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<document id="4A5428BEAE0D55A912C4CDC9146F5BEF" ID-CLB-Dataset="24000" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4735.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ffaf3b73-8bfe-499d-9073-0ce8c104e078" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3670762" ID-ZooBank="BD52DF91-3A7E-46FB-8975-38A67BFBBD61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1581952963911" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lonsdale, Owen" docDate="2020" docId="BD15296C6A69FF9EFF1AFC58DB85A4D2" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4735.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4735 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Megamerinidae Hendel 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="412C51146A7CFF86FF8DFFD5D855A559" masterDocTitle="Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships" masterLastPageNumber="177" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1698783921049" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7E06FB78598EAB2E58337DE3CBD642DE">Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships</mods:title>
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<treatment id="BD15296C6A69FF9EFF1AFC58DB85A4D2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3679578" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162147169" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3679578" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD15296C6A69FF9EFF1AFC58DB85A4D2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD15296C6A69FF9EFF1AFC58DB85A4D2" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A69FF93FF1AFC58DA52A6FE" box="[151,519,909,935]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A69FF93FF1AFC58DA52A6FE" blockId="21.[151,519,909,971]" box="[151,519,909,935]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="6E4B2F166A69FF93FF1AFC58DA52A6FE" bold="true" box="[151,519,909,935]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FF1AFC58DA52A6FE" ID-CoL="CHG" ID-ENA="286518" authority="Hendel, 1913" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,519,909,935]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FF1AFC58DA52A6FE" bold="true" box="[151,519,909,935]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Megamerinidae
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FEE9FC58DA52A6FE" author="Hendel, F." box="[356,519,909,935]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="77 - 112" refId="ref82580" refString="Hendel, F. (1913) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Acalyptrate Musciden (Dipt.) II. Supplementa Entomologica, 2, 77 - 112." type="journal article" year="1913">Hendel, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A69FF93FF1AFC64D938A692" box="[151,365,945,971]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A69FF93FF1AFC64D938A692" blockId="21.[151,519,909,971]" box="[151,365,945,971]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A69FF93FF12FC64D97AA692" box="[159,303,945,971]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 98–105" captionStart-1="FIGURES 106–109" captionStart-2="FIGURES 110–117" captionStart-3="FIGURES 118–123" captionStartId-0="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-1="107.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-2="108.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-3="109.[151,264,1660,1685]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetBox-1="[165,1426,184,1776]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1431,186,1775]" captionTargetBox-3="[161,1429,182,1631]" captionTargetId-0="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-1="figure@107.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-2="figure@108.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-3="figure@109.[151,1436,174,1641]" captionTargetPageId-0="106" captionTargetPageId-1="107" captionTargetPageId-2="108" captionTargetPageId-3="109" captionText-0="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." captionText-1="FIGURES 106–109. Megamerina dolium (Fabricius) (Megamerinidae), male terminalia; 106: sternites 6–8, ventral; 107: terminalia, left lateral; 108: internal genitalia, ventral; 109: same, left lateral." captionText-2="FIGURES 110–117. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae), male abdomen; 110: sternites 6–8, ventral; 111: terminalia, left lateral; 112: external genitalia, posterior; 113: same, anterior; 114: sternites 1–2, ventral; 115: ejaculatory apodeme; 116: internal genitalia, ventral; 117: same, left lateral." captionText-3="FIGURES 118–123. Fig. 118: Megamerina dolium (Fabricius) (Megamerinidae), female internal genitalia. Figs 119–123: Texara sp., female abdomen; 119: ventral; 120: segment 6, dorsal; 121: segment 8 to cerci, ventral; 122: same, dorsal; 123: spermathecae." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670792" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670794" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670796" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670792/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3670794/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3670796/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 98–123</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A69FF93FEB7FC64D930A692" box="[314,357,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">403</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A69FF93FF1AFC20DC24A112" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A69FF93FF1AFC20DC24A112" blockId="21.[151,1436,1012,1099]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FF1AFC20D94FA154" bold="true" box="[151,282,1013,1037]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A69FF93FF1AFC20D899A154" box="[151,204,1013,1037]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FEACFC23DA34A154" ID-CoL="5MW9" authority="Rondani 1861: 10" authorityName="Rondani" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1861" box="[289,609,1012,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Megamerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FEACFC23D9F7A154" box="[289,418,1014,1037]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Megamerina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FE27FC21DA34A154" author="Rondani, C." box="[426,609,1012,1037]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref93315" refString="Rondani, C. (1861) Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus. Vol. IV. Species Italicae ordinis Dipterorum in genera characteribus definita, ordinatim collectae, method analitica distinctae, et novis vel minus cognitis descriptis. Pars quarta: Muscidae Tachininarum complementum. A. Stocche, Parmae (= Parma), 174 pp." type="book" year="1861">Rondani 1861: 10</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[new name for
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FC88FC23DBAAA154" ID-CoL="7PBTY" authority="Meigen 1826: 370" authorityName="Meigen" authorityPageNumber="370" authorityYear="1826" box="[773,1023,1012,1037]" class="Malacostraca" family="Epialtidae" genus="Lissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FC88FC23DB6EA154" box="[773,827,1014,1037]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Lissa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FCCFFC21DBAAA154" author="Meigen, J. W." box="[834,1023,1012,1037]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref89612" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1826) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Funfter Theil. Schulz- Wundermann, Hamm., xii + 412 pp." type="book" year="1826">Meigen 1826: 370</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, preoccupied by Leach (1815) (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FAC8FC20D8B6A175" ID-CoL="33N" class="Malacostraca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Decapoda</taxonomicName>
)], by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FE91FBC6D98DA175" author="Hendel, F." box="[284,472,1043,1068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="77 - 112" refId="ref82580" refString="Hendel, F. (1913) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Acalyptrate Musciden (Dipt.) II. Supplementa Entomologica, 2, 77 - 112." type="journal article" year="1913">Hendel (1913: 90)</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FE6FFBC1DA85A175" bold="true" box="[482,720,1043,1068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A69FF93FE6FFBC1DA42A175" box="[482,535,1044,1068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
species of genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FD5BFBC1DC0CA175" authority="Fabricius, 1805: 315" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="315" authorityYear="1805" box="[726,1113,1043,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Ocyptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dolium">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FD5BFBC1DBD5A175" box="[726,896,1044,1068]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ocyptera dolium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FC0AFBC6DC0CA175" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[903,1113,1043,1068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="15 - 372" refId="ref80432" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1805) Systema antliatorum: secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunsvigae (= Brunswick), xiv + 15 - 372 + (1) + 30 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15806" type="book chapter" year="1805">Fabricius, 1805: 315</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by automatic designation [
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A69FF93FAE3FBC1DDC9A175" box="[1390,1436,1044,1068]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
species for
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FEB6FBE6D996A112" ID-CoL="7PBTY" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1826" box="[315,451,1074,1099]" class="Malacostraca" family="Epialtidae" genus="Lissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FEB6FBE6D924A113" box="[315,369,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Lissa</emphasis>
Meigen
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FE5EFBE7DB58A112" authority="Fallen, 1820" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1820" box="[467,781,1074,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Chliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loxocerina">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FE5EFBE7DAD2A113" box="[467,647,1074,1098]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chliza loxocerina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FD03FBE7DB58A112" author="Fallen, C. F." box="[654,781,1074,1099]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref80539" refString="Fallen, C. F. (1820) Opomyzides Sveciae. Quarum descriptionem Venia Ampl. Facult. Philos. Acad. Lund. Berlingianis, Lundae (= Lund), 12 pp." type="book" year="1820">Fallén, 1820</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FCACFBE6DB99A113" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[801,972,1074,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Ocyptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dolium">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FCACFBE6DB99A113" box="[801,972,1074,1098]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ocyptera dolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by monotypy].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A69FF93FF1AFBACDBD8A2DE" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A69FF93FF1AFBACD9D6A0EA" blockId="21.[151,1437,1145,2035]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FF1AFBACD91FA1CA" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,330,1145,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
, as it is presently defined, is a small and morphologically conserved family mostly consisting of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FF1AFB4BD8B1A1EE" box="[151,228,1182,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Texara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FF1AFB4BD8B1A1EE" box="[151,228,1182,1207]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Texara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (at least 14 species) that are found mainly in the
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A69FF93FCFAFB48DC7AA1EE" box="[887,1071,1181,1207]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oriental Region</collectingRegion>
, but also in the Palaearctic. The remaining two monotypic genera are the Palaearctic
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FD60FB17DBD6A182" box="[749,899,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FD60FB17DB2AA182" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1861" box="[749,895,1218,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Megamerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Megamerina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the Chinese (
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A69FF93FBDCFB14DCCFA182" box="[1105,1178,1217,1243]" country="China" name="Hubei" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Hubei</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A69FF93FB2BFB14DD55A182" box="[1190,1280,1217,1243]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
and Zheijang Provinces)
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FE94FB33D999A1A6" authority="Yang" authorityName="Yang" box="[281,460,1253,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Protexara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FE94FB33D9DFA1A6" box="[281,394,1254,1279]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protexara</emphasis>
Yang
</taxonomicName>
[not examined]. Present generic limits are heavily reliant on the development of the fronto-orbital seta, being either strong (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FDD3FADFDAFEA07A" box="[606,683,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Texara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FDD3FADFDAFEA07A" box="[606,683,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Texara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), weak (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FC9FFADFDBD7A07A" box="[786,898,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Protexara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FC9FFADFDBD7A07A" box="[786,898,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protexara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or absent (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FB9CFADFDCF5A07A" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1861" box="[1041,1184,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Megamerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FB9CFADFDCF5A07A" box="[1041,1184,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Megamerina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FB37FADFDD7EA07A" box="[1210,1323,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Protexara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FB37FADFDD7EA07A" box="[1210,1323,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protexara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is further characterized by several small spines on the fore and mid femora, and the male cercus and surstylus are broadest basally (Yang, 1996), but the male terminalia are otherwise reminiscent of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FC63FA87DC28A032" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1861" box="[1006,1149,1362,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Megamerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FC63FA87DC28A032" box="[1006,1149,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Megamerina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A69FF93FB00FA84DD7EA035" box="[1165,1323,1361,1388]" captionStart="FIGURES 106–109" captionStartId="107.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[165,1426,184,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@107.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURES 106–109. Megamerina dolium (Fabricius) (Megamerinidae), male terminalia; 106: sternites 6–8, ventral; 107: terminalia, left lateral; 108: internal genitalia, ventral; 109: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670792/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 106–109</figureCitation>
) and may prove to belong in that genus. The phallus of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FD1DFAA3DA88A0D6" box="[656,733,1398,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Texara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FD1DFAA3DA88A0D6" box="[656,733,1398,1423]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Texara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinct (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A69FF93FCD3FAA0DBAEA0C9" box="[862,1019,1397,1424]" captionStart="FIGURES 110–117" captionStartId="108.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,186,1775]" captionTargetId="figure@108.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="108" captionText="FIGURES 110–117. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae), male abdomen; 110: sternites 6–8, ventral; 111: terminalia, left lateral; 112: external genitalia, posterior; 113: same, anterior; 114: sternites 1–2, ventral; 115: ejaculatory apodeme; 116: internal genitalia, ventral; 117: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 116–117</figureCitation>
), including one pair of terminal corkscrew-like filaments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A69FF93FF4AFA68DCAEA31A" blockId="21.[151,1437,1145,2035]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FF77FA68D9FFA08E" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[250,426,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
was last treated by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FD06FA68DB08A08E" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[651,861,1469,1495]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="465 - 475" refId="ref88714" refString="McAlpine, D. K. (1997 a) Relationships of the Megamerinidae. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 47 (2), 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="1997">McAlpine (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
, who discussed the history and relationships of the family,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FF61FA34DA50A0A5" author="Krivosheina, N. P. &amp; Krivosheina, M. G. &amp; Nartchuk, E. P." box="[236,517,1505,1532]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1517 - 1524" refId="ref85248" refString="Krivosheina, N. P., Krivosheina, M. G. &amp; Nartchuk, E. P. (1996) Revision of flies from the family Megamerinidae in Russia. Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 75, 1517 - 1524. [in Russian, English summary]" type="journal article" year="1996">
Krivosheina
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FEF6FA37D9E7A0A2" box="[379,434,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
(1996)
</bibRefCitation>
, who provided a key to Russian species, and Yang (1996), who treated the Chinese fauna.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FF68F9D0D988A346" author="Xue, W. &amp; Chao, C." box="[229,477,1541,1567]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="415 - 423" refId="ref99651" refString="Xue, W. &amp; Chao, C. (1998) Megamerinidae of China. In: Xue, W. &amp; Chao, C. (Eds.), Flies of China. Vol. 2. Liaoning Science &amp; Technology Press, Shenyang, pp. 415 - 423." type="book chapter" year="1998">Xue and Chao (1998)</bibRefCitation>
treated the
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FDEAF9D0DB42A346" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[615,791,1541,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
of
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A69FF93FCCDF9D0DBD3A346" box="[832,902,1541,1567]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">China</collectingCountry>
, describing five new species.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FB50F9D0DDC9A346" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[1245,1436,1541,1567]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="28 - 29" refId="ref97067" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1977 e) Family Megamerinidae. In: Delfinado, M. C. &amp; Hardy, D. E. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region 3: Suborder Cyclorrhapha (Excluding Division Aschiza). University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 28 - 29." type="book chapter" year="1977">Steyskal (1977e)</bibRefCitation>
provided a catalogue for Oriental species, and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FD2DF9FCDB0DA31A" author="Nartshuk, E. P." box="[672,856,1577,1603]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="25 - 26" refId="ref90579" refString="Nartshuk, E. P. (1984) Family Megamerinidae. In: Soos, A. &amp; Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 9. Micropezidae-Agromyzidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 25 - 26." type="book chapter" year="1984">Nartshuk (1984)</bibRefCitation>
provided one for Palaearctic species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A69FF93FF4AF998DBD8A2DE" blockId="21.[151,1437,1145,2035]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FF4AF998D92BA33E" author="Hennig, W." box="[199,382,1612,1639]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 215" refId="ref83456" refString="Hennig, W. (1965) Die Acalyptratae des Baltischen Bernsteins und ihre Bedeutung fur die Erforschung der phylogenetischen Entwicklung dieser Dipteren-Gruppe. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, 145, 1 - 215." type="journal article" year="1965">Hennig’s (1965)</bibRefCitation>
concept of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FD8FF998DAE7A33E" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[514,690,1613,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
also included the monotypic
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FC71F998DD40A33E" authority="Meunier" authorityName="Meunier" authorityYear="1917" box="[1020,1301,1613,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Palaeotanypeza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FC71F998DCFAA33E" box="[1020,1199,1613,1639]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Palaeotanypeza</emphasis>
Meunier
</taxonomicName>
from Baltic amber (upper Eocene?), which was originally described as
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FCBDF9A4DC2BA3D2" authority="(Meunier, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Meunier" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[816,1150,1649,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Tanypezidae (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FC41F9A4DC23A3D2" author="Meunier, F." box="[972,1142,1649,1675]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="73 - 106" refId="ref90217" refString="Meunier, F. (1917) Uber einige Mycetophiliden und Tipuliden des Bernsteins nebst Beschreibung der Gattung Palaeotanypeza (Tanypezinae) derselben Formation. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, 1917 (3), 73 - 106, pls. 7 - 16." type="journal article" year="1917">Meunier, 1917</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The genus was only ten- tatively maintained as
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FE14F940DA1CA3F6" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[409,585,1685,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
by D.K.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FD3BF940DBD2A3F6" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[694,903,1685,1711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="465 - 475" refId="ref88714" refString="McAlpine, D. K. (1997 a) Relationships of the Megamerinidae. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 47 (2), 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="1997">McAlpine (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
and J.F.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FC7DF940DCE2A3F6" author="McAlpine, J. F." box="[1008,1207,1685,1711]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1397 - 1518" refId="ref89142" refString="McAlpine, J. F. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha. In: McAlpine, J. F. (Ed.), Manual of the Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 3. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Monograph No. 32. Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, pp. 1397 - 1518." type="book chapter" year="1989">McAlpine (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, but examination of both sexes for the present study strongly support placement in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FCD6F96CDC5AA38A" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[859,1039,1721,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
. It is clearly distinct from the more slender living taxa, however, whose mostly narrowed legs, longer petiolate abdomen and smaller head with elongate antenna exaggerate the thicker portions of the body, including the hind femur. Dimensions of the fossil taxon (see Hoffeins &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FE96F8F0D9B8A266" author="Tschirnhaus, M. von &amp; Hoffeins, C." box="[283,493,1829,1855]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref98282" refString="Tschirnhaus, M. von &amp; Hoffeins, C. (2009) Fossil flies in Baltic amber-insights in the diversity of Tertiary Acalyptratae (Diptera, Schizophora), with new morphological characters and a key based on 1,000 collected inclusions. Denisia, 26,171 - 212." type="book" year="2009">Tschirnhaus (2009</bibRefCitation>
: figs 7–9)) are closer to other generalized acalyptrates in some respects, although the hind femur is about as thick as that of modern megamerinids. J.F.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FCF6F89CDC6AA23A" author="McAlpine, J. F." box="[891,1087,1865,1891]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1397 - 1518" refId="ref89142" refString="McAlpine, J. F. (1989) Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha. In: McAlpine, J. F. (Ed.), Manual of the Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 3. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Monograph No. 32. Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, pp. 1397 - 1518." type="book chapter" year="1989">McAlpine (1989)</bibRefCitation>
suggested separate subfamilial rank for the genus, and while possibly justified, seems unnecessary.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A69FF90FF4AF845DA03A4D2" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A69FF90FF4AF845D90CA581" blockId="21.[151,1437,1145,2035]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FF4AF845D972A2F2" bold="true" box="[199,295,1936,1963]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Biology.</emphasis>
Larvae of Palaearctic
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FDABF847DA26A2F2" box="[550,627,1938,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Texara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FDABF847DA26A2F2" box="[550,627,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Texara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A69FF93FD21F847DB6EA2F2" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1861" box="[684,827,1938,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Megamerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A69FF93FD21F847DB6EA2F2" box="[684,827,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Megamerina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been found to be predaceous on other fly larvae under the bark of fallen deciduous trees (willow, poplar, oak and especially aspen) and in decaying vegetation (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FAE1F860D9ACA2AA" author="Krivosheina, N. P. &amp; Krivosheina, M. G." pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="231 - 237" refId="ref85204" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. &amp; Krivosheina, M. G. (1997) A contribution to the biology and morphology of the larvae of Megamerinidae (Diptera). Studia Dipterologica, 4 (1), 231 - 237." type="journal article" year="1997">Krivosheina &amp; Krivosheina, 1997</bibRefCitation>
), agreeing with
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A69FF93FD39F80CDB38A2AA" author="Hennig, W." box="[692,877,2009,2035]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="205 - 208" refId="ref83261" refString="Hennig, W. (1943) Einiges uber die Metamorphose von Megamerina dolium Fabr. (= loxocerina Fall.) (Diptera: Acalyptrata: Megamerinidae). Arbeiten uber morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, 10 (4), 205 - 208." type="journal article" year="1943">Hennig’s (1943)</bibRefCitation>
earlier assumptions. Adult specimens have been collected in damp meadows, various mixed and deciduous forests, undergrowth, and on rotting wood and cut aspen (Roháček, 2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6AFF90FF4AFF34DA03A4D2" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FF4AFF34D9CDA5A2" bold="true" box="[199,408,225,251]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Immature stages.</emphasis>
Descriptions and illustrations of the third instar larva and puparium of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6AFF90FB5DFF37D89BA479" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Ocyptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dolium">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FB5DFF37DD10A5A2" box="[1232,1349,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M. dolium</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
were provided by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6AFF90FE13FED0DAA8A479" author="Krivosheina, N. P. &amp; Mamaev, B. M." box="[414,765,261,288]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref85297" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. &amp; Mamaev, B. M. (1967) Key to the dipteran larvae, Insecta, inhabiting wood. Nauka, Moscow, 367 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1967">Krivosheina &amp; Mamaev (1967)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6AFF90FCBEFED0DB8DA446" author="Hennig, W." box="[819,984,261,287]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="205 - 208" refId="ref83261" refString="Hennig, W. (1943) Einiges uber die Metamorphose von Megamerina dolium Fabr. (= loxocerina Fall.) (Diptera: Acalyptrata: Megamerinidae). Arbeiten uber morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, 10 (4), 205 - 208." type="journal article" year="1943">Hennig (1943)</bibRefCitation>
, respectively. Ferrar (1989) summarized knowledge on larvae and puparia known at the time.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6AFF90FD77FEFCDCD3A41A" author="Krivosheina, N. P. &amp; Krivosheina, M. G." box="[762,1158,297,323]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="231 - 237" refId="ref85204" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. &amp; Krivosheina, M. G. (1997) A contribution to the biology and morphology of the larvae of Megamerinidae (Diptera). Studia Dipterologica, 4 (1), 231 - 237." type="journal article" year="1997">Krivosheina &amp; Krivosheina (1997)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed the larva of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6AFF90FF1AFE9BD958A43E" box="[151,269,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Ocyptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dolium">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FF1AFE9BD958A43E" box="[151,269,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">M. dolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described the larva of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6AFF90FD92FE9BDB5AA43E" authority="(Frey)" baseAuthorityName="Frey" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[543,783,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Texara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="savolaineni">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FD92FE9BDAE8A43E" box="[543,701,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. savolaineni</emphasis>
(Frey)
</taxonomicName>
, and described the larva and puparium of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6AFF90FB7AFE9BDA03A4D2" authority="Krivosheina, Krivosheina &amp; Nartschuk." authorityName="Krivosheina, Krivosheina &amp; Nartschuk." class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Texara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stackelbergi">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FB7AFE9BDDC9A43E" box="[1271,1436,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. stackelbergi</emphasis>
Krivosheina, Krivosheina &amp; Nartschuk.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A6AFF9EFF4AFE41DB85A4D2" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6AFF90FF4AFE41DD0EA7AA" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FF4AFE41DA1DA4F6" bold="true" box="[199,584,404,431]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Adult Diagnosis (extant genera).</emphasis>
Relatively large, long, slender and heavily-built (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6AFF90FBFDFE40DD54A4F6" box="[1136,1281,404,431]" captionStart="FIGURES 98–105" captionStartId="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 98–105</figureCitation>
). Body length usually 8.0–18.0mm. Colour black with antenna, face, halter and most of legs white to yellow; setae black to white, setulae white; wings slightly infumated. Antenna porrect; pedicel without dorsal seam; arista short-plumose. Head subspherical in profile; face narrowed into thin medial carina; frons projecting and tapering anteriorly with one pair of oblique lateromedial folds; frons with one pair of dark velvety lateromedial patches and single silvery patch behind ocelli. Vibrissa, postocellar, and sometimes ocellar seta absent. Postpronotal absent. Enlarged hind femur with two rows of spines ventrally; hind tibia curved and with double sclerotized ridge on venter fused along most of length; all femora with row of glands both posteroventrally and anteroventrally (only posteroventral on fore and mid femora in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6AFF90FE82FD60D987A789" authorityName="Prado" authorityYear="1969" box="[271,466,693,720]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syringogastridae</taxonomicName>
). Fronto-orbital seta present or absent. Precoxal bridge absent; postmetacoxal bridge present; thorax produced at narrow point of attachment to abdomen.
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A6AFF90FC15FD0CDB8DA7AA" box="[920,984,729,755]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Costa</collectingRegion>
unbroken; sc complete (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6AFF90FB61FD0CDD1BA7AA" box="[1260,1358,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 403</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6AFF90FF4AFD29DD7CA606" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FF4AFD29DA18A64E" bold="true" box="[199,589,764,791]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Adult Definition (extant genera)</emphasis>
. Relatively large and slender, heavily-built and well sclerotized (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6AFF90FABAFD28D890A662" captionStart="FIGURES 98–105" captionStartId="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 98– 105</figureCitation>
). Body length usually 8.0–18.0mm. Colour black with antenna, face, halter and most of legs white to yellow; setae black (major setae) to white, setulae yellowish-white. Scutum minutely punctate at base of setulae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6AFF90FF4AFCBCDBE0A0C6" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FF4AFCBCD912A6DA" box="[199,327,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
: 1 inner vertical; 1 outer vertical; 0 (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6AFF90FD61FCBFDB2EA6DA" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1861" box="[748,891,874,899]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Megamerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FD61FCBFDB2EA6DA" box="[748,891,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Megamerina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or 1 weak (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6AFF90FB83FCBFDC2BA6DA" box="[1038,1150,874,899]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Protexara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FB83FCBFDC2BA6DA" box="[1038,1150,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Protexara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or well-developed (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6AFF90FAE0FCBFD8EBA6FE" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Texara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FAE0FCBFD8EBA6FE" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Texara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) fronto-orbital; 0 ocellar; 0 postocellar; vibrissa absent. 0 presutural intra-alar; 0 postpronotal; 1 posterior notopleural; 2 posterior supra-alar; 0 posterior intra-alar; 0–1 dorsocentrals; 0 acrostichals; 1 apical scutellar (lateral seta absent); 0 proepisternal; 0 anepisternal; 0 katepisternal. Pedicel with dense dark setulae. Frons with irregular lateral row of proclinate to lateroclinate setulae; face, parafacial, gena with dense white pubescence forming narrow band around eye to dorsum of occiput; sparse hairs on face continuing as shorter series of denser hairs on venter of gena; frons with one pair of brownish-purple lateromedial velvety patches. Occiput and back of head with long white (often weak and curled) to black (straighter) pile that are not differentiated into separate postoccular setae. Thorax and legs with dense to sparse white setulae, except on postalar wall (microtomentose) metanotum (microtomentose to partially bare on anatergite and posterior half of katatergite) and pleuron behind wing base and below postpronotum; proepisternum otherwise with patch of short, dense, isolated (usually white) hairs that extends onto anterolateral surface of fore coxa; notal setulae with pattern of “partings”, most noticeably between dorsocentral rows, with setulae directed inwards along a single line postsuturally, and along two parallel lines presuturally (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6AFF90FAE2FACCD8E2A00E" captionStart="FIGURES 98–105" captionStartId="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
). Fore tibia with white setulae dense (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6AFF90FDEEFAE8DAE2A00E" box="[611,695,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURES 98–105" captionStartId="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
). Mid tibia with ventroapical seta. Pregenitalic abdominal tergites with longer setae laterally, especially along posterior margin of T1, and sometimes to a lesser degree along posterior margins of other pregenitalic tergites; posterior setae on S1 also longer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6AFF90FF4AFA7CD9E1A272" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FF4AFA7CD951A09A" box="[199,260,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Head</emphasis>
. Antenna porrect, pedicel without dorsal seam, sometimes inner-distal margin slightly angulate; first flagellomere discoid with apical margin sometimes slightly truncated; arista white, short plumose to pubescent. Anterior margin of frons with two medial folds extending back from ptilinal suture (i.e. ptilinal suture H-shaped) that raises medial section of frons (“medial frontal lobe” of
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6AFF90FD70F9C0DB8CA376" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[765,985,1557,1583]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="465 - 475" refId="ref88714" refString="McAlpine, D. K. (1997 a) Relationships of the Megamerinidae. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 47 (2), 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="1997">McAlpine (1997a))</bibRefCitation>
; produced anteriorly (conspicuous when viewed laterally) with sides broadly rounded to cover dorsolateral margins of face and parafacial (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6AFF90FB7DF9ECDDC5A30A" box="[1264,1424,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURES 98–105" captionStartId="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs 101–102</figureCitation>
). Lunule present, medially grooved, horizontal with anterior section curved down between antennal bases (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6AFF90FAA3F988DDC5A32E" box="[1326,1424,1629,1655]" captionStart="FIGURES 98–105" captionStartId="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
). Sides of face converging medially, enclosing centre of face within carinate sulcus (continuous with groove on lunule); sulcus split ventrally at epistoma (usually narrow, but wider than high in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6AFF90FBA1F973DCEEA3E6" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1861" box="[1068,1211,1702,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Megamerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FBA1F973DCEEA3E6" box="[1068,1211,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Megamerina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Clypeus rounded, anterior section subrectangular and sometimes shallowly notched. Back of head broadly rounded, vertex slightly shifted forward; with pronounced microsetulose lobe above foramen and teardrop-shaped silvery tomentose patch reaching ocellar tubercle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6AFF91FF4AF8E0D939A446" blockId="22.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6AFF90FF4AF8E0D94DA216" box="[199,280,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Thorax</emphasis>
. Proepisternum shifted dorsally, fused to posteriorly displaced postpronotum. Transverse suture vestigial medially, at midpoint of scutum; supra-alar carina shallow; postalar wall sharply angled downwards with margin slightly carinate. Scutellum and subscutellum small, shallow. Greater ampulla present. Katepisternum and meron fused (suture evident as minute pit over mid coxa); anepisternum deeply receding below postpronotum. Coxopleural streak present. Metathorax with cylindrical extension meeting abdomen; sharply and deeply recessed above spiracle. Metasternum extending between hind coxae as pointed process, not reaching postmetacoxal bridge. Precoxal bridge absent; prosternum arrowhead-shaped; presternum small, spindle-shaped, duplicated; subcervical sclerite floating, linear; postmetacoxal bridge present, high; membrane around prosternum and hind coxae slightly sclerotized, scaled.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6BFF91FF4AFEFFDC71A4D2" blockId="23.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6BFF91FF4AFEFFD954A41A" box="[199,257,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Wing</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6BFF91FE94FEFCD92EA41A" box="[281,379,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURES 403–410" captionStartId="147.[151,264,1458,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1415,174,1426]" captionTargetId="figure@147.[151,1415,174,1439]" captionTargetPageId="147" captionText="FIGURES 403–410. Wings; 403: Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 404: Syringogaster rufa Cresson (Syringogastridae); 405: Centrioncus decoronotus Feijen (Diopsidae); 406: Centrioncus sanorum (Feijen) (Diopsidae); 407: Sphyracephala subbifasciata Fitch (Diopsidae); 408: Diopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 409: Teleopsis sp. (Diopsidae); 410: Diasemopsis aethiopica (Rondani) (Diopsidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670876/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 403</figureCitation>
) M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A6BFF91FE28FEEFD9F8A411" attach="left" box="[421,429,314,328]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">4</subScript>
and CuA+CuP reaching wing margin. Cell br bulging into dm. Cell
<emphasis id="07C844686A6BFF91FB4BFEFFDCB5A41A" box="[1222,1248,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">cu</emphasis>
a short and CuA straight. Anal cell and most of cell bm bare. Veins R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A6BFF91FD67FE8BDB51A435" attach="left" box="[746,772,350,364]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">4+5</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A6BFF91FCDCFE8BDB0CA435" attach="left" box="[849,857,350,364]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</subScript>
subparallel, slightly converging apically.
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A6BFF91FAA2FE98DD3AA43E" box="[1327,1391,333,359]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Costa</collectingRegion>
unbroken; sc complete, ending far from apex of R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A6BFF91FD27FE57DAE7A4C9" attach="left" box="[682,690,386,400]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</subScript>
. Calypter hairs moderately long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6BFF91FF4AFE43DA2EA73A" blockId="23.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6BFF91FF4AFE43D8A9A4F6" box="[199,252,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Legs</emphasis>
. Hind femur strongly swollen (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6BFF91FDD2FE40DAB5A4F6" box="[607,736,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURES 98–105" captionStartId="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 98–99</figureCitation>
) with two rows of spines (usually 12–14) ventrally; hind tibia curved (curve corresponding to shape of swollen femur) and with one pair of sclerotized ridges ventrally that may be fused along most of length. Fore and mid femora also slightly swollen medially, but not nearly as extensively as hind femur; with 3–4 small ventral spines in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6BFF91FD14FDD7DB5CA742" box="[665,777,514,539]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Protexara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6BFF91FD14FDD7DB5CA742" box="[665,777,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Protexara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All femora with row of glands both posteroventrally and anteroventrally (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6BFF91FEDFFDF0D9E6A766" box="[338,435,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURES 98–105" captionStartId="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 103</figureCitation>
) with surrounding pigment orange. Tarsomeres with strong ventroapical setae; fore and mid basitarsomeres with long ventral hairs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6BFF91FF4AFDB8DD48A7AA" blockId="23.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6BFF91FF4AFDB8D964A7DE" box="[199,305,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Abdomen</emphasis>
. T1 and S1 broadly emarginated anteriorly to provide membranous space that folds to meet thorax when abdomen angled (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6BFF91FE2CFD44DA54A7F2" box="[417,513,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURES 118–123" captionStartId="109.[151,264,1660,1685]" captionTargetBox="[161,1429,182,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@109.[151,1436,174,1641]" captionTargetPageId="109" captionText="FIGURES 118–123. Fig. 118: Megamerina dolium (Fabricius) (Megamerinidae), female internal genitalia. Figs 119–123: Texara sp., female abdomen; 119: ventral; 120: segment 6, dorsal; 121: segment 8 to cerci, ventral; 122: same, dorsal; 123: spermathecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670796" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670796/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 119</figureCitation>
). Segments longer than wide. Sternites 1–5 weakly sclerotized marginally; S1 with dark, transverse posteromedial sclerotization; S2 with one pair of internal, anterolateral hooks. Spiracles
<quantity id="F244359F6A6BFF91FADEFD60DDC9A796" box="[1363,1436,693,719]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" metricValueMax="15.24" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="in" value="3.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.0">1–6 in</quantity>
membrane. At least T2 (sometimes also T3 and T4) with pair of silvery posterolateral patches (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6BFF91FB31FD0CDD44A7AA" box="[1212,1297,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURES 98–105" captionStartId="106.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@106.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="FIGURES 98–105. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae); 98: male, dorsal; 99: same, lateral; 100: male head, anterior; 101: same, dorsal; 102: same, anterolateral; 103: fore femur, ventral, with detail of gland openings; 104: male and female copulating, Vietnam; 105: male, Singapore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670790/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6BFF91FF4AFD28DBE2A06A" blockId="23.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6BFF91FF4AFD28D938A64E" box="[199,365,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6BFF91FE0EFD28DA4AA641" box="[387,543,765,792]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 106–109" captionStart-1="FIGURES 110–117" captionStartId-0="107.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-1="108.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox-0="[165,1426,184,1776]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1431,186,1775]" captionTargetId-0="figure@107.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-1="figure@108.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId-0="107" captionTargetPageId-1="108" captionText-0="FIGURES 106–109. Megamerina dolium (Fabricius) (Megamerinidae), male terminalia; 106: sternites 6–8, ventral; 107: terminalia, left lateral; 108: internal genitalia, ventral; 109: same, left lateral." captionText-1="FIGURES 110–117. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae), male abdomen; 110: sternites 6–8, ventral; 111: terminalia, left lateral; 112: external genitalia, posterior; 113: same, anterior; 114: sternites 1–2, ventral; 115: ejaculatory apodeme; 116: internal genitalia, ventral; 117: same, left lateral." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670792" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670794" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670792/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670794/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 106–117</figureCitation>
) Right spiracle 7 present, in membrane. Tergite 6 divided into two, small, narrow dorsal strips. S7 separate or partially fused to right anterolateral margin of S8. S6 bare, narrow, adjacent to S7. S8 large, elongate, tapering apically. Epandrium tapering basally and with thickly sclerotized distal margin. Cercus subtriangular, usually widest apically, with pointed tubercle-like setae on inner surface. Surstylus movable, strongly incurved, with inner patches of basal and apical tubercles. Subepandrial sclerite V-shaped with two ventral setae on each side. Hypandrium elongate, arms meeting posterodorsally; distally fused to short anteroventral extensions of phallapodeme that continue slightly distal of hypandrial margin; distal half of hypandrium weakly sclerotized excluding narrow margin, thin texturing and one pair of floating, setose sclerites. Pregonite apically spinulose and with comb of short, stout setae, directed anteriorly, perpendicular to postgonite. Postgonite dark, rod or ribbon-like, confluent with base of pregonite and extending to phallapodeme. Basiphallus small, fused to distiphallus. Epiphallus sometimes present. Distiphallus with long, straight base composed of two parallel ribbons that bend ventrally at apex; apically with thick spinulose process on right side (“scabrous process” of
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6BFF91FB97FB5CDCA3A1FA" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[1050,1270,1161,1187]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="465 - 475" refId="ref88714" refString="McAlpine, D. K. (1997 a) Relationships of the Megamerinidae. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 47 (2), 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="1997">McAlpine (1997a))</bibRefCitation>
, and with dark sclerite(s) and filamentous processes (“terminal filaments” of
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6BFF91FCC8FB78DC48A19E" author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[837,1053,1197,1223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="465 - 475" refId="ref88714" refString="McAlpine, D. K. (1997 a) Relationships of the Megamerinidae. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 47 (2), 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="1997">McAlpine (1997a))</bibRefCitation>
on left side; some filaments modified into double corkscrew in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A6BFF91FE66FB07DA6DA1B2" box="[491,568,1234,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" genus="Texara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6BFF91FE66FB07DA6DA1B2" box="[491,568,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Texara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6BFF91FDC5FB04DAB3A1B5" box="[584,742,1233,1260]" captionStart="FIGURES 110–117" captionStartId="108.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,186,1775]" captionTargetId="figure@108.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="108" captionText="FIGURES 110–117. Texara sp. (Megamerinidae), male abdomen; 110: sternites 6–8, ventral; 111: terminalia, left lateral; 112: external genitalia, posterior; 113: same, anterior; 114: sternites 1–2, ventral; 115: ejaculatory apodeme; 116: internal genitalia, ventral; 117: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670794/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 116–117</figureCitation>
). Ejaculatory apodeme with large, stout stem ending in short, clear blade with supporting ribs; stem and blade rotated 90° relative to insertion of duct; stem with stout medial carina above duct; sperm pump with paired marginal sclerotized bands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6BFF91FF4AFAE8DC31A352" blockId="23.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6BFF91FF4AFAE8D9D2A00E" box="[199,391,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A6BFF91FE10FAE8DA6CA00E" box="[413,569,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURES 118–123" captionStartId="109.[151,264,1660,1685]" captionTargetBox="[161,1429,182,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@109.[151,1436,174,1641]" captionTargetPageId="109" captionText="FIGURES 118–123. Fig. 118: Megamerina dolium (Fabricius) (Megamerinidae), female internal genitalia. Figs 119–123: Texara sp., female abdomen; 119: ventral; 120: segment 6, dorsal; 121: segment 8 to cerci, ventral; 122: same, dorsal; 123: spermathecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670796" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670796/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 118–123</figureCitation>
) T6 and S6 widest before midpoint, closely associated but not fused. T7 and S7 fused into long, thin tube enclosing spiracles. T8 and S8 weakly sclerotized, separate, and with numerous longitudinal grooves. T10 and S10 small, narrow and minutely grooved; T10 with lateral fold. Cercus length more than twice width, slightly incurved, broadly rounded apically. Membrane between segments 5–8 long, and segments past segment 5 long and thin, allowing for most of these to telescope. Spermatheca slightly elongate with pointed apex, surface sparsely covered with minute divots; spermatheca and apex of duct pigmented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A6BFF9EFF4AF9C0DB85A4D2" blockId="23.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1436,153,395]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="07C844686A6BFF91FF4AF9C0D9B8A376" box="[199,493,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Variation—Paleotanypeza</emphasis>
(fossil). (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A6BFF91FDDAF9C0DBF8A376" author="Tschirnhaus, M. von &amp; Hoffeins, C." box="[599,941,1557,1583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref98282" refString="Tschirnhaus, M. von &amp; Hoffeins, C. (2009) Fossil flies in Baltic amber-insights in the diversity of Tertiary Acalyptratae (Diptera, Schizophora), with new morphological characters and a key based on 1,000 collected inclusions. Denisia, 26,171 - 212." type="book" year="2009">Tschirnhaus &amp; Hoffeins, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: figs 7–9) As described above, except as follows. Body length approximately
<quantity id="F244359F6A6BFF91FD9CF9EDDAC1A30A" box="[529,660,1592,1619]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="8.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="9.15" valueMax="9.5" valueMin="8.8">8.8–9.5mm</quantity>
; one female (with elongate ovipositor extended) 18.0mm long. Single well-developed fronto-orbital present; one dorsocentral seta (slightly shorter than scutellar seta); small lateral hairs on face slightly shorter, but present; cannot verify if frons with lateral velvety patches; silvery tomentose patch behind ocelli not present; “partings” of setulae not evident on notum. First flagellomere subcircular; pedicel length less than half height, with angulate projection modestly developed on inner surface and shallowly developed on outer surface; arista bare; cannot verify presence of medial groove on lunule; face not sunken laterally beside parafacial; clypeus not notched anteromedially; without microsetulose lobe above foramen; back of head “normally” rounded. Thorax without proepisternum shifted dorsally; postalar wall not sharply angled or carinate; katepisternum and meron not fused; typically acalyptrate in dimensions, without severely narrowed or recessed regions. Swollen hind femur not as evident as all legs are well-developed, not narrowed; fore femur with ventrodistal rows of spines as on hind leg, two anterior and three posterior spines on male and 5 anterior and 7 posterior spines (1 and 3 shorter) on female; hind tibia not curved, without sclerotized ridges; hind tibia with ventroapical seta towards anterior surface; male hind tibia with row of black setulae on ventrobasal half. Abdomen thicker at base, not elongate or narrowed; cannot verify position or presence of spiracles; silvery regions on abdomen restricted to tergite 1 (patches broad, posterolateral, narrowly connecting) and tergite 4 (broad lateral stripe). Female segments 6–10 extremely elongate with extensive intersegmental space; T6 and S6 well-developed, segments 7–10 indistinctly sclerotized. Male tergite 6 not visible, but similarly small if present; cercus broad and bilobed apically, with additional floating mediobasal sclerotized patch; surstylus apically broad with margin straight, distomarginal tubercles densely arranged in comb-like line (reminder of tubercles on inner face not visible if present).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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