiani ring.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="61E577B9FFDFFF8CFF3E67D2FED3BCAF" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF3E67D2FED3BCAF" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFF3E67D2FEA9BCD1" bold="true" box="[151,268,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Relationship between banding pattern identifications of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDFFF8CFC2967DDFBA0BCD1" box="[896,1029,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blaylocki">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFC2967DDFBA0BCD1" box="[896,1029,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">C. blaylocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
used in this paper and those used by Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFF5767FFFE89BCAF" box="[254,300,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 1964.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF3667A8FCE5BD51" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
This paper
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDFFF8CFC8B67A8FC5FBD7A" author="Blaylock" box="[802,1018,237,260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G., Auerbach, S. I. &amp; Nelson, D. J. (1964) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic low-level radiation. ORNL- 3531, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp." type="book" year="1964">
Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFC2067A8FC1DBD7A" box="[905,952,237,260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 1964
</bibRefCitation>
blaA1 2R
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF366607FC9ABD27" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" box="[159,831,322,345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">blaB1 2L</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF366628FCE5BDD1" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">blaB2 2Lab blaC1 1R</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF366687FCE9BDA7" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" box="[159,844,450,473]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">blaC2 1Ra</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF3666A8FC9ABE7A" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" box="[159,831,493,516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">blaD1 1L</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF36655DFCEEBE51" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" box="[159,843,536,559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">blaD2 1Lc</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF366507FC9ABE27" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" box="[159,831,578,601]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">blaE1 3L</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF366528FCE5BEFA" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" box="[159,832,621,644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">blaF1 3R</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF3665DDFCE9BED1" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,687]" box="[159,844,664,687]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">blaF2 3Ra</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF3E65BCFF4CBF6D" blockId="3.[151,1436,761,942]" box="[151,233,761,787]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Arm A</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF6F6465FAAEBFD0" blockId="3.[151,1436,761,942]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
There is only one banding pattern known in arm A, blaA1, which can be derived from arm A of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDFFF8CFF3E6402FC86BF1E" authority="Sublette, 1991 (Wuelker et al. 1991)" authorityName="Sublette, 1991 (Wuelker et al." authorityYear="1991" box="[151,803,838,864]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harpi">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFF3E6402FECBBF1E" box="[151,366,839,864]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Chironomus harpi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDFFF8CFEDC6403FD85BF1E" author="Sublette" box="[373,544,838,864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Wuelker, W., Sublette, J. E., Martin, J. (1991) Chironomus utahensis Malloch and Chironomus harpi new species and their karyosystematic relationships to other species of the decorus-group of Chironomus. Spixiana, 14, 71 - 94." type="journal article" year="1991">Sublette, 1991</bibRefCitation>
(Wuelker
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFD356402FD6ABF1E" box="[668,719,839,864]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 1991)
</taxonomicName>
another member of the decorus-group, by two simple inversion steps. In3f–16, leads to a hypothetical intermediate, then In13–2c leads to blaA1. Arm A of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDFFF8CFA296428FEA3BFD3" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFA296428FEA3BFD3" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">C. utahensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also in the decorus-group, is a further simple inversion step from
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDFFF8CFBBA64D1FBD1BFD3" box="[1043,1140,916,941]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harpi">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFBBA64D1FBD1BFD3" box="[1043,1140,916,941]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">C. harpi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF3E623EFF4DB9EB" blockId="3.[151,1437,1403,1700]" box="[151,232,1403,1429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Arm B</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF6F62E7FA8ABADA" blockId="3.[151,1437,1403,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
B1 with a BR in the middle of the arm, followed distally by a group of dark bands. These appear to correspond to band groups 7 and 8 respectively, in the standard system of
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDFFF8CFBA8628CFB41B99D" box="[1025,1252,1481,1507]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" refString="Devai, G., Miscolczi, M. &amp; Wuelker, W. (1989) Standardization of chromosome arms B, C, D in Chironomus, Diptera, Chironomidae. Acta Biologica Debrecina Supplementum, Oecologica Hungarica, 2, 79 - 92." type="journal article">
Dévai
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFBE6628CFB26B99C" box="[1103,1155,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (1989)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDFFF8CFB46628CFF41BA77" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G., Auerbach, S. I. &amp; Nelson, D. J. (1964) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic low-level radiation. ORNL- 3531, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp." type="book">
Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFAC8628CFA30B99C" box="[1377,1429,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (1964)
</bibRefCitation>
report a complex inversion in this arm, which they call 2Lab. They considered 2Lab to be composed of two independent components that were always found together. However, our interpretation of this heterozygote, here called B1.2 (
<tableCitation id="7818128AFFDFFF8CFDB66179FDDEBA28" box="[543,635,1596,1622]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Relationship between banding pattern identifications of C. blaylocki used in this paper and those used by Blaylock et al. 1964." pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Table 1</tableCitation>
), is that it is due to overlapping inversions, similar to F1.2 of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDFFF8CFA296178FDBABA03" authority="Wuelker et al. 1991" authorityName="Wuelker et al." authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFA296178FEA9BA02" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">C. utahensis</emphasis>
(Wuelker
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFE266126FE62BA02" box="[399,455,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 1991)
</taxonomicName>
. The limits of these inversions are shown in
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFDFFF8CFBF86126FB39BA03" box="[1105,1180,1635,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,258,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1125,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,1125,1946]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. Centromeres marked by arrowheads. Limits of intraspecific inversions marked by brackets above the region involved. N—nucleolus, BR—Balbiani ring." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186123/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
. The longer of these inversions takes the BR to near the distal end of the arm with the dark bands proximal to it (
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFDFFF8CFB6561CFFAB1BADA" box="[1228,1300,1674,1700]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,256,1969,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,186,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1039,1943]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus bifurcatus sp. n. * — heterozygous heterochromatic band in arm G. Limits of inversion A 4 are not able to be shown. Other symbols as Fig. 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186126/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
a).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF3E6192FF4DBA8F" blockId="3.[151,1437,1751,2009]" box="[151,232,1751,1777]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Arm C</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF6F61BBFBCFBB1B" blockId="3.[151,1437,1751,2009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
Two banding patterns have been recorded. Although less frequent, blaC1 appears phylogenetically more basal, as it is only a simple inversion step from the common pattern recorded in a number of species of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFDFFF8CFF3E600EFE4FBB1B" authority="Wuelker 1991" authorityName="Wuelker" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,490,1867,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFF3E600EFE82BB1A" box="[151,295,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Chironomus</emphasis>
(Wuelker 1991)
</taxonomicName>
. C2 differs from C1 by a small simple inversion, 2f–6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDFFF8CFF6F6037FBB5BBA7" blockId="3.[151,1437,1751,2009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
There is an additional polymorphism of this chromosome, in which the centromere band is puffed. In the heterozygote the puffing may disrupt pairing in the vicinity, leading to
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDFFF8CFC7760DCFB44BBCD" box="[990,1249,1945,1971]" pageId="3" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G., Auerbach, S. I. &amp; Nelson, D. J. (1964) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic low-level radiation. ORNL- 3531, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp." type="book">
Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDFFF8CFBE660DCFB21BBCC" box="[1103,1156,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. (1964)
</bibRefCitation>
describing it as an inversion (1Rb). The arm C in
<figureCitation id="ADA13BB4FFDFFF8CFD8D60FAFDCDBBA7" box="[548,616,1983,2009]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,258,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1125,1946]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,1125,1946]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. Centromeres marked by arrowheads. Limits of intraspecific inversions marked by brackets above the region involved. N—nucleolus, BR—Balbiani ring." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186123/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
is homozygous for the puffed band.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD8FF8BFF3E6565FF4CBE44" blockId="4.[151,1436,544,763]" box="[151,233,544,570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Arm D</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD8FF8BFF6F6502FEA4BE85" blockId="4.[151,1436,544,763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
Of the two patterns reported for this arm by
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD8FF8BFD666502FC71BE1F" box="[719,980,583,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G., Auerbach, S. I. &amp; Nelson, D. J. (1964) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic low-level radiation. ORNL- 3531, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp." type="book">
Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD8FF8BFCE96502FCD1BE1E" box="[832,884,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (1964)
</bibRefCitation>
, we have only seen one. There are two equally parsimonious explanations for the derivation of the more frequent pattern D1. It can be derived from the common pattern of
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD8FF8BFE1865D1FD07BED0" box="[433,674,660,686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" refString="Wuelker, W., Sublette, J. E., Martin, J. (1991) Chironomus utahensis Malloch and Chironomus harpi new species and their karyosystematic relationships to other species of the decorus-group of Chironomus. Spixiana, 14, 71 - 94." type="journal article">Wuelker (e.g. 1991)</bibRefCitation>
by 4 intermediate patterns involving 6 simple inversions. Note that the step from inter 3 to inter
<quantity id="F2628AD4FFD8FF8BFDB265FFFDEDBEAA" box="[539,584,698,724]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
this scheme would restore group 18 to its original state, which in inter 2 is
<quantity id="F2628AD4FFD8FF8BFF1B65A4FF78BE85" box="[178,221,737,763]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" unit="g" value="18.0">18g</quantity>
–a.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD8FF8BFF6F6118FF7FBAE3" blockId="4.[151,1436,1629,1771]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
Equally, it may be derived from the pattern of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD8FF8BFD5A6118FB26BA09" authority="Strenzke, 1951" authorityName="Strenzke" authorityYear="1951" box="[755,1155,1629,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piger">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD8FF8BFD5A6118FC6CBA08" box="[755,969,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Chironomus piger</emphasis>
Strenzke, 1951
</taxonomicName>
by a similar number of steps:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD8FF8BFF6F61EFFC8EBA95" blockId="4.[151,1436,1629,1771]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
The second sequence, D2, on the basis of the description and photograph in
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD8FF8BFBC561EFFADCBABA" box="[1132,1401,1706,1732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G., Auerbach, S. I. &amp; Nelson, D. J. (1964) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic low-level radiation. ORNL- 3531, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp." type="book">
Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD8FF8BFB4961EFFAB3BABD" box="[1248,1302,1706,1731]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. (1964)
</bibRefCitation>
, is derived from D1 by a simple inversion of about
<quantity id="F2628AD4FFD8FF8BFD656194FC82BA95" box="[716,807,1745,1771]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" unit="g" value="15.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="11.0">11–19g</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD9FF8AFF3E648EFF43BF9B" blockId="5.[151,1435,971,1075]" box="[151,230,971,997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">Arm E</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD9FF8AFF6F64B7FBF9B84D" blockId="5.[151,1435,971,1075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">
Only one pattern, blaE1, has been found in this arm. It differs from the basic pattern for this arm as found in
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD9FF8AFF1C635CFCA2B84D" authority="Keyl, 1961 (Wuelker 1980)" authorityName="Keyl, 1961 (Wuelker" authorityYear="1980" box="[181,775,1049,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aberratus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD9FF8AFF1C635CFE1BB84C" box="[181,446,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">Chironomus aberratus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD9FF8AFE6C635CFDEDB84D" author="Keyl" box="[453,584,1049,1075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="45" refString="Keyl, H. G. (1961) Chromosomenevolution bei Chironomus. I. Strukturabwandlungen in Speicheldrusen-Chromosomen." type="book" year="1961">Keyl, 1961</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFD9FF8AFDFF635CFD5AB84D" author="Wuelker" box="[598,767,1049,1075]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Wuelker, W. (1980) Basic pattern in the chromosome evolution of the genus Chironomus. Z eitschrift fur Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 18, 112 - 123." type="journal article" year="1980">Wuelker 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
by the simple inversion 5–8.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD9FF8AFF6F620DFEC9B9D1" blockId="5.[151,1436,1352,1455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">
The E1 pattern is also found in other decorus-group species, such as
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD9FF8AFC58620CFBD4B91C" box="[1009,1137,1353,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD9FF8AFC58620CFBD4B91C" box="[1009,1137,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">C. decorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R&amp;F) and C. species 3a (Martin
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD9FF8AFF51622AFE8EB9F6" box="[248,299,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. 1979), as well as in
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD9FF8AFD8D622AFC79B9F7" authority="Wuelker &amp; Martin 1974" authorityName="Wuelker &amp; Martin" authorityYear="1974" box="[548,988,1391,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maturus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD9FF8AFD8D622AFD03B9F6" box="[548,678,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">C. maturus</emphasis>
(Wuelker &amp; Martin 1974)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD9FF8AFBBC622AFECDB9D1" authority="Say, 1823 (Martin &amp; Wuelker 1974)" authorityName="Say, 1823 (Martin &amp; Wuelker" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stigmaterus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD9FF8AFBBC622AFB64B9F6" box="[1045,1217,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">C. stigmaterus</emphasis>
Say, 1823 (Martin &amp; Wuelker 1974)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD9FF8AFF3E62A6FF41B983" blockId="5.[151,1437,1507,1649]" box="[151,228,1507,1533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">Arm F</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD9FF8AFF6F614FFBB1BA0F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1507,1649]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">
Two patterns have been reported in arm F. The only homozygote represented in our sample is blaF2.2. This pattern differs from blaF1 by the simple inversion 5c–16, while F1 differs from the standard (basic) pattern of
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD9FF8AFEA66112FECABA0E" box="[271,367,1623,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piger">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD9FF8AFEA66112FECABA0E" box="[271,367,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">C. piger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the characteristic inversion of the decorus-group, 2–9.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFD9FF8AFF3E60F0FC3ABBB1" blockId="5.[151,927,1973,1999]" box="[151,927,1973,1999]" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">
The pattern blaF1 is also found in
<taxonomicName id="F29A5CB2FFD9FF8AFD8360F0FC3EBBB1" authority="Martin et al. 1979" authorityName="Martin et al." authorityYear="1979" box="[554,923,1973,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD9FF8AFD8360F0FD0CBBB0" box="[554,681,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">C. decorus</emphasis>
(Martin
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFD9FF8AFCB860F0FCE1BBB0" box="[785,836,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. 1979)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDAFF89FF3E67DDFF4CBCCC" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,255]" box="[151,233,152,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="34">Arm G</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35252731FFDAFF89FF6F67FBFAE0BC81" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="34">
Long, stretched, and paired, according to
<bibRefCitation id="510B5AC0FFDAFF89FD1767FBFC6FBCA6" box="[702,970,190,216]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Blaylock, B. G., Auerbach, S. I. &amp; Nelson, D. J. (1964) Chromosomal aberrations in a natural population of Chironomus tentans exposed to chronic low-level radiation. ORNL- 3531, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp." type="book">
Blaylock
<emphasis id="07EEFB23FFDAFF89FC9B67FAFCCDBCA6" box="[818,872,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. (1964)
</bibRefCitation>
, but with pairing gaps in our material. One BR near one end, a subterminal nucleolus at the other end and another BR distal of the nucleolus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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