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<mods:title id="0A279CC6A2D6276C20DABDBAECFA9527">Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships</mods:title>
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<treatment id="BD15296C6A50FFA9FF1AF9C0DD63A606" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3679560" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162147178" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3679560" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD15296C6A50FFA9FF1AF9C0DD63A606" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD15296C6A50FFA9FF1AF9C0DD63A606" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<paragraph id="3503987A6A50FFAAFF1AF9C0D981A376" blockId="44.[151,468,1557,1619]" box="[151,468,1557,1583]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<heading id="6E4B2F166A50FFAAFF1AF9C0D981A376" bold="true" box="[151,468,1557,1583]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A50FFAAFF1AF9C0D981A376" ID-CoL="626F3" ID-ENA="115298" authority="Westwood, 1840" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,468,1557,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="07C844686A50FFAAFF1AF9C0D981A376" bold="true" box="[151,468,1557,1583]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Neriidae
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A50FFAAFE87F9C0D981A376" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[266,468,1557,1583]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="125 - 154" refId="ref98932" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1840) Order XIII. Diptera Aristotle. (Antliata Fabricius. Halteriptera Clairv.) In his: An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Synopsis of the genera of British insects. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green &amp; Longmans, London, pp. 125 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12455" type="book chapter" year="1840">Westwood, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A50FFAAFF1AF9ECD92FA30A" box="[151,378,1593,1619]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A50FFAAFF1AF9ECD92FA30A" blockId="44.[151,468,1557,1619]" box="[151,378,1593,1619]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A50FFAAFF12F9ECD969A30A" box="[159,316,1593,1619]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 291–297" captionStart-1="FIGURES 298–305" captionStart-2="FIGURES 306–311" captionStartId-0="134.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-1="135.[151,264,1791,1816]" captionStartId-2="136.[151,264,1808,1833]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1425,190,1765]" captionTargetBox-2="[157,1424,178,1779]" captionTargetId-0="figure@134.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-1="figure@135.[151,1436,174,1772]" captionTargetId-2="figure@136.[151,1436,174,1789]" captionTargetPageId-0="134" captionTargetPageId-1="135" captionTargetPageId-2="136" captionText-0="FIGURES 291–297. Figs 291–294: Odontoloxozus peruanus Hennig (Neriidae), male; 291: dorsal; 292: lateral; 293: head, dorsal; 294: head, anterior. Fig. 295: cf. Chaetonerius sp. (Neriidae), Seram, Indonesia. Figs 296–297: Telostylinus sp. (Neriidae); 296: lateral (note process arising from inner surface of orbital plate); 297: posterior." captionText-1="FIGURES 298–305. Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae), male abdomen; 298: sternites 4–6, ventral; 299: external genitalia, anterior; 300: same, posterior (with detail of texture); 301: sternites 7–8, anterior; 302: terminalia, lateral; 303: internal genitalia, ventral; 304: same, left lateral; 305: ejaculatory apodeme." captionText-2="FIGURES 306–311. Figs 306–310: Telostylinus sp. (Neriidae), female abdomen; 306: ventral (terminalia retracted); 307: segment 7 to cerci ((terminalia retracted), lateral; 308: segment 10 and cerci, lateral; 309: same, ventral; 310: same, dorsal. Fig. 311: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae), female internal genitalia." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670849" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670851" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670853" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670849/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670851/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3670853/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figs 291–311</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A50FFAAFECAF9ECD926A30A" box="[327,371,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–422" captionStartId="148.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURES 411–422. Wings: 411: Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae); 412: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae); 413: Clisa australis (McAlpine) (Cypselosomatidae); 414: Formicosepsis sp. (Cypselosomatidae); 415: Pseudopomyza (Rhinopomyzella) nigrimana Hennig (Pseudopomyzidae); 416: Latheticomyia sp. (Pseudopomyzidae); 417: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin, holotype (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 418: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 419: Tanypeza longimana Fallén (Tanypezidae); 420: Neotanypeza marshalli Lonsdale (Tanypezidae); 421: Compsobata mima (Hennig) (Micropezidae); 422: Micropeza sp. (Micropezidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670878/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">412</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A50FFAAFF1AF9A8DAF6A3ED" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A50FFAAFF1AF9A8DAF6A3ED" blockId="44.[151,1436,1660,1716]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="07C844686A50FFAAFF1AF9A8D94CA3CC" bold="true" box="[151,281,1661,1685]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A50FFAAFF1AF9A8D899A3CC" box="[151,204,1661,1685]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A50FFAAFE92F9ABDA63A3CC" ID-CoL="63BR" authority="Fabricius 1805: 264" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="264" authorityYear="1805" box="[287,566,1660,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Nerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A50FFAAFE92F9ABD936A3CC" box="[287,355,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Nerius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A50FFAAFEE7F9A9DA63A3CC" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[362,566,1660,1685]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="15 - 372" refId="ref80432" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1805) Systema antliatorum: secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunsvigae (= Brunswick), xiv + 15 - 372 + (1) + 30 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15806" type="book chapter" year="1805">Fabricius 1805: 264</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A50FFAAFDECF9A9DB19A3CC" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[609,844,1660,1685]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="125 - 154" refId="ref98932" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1840) Order XIII. Diptera Aristotle. (Antliata Fabricius. Halteriptera Clairv.) In his: An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Synopsis of the genera of British insects. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green &amp; Longmans, London, pp. 125 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12455" type="book chapter" year="1840">Westwood (1840: 588)</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="07C844686A50FFAAFCD8F9A8DC11A3CC" bold="true" box="[853,1092,1660,1685]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A50FFAAFCD8F9A8DBDFA3CC" box="[853,906,1661,1685]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
species of genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A50FFAAFBC7F9ABDD2DA3CC" ID-CoL="4769F" authority="Fabricius, 1805" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[1098,1400,1660,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Nerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilifer">
<emphasis id="07C844686A50FFAAFBC7F9ABDC87A3CC" box="[1098,1234,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Nerius pilifer</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A50FFAAFB55F9A9DD2DA3CC" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[1240,1400,1660,1685]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="15 - 372" refId="ref80432" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1805) Systema antliatorum: secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C. Reichard, Brunsvigae (= Brunswick), xiv + 15 - 372 + (1) + 30 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15806" type="book chapter" year="1805">Fabricius, 1805</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation [
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A50FFAAFE32F94EDACDA3ED" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[447,664,1691,1716]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="499 - 647" refId="ref78129" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1910) The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 499 - 647." type="journal article" year="1910">Coquillett 1910: 575</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A50FFABFF1AF937D963A6FE" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A50FFAAFF1AF937DC53A231" blockId="44.[151,1437,1762,2041]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
The
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A50FFAAFF44F937D97CA3A5" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[201,297,1762,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neriidae</taxonomicName>
is a relatively small family of almost global distribution with over 110 species in more than 19 genera (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A50FFAAFF12F8D3D9FDA279" author="Sepulveda, T. A. &amp; Pereira-Colavite, A. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. B. de" box="[159,424,1798,1825]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="125 - 131" refId="ref94265" refString="Sepulveda, T. A., Pereira-Colavite, A. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. B. de (2013 a) Revision of the Neotropical genus Cerantichir (Diptera: Neriidae) with new records and a key to species. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 39, 125 - 131." type="journal article" year="2013">
Sepúlveda
<emphasis id="07C844686A50FFAAFE91F8D2D900A279" box="[284,341,1798,1824]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013a
</bibRefCitation>
) that are primarily tropical in distribution, with most species found in the Neotropical Region. Species often develop as immatures in decaying vegetable matter, including a Nearctic
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A50FFAAFB24F8FFDD04A21D" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1922" box="[1193,1361,1834,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Odontoloxozus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A50FFAAFB24F8FFDD04A21D" box="[1193,1361,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Odontoloxozus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that is found in necrotic cactus tissue, giving rise to the common name “cactus flies”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A50FFABFF4AF8A7DBADA742" blockId="44.[151,1437,1762,2041]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1437,153,2020]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
The widespread subfamily Neriinae is defined by prominent antennal bases formed by an enlarged and medially divided lunule. The Old World subfamily Telostylinae is characterized by an ancestral form of antennal insertion, leading some to suspect that it represents a paraphylic group from which the Neriinae arose (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A50FFAAFB33F86FDD18A28D" author="Pitkin, B. R." box="[1214,1357,1978,2004]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="468 - 469" refId="ref91971" refString="Pitkin, B. R. (1989) Family Neriidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, pp. 468 - 469." type="book chapter" year="1989">Pitkin, 1989</bibRefCitation>
; Buck, 2010). A closer, quantitative analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between neriid genera was performed by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFF1AFF4CD932A5EA" author="Koch, N. M. &amp; Soto, I. M. &amp; Ramirez, M. J." box="[151,359,153,179]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="142 - 165" refId="ref84567" refString="Koch, N. M., Soto, I. M. &amp; Ramirez, M. J. (2014) First phylogenetic analysis of the family Neriidae (Diptera), with a study on the issue of scaling continuous characters. Cladistics, 31 (2), 142 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12084" type="journal article" year="2014">
Koch
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFF56FF4FD946A5EA" box="[219,275,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
, who used a combination of discrete and continuous morphological characters to dismantle support for all historically defining characters of the subfamilies and genus groups, finding these to support artificial groupings; the family itself was strongly supported as monophyletic and the previous assumption of an
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A51FFABFACDFF34DDC9A5A2" box="[1344,1436,225,251]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Oriental</collectingRegion>
origin for the family (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFE06FED0DA76A446" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[395,547,260,287]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="505 - 532" refId="ref75134" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1954 b) Results of the Archibold Expeditions: Neriidae von Neuguinea (Diptera). Treubia, 22 (3), 505 - 532." type="journal article" year="1954">Aczél, 1954b</bibRefCitation>
) was supported. Since
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFCAAFED0DBA3A446" author="Koch, N. M. &amp; Soto, I. M. &amp; Ramirez, M. J." box="[807,1014,261,287]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="142 - 165" refId="ref84567" refString="Koch, N. M., Soto, I. M. &amp; Ramirez, M. J. (2014) First phylogenetic analysis of the family Neriidae (Diptera), with a study on the issue of scaling continuous characters. Cladistics, 31 (2), 142 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12084" type="journal article" year="2014">
Koch
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFCE6FED3DBF1A446" box="[875,932,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
did not provide an alternative system of classification and their phylogeny does not support any simple subdivision of the family, it is not recommended that any be imposed until a more extensive analysis of global taxa is performed, followed by correlation of useful diagnostic characters to natural groups. The doctoral thesis of
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFCDBFEA4DC35A4D2" author="Pereira-Colavite, A." box="[854,1120,369,395]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 71" refId="ref91731" refString="Pereira-Colavite, A. (2013) Neriidae (Diptera, schizophora) do mundo. PhD thesis. Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, pp. i-x + 1 - 71." type="book chapter" year="2013">Pereira-Colavite (2013)</bibRefCitation>
is a preliminary step in this direction, but this requires publication and verification. The monophyly of genera should also ideally be examined following revision, as recently done for
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFDD6FE6CDC32A48A" authority="Enderlein (Sepulveda et al., 2014)" box="[603,1127,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Glyphidops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFDD6FE6CDA89A48A" box="[603,732,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Glyphidops</emphasis>
Enderlein (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFCEDFE6CDC0AA48A" author="Sepulveda, T. A. &amp; Wolff, M. I. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. B. de" box="[864,1119,441,467]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="139 - 174" refId="ref94391" refString="Sepulveda, T. A., Wolff, M. I. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. B. de (2014) Revision of the New World genus Glyphidops Enderlein (Diptera: Neriidae). Zootaxa, 3785 (2), 139 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3785.2.2" type="journal article" year="2014">
Sepúlveda
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFC53FE6FDC42A48A" box="[990,1047,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and the smaller genera
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFAF9FE6CDACEA4AE" authority="Enderlein (Sepulveda et al., 2013 a)" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Cerantichir" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFAF9FE6CD8AEA4AE" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cerantichir</emphasis>
Enderlein (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFE0CFE08DAC1A4AE" author="Sepulveda, T. A. &amp; Pereira-Colavite, A. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. B. de" box="[385,660,477,503]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="125 - 131" refId="ref94265" refString="Sepulveda, T. A., Pereira-Colavite, A. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. B. de (2013 a) Revision of the Neotropical genus Cerantichir (Diptera: Neriidae) with new records and a key to species. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 39, 125 - 131." type="journal article" year="2013">
Sepúlveda
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFD8CFE0BDA6EA4AE" box="[513,571,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013a
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFD24FE0BDC23A4A1" authority="Aczel (Sepulveda et al., 2013 b)" box="[681,1142,477,504]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Eoneria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFD24FE0BDB56A4AE" box="[681,771,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Eoneria</emphasis>
Aczél (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFCD1FE08DC3BA4A1" author="Sepulveda, T. A. &amp; Wolf, M. I. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. B. de" box="[860,1134,477,504]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="245 - 256" refId="ref94321" refString="Sepulveda, T. A., Wolf, M. I. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. B. de (2013 b) Revision of the Neotropical genus Eoneria (Diptera: Neriidae) with description of a new species from Colombia. Zootaxa, 3636 (2), 245 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.2.2" type="journal article" year="2013">
Sepúlveda
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFC51FE0BDC43A4AE" box="[988,1046,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013b
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFB3DFE0BD9E0A742" authority="Wiedemann (Buck &amp; Marshall, 2004)" authorityName="Wiedemann (Buck &amp; Marshall" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Longina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFB3DFE0BDD58A4AE" box="[1200,1293,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Longina</emphasis>
Wiedemann (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFF12FDD4D9F8A742" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[159,429,513,539]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="23 - 32" refId="ref77227" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2004) A review of the genus Longina Wiedemann, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera, Neriidae). Studia Dipterologica, 11, 23 - 32." type="journal article" year="2004">Buck &amp; Marshall, 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which are now much more thoroughly understood.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A51FFABFF4AFDF0D963A6FE" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,2020]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
The New World fauna was revised by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFDE7FDF0DAAEA719" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[618,763,549,576]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="257 - 345" refId="ref75362" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1961) A revision of the American Neriidae (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Studia Entomologica, 4 (1 - 4), 257 - 345." type="journal article" year="1961">Aczél (1961)</bibRefCitation>
and discussed in Buck (2010). The much smaller Palaearctic fauna was treated in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFE0CFD9CDA79A73A" author="Czerny, L." box="[385,556,585,611]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="18" refId="ref78862" refString="Czerny, L. (1930 b) 42 b. Neriidae. Die Fliegen der Palaarktischen Region, 5, 18." type="journal article" year="1930">Czerny (1930b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFDB5FD9CDA24A73A" author="Czerny, L." box="[568,625,585,611]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="267 - 302" refId="ref78885" refString="Czerny, L. (1932) Tyliden und Neriiden des Zoologischen Museums in Hamburg. (Dipt.) Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 93, 267 - 302." type="journal article" year="1932">1932</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFD3CFD9CDB02A73A" author="Hendel, F." box="[689,855,585,611]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="98 - 110" refId="ref82733" refString="Hendel, F. (1932) Die Ausbeute der deutschen Chaco-Expedition 1925 / 26. - Diptera. (Fortsetzung) XXX. - XXXVI. Sciomyzi- dae, Lauxaniidae, Tanypezidae, Lonchaeidae, Tylidae, Drosophilidae, Milichiidae. Konowia, 11, 98 - 110 + 15 - 145." type="journal article" year="1932">Hendel (1932)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFCECFD9CDBA9A73A" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[865,1020,584,611]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="505 - 532" refId="ref75134" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1954 b) Results of the Archibold Expeditions: Neriidae von Neuguinea (Diptera). Treubia, 22 (3), 505 - 532." type="journal article" year="1954">Aczél (1954b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFB85FD9DDC1AA73A" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[1032,1103,584,611]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="19 - 40" refId="ref75241" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1955 a) Neriidae von Indonesien (Dipt. Acalyptratae). Treubia, 23, 19 - 40." type="journal article" year="1955">1955a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFBD6FD9DDCC1A73A" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[1115,1172,584,611]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="47 - 90" refId="ref75334" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1959) Diptera: Neriidae and Micropezidae. Insects of Micronesia, 14 (3), 47 - 90." type="journal article" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
) treated portions of the fauna of Southeast Asia and Oceania. Afrotropical species are treated in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFC5DFDB8DC3CA7DE" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[976,1129,620,647]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref75168" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1954 c) Neriidae of the Belgian Congo (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Bulletin of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 30, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1954">Aczél (1954c</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFBFAFDB9DCEAA7DE" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[1143,1215,620,647]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="161 - 166" refId="ref75205" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1954 d) Neriidae in the collection of the Musee royal du Congo belge. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine, 49, 161 - 166." type="journal article" year="1954">1954d</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFB41FDB9DD46A7DE" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[1228,1299,620,647]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="85 - 92" refId="ref75268" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1955 b) Neriidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata). Exploration du Parc National de l'Upemba. I. Mission G. F. de Witte, 38, 85 - 92." type="journal article" year="1955">1955b</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFAD8FDB8D968A7F2" author="Barraclough, D. A." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref75843" refString="Barraclough, D. A. (1993 a) The southern African species of Neriidae (Diptera). Annals of the Natal Museum, 34, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1993">Barraclough (1993a</bibRefCitation>
, b). The only thorough investigation of the World
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFC08FD44DBB0A7F2" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[901,997,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neriidae</taxonomicName>
was provided by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFB38FD44DD0BA7F2" author="Hennig, W." box="[1205,1374,657,683]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="240 - 280" refId="ref83116" refString="Hennig, W. (1937) Uebersicht uber die Arten der Neriiden und uber die Zoogeographie dieser Acalyptraten-Gruppe. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 98, 240 - 280." type="journal article" year="1937">Hennig (1937)</bibRefCitation>
, who wrote a key to genera and reapproached the classification and zoogeography of the family. Species limits in two Nearctic
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFF70FD0CD9F0A7AA" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1922" box="[253,421,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Odontoloxozus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFF70FD0CD9F0A7AA" box="[253,421,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Odontoloxozus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
established using molecular data are discussed in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFC57FD0CDCECA7AA" author="Pfeiler, E. &amp; Richmond, M. P. &amp; Riesgo-Escovar, J. R. &amp; Tellez-Garcia, A. A. &amp; Johnson, S. &amp; Markow, T. A." box="[986,1209,729,755]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="245 - 256" refId="ref91880" refString="Pfeiler, E., Richmond, M. P., Riesgo-Escovar, J. R., Tellez-Garcia, A. A., Johnson, S. &amp; Markow, T. A. (2013) Genetic differentiation, speciation, and phylogeography of cactus flies (Diptera: Neriidae: Odontoloxozus) from Mexico and south-western USA. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 110 (2), 245 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / bij. 12133" type="journal article" year="2013">
Pfeiler
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFBA1FD0FDC31A7AA" box="[1068,1124,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFB49FD0CD8B6A64E" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Telostylinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusticollis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFB49FD0CD8B6A64E" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Telostylinus angusticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is used as a model organism in experimental biology, as summarized in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFB9AFD28DCA0A64E" author="Kopps, A. M. &amp; Bonduriansky, R. &amp; Gilchrist, A. S. &amp; Crean, A. J." box="[1047,1269,765,791]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="388 - 391" refId="ref84635" refString="Kopps, A. M., Bonduriansky, R., Gilchrist, A. S. &amp; Crean, A. J. (2013) Isolation and characterisation of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis using MiSeq sequencing. Australian Journal of Zoology, 60 (6), 388 - 391. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 13017" type="journal article" year="2013">
Kopps
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFBEAFD2BDCF5A64E" box="[1127,1184,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
, who provided genetic sequence data and developed microsatellite markers. Regional species catalogues are provided in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFAB0FCF4D8BBA606" author="Steyskal, G. C." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="637" refId="ref96191" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1965 c) Family Neriidae. In: Stone, A. C., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. &amp; Colson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Agriculture Handbook 276. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 637." type="book chapter" year="1965">Steyskal (1965c)</bibRefCitation>
[Nearctic],
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFEF5FC90DA79A639" author="Czerny, L." box="[376,556,837,864]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="18" refId="ref78862" refString="Czerny, L. (1930 b) 42 b. Neriidae. Die Fliegen der Palaarktischen Region, 5, 18." type="journal article" year="1930">Czerny (1930b)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFDB7FC90DA84A639" author="Soos, A." box="[570,721,837,864]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="24 - 25" refId="ref95620" refString="Soos, A. (1984 b) Family Neriidae. In: Soos, A. &amp; Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 9. Micropezidae-Agromyzidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 24 - 25." type="book chapter" year="1984">Soós (1984b)</bibRefCitation>
[Palaearctic],
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFCFAFC90DC62A639" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[887,1079,837,864]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="8 - 11" refId="ref96869" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1977 b) Family Neriidae. In: Delfinado, M. C. &amp; Hardy, D. E. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region 3: Suborder Cyclorrhapha (Excluding Division Aschiza). University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 8 - 11." type="book chapter" year="1977">Steyskal (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
[
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A51FFABFBCBFC91DCFFA606" box="[1094,1194,836,863]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Oriental</collectingRegion>
],
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFB33FC90DD01A606" author="Pitkin, B. R." box="[1214,1364,837,863]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="468 - 469" refId="ref91971" refString="Pitkin, B. R. (1989) Family Neriidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, pp. 468 - 469." type="book chapter" year="1989">Pitkin (1989)</bibRefCitation>
[Aus- tralian],
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFF75FCBCD9E3A6DA" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[248,438,873,899]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="578" refId="ref97195" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1980 a) Family Neriidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, p. 578." type="book chapter" year="1980">Steyskal (1980a)</bibRefCitation>
[Afrotropical], and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFD16FCBCDB6AA6DA" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[667,831,873,899]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="309 - 389" refId="ref74994" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1949 c) Catalogo de la familia de las &quot; Tylidae &quot; (Calobatidae + Micropezidae + Neriidae, Diptera) en la region Neotropical. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 8, 309 - 389." type="journal article" year="1949">Aczél (1949c)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFCC1FCBCDC59A6DD" author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[844,1036,873,900]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="7" refId="ref96442" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1968 b) Family Neriidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Fasc. 49. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, pp. 7." type="book chapter" year="1968">Steyskal (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFBCBFCBCDDC9A6DD" author="Sepulveda, T. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. de" box="[1094,1436,873,900]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="549" refId="ref94218" refString="Sepulveda, T. &amp; Carvalho, C. J. de (2016) [Catalogue of Diptera of Colombia:] Family Neriidae. Zootaxa, 4122 (1), 549. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4122.1.41" type="journal article" year="2016">Sepúlveda &amp; Carvalho (2016)</bibRefCitation>
[Neotropical].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A51FFABFF4AFC65D9CAA376" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A51FFABFF4AFC65DA97A001" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,2020]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFF4AFC65D972A692" bold="true" box="[199,295,944,971]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Biology.</emphasis>
Larvae are known to breed in decaying vegetable matter, often fruit, but specimens are sometimes found in rotting tree bark (including
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFDA1FC00DA2FA6B6" box="[556,634,981,1007]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Carica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFDA1FC00DA2FA6B6" box="[556,634,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Carica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFD23FC00DB7FA6B6" box="[686,810,981,1007]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Dysoxylum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFD23FC00DB7FA6B6" box="[686,810,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Dysoxylum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), wood that has only recently begun to decay (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFAA0FC00D887A14A" author="Eberhard, W. G." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="89 - 107" refId="ref79771" refString="Eberhard, W. G. (1998) Reproductive behavior of Glyphidops flavifrons and Nerius plurivittatus (Diptera, Neriidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 71, 89 - 107." type="journal article" year="1998">Eberhard, 1998</bibRefCitation>
), stems (Oosterbrook, 1989;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFD9BFC2CDAF5A14A" author="Pitkin, B. R." box="[534,672,1017,1043]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="468 - 469" refId="ref91971" refString="Pitkin, B. R. (1989) Family Neriidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, pp. 468 - 469." type="book chapter" year="1989">Pitkin, 1989</bibRefCitation>
) and beetle borings from wood (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFB81FC2CDD41A14A" author="Preston-Mafham, K." box="[1036,1300,1017,1043]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="149 - 156" refId="ref92294" refString="Preston-Mafham, K. (2001) Resource defence mating system in two flies from Sulawesi: Gymnonerius fuscus Wiedemann and Telostylinus sp. near duplicatus Wiedemann (Diptera: Neriidae). Journal of Natural History, 35, 149 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229301447916" type="journal article" year="2001">Preston-Mafham, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Other species occur in injured or diseased tree tissue (Buck, 2010), including the New World
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFBDDFBC8DCADA16E" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1922" box="[1104,1272,1053,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Odontoloxozus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFBDDFBC8DCADA16E" box="[1104,1272,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Odontoloxozus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which occurs on necrotic cactus (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFEFFFB94DAC5A105" author="Ryckman, R. E. &amp; Olsen, L. E." box="[370,656,1089,1116]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="470 - 472" refId="ref93607" refString="Ryckman, R. E. &amp; Olsen, L. E. (1963) Studies on Odontoloxozus longicornis (Diptera: Neriidae). Part II. Distribution and ecology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 56, 470 - 472. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 56.4.470" type="journal article" year="1963">Ryckman &amp; Olsen, 1963</bibRefCitation>
). Larval breeding spots interpreted as favourable oviposition sites by females of some species are guarded by males, with some males also guarding females following copulation and during oviposition (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFEFEFB5CDA4CA1FA" author="Mangan, R. L." box="[371,537,1161,1187]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref87098" refString="Mangan, R. L. (1979) Reproductive behaviour of the cactus fly, Odontoloxozus longicornus, male territoriality and female guarding as adaptive strategies. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 4, 265 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00297647" type="journal article" year="1979">Mangan, 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFDA8FB5CDB7EA1FA" author="Preston-Mafham, K." box="[549,811,1161,1187]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="149 - 156" refId="ref92294" refString="Preston-Mafham, K. (2001) Resource defence mating system in two flies from Sulawesi: Gymnonerius fuscus Wiedemann and Telostylinus sp. near duplicatus Wiedemann (Diptera: Neriidae). Journal of Natural History, 35, 149 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229301447916" type="journal article" year="2001">Preston-Mafham, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Adults feed on sap, the excretions of rotten trees, fruit, and other decaying matter including carrion and dung (Buck, 2010;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFC2AFB78DC28A19E" author="Dufek, M. I. &amp; Oscherov, E. B. &amp; Damborsky, M. P." box="[935,1149,1197,1223]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="57 - 60" refId="ref79687" refString="Dufek, M. I., Oscherov, E. B. &amp; Damborsky, M. P. (2014) Neriinae (Diptera: Neriidae) nuevos registros de Corrientes y Chaco, Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 73 (1 - 2), 57 - 60." type="journal article" year="2014">
Dufek
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFC7BFB7BDC6DA19E" box="[1014,1080,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.,</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
), and can be collected in fruit-fly traps (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFEB0FB04D99EA1B5" author="Aczel, M. L." box="[317,459,1233,1260]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="257 - 345" refId="ref75362" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1961) A revision of the American Neriidae (Diptera, Acalyptratae). Studia Entomologica, 4 (1 - 4), 257 - 345." type="journal article" year="1961">Aczél, 1961</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFE52FB04DB2FA1B5" authority="(Wiedemann)" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[479,890,1233,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Telostylinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineolatus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFE52FB04DA8CA1B2" box="[479,729,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Telostylinus lineolatus</emphasis>
(Wiedemann)
</taxonomicName>
was considered an opportunistic feeder on a decomposing pig carcass (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFE2EFB20DA36A056" author="Chin, H. C. &amp; Kurahashi, H. &amp; Abdullah, M." box="[419,611,1269,1295]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="601 - 604" refId="ref77842" refString="Chin, H. C., Kurahashi, H. &amp; Abdullah, M. (2011) Opportunistic insects associated with pig carrions in Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 40 (6), 601 - 604." type="journal article" year="2011">
Chin
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFE6FFB23DA74A056" box="[482,545,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.,</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFCDEFB20DBA0A056" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[851,1013,1269,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" genus="Diopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFCDEFB20DBA0A056" box="[851,1013,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">O. longicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFB40FB20D8B7A06D" author="Ryckman, R. E. &amp; Olsen, L. E." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="470 - 472" refId="ref93607" refString="Ryckman, R. E. &amp; Olsen, L. E. (1963) Studies on Odontoloxozus longicornis (Diptera: Neriidae). Part II. Distribution and ecology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 56, 470 - 472. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 56.4.470" type="journal article" year="1963">Olsen &amp; Ryckman (1963)</bibRefCitation>
and Steyskal (1965), and immature stages and the development of larvae of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFBC2FACCDDC9A06D" authority="(Bigot)" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1103,1436,1305,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Glyphidops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFBC2FACCDD16A06A" box="[1103,1347,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Glyphidops flavifrons</emphasis>
(Bigot)
</taxonomicName>
were described by Mondragón &amp; Cironza (2016).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A51FFABFF4AFAB4D9CAA376" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,2020]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFF4AFAB4D9C2A022" bold="true" box="[199,407,1377,1403]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Immature stages.</emphasis>
Immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFD0DFAB4DAB5A022" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[640,736,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neriidae</taxonomicName>
are best known for
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFC49FAB4DCA0A022" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[964,1269,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Odontoloxozus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFC49FAB4DCA0A022" box="[964,1269,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Odontoloxozus longicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFAB0FAB4D900A0F9" author="Ryckman, R. E. &amp; Olsen, L. E." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="470 - 472" refId="ref93607" refString="Ryckman, R. E. &amp; Olsen, L. E. (1963) Studies on Odontoloxozus longicornis (Diptera: Neriidae). Part II. Distribution and ecology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 56, 470 - 472. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 56.4.470" type="journal article" year="1963">Olsen &amp; Ryckman (1963)</bibRefCitation>
detailing the egg, larvae and puparium, the first of which has a characteristic elongate anterior filament that projects through the host epidermis (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFD4FFA7CDB8EA09A" author="Ryckman, R. E. &amp; Olsen, L. E." box="[706,987,1449,1475]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="470 - 472" refId="ref93607" refString="Ryckman, R. E. &amp; Olsen, L. E. (1963) Studies on Odontoloxozus longicornis (Diptera: Neriidae). Part II. Distribution and ecology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 56, 470 - 472. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 56.4.470" type="journal article" year="1963">Olsen &amp; Ryckman, 1963</bibRefCitation>
: figs 1, 19).
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFBE9FA7CDCBFA09A" author="Berg, O." box="[1124,1258,1449,1475]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref76165" refString="Berg, O. (1947) Biology and metamorphosis of some Solomon Islands Diptera. Part I: Micropezidae and Neriidae. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 503, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1947">Berg (1947)</bibRefCitation>
further detailed the third instar larva and puparium of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFDC5FA18DB17A0BE" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[584,834,1485,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Telostylinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineolatus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFDC5FA18DB17A0BE" box="[584,834,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Telostylinus lineolatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A51FFABFCDFFA18DCC4A0B1" author="Managan, R. L. &amp; Baldwin, D." box="[850,1169,1485,1512]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="110 - 121" refId="ref87148" refString="Managan, R. L. &amp; Baldwin, D. (1986) A new cryptic species of Odontoloxozus (Neriidae: Diptera) from the cape region of Baja California Sur (Mexico). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 88, 110 - 121." type="journal article" year="1986">Managan &amp; Baldwin (1986)</bibRefCitation>
examined the larvae of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFF1AFA24DA18A352" authority="Managan &amp; Baldwin" authorityName="Managan &amp; Baldwin" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,589,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Odontoloxozus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pachycericola">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFF1AFA24D90DA352" box="[151,344,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">O. pachycericola</emphasis>
Managan &amp; Baldwin
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFDD5FA24DB55A352" box="[600,768,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFDD5FA24DAA9A352" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[600,764,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Odontoloxozus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">O. longicornis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and their hybrids, from which polytene chromosomes were extracted and analyzed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A51FFA9FF4AF9EDDD63A606" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A51FFA8FF4AF9EDDA63A58E" blockId="45.[151,1437,153,2020]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="07C844686A51FFABFF4AF9EDD9DAA30A" bold="true" box="[199,399,1592,1619]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Adult Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Body length 5.0–15.0mm. Body long and slender, accentuated by lengthened head, anteriorly pointed and often elongate antenna with apical arista, and straight, horizontally held abdomen; more heavily sclerotized and spinose than similar families such as
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A51FFABFD6FF954DBD5A3C2" baseAuthorityName="D. K. McAlpine" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[738,896,1665,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropezidae</taxonomicName>
. Legs long and slender, sometimes stout; femora usually originating relatively close to each other under midpoint of body. Usually conspicuously vittate and sometimes with glabrous spots at base of setae. Setae and setulae reduced, with remaining setae often dark, short, erect and sometimes stout to spinose; thickened setae usually present at least on fore femur or coxa, but sometimes also on remaining coxae and femora, pleuron and subgena. Ocellars absent; postocellars convergent and distant from anteriorly removed ocellar tubercle. Vibrissa-like seta often small if present. Thoracic chaetotaxy reduced, but with at least 1 dorsocentral, 1 posterior notopleural and 1 apical scutellar. Face mostly to entirely membranous; projecting, not distinct from lunule. “Antennal base” sometimes appearing as additional antennal segment. Pedicel with angulate extension on inner-distal margin (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A51FFABFDCDF874DAF6A2E2" box="[576,675,1953,1979]" captionStart="FIGURES 291–297" captionStartId="134.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@134.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="FIGURES 291–297. Figs 291–294: Odontoloxozus peruanus Hennig (Neriidae), male; 291: dorsal; 292: lateral; 293: head, dorsal; 294: head, anterior. Fig. 295: cf. Chaetonerius sp. (Neriidae), Seram, Indonesia. Figs 296–297: Telostylinus sp. (Neriidae); 296: lateral (note process arising from inner surface of orbital plate); 297: posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670849/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 294</figureCitation>
). Precoxal bridge sometimes present. Subcostal break or weakening usually absent; subcosta complete (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A51FFABFDABF810DADFA286" box="[550,650,1989,2015]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–422" captionStartId="148.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURES 411–422. Wings: 411: Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae); 412: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae); 413: Clisa australis (McAlpine) (Cypselosomatidae); 414: Formicosepsis sp. (Cypselosomatidae); 415: Pseudopomyza (Rhinopomyzella) nigrimana Hennig (Pseudopomyzidae); 416: Latheticomyia sp. (Pseudopomyzidae); 417: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin, holotype (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 418: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 419: Tanypeza longimana Fallén (Tanypezidae); 420: Neotanypeza marshalli Lonsdale (Tanypezidae); 421: Compsobata mima (Hennig) (Micropezidae); 422: Micropeza sp. (Micropezidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670878/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 412</figureCitation>
). Veins R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A51FFABFD78F803DB5AA2BD" attach="left" box="[757,783,2006,2020]" fontSize="6" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">4+5</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A51FFABFCD0F803DB30A2BD" attach="left" box="[861,869,2006,2020]" fontSize="6" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">1</subScript>
convergent. Female with segment 7 forming large ovipositor that encloses terminal segments at rest (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A52FFA8FD58FF4CDB20A5ED" box="[725,885,153,180]" captionStart="FIGURES 306–311" captionStartId="136.[151,264,1808,1833]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,178,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,174,1789]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURES 306–311. Figs 306–310: Telostylinus sp. (Neriidae), female abdomen; 306: ventral (terminalia retracted); 307: segment 7 to cerci ((terminalia retracted), lateral; 308: segment 10 and cerci, lateral; 309: same, ventral; 310: same, dorsal. Fig. 311: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae), female internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670853/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figs 306–307</figureCitation>
); male with epandrium long, narrow and usually constricted medially (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A52FFA8FE07FF68DA7FA58E" box="[394,554,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 298–305" captionStartId="135.[151,264,1791,1816]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,190,1765]" captionTargetId="figure@135.[151,1436,174,1772]" captionTargetPageId="135" captionText="FIGURES 298–305. Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae), male abdomen; 298: sternites 4–6, ventral; 299: external genitalia, anterior; 300: same, posterior (with detail of texture); 301: sternites 7–8, anterior; 302: terminalia, lateral; 303: internal genitalia, ventral; 304: same, left lateral; 305: ejaculatory apodeme." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670851/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figs 299–302</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A52FFA8FF4AFF35DCEEA48A" blockId="46.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="07C844686A52FFA8FF4AFF35D9C1A5A2" bold="true" box="[199,404,224,251]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Adult Definition.</emphasis>
Body long and slender, with form accentuated by often elongate head and antenna, apical arista, and abdomen that is held straight and horizontally; body appearing more heavily sclerotized and spinose than similar families such as
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A52FFA8FE57FEFCDA2DA41A" baseAuthorityName="D. K. McAlpine" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[474,632,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropezidae</taxonomicName>
. Colour usually brown to yellow or reddish; often conspicuously vittate, particularly on head, notum, pleuron and abdomen; sometimes with spots at base of setae; halter white with knob and parts of base sometimes brown; arista often white. Usually microtomentose with legs, ovipositor and portions of head shining to subshining, sometimes in addition to pattern of glabrous spots on thorax and abdomen; face, lunule and frons (at least around tubercle) velvety; parafacial often silvery. Body length 5.0–15.0mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A52FFA8FF4AFE08DB71A102" blockId="46.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="07C844686A52FFA8FF4AFE08D912A4AE" box="[199,327,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
: 1 inner vertical (sometimes indistinct); 0–1 outer vertical (sometimes small and indistinct); 1–5 fronto-orbitals (erect); 0 ocellars; 1 postocellar (convergent, sometimes subparallel when short, not moved anteriorly with ocelli, leaving intervening gap); sometimes small vibrissa-like seta present on genal margin near posterior margin of eye. 1–0 dark, stout subgenal setae, but gena, subgena and occiput also with scattered dark and/or pale, fine setae, particularly at posteroventral angle, where it may be dense. Back of head with one pair of discrete setulose patches above foramen (also some
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A52FFA8FDD6FD44DB79A7F5" authorityName="McAlpine" authorityYear="1966" box="[603,812,657,684]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudopomyzidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudopomyzidae</taxonomicName>
). Postoccipital setae weak, scattered, sometimes with 1 to several dark outstanding setae dorsally or laterally. 0 presutural intra-alars; 0–1 postpronotal; 1–2 notopleurals (anterior seta reduced to absent); 2 posterior supra-alars; 0 posterior intra-alars; 1, 2, 5 or 6 dorsocentrals; 0 acrostichals; 1–2 scutellars (lateral seta often reduced if present and positioned dorsally); 0–1 proepisternal (sometimes fine and inconspicuous if present, and usually on shallow to conspicuous ridge); 0 anepisternals; 0–1 katepisternal. Setae usually short and stout, setulae usually reduced to absent; at least some setae on fore femur or fore coxa spinose or thickened; spinose setae sometimes also present on remaining coxae and femora, pleuron and subgena; females with fewer spinose setae that are mostly or only present on legs. Femora sometimes with two ventral rows of spinose setae, sometimes on tubercles, becoming less distinct basally and/or with posterior row reduced; femora sometimes with several thicker dorsal setae. Legs with straight rows of setulae that are often along ridges (pronounced on tibiae); fore tibia with one dorsoapical and sometimes one ventroapical seta; mid and hind tibiae with at least one outstanding ventroapical seta, and often with small or moderately developed dorsoapical seta. Pregenitalic sternites with reduced setation, particularly along midline.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A52FFA8FF4AFBB0DBDAA376" blockId="46.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="07C844686A52FFA8FF4AFBB0D951A126" box="[199,260,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Head</emphasis>
. Antenna porrect, sometimes laterally compressed, usually elongate and narrow; scape sometimes with transverse dorsomedial groove; pedicel with pronounced extension on inner-distal margin; first flagellomere longer than wide, infrequently as enlarged as pedicel or scape, apex usually pointed but sometimes rounded, truncated or angulate; arista apical to dorsoapical with hairs pubescent to absent. Antenna sometimes separated from frontal vitta by “antennal bases” (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A52FFA8FE09FB20D9B1A056" box="[388,484,1269,1295]" captionStart="FIGURES 291–297" captionStartId="134.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@134.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="FIGURES 291–297. Figs 291–294: Odontoloxozus peruanus Hennig (Neriidae), male; 291: dorsal; 292: lateral; 293: head, dorsal; 294: head, anterior. Fig. 295: cf. Chaetonerius sp. (Neriidae), Seram, Indonesia. Figs 296–297: Telostylinus sp. (Neriidae); 296: lateral (note process arising from inner surface of orbital plate); 297: posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670849/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 293</figureCitation>
) that possibly originate from lunule; “antennal bases” are small to large and bulbous, are separate or confluent dorsomedially, and may smoothly meet parafacial laterally or be divided from it by suture. Face membranous, sometimes with dorsolateral margin sclerotized; face and parafacial elongate, projecting. Frontal vitta sunken medially; anterior margin straight to pointed. Orbital plate sometimes with short, truncated apodeme projecting internally (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A52FFA8FE05FA50D9B5A0F9" box="[392,480,1413,1440]" captionStart="FIGURES 291–297" captionStartId="134.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@134.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="134" captionText="FIGURES 291–297. Figs 291–294: Odontoloxozus peruanus Hennig (Neriidae), male; 291: dorsal; 292: lateral; 293: head, dorsal; 294: head, anterior. Fig. 295: cf. Chaetonerius sp. (Neriidae), Seram, Indonesia. Figs 296–297: Telostylinus sp. (Neriidae); 296: lateral (note process arising from inner surface of orbital plate); 297: posterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670849/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig 296</figureCitation>
) (only verified for
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A52FFA8FD3FFA50DC75A0C6" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" box="[690,1056,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Gymnonerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A52FFA8FD3FFA50DBC0A0C6" box="[690,917,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Gymnonerius fuscus</emphasis>
Wiedemann
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A52FFA8FBD8FA50DC8FA0C6" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1922" box="[1109,1242,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Telostylinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A52FFA8FBD8FA50DC8FA0C6" box="[1109,1242,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Telostylinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.). Occiput and postgena elongate and distinct when viewed laterally, with occiput never exceeding length of eye; if back of head produced and bulging, then anterior margin of thorax similarly bulging to form truncated abutment. Mouthparts often long and narrow; palpus narrow, flat/compressed; labium with distal processes well-developed, usually with one pair of stout basomedial setae and one pair of finer apical setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A52FFA8FF4AF9ECDAC9A25E" blockId="46.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="07C844686A52FFA8FF4AF9ECD94DA30A" box="[199,280,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Thorax</emphasis>
. Often elongate due to lengthening of presutural thorax; proepisternum relatively large. Transverse suture sometimes complete. Scutellum with dorsum slightly convex to flat, sometimes grooved. Anterior spiracle often above sunken recess encompassing discrete bulge. Katatergite bulging. Prosternum usually narrow and linear, sometimes wide and plate-like, sometimes partially bilobed anterior to coxae; some taxa (including
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A52FFA8FA92F973DD3FA3E6" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1805" box="[1311,1386,1702,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Nerius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A52FFA8FA92F973DD3FA3E6" box="[1311,1386,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Nerius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A52FFA8FF1AF91FD8A6A3BA" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,243,1738,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Neriidae" genus="Loxozus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A52FFA8FF1AF91FD8A6A3BA" box="[151,243,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Loxozus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with especially broad prosternum reaching (and sometimes fused to) incurved proepisternum, forming precoxal bridge. Postmetacoxal bridge absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A52FFA8FF4AF8C7DB67A286" blockId="46.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="07C844686A52FFA8FF4AF8C7D954A272" box="[199,257,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Wing</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A52FFA8FE9AF8C4D92DA272" box="[279,376,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURES 411–422" captionStartId="148.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure@148.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="148" captionText="FIGURES 411–422. Wings: 411: Fergusonina sp. (Fergusoninidae); 412: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae); 413: Clisa australis (McAlpine) (Cypselosomatidae); 414: Formicosepsis sp. (Cypselosomatidae); 415: Pseudopomyza (Rhinopomyzella) nigrimana Hennig (Pseudopomyzidae); 416: Latheticomyia sp. (Pseudopomyzidae); 417: Nartshukia musiva Shatalkin, holotype (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 418: Strongylophthalmyia angustipennis Melander (Strongylophthalmyiidae); 419: Tanypeza longimana Fallén (Tanypezidae); 420: Neotanypeza marshalli Lonsdale (Tanypezidae); 421: Compsobata mima (Hennig) (Micropezidae); 422: Micropeza sp. (Micropezidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670878/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 412</figureCitation>
) Usually clear to slightly clouded, or with more discrete clouding either apically, anteriorly, or along veins; often with general yellow to brown tint that becomes darker anterodistally. Sometimes dm-m or radial and medial veins shallowly sinuate. CuA+CuP not reaching wing margin; M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A52FFA8FB8EF8BFDC5EA221" attach="left" box="[1027,1035,1898,1912]" fontSize="6" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">4</subScript>
reaching wing margin. Vein bm-m sometimes weak or atrophied. Radial and medial veins, and dm-m, sometimes with supernumerary veins. Alula and anal lobe well-developed, but wing sometimes relatively slender. Subcostal break or weakening usually absent; subcosta complete. Calypter broadly lobate with hairs long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A53FFA9FF4AFF4FDC85A58E" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,863]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="07C844686A53FFA9FF4AFF4FD8A9A5EA" box="[199,252,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Legs</emphasis>
. Long and slender, with fore coxa and sometimes also femora and tibiae thickened. All femora usually originating relatively close together under midpoint of body. Tarsus sometimes longer than tibia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A53FFA9FF4AFF34DDC6A41A" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,863]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="07C844686A53FFA9FF4AFF34D964A5A2" box="[199,305,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Held straight and parallel to ground; sometimes relatively short. Pregenitalic sternites narrow with S1 transverse, narrow (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A53FFA9FEFBFED0D98CA479" box="[374,473,261,288]" captionStart="FIGURES 306–311" captionStartId="136.[151,264,1808,1833]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,178,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,174,1789]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURES 306–311. Figs 306–310: Telostylinus sp. (Neriidae), female abdomen; 306: ventral (terminalia retracted); 307: segment 7 to cerci ((terminalia retracted), lateral; 308: segment 10 and cerci, lateral; 309: same, ventral; 310: same, dorsal. Fig. 311: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae), female internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670853/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 306</figureCitation>
). Spiracles
<quantity id="F244359F6A53FFA9FDD6FED0DAF6A446" box="[603,675,261,287]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" metricValueMax="15.24" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="in" value="3.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.0">1–6 in</quantity>
membrane; female 7
<superScript id="C2C935326A53FFA9FC1CFED1DBCBA44B" attach="left" box="[913,926,260,274]" fontSize="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">th</superScript>
spiracles ventromedial in small membranous pocket in oviscape (fused T7 and S7); both male 7
<superScript id="C2C935326A53FFA9FD47FEFDDA82A46F" attach="left" box="[714,727,296,310]" fontSize="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">th</superScript>
spiracles absent. Terminalia relatively uniform across species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A53FFA9FF4AFE98DB7FA7F2" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,863]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="07C844686A53FFA9FF4AFE98D93BA43E" box="[199,366,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A53FFA9FE08FE98DA71A43E" box="[389,548,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURES 298–305" captionStartId="135.[151,264,1791,1816]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,190,1765]" captionTargetId="figure@135.[151,1436,174,1772]" captionTargetPageId="135" captionText="FIGURES 298–305. Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae), male abdomen; 298: sternites 4–6, ventral; 299: external genitalia, anterior; 300: same, posterior (with detail of texture); 301: sternites 7–8, anterior; 302: terminalia, lateral; 303: internal genitalia, ventral; 304: same, left lateral; 305: ejaculatory apodeme." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670851/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figs 298–305</figureCitation>
) S6 short, symmetrical. S7 fused to downturned S8 left laterally. One pair of supernumerary sclerites in membrane anteroventral to S7+8. Subepandrial sclerite deeply divided, weakly sclero- tized medially; setose distolaterally. Epandrium elongate and narrow, almost always constricted medially. Cerci narrow, lobate, united along much of length by membrane. Surstylus small, finger-like. Internal genitalia, excluding basiphallus and postgonite, elongate and narrow. Hypandrium divided ventrally, inner-ventral surface fused to long, band-like pregonite; hypandrial arms meeting dorsally, fused to long, narrow phallic plate. Postgonite short, bandlike, apically swollen and setose. Phallapodeme separate from hypandrium, base flat. Epiphallus absent. Basiphallus small, fused to distiphallus. Distiphallus long, narrow, tubular and mostly membranous with one pair of parallel ventral ribbons; often with elongate membranous flagellum (removed in figure). Ejaculatory apodeme with stem stout, blade weakly sclerotized; sperm pump membranous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A53FFA9FF4AFD60DD63A606" blockId="47.[151,1437,153,863]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="07C844686A53FFA9FF4AFD60D9DDA796" box="[199,392,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A53FFA9FE12FD60DA68A789" box="[415,573,693,720]" captionStart="FIGURES 306–311" captionStartId="136.[151,264,1808,1833]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,178,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@136.[151,1436,174,1789]" captionTargetPageId="136" captionText="FIGURES 306–311. Figs 306–310: Telostylinus sp. (Neriidae), female abdomen; 306: ventral (terminalia retracted); 307: segment 7 to cerci ((terminalia retracted), lateral; 308: segment 10 and cerci, lateral; 309: same, ventral; 310: same, dorsal. Fig. 311: Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett) (Neriidae), female internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670853/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figs 306–311</figureCitation>
) T7 and S7 fused into oviscape; elongate, widest subbasally and narrowing apically, slightly compressed dorsoventrally. T8 and S8 divided medially, minutely textured and band-like. Segment 10 small; 2 apical setae on T10, 4 apical setae on S10; S10 with internal apodeme that has small sockets along length and apical swelling. Cerci relatively short, rounded, approximate and minutely setose. 1+2 or 2+2 spermathecae (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A53FFA9FF12FC90D9F8A606" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[159,429,837,863]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="23 - 32" refId="ref77227" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2004) A review of the genus Longina Wiedemann, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera, Neriidae). Studia Dipterologica, 11, 23 - 32." type="journal article" year="2004">Buck &amp; Marshall, 2004</bibRefCitation>
), clear, with wide ducts. Ventral receptacle small, sac-like, sometimes indiscrete.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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