treatments-xml/data/BD/15/29/BD15296C6A73FF95FF1AF842DD10A06A.xml

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<mods:title id="B996C2B26CC07D119605A8B742EB3391">Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="3503987A6A73FF89FF1AF842D99CA2E8" blockId="15.[151,457,1943,2006]" box="[151,457,1943,1969]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A73FF89FF1AF842D99CA2E8" ID-CoL="623XT" ID-ENA="139644" authority="Billberg, 1820" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,457,1943,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="07C844686A73FF89FF1AF842D99CA2E8" bold="true" box="[151,457,1943,1969]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diopsidae Billberg, 1820</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A73FF89FF1AF86ED9E1A28F" box="[151,436,1979,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A73FF89FF1AF86ED9E1A28F" blockId="15.[151,457,1943,2006]" box="[151,436,1979,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A73FF89FF12F86ED969A28F" box="[159,316,1979,2006]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 143–152" captionStart-1="FIGURES 153–159" captionStart-2="FIGURES 160–168" captionStart-3="FIGURES 169–176" captionStart-4="FIGURES 177–183" captionStart-5="FIGURES 184–190" captionStartId-0="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-1="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionStartId-2="115.[151,264,1873,1898]" captionStartId-3="116.[151,264,1824,1849]" captionStartId-4="117.[151,264,1822,1847]" captionStartId-5="118.[151,264,1576,1601]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetBox-1="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1431,190,1841]" captionTargetBox-3="[162,1422,180,1795]" captionTargetBox-4="[178,1416,186,1794]" captionTargetBox-5="[161,1426,185,1547]" captionTargetId-0="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-1="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetId-2="figure@115.[151,1436,174,1854]" captionTargetId-3="figure@116.[151,1436,174,1805]" captionTargetId-4="figure@117.[151,1436,174,1803]" captionTargetId-5="figure@118.[151,1436,174,1557]" captionTargetPageId-0="113" captionTargetPageId-1="114" captionTargetPageId-2="115" captionTargetPageId-3="116" captionTargetPageId-4="117" captionTargetPageId-5="118" captionText-0="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." captionText-1="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." captionText-2="FIGURES 160–168. Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 160: segment 6 to genitalia, lateral; 161: external genitalia, posterior; 162: same, anterior; 163: sternites 6–8, ventral; 164: ejaculatory apodeme; 165: internal genitalia, ventral; 166: same, left lateral; 167: detail of phallus, ventral; 168: same, left lateral." captionText-3="FIGURES 169–176. Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 169: external genitalia, anterior; 170: terminalia, lateral; 171: sternite 5 and terminalia, ventral; 172: ejaculatory apodeme; 173: internal genitalia, ventral; 174: same, left lateral; 175: detail of phallus, ventral; 176: same, left lateral." captionText-4="FIGURES 177–183. Fig. 177: Centrioncus sp. (Diopsidae), sternites 1–2. Figs 178–179: Centrioncus sp., female abdomen; 178: ventral; 179: segment 6 to cerci, dorsal. Figs 180–181: Centrioncus sp., female segment 7 to cerci; 180: dorsal; 181: ventral. Figs 182–183: female internal genitalia; 182: Centrioncus sp.; 183: Centrioncus sp." captionText-5="FIGURES 184–190. Figs 184–187: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae), female abdomen; 184: ventral; 185: segment 6 to cerci, lateral; 186: same, dorsal; 187: internal genitalia. Figs 188–190: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae), female abdomen; 188: ventral; 189: segment 6 to cerci, dorsal; 190: internal genitalia." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670808" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670810" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670812" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670816" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3670808/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3670810/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3670812/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3670816/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 143–190</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A73FF89FEC5F86ED9FEA28F" box="[328,427,1979,2006]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">405–410</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="3503987A6A6CFF96FF1AFF4CDA43A589" blockId="16.[151,1436,152,208]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FF1AFF4CD94CA5E8" bold="true" box="[151,281,153,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A6CFF96FF1AFF4CD899A5E8" box="[151,204,153,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FE92FF4CDA71A5E8" ID-CoL="45YG" authority="Linnaeus 1775: 5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="5" authorityYear="1775" box="[287,548,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FE92FF4CD939A5E9" box="[287,364,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diopsis</emphasis>
Linnaeus 1775: 5
</taxonomicName>
, by Billberg, 1820: 115 [as “Diopsides”]. 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FC40FF4CDCE9A5E8" bold="true" box="[973,1212,152,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A6CFF96FC40FF4CDC57A5E8" box="[973,1026,153,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type</typeStatus>
species of genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FB4CFF4CD92AA589" ID-CoL="36BMB" authority="Linnaeus, 1775: 5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="5" authorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ichneumonea">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FB4CFF4CDDC9A5E8" box="[1217,1436,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diopsis ichneumonea</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1775: 5
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A6CFF97FF1AFF2BDB91A5A2" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6CFF96FF1AFF2BD9B1A495" blockId="16.[151,1437,254,2044]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
At least 170 species in 13 genera are known (Meier &amp; Hilger, 2000; 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FC2FFF2BDCCDA441" author="Meier R. &amp; Baker, R." box="[930,1176,254,280]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref89380" refString="Meier R. &amp; Baker, R. (2002) A cladistic analysis of Diopsidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33, 325 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631202 X 00181" type="journal article" year="2002">Meier &amp; Baker, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Most are restricted to the 
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A6CFF96FF4DFEF7D9F3A465" box="[192,422,290,316]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Afrotropical Region</collectingRegion>
, but many also occur in the 
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A6CFF96FD65FEF7DBF5A465" box="[744,928,290,316]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oriental Region</collectingRegion>
. No species are found in the Neotropics, and very few occur in the Palaearctic and Australian Regions (Papp, Földvári &amp; Paulovics, 1997; 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FB2DFE93DD7AA439" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[1184,1327,326,352]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). The two New World species, found in North America east of the Rockies, are treated in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FBA9FEBFDCEAA4DD" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[1060,1215,362,388]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, who also provides a synopsis of the world genera. Revisions of genera are ongoing, with several new species recently described (eg. 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FF1AFE67D9C5A495" author="Feijen, H. R. &amp; Feijen, C." box="[151,400,434,460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="125 - 142" refId="ref80676" refString="Feijen, H. R. &amp; Feijen, C. (2012) A New Species of Diopsis L. (Diptera: Diopsidae) from South Africa and Swaziland, and Brief Review of African Species with a Large Apical Wing Spot. African Invertebrates, 53 (1), 125 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 053.0107" type="journal article" year="2012">Feijen &amp; Feijen, 2012</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FE16FE67D98DA495" author="Feijen, H. R. &amp; Feijen, C." box="[411,472,434,460]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="161 - 189" refId="ref80745" refString="Feijen, H. R. &amp; Feijen, C. (2013) A revision of the genus Diopsina Curran (Diptera, Diopsidae) with description of a new species from Guinea-Bissau. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 156 (2 - 3), 161 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 00002029" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6CFF96FF4AFE00DA45A7FD" blockId="16.[151,1437,254,2044]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FF4AFE00D924A4A9" bold="true" box="[199,369,469,496]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Centrioncinae</emphasis>
consists of the single genus 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FD35FE03DB14A4A9" authorityName="Speiser" authorityYear="1910" box="[696,833,470,496]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Centrioncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FD35FE03DB14A4A9" box="[696,833,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Centrioncus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, containing 22 described species from montane afrotropical forests. Due to their characteristic distribution, Feijen adopted the common name of “Afromontane forest flies”. Species include 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FE12FDCBDA12A761" author="Speiser, P." box="[415,583,542,568]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="113 - 198" refId="ref95768" refString="Speiser, P. (1910) Cyclorapha. In: Sjostedt, Y. (Ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen, Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905 - 1906. Vol. 2. Part 10. P. Palmquists Aktiebolag, Stockholm, pp. 113 - 198." type="book chapter" year="1910">Speiser’s 1910</bibRefCitation>
genotype (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FD47FDCBDB96A760" authority="Speiser" authorityName="Speiser" authorityYear="1910" box="[714,963,542,569]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Centrioncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prodiopsis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FD47FDCBDB37A761" box="[714,866,542,568]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. prodiopsis</emphasis>
Speiser
</taxonomicName>
), one species more recently described by DeMeyer (2004), and 20 species described by 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FD17FD97DB64A705" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[666,817,578,604]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 137" refId="ref80575" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1983) Systematics and phylogeny of Centrioncidae, a new afromontane family of Diptera (Schizophora). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 202, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1983">Feijen (1983)</bibRefCitation>
in his thorough revision of the “Centrionicidae”. 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FADBFD97D8B7A7D9" author="Feijen, H. R." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 137" refId="ref80575" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1983) Systematics and phylogeny of Centrioncidae, a new afromontane family of Diptera (Schizophora). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 202, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1983">Feijen (1983)</bibRefCitation>
also included in this family his new genus 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FD47FDB3DB1AA7D9" authorityName="Feijen" authorityYear="1983" box="[714,847,614,640]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Teloglabrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FD47FDB3DB1AA7D9" box="[714,847,614,640]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Teloglabrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FC24FDB3DC2FA7D8" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[937,1146,614,641]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="167 - 194" refId="ref88742" refString="McAlpine, D. K. (1997 b) Gobryidae, a new family of acalyptrate flies (Diptera: Diopsoidea), and a discussion of relationships of the diopsoid families. Records of the Australian Museum, 49, 167 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.49.1997.1264" type="journal article" year="1997">McAlpine (1997b)</bibRefCitation>
recommended treating as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FE0DFD5FDA5CA7FD" authorityName="Speiser" authorityYear="1910" box="[384,521,650,676]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Centrioncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FE0DFD5FDA5CA7FD" box="[384,521,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Centrioncus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6CFF96FF4AFD7BDC4FA601" blockId="16.[151,1437,254,2044]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
While the subfamily is largely defined on genitalic features (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FCEEFD7BDBA4A791" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[867,1009,686,712]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 137" refId="ref80575" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1983) Systematics and phylogeny of Centrioncidae, a new afromontane family of Diptera (Schizophora). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 202, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1983">Feijen, 1983</bibRefCitation>
) impractical for diagnosis, it is readily characterized by having many of the synapomorphies of the 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FCCCFD07DBE6A7B5" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[833,947,722,748]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diopsidae</taxonomicName>
with the conspicuous absence of eye stalks (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FF12FD23D915A649" box="[159,320,758,784]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 130–133</figureCitation>
): a scutellum with long apical spines (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FD7DFD23DB07A649" box="[752,850,758,784]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 130</figureCitation>
, arrow), a bulbous katatergite (but without a spine), tarsi with dark “sawlines” lengthwise along the tarsomeres (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FCC8FCCFDBFDA66D" box="[837,936,794,820]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
), absence of bm-m (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FB1EFCCFDCA2A66D" box="[1171,1271,793,820]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 405</figureCitation>
), a porrect antenna, raptorial fore legs, and only one outer vertical and one fronto-orbital seta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6CFF96FF4AFCB7D942A051" blockId="16.[151,1437,254,2044]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The readily identifiable 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FE57FCB4DA05A625" bold="true" box="[474,592,865,892]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diopsinae</emphasis>
includes 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FD32FCB7DB2AA625" box="[703,895,866,892]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Prospyracephala</emphasis>
and the tribes Diopsini and Sphyracephalini. It was defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FEC3FC53D9A1A6F9" author="Hennig, W." box="[334,500,901,928]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 215" refId="ref83456" refString="Hennig, W. (1965) Die Acalyptratae des Baltischen Bernsteins und ihre Bedeutung fur die Erforschung der phylogenetischen Entwicklung dieser Dipteren-Gruppe. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, 145, 1 - 215." type="journal article" year="1965">Hennig (1965)</bibRefCitation>
as having eye stalks with the antennae approximate to the separated eye margins (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FF12FC7FD917A69D" box="[159,322,937,964]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 143–152</figureCitation>
), one spine on a bulbous katatergite, a glabrous arista, an elongate cell 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FB02FC7EDCFCA69D" box="[1167,1193,939,964]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">cu</emphasis>
a (except 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FA93FC7FD8A5A6B1" authorityName="Hennig. Shillito" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Prosphyracephala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FA93FC7FD8A5A6B1" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Prosphyracephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FE86FC1BD9FBA6B1" box="[267,430,974,1000]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 407–410</figureCitation>
), veins M 
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A6CFF96FDAFFC0ADA7FA6B4" attach="left" box="[546,554,991,1005]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4</subScript>
and CuA+CuP not extending to the wing margin, absence of the supra-alar and notopleural setae, loss of the tubercles on the hind femur, and usually an additonal subapical seta on the mid tibia. 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FF5AFBC3D9C2A169" box="[215,407,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Prospyracephala</emphasis>
is known from 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FDC4FBC2DB6FA168" authority="(Meunier)" baseAuthorityName="Meunier" box="[585,826,1046,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Prosphyracephala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breviata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FDC4FBC2DA94A169" box="[585,705,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. breviata</emphasis>
(Meunier)
</taxonomicName>
from Baltic amber; 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FB90FBC2DCB0A169" authority="(Loew)" baseAuthorityName="Loew" box="[1053,1253,1046,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Cypselosomatidae" genus="Cypselosomatites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succini">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FB90FBC2DCDDA169" box="[1053,1160,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. succini</emphasis>
(Loew)
</taxonomicName>
, recovered from early Oligocene Baltic, Miocene Saxon and Eocene Rovno amber (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FC14FBEFDC79A10D" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[921,1068,1082,1108]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen, 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FBB7FBEFDCAEA10D" author="Schumann, H." box="[1082,1275,1082,1108]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref94176" refString="Schumann, H. (1994) Diopsidae from Saxon Amber (Diptera, Diopsidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 41 (1), 141 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 4810410111" type="journal article" year="1994">Schumann, 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FA84FBEFD8AAA121" author="Perkovsky, E. E. &amp; Mostovski, M. B. &amp; Henderickx, H." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="245 - 250" refId="ref91813" refString="Perkovsky, E. E., Mostovski, M. B. &amp; Henderickx, H. (2015) New Records of the Dipteran Genera Triphleba (Phoridae) and Prosphyracephala (Diopsidae) in Rovno and Baltic Ambers. Vestnik zoologii, 49 (3), 245 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / vzoo- 2015 - 0025" type="journal article" year="2015">
Perkovsky 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FA05FBEED8E1A121" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FE9FFB8AD9AAA121" authority="Kotrba" authorityName="Kotrba" authorityYear="2009" box="[274,511,1118,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Prosphyracephala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kerneggeri">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FE9FFB8AD9F2A121" box="[274,423,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. kerneggeri</emphasis>
Kotrba
</taxonomicName>
, from Baltic amber (Kotrba, 2009); the tentatively placed 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FB07FB8ADD0FA121" authority="Lewis" authorityName="Lewis" authorityYear="1971" box="[1162,1370,1118,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Prosphyracephala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubiensis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FB07FB8ADD58A121" box="[1162,1293,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. rubiensis</emphasis>
Lewis
</taxonomicName>
, from shale deposits in Montana (late Oligocene); and one unnamed specimen from oil-shale sediments in 
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A6CFF96FA8DFB57DD19A1C5" box="[1280,1356,1154,1180]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">France</collectingCountry>
(lower Oligocene) (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FEA9FB73D9F0A199" author="Lutz, H." box="[292,421,1189,1216]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="75 - 78" refId="ref86571" refString="Lutz, H. (1985) Eine fossile Steilaugenfleige aus dem Unter-Oligozan von Cereste, Frankreich (Diptera: Diopsidae). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 59, 75 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02986001" type="journal article" year="1985">Lutz, 1985</bibRefCitation>
). The only other known fossil 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FC8BFB73DB2DA199" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[774,888,1190,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diopsidae</taxonomicName>
are several specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FB2FFB72DCADA199" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1775" box="[1186,1272,1191,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FB2FFB72DCADA199" box="[1186,1272,1191,1216]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
listed in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FAE9FB73D974A1BC" author="Handlirch, A." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref82293" refString="Handlirch, A. (1906 - 1908) Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Ein handbuch fur palaontologen und zoologen. Engelmann, Leipzig, 1430 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 34145" type="book" year="1906">
Handlirch (
<date id="4102BEBA6A6CFF96FF6AFB1FD974A1BC" box="[231,289,1226,1253]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1906" valueMax="1908">1906</date>
</bibRefCitation>
–1908), and while 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FE7FFB1FDAC3A1BD" author="Hennig, W." box="[498,662,1225,1252]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 215" refId="ref83456" refString="Hennig, W. (1965) Die Acalyptratae des Baltischen Bernsteins und ihre Bedeutung fur die Erforschung der phylogenetischen Entwicklung dieser Dipteren-Gruppe. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, 145, 1 - 215." type="journal article" year="1965">Hennig (1965)</bibRefCitation>
believed these to also likely represent 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FBCAFB1FDD52A1BD" box="[1095,1287,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Prospyracephala</emphasis>
, this is yet to be verified.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6CFF96FF4AFAC7DB29A0E5" blockId="16.[151,1437,254,2044]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The tribe 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FEB8FAC4D9ACA075" bold="true" box="[309,505,1297,1324]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphyracephalini</emphasis>
consists largely of 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FD5BFAC7DB2BA075" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1828" box="[726,894,1298,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Sphyracephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FD5BFAC7DB2BA075" box="[726,894,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sphyracephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FC6BFAC7DCD1A075" box="[998,1156,1298,1324]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 143–147</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FB1DFAC7DCA0A074" box="[1168,1269,1298,1325]" captionStart="FIGURES 160–168" captionStartId="115.[151,264,1873,1898]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@115.[151,1436,174,1854]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIGURES 160–168. Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 160: segment 6 to genitalia, lateral; 161: external genitalia, posterior; 162: same, anterior; 163: sternites 6–8, ventral; 164: ejaculatory apodeme; 165: internal genitalia, ventral; 166: same, left lateral; 167: detail of phallus, ventral; 168: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670808/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">160–168</figureCitation>
), which unlike most other Diopsinae, has relatively short eye stalks, and extends from the Old World tropics and subtropics into the north temperate Regions, including two species in North America (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FC18FA8FDC7DA02D" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[917,1064,1370,1396]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Clarification of tribal boundaries was provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FEF3FAABDAD3A0C0" author="Kotrba, M. &amp; Balke, M." box="[382,646,1406,1433]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="843 - 847" refId="ref84898" refString="Kotrba, M. &amp; Balke, M. (2006) The systematic position of Cladodiopsis Seguy, 1949 and the origin of sexual dimorphism in stalk-eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae) inferred from DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38, 843 - 847. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.11.009" type="journal article" year="2006">Kotrba &amp; Balke (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, who found strong support for inclusion of the malagasy 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FA85FAABD9E2A0E5" authority="Seguy in Sphyracephalini" authorityName="Seguy in Sphyracephalini" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Cladodiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FA85FAABDDC9A0C1" box="[1288,1436,1406,1432]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cladodiopsis</emphasis>
Séguy in Sphyracephalini
</taxonomicName>
using morphologial and molecular data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6CFF96FF4AFA13D978A3E1" blockId="16.[151,1437,254,2044]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FF74FA10D908A0B9" bold="true" box="[249,349,1477,1504]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diopsini</emphasis>
is a diverse tribe encompassing most diopsid genera. It is defined by reduced segmentation of the arista, absence of CuA+CuP past cell 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FDC8FA3EDA0AA35D" box="[581,607,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">cu</emphasis>
a (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FDF1FA3FDB49A35D" box="[636,796,1514,1540]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 408–410</figureCitation>
), fusion of tergites 3 and sometimes 4 to syntergite 1+2, a reduced male S8 (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FEF5F9DBD98FA371" box="[376,474,1550,1576]" captionStart="FIGURES 169–176" captionStartId="116.[151,264,1824,1849]" captionTargetBox="[162,1422,180,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@116.[151,1436,174,1805]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURES 169–176. Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 169: external genitalia, anterior; 170: terminalia, lateral; 171: sternite 5 and terminalia, ventral; 172: ejaculatory apodeme; 173: internal genitalia, ventral; 174: same, left lateral; 175: detail of phallus, ventral; 176: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670810/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 170</figureCitation>
), reduced scutellar setae, reduction of the alula and anal lobe, and often much longer eye stalks (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6CFF96FE99F9E7D9FAA315" box="[276,431,1585,1612]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 148–152</figureCitation>
) (Meier &amp; Hilger, 2000; 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FD47F9E7DB36A315" author="Kotrba, M." box="[714,867,1586,1612]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="265 - 275" refId="ref84815" refString="Kotrba, M. (2004) Baltic amber fossils reveal early evolution of sexual dimorphism in stalk-eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae). Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution, 4, 265 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ode. 2004.02.005" type="journal article" year="2004">Kotrba, 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Ten genera were recognized in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FB5EF9E7DD39A315" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[1235,1388,1586,1612]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, but 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FF1AF983D9CDA329" author="Meier R. &amp; Baker, R." box="[151,408,1622,1648]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref89380" refString="Meier R. &amp; Baker, R. (2002) A cladistic analysis of Diopsidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33, 325 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631202 X 00181" type="journal article" year="2002">Meier &amp; Baker (2002)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized (or reinstated the previous synonymies of) 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FBA7F983DCECA329" authorityName="Frey" authorityYear="1928" box="[1066,1209,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Cyrtodiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FBA7F983DCECA329" box="[1066,1209,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cyrtodiopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FB70F983DD31A329" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1875" box="[1277,1380,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Teleopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FB70F983DD31A329" box="[1277,1380,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Teleopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FF1AF9AFD97AA3CD" authorityName="Seguy" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,303,1658,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Trichodiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FF1AF9AFD97AA3CD" box="[151,303,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Trichodiopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FEE5F9AFDA5DA3CD" authorityName="Seguy" authorityYear="1955" box="[360,520,1658,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Chaetodiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FEE5F9AFDA5DA3CD" box="[360,520,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chaetodiopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FDC7F9AEDA8CA3CD" box="[586,729,1659,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diasemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FDC7F9AEDA8CA3CD" box="[586,729,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diasemopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additional studies will very likely produce additional generic redefinitions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6CFF97FF4AF917DB91A5A2" blockId="16.[151,1437,254,2044]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FF4AF917DAECA385" bold="true" box="[199,697,1729,1756]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Treatments of 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6CFF96FEF4F914D9BAA385" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[377,495,1729,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diopsidae</taxonomicName>
in the literature
</emphasis>
include regional catalogues by 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FBA4F917DCA1A385" author="Sabrosky, C. W." box="[1065,1268,1729,1756]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="637 - 638" refId="ref93666" refString="Sabrosky, C. W. (1965 a) Family Diopsidae. In: Stone, A. C., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. &amp; Colson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Agriculture Handbook 276. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 637 - 638." type="book chapter" year="1965">Sabrosky (1965a)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FA8FF917DDC9A385" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[1282,1436,1730,1756]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen (1989)</bibRefCitation>
[Nearctic], 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FE9AF933D99DA259" author="Hennig, W." box="[279,456,1766,1792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref83211" refString="Hennig, W. (1941 c) 39 c. Diopsidae. Die Fliegen der Palaarktischen Region, 5, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1941">Hennig (1941c)</bibRefCitation>
[Palaearctic], 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FDE6F933DB70A258" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[619,805,1766,1793]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="32 - 36" refId="ref97132" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1977 f) Family Diopsidae. In: M. C. Delfinado &amp; D. E. Hardy (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region 3: Suborder Cyclorrhapha (Excluding Division Aschiza). University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 32 - 36." type="book chapter" year="1977">Steyskal (1977f)</bibRefCitation>
[
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A6CFF96FCBEF930DBC2A259" box="[819,919,1765,1792]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oriental</collectingRegion>
], 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FC24F933DC25A259" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[937,1136,1766,1792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="474" refId="ref80151" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (1989 e) Family Diopsidae., In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, pp. 474." type="book chapter" year="1989">Evenhuis (1989e)</bibRefCitation>
[Australian] and 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FABBF933D96EA27D" author="Cogan, B. H. &amp; Shillito, J. F." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="583 - 587" refId="ref78073" refString="Cogan, B. H. &amp; Shillito, J. F. (1980) Family Diopsidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 583 - 587." type="book chapter" year="1980">Cogan &amp; Shillito (1980)</bibRefCitation>
[Afrotropics]. A World catalogue was developed by 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FC01F8DFDC15A27D" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[908,1088,1802,1828]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref96720" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1972) A catalogue of species and key to the genera of the family Diopsidae (Diptera; Acalyptratae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, 234, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1972">Steyskal (1972)</bibRefCitation>
. Other major taxonomic works include 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FF7DF8FBD9C3A211" author="Shillito, J. F." box="[240,406,1838,1864]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="147 - 163" refId="ref95132" refString="Shillito, J. F. (1940) Studies on Diopsidae (Diptera). Novitates Zoologicae, 42, 147 - 163." type="journal article" year="1940">Shillito (1940)</bibRefCitation>
, who revised the family at the genus level, 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FCF4F8FBDC75A211" author="Shillito, J. F." box="[889,1056,1838,1864]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="287 - 295" refId="ref95268" refString="Shillito, J. F. (1971) The genera of Diopsidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 50, 287 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1971. tb 00763. x" type="journal article" year="1971">Shillito (1971)</bibRefCitation>
, who reviewed the diopsid genera and attempted a reconstruction of phylogeny, and 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FD4EF887DB06A235" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[707,851,1874,1900]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref80609" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1984) Studies on the Systematics, ecology and economic importance of the Diopsoinea (Diptera). PhD thesis, University of Leiden, 48 pp." type="book" year="1984">Feijen (1984</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FCD3F887DBCFA235" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[862,922,1874,1900]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
), who listed the diopsoid genera and reviewed the family (
<emphasis id="07C844686A6CFF96FE92F8A2D908A2C9" box="[287,349,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FEEBF8A3DA58A2C9" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[358,525,1910,1936]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 137" refId="ref80575" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1983) Systematics and phylogeny of Centrioncidae, a new afromontane family of Diptera (Schizophora). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 202, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1983">Feijen (1983))</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FD97F8A3DAE1A2C9" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[538,692,1910,1936]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen (1989)</bibRefCitation>
also presents the most recent genus key, as well as an extensive synopsis of morphology and a synopsis of the group’s treatment in the literature. 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FBAEF84FDC94A2ED" author="Shillito, J. F." box="[1059,1217,1946,1972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="337 - 50" refId="ref95221" refString="Shillito, J. F. (1960) A Bibliography of the Diopsidae (Diptera-Acalyptratae). Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 3, 337 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.3366 / jsbnh. 1960.3.7.337" type="journal article" year="1960">Shillito (1960</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FB41F84FDD50A2EC" author="Shillito, J. F." box="[1228,1285,1946,1973]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="65 - 73" refId="ref95314" refString="Shillito, J. F. (1976) Bibliography of the Diopsidae-II. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 8, 65 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.3366 / jsbnh. 1976.8.1.65" type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
) assembled a bibliography of major works on the family. A more recent summary of studies in taxonomy and organismal biology is provided in Meier &amp; Hilger (2000) and 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6CFF96FDEAF837DB37A2A5" author="Meier R. &amp; Baker, R." box="[615,866,2018,2044]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref89380" refString="Meier R. &amp; Baker, R. (2002) A cladistic analysis of Diopsidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33, 325 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631202 X 00181" type="journal article" year="2002">Meier &amp; Baker (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, who also developed diopsid phylogenetics consid- erably via numerical analyses. Phylogenetics of the family was additionally treated in Baker 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FB28FF4FDC88A5EA" box="[1189,1245,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2001), Baker &amp; Wilkinson (2001), 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FEE1FF68DA59A58E" author="Kotrba, M." box="[364,524,189,215]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="265 - 275" refId="ref84815" refString="Kotrba, M. (2004) Baltic amber fossils reveal early evolution of sexual dimorphism in stalk-eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae). Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution, 4, 265 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ode. 2004.02.005" type="journal article" year="2004">Kotrba (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FDCEFF68DB18A581" author="Kotrba, M. &amp; Balke, M." box="[579,845,189,216]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="843 - 847" refId="ref84898" refString="Kotrba, M. &amp; Balke, M. (2006) The systematic position of Cladodiopsis Seguy, 1949 and the origin of sexual dimorphism in stalk-eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae) inferred from DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38, 843 - 847. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.11.009" type="journal article" year="2006">Kotrba &amp; Balke (2006)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FCD5FF68DBADA58E" author="Kotrba, M." box="[856,1016,188,215]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="147 - 159" refId="ref84777" refString="Kotrba, M. (1995) The internal female genital organs of Chaetodiopsis and Diasemopsis (Diptera: Diopsidae) and their systematic relevance. Annals of the Natal Museum, 36, 147 - 159." type="journal article" year="1995">Kotrba (1995)</bibRefCitation>
investigated the female terminalia of select Diopsini and provided a summary of similar works on the subject.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A6DFF97FF4AFED1DBD1A102" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6DFF97FF4AFED1D945A4AE" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FF4AFED1D972A446" bold="true" box="[199,295,260,287]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Biology.</emphasis>
Species are often found in rather wet, humid and shady areas, often on low foliage, especially near streams, with the adults feeding on liquefied plant and animal material, and larvae being mostly saprophagous or facultatively phytophagous, associating with plants with existing primary damage (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FBDEFE98DD79A43E" author="Oosterbroek, P." box="[1107,1324,333,359]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref91095" refString="Oosterbroek, P. (1998) The families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill, Boston, 227 pp." type="book" year="1998">Oosterbroek, 1998</bibRefCitation>
, Meier &amp; Hilger, 2000; 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FEBAFEA4D9B2A4D2" author="Marshall, S. A." box="[311,487,369,395]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref87553" refString="Marshall, S. A. (2012) Flies: The Natural History and Diversity of Diptera. Firefly Books Ltd., Richmond Hill, Ontario, 616 pp." type="book" year="2012">Marshall, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). A few are obligate phytophages, including those species of agricultural relevance (Meier &amp; Hilger, 2000), and while several African grass-feeding species are regularly found stem-boring on crops such as sugar cane and maize, only the rice-feeding 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6DFF97FD6CFE6FDC65A48A" authority="Macquart" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[737,1072,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FD6CFE6FDBEBA48A" box="[737,958,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diopsis longicornis</emphasis>
Macquart
</taxonomicName>
is known to be pestiferous (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FAE3FE6CD956A4AE" author="Feijen, H. R." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen, 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6DFF97FF4AFDD4DCC0A73A" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
A summary of feeding strategies is presented in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FD6BFDD4DB2AA742" author="Ferrar, P." box="[742,895,513,539]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref80807" refString="Ferrar, P. (1987) A guide to breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph, 8 (1), 1 - 478. [E. J. Brill / Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden, Copenhagen]" type="journal article" year="1987">Ferrar (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, a discussion of agricultural impact and life history is provided in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FEFEFDF0DA5AA766" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[371,527,549,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, and literature pertaining to host use and life history are summarized in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FAC7FDF0D88EA73A" author="Shillito, J. F." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="337 - 50" refId="ref95221" refString="Shillito, J. F. (1960) A Bibliography of the Diopsidae (Diptera-Acalyptratae). Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 3, 337 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.3366 / jsbnh. 1960.3.7.337" type="journal article" year="1960">Shillito (1960</bibRefCitation>
, 1974). Adults are weak fliers and sometimes known to be gregarious (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FC7BFD9CDCDDA73A" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[1014,1160,585,611]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen, 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6DFF97FF4AFDB8DA1FA6B6" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
The unusual eye stalks of this family has made it an attractive subject for ethologists and evolutionary biologists. A thorough summary of varied aspects of diopsid behaviour was provided in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FBA3FD44DC92A7F2" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[1070,1223,657,683]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, including descriptions of agonistic, precopulatory and copulatory behaviour, as well as the defence of territories through display and sometimes physical combat. Much attention has been given to the origin of increased eye span, male agonistic behaviour, female sexual selection and inherited fitness.As eye stalk length can be correlated to fitness, they provide exaggerated intraspecific signals linked to success in female sexual selection and better assessment of body size between rival males; this signalling is useful in resolving male contests because both time and the physical investment required for battle are costly (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FE6FFCBCDB48A6DA" author="Panhuis, T. M. &amp; Wilkinson, G. S." box="[482,797,873,899]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="221 - 227" refId="ref91433" refString="Panhuis, T. M. &amp; Wilkinson, G. S. (1999) Exaggerated male eye span influences contest outcome in stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46 (4), 221 - 227. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650050613" type="journal article" year="1999">Panhuis &amp; Wilkinson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
), although the degree to which this is true remains uncertain (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FF5DFC58D9B9A6FE" author="Brandt, Y. &amp; Swallow, J. G." box="[208,492,909,935]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1243 - 1246" refId="ref76896" refString="Brandt, Y. &amp; Swallow, J. G. (2009) Do the elongated eye stalks of Diopsid flies facilitate rival assessment? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 63, 1243 - 1246. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 009 - 0774 - x" type="journal article" year="2009">Brandt &amp; Swallow, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). While eyespan is usually directly correlated to body length, dimorphism—wherein male eyespan increases geometrically with body length (Burkhardt 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FC07FC67DBEEA692" box="[906,955,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
., 1994)—has evolved at least four times in the family (Baker &amp; Wilkinson, 2001).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6DFF97FF4AFC2CDBD1A102" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FF4AFC2CD9CDA14A" bold="true" box="[199,408,1017,1043]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Immature stages.</emphasis>
The egg, larval instars and puparia of Sphyracephalini and Diopsini are described and illustrated in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FE91FBC8D9E3A16E" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[284,438,1053,1079]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen (1989)</bibRefCitation>
. Descriptions of immature stages are also documented in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FBB0FBC8DD51A16E" author="Descamps, M." box="[1085,1284,1052,1079]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 154" refId="ref79633" refString="Descamps, M. (1957) Recherches morphologiques et biologiques sur les Diopsidae du Nord-Cameroun. Bulletin Scientifique, 7, 1 - 154." type="journal article" year="1957">Descamps (1957)</bibRefCitation>
, and eggs are thoroughly documented for most genera in Meier &amp; Hilger (2000).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A6DFF95FF4AFBB1DD10A06A" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6DFF97FF4AFBB1DD79A0BE" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FF4AFBB1D9D1A126" bold="true" box="[199,388,1124,1151]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Adult Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Stout-bodied and often heavily sclerotized flies, with representatives of the Diopsinae characterized by eye stalks in both sexes, which unlike other stalk-eyed flies (some 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6DFF97FC7DFB5CDC27A1FA" box="[1008,1138,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tephritidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6DFF97FBF0FB5CDD4AA1FA" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[1149,1311,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Drosophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Drosophilidae</taxonomicName>
, etc.), have the antenna removed to the end of the stalks near the eye margin (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6DFF97FC01FB78DC78A19E" box="[908,1069,1196,1223]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 145, 151</figureCitation>
). Body length 3.0–12.0mm; eye span 1.5–17.0mm. Antenna porrect; pedicel without dorsal seam; arista inserted dorsoapically (not dorsobasally) and with vestiture very short to absent. Vibrissa, postocellar and inner vertical setae absent; ocellar seta minute and setula-like if present; one fronto-orbital. Face well-sclerotized; Diopsinae with face almost to entirely absent, compressed into facial sulcus (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6DFF97FE30FAE8DA4BA00E" box="[445,542,1340,1367]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 145</figureCitation>
). Apical scutellar seta on long, thin process (arrow, 
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6DFF97FBD6FAE8DCEEA00E" box="[1115,1211,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 130</figureCitation>
), lateral seta absent; katatergite with bulging “callus” produced apically into long spine in Diopsinae. Precoxal bridge present to absent; postmetacoxal bridge present. Fore coxa lengthened and fore femur enlarged with ventral rows of spines (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6DFF97FABEFA50DDC2A0C6" box="[1331,1431,1413,1439]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 131</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6DFF97FF1AFA7CD890A09A" box="[151,197,1449,1475]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">144</figureCitation>
); hind femur slender with posteroventral row of spines; tarsal “sawlines” present on mid and hind legs (see 
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6DFF97FAFDFA7CD891A0BE" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FF5DFA18D9C9A0BE" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[208,412,1485,1511]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="167 - 194" refId="ref88742" refString="McAlpine, D. K. (1997 b) Gobryidae, a new family of acalyptrate flies (Diptera: Diopsoidea), and a discussion of relationships of the diopsoid families. Records of the Australian Museum, 49, 167 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.49.1997.1264" type="journal article" year="1997">McAlpine (1997b</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 40)). Vein bm-m absent; costa unbroken; subcosta complete (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6DFF97FB0DFA18DD74A0BE" box="[1152,1313,1484,1511]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 405–410</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6DFF97FF4AFA25DD4BA369" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FF4AFA25D9D9A352" bold="true" box="[199,396,1520,1547]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Adult Definition</emphasis>
. Colour black to brown or reddish, sometimes with yellow and/or white patches (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6DFF97FAA7FA24D890A376" captionStart-0="FIGURES 124–133" captionStart-1="FIGURES 134–139" captionStart-2="FIGURES 140–142" captionStart-3="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId-0="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-1="111.[151,264,1808,1833]" captionStartId-2="112.[151,264,1972,1997]" captionStartId-3="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetBox-1="[167,1422,180,1778]" captionTargetBox-2="[182,1395,181,1940]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-0="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-1="figure@111.[151,1436,174,1789]" captionTargetId-2="figure@112.[169,1419,166,1952]" captionTargetId-3="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId-0="110" captionTargetPageId-1="111" captionTargetPageId-2="112" captionTargetPageId-3="113" captionText-0="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." captionText-1="FIGURES 134–139. Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype, terminalia; 134: sternites 6–8, ventral; 135: same, left lateral; 136: external genitalia, anterior; 137: ejaculatory apodeme; 138: internal genitalia, ventral; 139: same, left lateral." captionText-2="FIGURES 140–142. Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), female paratype, abdomen; 140: ventral; 141: lateral; 142: internal genitalia." captionText-3="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670800" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670802" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670800/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3670802/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 130– 152</figureCitation>
). Body length 3.0–12.0mm; eye span 1.5–17.0mm (greater in males if species sexually dimorphic).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6DFF97FF4AF9ECD978A286" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FF4AF9ECD912A30A" box="[199,327,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
: 1 outer vertical; 0–1 fronto-orbital (sometimes reduced when present) [=inner vertical in Diopsinae of 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FF3AF988D91CA32E" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[183,329,1629,1655]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 137" refId="ref80575" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1983) Systematics and phylogeny of Centrioncidae, a new afromontane family of Diptera (Schizophora). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 202, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1983">Feijen (1983</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6DFF97FEDBF989D9C1A32E" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[342,404,1628,1655]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
)]; 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6DFF97FE3CF98BDAA9A32E" authority="Feijen" authorityName="Feijen" authorityYear="1981" box="[433,764,1629,1655]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draconigena">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FE3CF98BDAFBA32E" box="[433,686,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diopsina draconigena</emphasis>
Feijen
</taxonomicName>
apparently with small orbital and 4 pairs of fronto-orbitals [not examined, possibly enlarged setulae]; minute setula-like ocellar sometimes present; 0 postocellar; pedicel in Diopsinae with apical ring of setulae (sometimes reduced) including one larger dorsal and ventral setula. 0 anterior notopleural, 0–1 posterior notopleural; 0–1 posterior supra-alar on shallow to pronounced supra-alar carina (slightly inset from level of notopleural in Centrioncinae, more medially displaced in Diopsinae); 1 posterior intra-alar; 0–1 postsutural dorsocentral; 0–1 lateral scutellar, 0–1 apical scutellar; 0 setae on pleuron. Body usually covered with minute setulae, sometimes providing a grey or silvery sheen; Diopsinae often also with much longer setulae (sparse to dense) across body, appearing as thin and often paler setae, and/or with patches of body surface partially to entirely glabrous, or with glabrous pattern; 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6DFF97FDE5F8ABDAEBA2CE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1775" box="[616,702,1918,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FDE5F8ABDAEBA2CE" box="[616,702,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6DFF97FD7BF8A8DB29A2CE" authorityName="Frey" authorityYear="1928" box="[758,892,1917,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Eurydiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6DFF97FD7BF8A8DB29A2CE" box="[758,892,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eurydiopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sometimes with thoracic setae absent excluding apical scutellar and intra-alar. Mid tibia with relatively small ventral subapical seta that is stronger and duplicated in Diopsinae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6EFF94FF4AFF4CDAAEA73A" blockId="18.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FF4AFF4CD951A5EA" box="[199,260,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Head</emphasis>
. Antenna porrect, relatively short with first flagellomere subovate; pedicel without dorsal seam; arista inserted dorsoapically to dorsomedially (not dorsobasally); arista pubescent (Centrioncinae) to glabrous (Diopsinae). Fronto-orbital sometimes arising from tubercle. Face well-sclerotized; Diopsinae with face almost entirely absent, compressed into facial sulcus (sometimes obliterated) resulting from meeting of genal/parafacial plates along midline (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FF70FEFCD908A41A" box="[253,349,296,323]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 145</figureCitation>
) (small portion of face sometimes evident dorsally where sulcus meets ptilinal suture); Diopsini sometimes with genovertical plate produced into anteroventral “peristomal teeth”. Buccal cavity relatively broad. Ptilinum well-developed. Eye with anteromedial ommatidia enlarged. Diopsinae with eyes and antennae removed to ends of stalks that may exceed body length, with sexual dimorphism evident in some species. Ocelli slightly raised, appearing closer to centre of frons in species with eye stalks where frons is broadly rounded. Clypeus broadly rounded and sometimes projecting; palpus slender and subcylindrical to slightly compressed laterally; labium with sides rounded, with broad distal emargination and with one pair of pronounced setae. Back of head with small process above foramen magnum that in Diopsinae is slightly elongate and dorsoapically produced, articulating with bulbous dorsal concavity on pronotal collar (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FD00FD9CDABAA73A" box="[653,751,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 147</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6EFF94FF4AFDB8D93BA1B5" blockId="18.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FF4AFDB8D94DA7DE" box="[199,280,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Thorax</emphasis>
. Stout, well sclerotized and convex. Proepisternum shifted dorsally, displacing postpronotum posteriorly. Scutum narrowing anteriorly and sharply narrowing posteriorly, particularly in Diopsinae, leaving margin above wing base pronounced; vertical posterolateral section of scutum beside scutellum sometimes enlarged, displacing disc of scutum anteriorly. Anteromedial section of pronotum produced as pronotal collar; forming slight dorsomedial extension in Centrioncinae (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FD86FD28DAF9A64E" box="[523,684,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 130–131</figureCitation>
); larger in Diopsinae, incorporating some or all of proepisternum, sometimes very pronounced and elongate, with proepisterna enlarged and meeting, or nearly meeting dorsomedially (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FF12FC90D96BA606" box="[159,318,836,863]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 149–150</figureCitation>
). Precoxal bridge present or absent; some Diopsinae with membrane surrounding prosternum slightly sclerotized or forming semi-discrete plate; prosternum setose; postmetacoxal bridge present. Transverse suture (visible on lateral 1/3 of scutum) and margin of postpronotum clearly delimited by glabrous groove. Scutum with thin carina over wing base (bearing seta in Centrioncinae) that is produced into spine medially in some Diopsini. Anepisternum with vertical posterodorsal and ventromedial grooves that sometimes meet medially; Diopsinae with katepisternum and meron fused with suture sometimes reduced to almost entirely absent; coxopleural streak absent. Greater ampulla broad, shallow. Katatergite with bulging “callus” sometimes produced as a spine. Metasternum not extending between hind coxae and not attached to postmetacoxal bridge, which is straight along ventral margin. Metathorax with cylindrical extension meeting abdomen. Scutellum broadly attached to scutum with reinforced dorsal and ventral ridges extending laterally along scutal margin; apical scutellar setae on spines that are narrow and subcylindrical (Centrioncinae, Sphyracephalini and some Diopsini) to elongate conical (some Diopsini, with setae sometimes absent).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6EFF94FF4AFB23DA15A0BE" blockId="18.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FF4AFB23D954A056" box="[199,257,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Wing</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FE95FB20D9E0A056" box="[280,437,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 405–410</figureCitation>
) Wing relatively narrow, with anal lobe and alula sometimes reduced or absent (Diopsinae), wing rarely reduced; clear to variably infuscated or otherwise patterned with spots or bands. Vein bm-m ab- sent; costa unbroken, extending to M 
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A6EFF94FDBFFA9BDA6FA005" attach="left" box="[562,570,1358,1372]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1</subScript>
; subcosta complete. Veins R 
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A6EFF94FCF5FA9BDBC7A005" attach="left" box="[888,914,1358,1372]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">4+5</subScript>
and M 
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A6EFF94FC50FA9BDBB0A005" attach="left" box="[989,997,1358,1372]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">1</subScript>
subparallel to slightly converging. Vein CuA+CuP reaching wing margin (Centrioncinae), short (Sphyracephalini) or absent (Diopsini). Cell 
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FA89FAB7DD4BA022" box="[1284,1310,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">cu</emphasis>
a relatively narrow in Diopsinae, becoming elongate in Diopsini; vein CuA long and straight in Centrioncinae, narrow and rounded in Diopsinae. Calypter hairs of moderate length, not long. Wings sometimes relatively weakly developed; 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6EFF94FF1AFA1BD9C6A0BE" authorityName="Feijen" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,403,1485,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draconigena">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FF1AFA1BD9C6A0BE" box="[151,403,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diopsina draconigena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
brachypterous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6EFF94FF4AFA27DBC6A25E" blockId="18.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FF4AFA27D8A9A352" box="[199,252,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Legs</emphasis>
. Fore coxa elongate; fore femur swollen (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FD6CFA24DB16A352" box="[737,835,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
) (narrower in some Diopsini (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FB2CFA24DD50A352" box="[1185,1285,1520,1547]" captionStart="FIGURES 143–152" captionStartId="113.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURES 143–152. Figs 143–147: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch, male (Diopsidae); 143: dorsal; 144: lateral; 145: head, anterior; 146: head, dorsal; 147: head, posterior. Fig. 148: Teleopsis sykesii (Westwood) (Diopsidae), India. Figs 149–152: Eurydiopsis sp. (Diopsidae), female; 149: dorsal; 150: lateral; 151: head, anterior; 152: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670804/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 150</figureCitation>
), particularly 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6EFF94FF1AF9C3D8B8A376" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1775" box="[151,237,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FF1AF9C3D8B8A376" box="[151,237,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with two distoventral rows of spinous setae (rows long to very short); Diopsinae with spines on fore femur sometimes accompanied by 2 (less commonly 1) pronounced rows of longer spinous setae; hind femur sometimes also swollen (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6EFF94FEB9F98BD9A7A321" authority="Feijen" authorityName="Feijen" authorityYear="2008" box="[308,498,1629,1656]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Eosiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FEB9F98BD9CAA32E" box="[308,415,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Eosiopsis</emphasis>
Feijen
</taxonomicName>
). Hind femur with short row of much smaller posterodistal tubercles in Centrioncinae. Femoral glands absent. Fore tibia with double ventral scalloped ridge that is often black and heavily sclerotized, and sometimes slightly curved to match contour of enlarged femur; Centrioncinae with fore tibial brush discrete, pale, visibly contasting surrounding dark setae. Fore tarsi usually shorter than fore tibia. Mid and hind tarsi with “sawlines” (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FEADF938D92AA25E" box="[288,383,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURES 124–133" captionStartId="110.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURES 124–133. Figs 124–127: Syringogaster atricalyx Marshall &amp; Buck (Syringogastridae), male paratype; 124: dorsal; 125: lateral; 126: head anterior; 127: head dorsal. Fig. 128: Syringogaster sp., Ecuador. Fig. 129: S. atricalyx, fore femur, ventral, with detail of glands including internal structure. Figs 130–133: Centrioncus sp., female; 130: dorsal; 131: lateral; 132: head anterior; 133: head dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670798/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
) that are sometimes reduced in 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6EFF94FD69F938DBD9A25E" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1828" box="[740,908,1773,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Sphyracephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FD69F938DBD9A25E" box="[740,908,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sphyracephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6EFF94FF4AF8C4DCEFA286" blockId="18.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6EFF94FF4AF8C4D964A272" box="[199,305,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Abdomen narrowed basally, sometimes distinctly clavate or petiolate. Spiracles 1–7 usually in membrane below tergite, sometimes with spiracle 1 enclosed in tergite and sometimes female spiracle 7 enclosed in tergite (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FF7DF88CD903A22A" box="[240,342,1881,1907]" captionStart="FIGURES 177–183" captionStartId="117.[151,264,1822,1847]" captionTargetBox="[178,1416,186,1794]" captionTargetId="figure@117.[151,1436,174,1803]" captionTargetPageId="117" captionText="FIGURES 177–183. Fig. 177: Centrioncus sp. (Diopsidae), sternites 1–2. Figs 178–179: Centrioncus sp., female abdomen; 178: ventral; 179: segment 6 to cerci, dorsal. Figs 180–181: Centrioncus sp., female segment 7 to cerci; 180: dorsal; 181: ventral. Figs 182–183: female internal genitalia; 182: Centrioncus sp.; 183: Centrioncus sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670812/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 178</figureCitation>
); male with last pair of spiracles enclosed in pregenital sclerites, or just anterior to them (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FAE7F88CD8ABA2CE" captionStart="FIGURES 153–159" captionStartId="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionTargetBox="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 153–154</figureCitation>
). Syntergite normally consisting of tergites 1 and 2, but sometimes also 3(4), with sutures variably evident. Sternite 1 well-developed, wider than long (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6EFF94FDF2F874DAB4A2E2" box="[639,737,1952,1979]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–159" captionStartId="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionTargetBox="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 154</figureCitation>
); posteromedial margin of S1 with dark, thin transverse sclerotized band, often separated from sternite as separate, floating sclerite. Sternites 2 and 3 largest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6FFF95FF4AFF4CDA3FA7DE" blockId="19.[151,1437,153,1331]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6FFF95FF4AFF4CD9DEA5EA" box="[199,395,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Female abdomen</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FE2FFF4CDA6AA5EA" box="[418,575,153,179]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 177–183" captionStart-1="FIGURES 184–190" captionStartId-0="117.[151,264,1822,1847]" captionStartId-1="118.[151,264,1576,1601]" captionTargetBox-0="[178,1416,186,1794]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1426,185,1547]" captionTargetId-0="figure@117.[151,1436,174,1803]" captionTargetId-1="figure@118.[151,1436,174,1557]" captionTargetPageId-0="117" captionTargetPageId-1="118" captionText-0="FIGURES 177–183. Fig. 177: Centrioncus sp. (Diopsidae), sternites 1–2. Figs 178–179: Centrioncus sp., female abdomen; 178: ventral; 179: segment 6 to cerci, dorsal. Figs 180–181: Centrioncus sp., female segment 7 to cerci; 180: dorsal; 181: ventral. Figs 182–183: female internal genitalia; 182: Centrioncus sp.; 183: Centrioncus sp." captionText-1="FIGURES 184–190. Figs 184–187: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae), female abdomen; 184: ventral; 185: segment 6 to cerci, lateral; 186: same, dorsal; 187: internal genitalia. Figs 188–190: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae), female abdomen; 188: ventral; 189: segment 6 to cerci, dorsal; 190: internal genitalia." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670812" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670816" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670812/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670816/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 177–190</figureCitation>
) Terminalia relatively short and broad, not telescoped or forming oviscape, but sometimes more abruptly narrowed past segment 6; sometimes deflexed apically. S7 and T7 usually united anterolaterally; S7 sometimes transversely divided with posterior section sometimes lost, or sometimes posterior and (less frquently) anterior section also divided longitudinally. T8 and S8 longitudinally divided, but sometimes halves of sclerite secondarily joined medially; S2–5 rarely with similar division. S10 short, variable in shape, setose. Cerci separate, variable in shape, with several setae. Non-sclerotized internal organs described in 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6FFF95FB77FE98DDC9A43E" author="Kumar, Y." box="[1274,1436,333,359]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="201 - 205" refId="ref85335" refString="Kumar, Y. (1978) Morphology of the external and internal organs of female Sphyracephala hearseiana Westw. (Diopsidae: Diptera). Entomon, 3, 201 - 205." type="journal article" year="1978">Kumar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6FFF95FF45FEA4D9A8A4D5" author="Kumar, Y. &amp; Nutsugah, D." box="[200,509,369,396]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="190 - 194" refId="ref85369" refString="Kumar, Y. &amp; Nutsugah, D. (1976) Alimentary and reproductive organs of Diopsis thoracica. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 190 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 69.2.190" type="journal article" year="1976">Kumar &amp; Nutsugah (1976)</bibRefCitation>
. Usually three spermathecae on two long ducts, with one pair joined near apex of single duct; Diopsinae sometimes only one spermatheca on each duct; shape of spermatheca “egg-shaped” to more elongate and subcylindrical, with base often narrower and surface often rough, tuberculate, or with subconical projections; apex sometimes invaginated or duct telescoped within spermatheca; surface sometimes also with “[t]iny satellites, linked with fine filaments” (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6FFF95FDC4FDD4DA88A742" author="Feijen, H. R." box="[585,733,513,539]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref80644" refString="Feijen, H. R. (1989) Cyclorrhapha 3 (Schizophora other than Calyptratae). Diopsidae. Flies of the Nearctic Region, 9, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1989">Feijen, 1989</bibRefCitation>
); spermatheca and apex of duct pigmented. Ventral receptacle short with apical clustering of small sacs, sometimes forming dome confluent with genital chamber. Diopsinae with vaginal sclerite confluent with genital chamber wall, usually circular or ovate, and sometimes accompanied by additional separate distal semicircular band.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6FFF95FF4AFD44DD10A06A" blockId="19.[151,1437,153,1331]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6FFF95FF4AFD44D924A7F2" box="[199,369,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Male abdomen</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FE05FD44DA73A7F2" box="[392,550,656,683]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 153–159" captionStart-1="FIGURES 160–168" captionStart-2="FIGURES 169–176" captionStartId-0="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionStartId-1="115.[151,264,1873,1898]" captionStartId-2="116.[151,264,1824,1849]" captionTargetBox-0="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetBox-1="[160,1431,190,1841]" captionTargetBox-2="[162,1422,180,1795]" captionTargetId-0="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetId-1="figure@115.[151,1436,174,1854]" captionTargetId-2="figure@116.[151,1436,174,1805]" captionTargetPageId-0="114" captionTargetPageId-1="115" captionTargetPageId-2="116" captionText-0="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." captionText-1="FIGURES 160–168. Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 160: segment 6 to genitalia, lateral; 161: external genitalia, posterior; 162: same, anterior; 163: sternites 6–8, ventral; 164: ejaculatory apodeme; 165: internal genitalia, ventral; 166: same, left lateral; 167: detail of phallus, ventral; 168: same, left lateral." captionText-2="FIGURES 169–176. Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 169: external genitalia, anterior; 170: terminalia, lateral; 171: sternite 5 and terminalia, ventral; 172: ejaculatory apodeme; 173: internal genitalia, ventral; 174: same, left lateral; 175: detail of phallus, ventral; 176: same, left lateral." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670808" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670810" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670808/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3670810/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 153–176</figureCitation>
) Sternites entire, with S6 divided longitudinally and moderately to highly reduced in Diopsinae; S5 also uncommonly divided. Tergite 6 usually short with setae along posterior margin. Sternite 7 band-like and fused to S8; Centrioncinae with ventral band reaching right margin of S8, which is large, dome-like and symmetrical (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FEEEFD28DA51A64E" box="[355,516,764,791]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–159" captionStartId="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionTargetBox="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 153–154</figureCitation>
). Epandrium and surstyli well-developed; surstyli converging and fused to epandrium in Diopsinae (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FE0FFCF4D9B0A665" box="[386,485,801,828]" captionStart="FIGURES 160–168" captionStartId="115.[151,264,1873,1898]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@115.[151,1436,174,1854]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIGURES 160–168. Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 160: segment 6 to genitalia, lateral; 161: external genitalia, posterior; 162: same, anterior; 163: sternites 6–8, ventral; 164: ejaculatory apodeme; 165: internal genitalia, ventral; 166: same, left lateral; 167: detail of phallus, ventral; 168: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670808/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 160</figureCitation>
); Centrioncinae with surstylus narrow and trilobed, with long spines on anterodistal branch and short tubercles on posterodistal branch (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FD5EFC90DB24A606" box="[723,881,836,863]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–159" captionStartId="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionTargetBox="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 155–157</figureCitation>
). Cerci narrow, separate; Centrioncinae with cerci large and L-shaped, covering enlarged ventral lobe of subepandrial sclerite (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FC68FCBCDC12A6DA" box="[997,1095,872,899]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–159" captionStartId="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionTargetBox="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 157</figureCitation>
). Subepandrial sclerite usually simple, curved and plate-like (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FE67FC58DA1AA6FE" box="[490,591,909,935]" captionStart="FIGURES 160–168" captionStartId="115.[151,264,1873,1898]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@115.[151,1436,174,1854]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIGURES 160–168. Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 160: segment 6 to genitalia, lateral; 161: external genitalia, posterior; 162: same, anterior; 163: sternites 6–8, ventral; 164: ejaculatory apodeme; 165: internal genitalia, ventral; 166: same, left lateral; 167: detail of phallus, ventral; 168: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670808/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 162</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FDD7FC58DAD2A6F1" box="[602,647,909,936]" captionStart="FIGURES 169–176" captionStartId="116.[151,264,1824,1849]" captionTargetBox="[162,1422,180,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@116.[151,1436,174,1805]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURES 169–176. Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 169: external genitalia, anterior; 170: terminalia, lateral; 171: sternite 5 and terminalia, ventral; 172: ejaculatory apodeme; 173: internal genitalia, ventral; 174: same, left lateral; 175: detail of phallus, ventral; 176: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670810/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">169</figureCitation>
), but Centrioncinae with one pair of enlarged setose ventral lobes with broad, setose distal section (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FE59FC64DA63A692" box="[468,566,944,971]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–159" captionStartId="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionTargetBox="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 156</figureCitation>
). Phallapodeme narrow distally and with medial extension fused to hypandrium. Hypandrium broad and plate-like laterally with distal and medial setae (medial setae on lobe in Centrioncinae, surrounding by weakened/broken section of hypandrium; 
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FC94FC2CDB2CA14A" box="[793,889,1016,1043]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–159" captionStartId="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionTargetBox="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 158</figureCitation>
); “arms” of hypandrium short, not fused dorsally. In Centrioncinae, pregonite large, setose and lobate (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FD53FBC8DB29A16E" box="[734,892,1052,1079]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–159" captionStartId="114.[151,264,1796,1821]" captionTargetBox="[160,1421,188,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@114.[151,1436,174,1777]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURES 153–159. Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 153: segments 1–8, lateral; 154: same, ventral; 155: external genitalia, lateral; 156: same, anterior; 157: same, posterior; 158: internal genitalia, ventral; 159: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670806/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 158–159</figureCitation>
); in Diopsinae, pregonite narrow, linear; apex setose in Diopsini (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FED5FB94D9A3A102" box="[344,502,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURES 169–176" captionStartId="116.[151,264,1824,1849]" captionTargetBox="[162,1422,180,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@116.[151,1436,174,1805]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURES 169–176. Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 169: external genitalia, anterior; 170: terminalia, lateral; 171: sternite 5 and terminalia, ventral; 172: ejaculatory apodeme; 173: internal genitalia, ventral; 174: same, left lateral; 175: detail of phallus, ventral; 176: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670810/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 173–174</figureCitation>
), with long, parallel tubercles in 
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6FFF95FCEAFB94DC5AA102" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1828" box="[871,1039,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Sphyracephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6FFF95FCEAFB94DC5AA102" box="[871,1039,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Sphyracephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FB93FB94DCEBA102" box="[1054,1214,1088,1115]" captionStart="FIGURES 160–168" captionStartId="115.[151,264,1873,1898]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@115.[151,1436,174,1854]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIGURES 160–168. Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 160: segment 6 to genitalia, lateral; 161: external genitalia, posterior; 162: same, anterior; 163: sternites 6–8, ventral; 164: ejaculatory apodeme; 165: internal genitalia, ventral; 166: same, left lateral; 167: detail of phallus, ventral; 168: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670808/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 165–166</figureCitation>
). Postgonite absent. Basiphallus U-shaped, elongate, sometimes asymmetrical. Epiphallus sometimes present as minutely spinulose membrane. Distiphallus with flat basal section (forked or longitudinally divided in Diopsinae) and complex, forked apical section with one pair of membranous “wings” (spinulose in Diopsinae) and dark medial sclerite; membranous region from base of basiphallus to posterior surface of distiphallus variably sclerotized, often thick and complex, acting as a supporting structure (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FD85FB20DA3BA056" box="[520,622,1269,1295]" captionStart="FIGURES 160–168" captionStartId="115.[151,264,1873,1898]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,190,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@115.[151,1436,174,1854]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIGURES 160–168. Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 160: segment 6 to genitalia, lateral; 161: external genitalia, posterior; 162: same, anterior; 163: sternites 6–8, ventral; 164: ejaculatory apodeme; 165: internal genitalia, ventral; 166: same, left lateral; 167: detail of phallus, ventral; 168: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670808/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 168</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FDF6FB20DAFCA049" box="[635,681,1269,1296]" captionStart="FIGURES 169–176" captionStartId="116.[151,264,1824,1849]" captionTargetBox="[162,1422,180,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@116.[151,1436,174,1805]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURES 169–176. Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 169: external genitalia, anterior; 170: terminalia, lateral; 171: sternite 5 and terminalia, ventral; 172: ejaculatory apodeme; 173: internal genitalia, ventral; 174: same, left lateral; 175: detail of phallus, ventral; 176: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670810/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">176</figureCitation>
). Ejaculatory apodeme with linear or fan-shaped blade with darker base sometimes with subbasal “flagellum” (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6FFF95FD0FFACCDAB0A06A" box="[642,741,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURES 169–176" captionStartId="116.[151,264,1824,1849]" captionTargetBox="[162,1422,180,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@116.[151,1436,174,1805]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURES 169–176. Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae), male abdomen; 169: external genitalia, anterior; 170: terminalia, lateral; 171: sternite 5 and terminalia, ventral; 172: ejaculatory apodeme; 173: internal genitalia, ventral; 174: same, left lateral; 175: detail of phallus, ventral; 176: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670810/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 172</figureCitation>
); sperm pump with cup- or ring-shaped sclerotization.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>